24:
431:
422:. Sales of the Mitra 15 were tied by CII with that of the big computer, the Iris 80, to the point that Le Monde asked if CII would not be forced to launch into this market and manufacture its own equipment. The Mitra 15 mini-computer, a mainstay since 1971 of its distributed computing strategy, was then sold to its shareholder Thomson, who had been opposed for more than a year to the merger of CII with Honeywell-Bull, despite a special mediation mission.
241:
33:
216:
442:, with extended addressing capabilities, protected memory and paging support, allowing it to address up to 32 pages of 64 kB for a total of 512 kB. It also added three I/O microcoded processors, and up to sixteen units could be interconnected for distributed computing. A version specially designed for the
377:
As part of Plan Calcul, tt was then decided to install computers, on an experimental basis, in 58 high schools. Two minicomputers were selected for the pilot: The Télémécanique T1600 and the Mitra 15.Although the performance of the Mitra was three or four times better than the T1600, the delivery of
227:
of industrial processes such as scientific computing, the Mitra 15 was designed to be adaptable to very diverse fields of application, thanks to an innovative microprogramming system and a good price/performance ratio. Variants of this computer have also been produced according to the needs of CII's
398:
consoles also used two Mitra 15-30 computers and peripherals for command controls. One in the preparation area (CCD) Dock
Command Control, the other in the launch area (CCE) Electrical Command Control. The peripherals have evolved during the launch campaigns and in particular the DRI magnetic head
351:
The Mitra 15 gradually equipped all of the network's control sites – about a hundred in France – to ensure and manage data exchanges between the remote control equipment of the sites ordered and the regional nodes which control the control of the electricity network. In 1975, EDF 's Mitra 15s were
475:
The Mitra 525 ratifies, in a three-bus architecture, the possibilities of extension of the Mitra 225 with which it remains compatible. The 1982 Mitra 625 will only bring detail changes, allowing up to 25% more power. Finally, the 1984 Mitra 725 was produced at a time when SEMS was transferred to
252:
for the CII Iris 80 (MCR-2) computer. Initially, it was produced as a simple stand-alone module with external cabinetry. It was succeeded by the Mitra 15–20, Mitra 15–30, and Mitra 15–35, produced from 1972. The Mitra 15-30 and Mitra 15-35 which have an external chassis cabinet with extended
194:
The Mitra 15 is the successor to the CII 10010, also called Iris 10, a 16-bit minicomputer released in July 1967. At the time, CII also produced another 16-bit minicomputer, the CII 10020 (actually a licensed Sigma 3 from SDS) and wanted to replace them both with a new, more powerful design
368:
The Mitra 15 equipped the telephone switches of the E10N4 between 1972 and 1976, sold by CIT-Alcatel to the PTT. After 1976, because of the lowering of component prices, a fully electronic 2nd generation global telephone switch system, based on new integrated circuits, became affordable.
329:
in the early 1970s, which played a significant role in the development of the
Internet. It used a decentralized approach where Mitra 15 minicomputers acted as routers and allowed for the transmission of data in small packets. Cyclades was a forerunner of the
236:
stored in a ROM, the execution of which causes a simple computer (the micromachine) to always execute the same algorithm, for the instructions of another computer: the macromachine, or simply the machine, which is what is visible to the programmer.
195:
compatible with the latest offering of the company. The Mitra 15 was designed from the outset to complement and network with the most powerful French computer of the time, the CII Iris 80, with which it was compatible. Its name is an acronym of
253:
configuration and modular drawers are intended in particular for customers in the telecommunications industry; they were priced from the equivalent to $ 94,692 in 2023 dollars. Later, the low-end Mitra 15M/05 was produced in 1975.
471:
From 1976, Mitra minicomputers were grouped, together in the
European Society for Minicomputing and Systems, formed for civilian applications, with the mini-computers T1600 and Solar of Télémécanique (24%) and 9% of IDI.
406:(FTI), controlled, among other functions, the ignition sequence. A sustainability study of these computers and all the control consoles enabled them to be used until 2003, the date of the last Ariane 4 V159 flight.
630:
833:
791:«La Saga du LSE et de sa famille (LSD / LSG / LST)», by Yves Noyelle, du Service Informatique de Supélec, dans la Revue de l'association Enseignement public et informatique (EPI), en 1988 |url=
692:
309:, by 1974 the Mitra 15 had achieved revenue of 150 million francs; one eighth of the total sales of the CII, of which "30% was for remote processing" and "around 20%" for export.
178:
mainframe computers. It was marketed from 1971 to 1985 and could function in conjunction with large systems. CII manufactured a thousand Mitra 15 machines until 1975 in its
186:. A total of 7,929 units were built, most of them for the French market, with a small number sold in Australia, Indonesia, and in other European countries.
574:
885:
163:
348:, during the French nuclear program. In particular, it was used as part of the transmission network automation master plan, launched in 1973.
108:
16 bits, real-time (32 interruptions level), upgradeable microcode, made of TTL cards plugged onto a backplane @ 800ns memory cycle (1.25 MHz)
418:, who were more centered on traditional business computing, and by the abandonment of Unidata, which caused the termination of orders from
360:
Within the French PTT telecom network, the Mitra 15 was used with CII Iris 80s, due to its ability to handle a large number of interrupts.
804:
750:« Historique des types de commutateurs téléphoniques automatiques en France » sur le site des anciens de la CIT-Alcatel
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Only the first version is incompatible with the CII Iris computers of the time, the Iris 50. The Mitra 15 was widely used as the
908:
819:
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disks which have been replaced by RAM memory disks whose speed of access times has required software reorganizations.
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control console was built around two Mitra 15s: one for managing electrical systems, the other for fluid systems. The
535:
342:
The Mitra 15 was used to monitor the deployment of the use of the new generation of electric generators from
331:
262:
805:"Tribune de Georges Mesmin, député réformateur de Paris, rapporteur du budget de la recherche scientifique"
631:"Elles ont marqué l'histoire de la technologie : Alice Recoque, le génie informatique à la française"
766:
764:
687:« La Compagnie internationale pour l'informatique vient de livrer son millième ordinateur »,
751:
739:
Histoire des premiers EDT, sur le
Conservatoire des Télécommunications du Réseau électrique français
603:
943:
677:
205:
of lithium ferrite cores organized in 16-bit words. It was designed and developed by a team led by
704:
103:
23:
438:
The Mitra 125, sometimes called "Mitra 15M/125" succeeded the Mitra 15 in 1975. It introduced a
928:
465:
439:
201:, meaning “Mini-machine for Real-Time and Automatic Computing”. The first versions featured a
484:
299:
249:
711:. NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 411–419.
834:"L'État versera 200 millions de francs pour aider à la reconversion de l'usine de Toulouse"
511:
460:
microprocessors and MOS memory. This family of processors, easier to program than those of
212:
The first Mitra 15 was delivered on May 10, 1971, and produced in
Crolles then Échirolles.
8:
453:
Its immediate successor, the Mitra 225 was a powerful version built from 1975 around the
224:
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the Mitra lagged by two months, so it was decided to install more T1600s than Mitras.
871:
228:
customers. The Mitra 15 was also developed into a militarized version, the Mitra 15M.
720:
477:
277:
895:
Encyclopedia of
Microcomputers: Volume 4, by Allen Kent, James G. Williams, page 166
740:
712:
91:
913:
847:
716:
285:
792:
415:
476:
Bull, which "didn't deal much with this SEMS, having to deal with
Honeywell's
446:, a modular space laboratory used during some of the missions of the American
922:
561:
447:
206:
326:
273:
229:
159:
765:
Association pour un conservatoire de l'informatique et de la télématique.
676:" Mémoires et archives d'Henri Boucher, Ingénieur Général de l'Armement |
202:
175:
171:
167:
37:
Front panel of a Mitra 15, from the collection of ACONIT Museum, Grenoble
575:"Quelques détails sur Alice Recoque, Congrès de la S.I.F., janvier 1976"
430:
604:"Portrait de 85 femmes inspirantes du monde des nouvelles technologies"
454:
372:
288:
457:
240:
488:
443:
395:
391:
322:
295:
233:
219:
Close up on one of the processor board of the Mitra 15 minicomputer
183:
179:
124:
DRI hard drive (5 MB fixed, 5 MB removable) Later, 50 MB hard drive
294:
The main French competitor to the Mitra 15 were the Télémécanique
32:
491:
in 1975, while Intel's 3002 lost its advantage over competitors.
419:
215:
96:
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as well as the heavy financial losses of the period, 1982-1984.
387:
461:
265:
434:
Front panel of a Mitra 125, first successor to the Mitra 15.
261:
The first commercially-successful minicomputer, the 12-bit
402:
On the launch pad, the Mitra 15, associated with an Intel
198:
Mini-machine pour l'Informatique Temps RĂ©el et
Automatique
817:
884:«Histoire de la microprogrammation», par Alain Guyot,
914:
Technical summary at the Fédération des
Equipes Bull
373:
Experimental computer science in secondary education
317:
276:, founded by ex-DEC engineers introduced the 16-bit
116:(Core memory, 32 kilowords of 16 bits words (64 KB))
325:was an early packet-switching network developed by
767:"Collection ACONIT, les mini-ordinateurs français"
352:systematically fitted with monitors and printers.
414:CII was handicapped by its 1974-1976 merger with
272: (equivalent to $ 154,695 in 2023). In 1969,
920:
409:
818:Jean-Michel Quatrepoint (18 September 1976).
572:
298:, introduced in 1971, and its successor, the
256:
46:Compagnie Internationale d'Informatique (CII)
826:
793:https://www.epi.asso.fr/revue/54/b54p216.htm
487:MC10800 and MC10802 circuits, introduced by
343:
291:appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
196:
628:
302:in 1975, which sold in about 16 000 units.
284: (equivalent to $ 33,193 in 2023). The
182:factory, then in Crolles in the suburbs of
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31:
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450:, was also developed: the Mitra 125 MS.
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244:Back view of the Mitra 15 minicomputer
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483:The Mitra 525, 625, and 725 used the
268:was introduced in 1965, and sold for
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506:
504:
381:
705:"Operation of the Cyclades Network"
363:
13:
807:(in French). Le Monde. 8 May 1976.
755:
707:. In Beauchamp, Kenneth G. (ed.).
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552:
390:, at the Guiana Space Center, the
14:
955:
902:
709:Interlinking of Computer Networks
582:societe-informatique-de-france.fr
501:
464:, was also introduced in 1975 by
318:Cyclades packet-switching network
22:
889:
864:
840:
733:
562:Musée virtuel de l'informatique
934:History of computing in France
696:
681:
596:
573:Alice Recoque (January 2016).
566:
528:
1:
494:
332:Transmission Control Protocol
939:Computers designed in France
717:10.1007/978-94-009-9431-7_26
629:Elisa Braun (25 July 2018).
7:
820:"C.I.I.-H.-B., un an après"
703:Grange, Jean-Louis (1979).
410:Political decisions in 1976
162:made by the French company
132:Teletype, Ethernet, Minitel
10:
960:
257:Competition and innovation
189:
909:Mitra 15 Reference Manual
836:. Le Monde. 7 April 1976.
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58:
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30:
21:
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610:(in French). March 2019
852:www.feb-patrimoine.com
822:(in French). Le Monde.
540:www.feb-patrimoine.com
516:www.feb-patrimoine.com
466:Advanced Micro Devices
440:memory management unit
435:
344:
338:French nuclear program
245:
220:
197:
433:
345:Électricité de France
243:
218:
148:Mitra 125, Mitra 225
140:CII 10010, CII 10020
426:Mitra 15 successors
404:Frontal Table Image
356:PTT telecom network
225:command and control
18:
691:, 9 décembre 1974
436:
246:
221:
16:
726:978-94-009-9431-7
382:The Ariane rocket
280:, which sold for
170:, along with the
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86:About 8000 (7929)
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944:16-bit computers
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364:Telecom switches
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92:Operating system
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286:Hewlett-Packard
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5:
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903:External links
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51:Product family
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872:"Ligne Mitra"
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771:db.aconit.org
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536:"CII History"
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305:According to
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289:HP2000 series
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230:Microprograms
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223:Intended for
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207:Alice Recoque
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855:. Retrieved
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327:Louis Pouzin
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274:Data General
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160:minicomputer
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153:
75:Discontinued
67:Release date
54:Minicomputer
773:(in French)
637:(in French)
584:(in French)
512:"CII 10010"
203:main memory
168:Plan Calcul
137:Predecessor
923:Categories
857:2023-09-04
614:28 January
588:28 January
545:2023-09-01
521:2023-08-03
495:References
270:US$ 16,000
83:Units sold
59:Generation
635:Le Figaro
458:bit-slice
300:Solar 16
282:US$ 3,995
250:front-end
145:Successor
43:Developer
777:19 March
689:Le Monde
489:Motorola
455:AMD 2901
444:Spacelab
396:Ariane 4
392:Ariane 1
323:Cyclades
307:Le Monde
234:firmware
184:Grenoble
180:Toulouse
156:Mitra 15
17:Mitra 15
848:"Mitra"
641:27 July
478:Level 6
420:Siemens
334:(TCP).
190:History
176:Iris 80
172:Iris 50
121:Storage
97:Siris 8
723:
608:50a.fr
388:Kourou
296:T1600
166:under
113:Memory
578:(PDF)
462:Intel
313:Users
266:PDP-8
158:is a
129:Input
779:2023
721:ISBN
643:2018
616:2021
590:2021
278:Nova
232:use
174:and
154:The
78:1985
70:1971
713:doi
485:ECL
386:In
263:DEC
164:CII
104:CPU
62:3rd
925::
850:.
769:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
