200:
1435:
Verbs in
Miriwoong have a compound system of coverbs, which are generally uninflected and carry the main semantic content, and inflecting verbs, which carry the grammatical information. Both coverbs and verbs can stand alone but most verbal expressions comprise both a coverb and an inflecting verb
1436:(Newry 2015: 20-21). The inflecting verbs are a closed class and number around 20 while the coverbs are an open class. This type of verb system has been observed in other Australian languages, particularly in languages spoken in the north of Australia.
238:. All of the fluent speakers are elderly and the Miriwoong language is considered to be critically endangered. However, younger generations tend to be familiar with a lot of Miriwoong vocabulary which they use when speaking
314:
Despite the endangered status of the
Miriwoong language, the Miriwoong community is vibrantly multilingual. Languages spoken include Miriwoong (for a small number of speakers), the Miriwoong signed language,
1607:
In Re-awakening languages: theory and practice in the revitalisation of
Australia's indigenous languages. In Hobson, J., Lowe, K., Poetics, S. & Walsh, M. (Eds.) Sydney University Press: Sydney
4053:
1477:
172:
1822:
1610:
Olawsky, Knut J., 2010. Going public with language: involving the wider community in language revitalisation. In J. Hobson, K. Lowe, S. Poetsch and M. Walsh (eds.),
1575:
769:
of
Miriwoong was developed at the Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring. Some sounds that do not have a standard character in the Latin script are represented by
1419:
Miriwoong nouns have grammatical gender and adjectives and demonstratives agree with the noun. There are two genders, designated masculine and feminine.
1427:
Nouns are not marked for case in
Miriwoong, although arguments are cross-referenced on the verb, in most cases using a nominative-accusative pattern.
1396:
1815:
1531:
Olawsky, Knut (2010). "Revitalisation strategies for
Miriwoong". In Hobson, John; Lowe, Kevin; Poetsch, Susan; Walsh, Michael (eds.).
1617:
Olawsky, Knut, 2013. The Master-Apprentice language learning program down under: experience and adaptation in an
Australian context.
1808:
1389:
is working with local organisations to conform to the standardised orthography when
Miriwoong is written in documents or signage.
339:
Language and
Culture Centre has been tasked with the preservation and revitalisation of the Miriwoong language since the 1970s.
4058:
4063:
3730:
1782:
1754:
1726:
1698:
1672:
1555:
697:
299:
254:
Ancestral
Miriwoong territory covered an estimated 4,000 square miles (10,000 km) and extended from the valley of the
711:
690:
3882:
327:. Many speakers are bi-dialectical in both varieties while many others have a strong preference for Aboriginal English.
3842:
683:
1971:
1929:
1643:
3710:
1489:
3926:
3770:
2750:
2706:
2032:
1831:
481:
3835:
3797:
2005:
227:
3921:
3908:
3788:
1665:
Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
320:
243:
3686:
3158:
2511:
2089:
744:
736:
725:
231:
186:
43:
480:
Miriwoong distinguishes 19 consonant phonemes. The consonant inventory of Miriwoong is fairly typical for
4048:
3916:
3822:
3745:
3661:
3380:
2835:
752:
421:
3887:
3724:
2713:
2657:
1844:
718:
464:
283:
1612:
Re-Awakening Languages: Theory and Practice in the Revitalisation of Australia’s Indigenous Languages.
3735:
1533:
Re-awakening languages: Theory and practice in the revitalisation of Australia's indigenous languages
750:
742:
734:
316:
239:
3759:
3574:
2391:
2291:
2271:
2231:
2118:
2103:
1981:
1906:
590:
430:
17:
4007:
3367:
3182:
2957:
2570:
1976:
583:
555:
353:
activities including a language nest, public language classes and on-country training camps. The
346:
303:
128:
121:
1800:
1628:. Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.
3375:
3344:
3311:
3278:
3006:
2542:
2411:
2095:
1868:
639:
576:
350:
3931:
4019:
2486:
2479:
2467:
2322:
2298:
770:
661:
632:
604:
569:
2863:
1598:
Simple and Compound Verbs: Conjugation by Auxiliaries in Australian Verbal System: Miriwung.
4001:
3876:
3753:
3700:
3544:
3480:
3334:
3329:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3055:
2845:
2436:
1940:
1934:
766:
625:
562:
496:
259:
104:
1473:
178:
8:
3959:
3718:
3694:
3650:
3579:
3513:
3503:
3319:
3265:
3242:
3128:
3000:
2985:
2963:
2906:
2889:
2600:
2577:
2328:
2242:
2068:
1966:
1889:
1878:
1873:
1835:
618:
542:
3669:
3527:
3462:
3425:
3273:
3232:
3211:
3075:
2990:
2858:
2824:
2793:
2782:
2719:
2701:
2673:
2549:
2335:
2258:
2214:
2074:
2061:
1912:
1453:
611:
537:
513:
324:
287:
84:
2533:
164:
3851:
3764:
3635:
3615:
3559:
3533:
3521:
3490:
3435:
3352:
3237:
3195:
3061:
3034:
3021:
2941:
2804:
2764:
2733:
2728:
2662:
2652:
2383:
2376:
2370:
2343:
2265:
2207:
2141:
2109:
2081:
1947:
1778:
1750:
1722:
1694:
1668:
1639:
1551:
671:
530:
523:
501:
485:
446:
235:
47:
1652:
Galbat-Newry, G., (2002) Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring Language and Culture Centre.
3829:
3806:
3610:
3448:
3443:
3420:
3412:
3402:
3394:
3324:
3167:
3144:
3090:
3039:
3025:
2968:
2868:
2853:
2787:
2628:
2622:
2613:
2586:
2448:
2424:
2397:
2251:
2172:
2165:
506:
110:
1719:
Woorlab barrenkoonan Miriwoong! Keep talking Miriwoong! : Miriwoong animals 2
3941:
3675:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3498:
3172:
2995:
2936:
2930:
2818:
2812:
2772:
2593:
2563:
2556:
2460:
2404:
2305:
2222:
2181:
2129:
2056:
2051:
2038:
2024:
1920:
1883:
1633:
1576:
Miriwoong waniwoogeng! Language is the only way to understand our ancient culture
647:
598:
518:
263:
76:
57:
191:
3954:
3949:
3564:
3256:
3216:
3123:
3095:
2900:
2894:
2884:
2682:
2667:
2504:
2199:
2011:
1660:
1590:
The Miriwung language (East Kimberley): a phonological and morphological study
4042:
3996:
3968:
3640:
3470:
3357:
3105:
3100:
2192:
2153:
2044:
403:
354:
267:
357:
reaches around 300 children every week, both Indigenous and Non-Indigenous.
230:
which today has fewer than 20 fluent speakers, most of whom live in or near
3569:
1580:
1550:. Kununurra, WA, Australia: Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring. pp. 20–21.
27:
Aboriginal Australian language of the Kimberley region in Western Australia
360:
A significant part of MDWg's revitalisation efforts is the publication of
148:
3991:
705:
398:
1497:
4013:
415:
408:
271:
319:, and English. Two varieties of English are present in the community,
3964:
3857:
1478:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
456:
438:
255:
199:
157:
141:
3974:
3893:
306:
that is used in addition to the spoken languages of the community.
3815:
1830:
549:
387:
4054:
Endangered indigenous Australian languages in Western Australia
2776:
1735:
383:
1476:
Miriwoong at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1406:
Some notable features of Miriwoong grammar are as follows:
1689:
Boombi, Rita; Boombi, Rosemary; Woerde, Stephanie (2014).
1494:
Mirima Dawanga Woorlab-gerring Language and Culture Centre
1614:
Sydney, Australia: Sydney University Press, pp. 75.
1386:
342:
336:
1777:. Kununurra, Australia: Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring.
1749:. Kununurra, Australia: Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring.
1721:. Kununurra, Australia: Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring.
1693:. Kununurra, Australia: Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring.
386:
system of Miriwoong comprises the following four vowel
1796:. Kununurra, Australia: Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring.
1768:. Kununurra, Australia: Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring.
1740:. Kununurra, Australia: Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring.
1712:. Kununurra, Australia: Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring.
1600:
Canberra: Australian Institute for Aboriginal Studies.
1654:
Ngoonjook: A Journal of Australian Indigenous Issues.
1535:. Sydney: Sydney University Press. pp. 146–154.
484:, having multiple lateral and nasal consonants, no
1688:
1512:
1635:The Languages of the Kimberley, Western Australia
4040:
1772:
1710:Woorlab yarrenkoo Miriwoong! - Miriwoong Animals
1397:Transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages
330:
277:
1496:. Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring. Archived from
1370:
1348:
1326:
1304:
1282:
1261:
1239:
1215:
1193:
1160:
1139:
1118:
1096:
1071:
1049:
1027:
1005:
984:
963:
942:
910:
880:
858:
836:
814:
1766:Ninggoowoong boorriyang merndang - Family book
1548:Ninggoowoong boorriyang merndang - Family book
1816:
361:
1716:
1707:
1587:
1791:
1682:
367:
282:Miriwoong is categorised by linguists as a
1823:
1809:
1773:Ningarmara, Ingrid; Dilyai, Nancy (2015).
1638:. London, New York: Taylor & Francis.
198:
1775:Woorre-Woorrem - My community Flying-Fox
1747:Warlayi - Cooking meat in the earth oven
1631:
1619:Language documentation and conservation,
1792:Simon, Pamela; Galbat, Paulina (2011).
1659:
1605:Revitalisation Strategies for Miriwoong
1530:
1518:
208:(grey) other non-Pama-Nyungan languages
14:
4041:
1736:Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring (2013).
1574:Galbat-Newry, G., (September 4, 2016)
1467:
1804:
1763:
1744:
1545:
206:(purple) other Jarrakan languages
24:
1667:. Australian National University.
309:
25:
4075:
724:
717:
710:
696:
689:
682:
660:
638:
631:
624:
617:
610:
603:
589:
582:
575:
568:
561:
554:
463:
445:
429:
420:
1568:
1454:"SBS Australian Census Explorer"
3927:South Australian Pidgin English
1626:Handbook of Kimberley languages
482:Indigenous Australian languages
302:, the Miriwoong people have a
300:Australian language communities
1717:Galbat-Newry, Glennis (2013).
1708:Galbat-Newry, Glennis (2012).
1539:
1524:
1482:
1446:
760:
228:Aboriginal Australian language
13:
1:
4059:Kimberley (Western Australia)
3922:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
1794:Woorrjilwarim - Molly Springs
1439:
475:
337:Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring
331:Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring
278:Linguo-genetic categorisation
4064:Kununurra, Western Australia
3297:Malak-Malak (Nguluk Wanggar)
372:
274:to near the coastal swamps.
7:
3917:Port Jackson Pidgin English
3279:Pungu Pungu (Kandjerramalh)
1738:Miriwoong Seasonal Calendar
1359:Bandicoot Bar (place name)
773:. The vowel /u/ is spelled
345:engages in a wide range of
325:Standard Australian English
10:
4080:
3056:Kungarakany (Koongurrukuñ)
1691:Yangge Yindajgoo! - Ask me
1632:McGregor, William (2004).
1624:McGregor, William (1988).
1401:
390:. Length is not phonemic.
249:
204:(red) Miriwoong language
3984:
3940:
3907:
3867:
3805:
3796:
3783:
3744:
3709:
3685:
3660:
3649:
3628:
3588:
3552:
3543:
3512:
3489:
3461:
3434:
3411:
3393:
3366:
3343:
3310:
3287:
3264:
3255:
3225:
3204:
3191:
3181:
3157:
3137:
3117:Eastern (Goulburn Island)
3116:
3083:
3074:
3048:
3020:
2978:
2950:
2923:
2916:
2877:
2844:
2834:
2803:
2763:
2746:
2691:
2645:
2612:
2532:
2525:
2499:
2480:Wilson River (Wangkumara)
2423:
2363:
2356:
2315:
2284:Yimidhirr–Yalanji–Yidinic
2283:
2241:
2128:
2023:
2001:
1994:
1959:
1899:
1861:
1854:
1843:
1603:Olawsky, Knut, J. (2010)
1414:
723:
716:
709:
505:
500:
495:
493:
377:
284:Non-Pama-Nyungan language
197:
185:
171:
155:
139:
134:
118:
98:
73:
63:
53:
39:
34:
3353:Matngele (Werret/Dakayu)
2827:(Kurnindirri, southwest)
1683:Miriwoong language books
1430:
1409:
368:Some linguistic features
3196:Gulumoerrgin (Larrakia)
1930:Central New South Wales
1764:Newry, Dawayne (2015).
1745:Newry, Dawayne (2012).
1661:Tindale, Norman Barnett
1546:Newry, Dawayne (2015).
1422:
1371:
1349:
1327:
1305:
1283:
1262:
1240:
1216:
1194:
1161:
1140:
1119:
1097:
1072:
1050:
1028:
1006:
985:
964:
943:
911:
881:
859:
837:
815:
741:may be heard as either
347:language revitalisation
293:
129:Miriwoong Sign Language
3676:Southwestern Tasmanian
3670:Northwestern Tasmanian
2960:(Kunwinjku, Gunwinggu)
2790:(Ganggalida, Nyangga)
69:168 (2021 census)
3274:Batjamalh (Wadjiginy)
3266:Wagaydyic (Anson Bay)
3257:Daly River Sprachbund
2487:Bulloo River (Galali)
2006:Western Torres Strait
1832:Australian Aboriginal
1588:Kofod, F. M. (1978).
1021:K (only following n)
925:Monograph consonants
488:, and no fricatives.
298:As is common in many
3877:Torres Strait Creole
3789:Aboriginal Englishes
3553:Western (Nyulnyulic)
2449:Arabana–Wangkangurru
1921:Anewan (Nganyaywana)
1583:: Australian Edition
792:English translation
767:phonemic orthography
260:Carlton Hill Station
3814:Roper River Kriol (
3765:Southeast Tasmanian
3654:family-level groups
1900:New South Wales P–N
1500:on 28 February 2016
1176:Digraph consonants
4049:Jarrakan languages
3731:Lhotsky/Blackhouse
3695:Northern Tasmanian
2917:Gunwinyguan proper
2751:Proto-Pama–Nyungan
2614:Ngarna/Warluwarric
2364:Arandic–Thura–Yura
2188:Guwa–Yanda ?
1107:Kununurra (river)
789:Miriwoong example
362:books in Miriwoong
321:Aboriginal English
244:Aboriginal English
4036:
4035:
4032:
4031:
3903:
3902:
3852:Mornington Island
3828:Kimberley Kriol (
3779:
3778:
3725:Tyerrernotepanner
3624:
3623:
3457:
3456:
3389:
3388:
3251:
3250:
3153:
3152:
3084:Central (Warrkbi)
3070:
3069:
3016:
3015:
2836:Macro-Gunwinyguan
2759:
2758:
2742:
2741:
2707:Kanyara–Mantharta
2521:
2520:
2432:Northern (Palku)
2352:
2351:
2166:Bidyara–Gungabula
1990:
1989:
1784:978-0-9922849-4-7
1756:978-0-9922849-5-4
1728:978-0-9922849-0-9
1700:978-0-9922849-3-0
1674:978-0-708-10741-6
1596:Kofod, FM, 1976.
1557:978-0-9922849-5-4
1384:
1383:
732:
731:
473:
472:
236:Western Australia
213:
212:
48:Western Australia
16:(Redirected from
4071:
3883:Cape York Creole
3841:Westside Kriol (
3807:Australian Kriol
3803:
3802:
3794:
3793:
3658:
3657:
3589:Eastern (Dyukun)
3550:
3549:
3409:
3408:
3262:
3261:
3205:Limilngan–Wulna?
3189:
3188:
3081:
3080:
2921:
2920:
2842:
2841:
2530:
2529:
2361:
2360:
2292:Guugu Yimidihirr
1999:
1998:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1769:
1760:
1741:
1732:
1713:
1704:
1678:
1649:
1593:
1562:
1561:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1486:
1480:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1450:
1377:
1356:
1334:
1312:
1290:
1268:
1247:
1225:
1201:
1168:
1146:
1125:
1104:
1082:
1057:
1035:
1013:
991:
970:
949:
917:
896:
866:
844:
822:
780:
779:
756:
748:
740:
728:
721:
714:
700:
693:
686:
664:
642:
635:
628:
621:
614:
607:
593:
586:
579:
572:
565:
558:
491:
490:
486:voicing contrast
467:
449:
433:
424:
393:
392:
286:and part of the
270:, and along the
202:
181:
167:
151:
144:
124:
79:
32:
31:
21:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4028:
3980:
3942:Mixed languages
3936:
3932:Pidgin Ngarluma
3899:
3869:
3863:
3821:Bamyili Kriol (
3787:
3785:
3784:New Indigenous
3775:
3760:Little Swanport
3740:
3727:(North Midland)
3705:
3681:
3678:(Toogee) ?
3653:
3645:
3620:
3584:
3575:Djabirr-Djabirr
3539:
3508:
3485:
3453:
3430:
3407:
3385:
3381:Ngan’gityemerri
3362:
3339:
3306:
3283:
3247:
3221:
3200:
3177:
3149:
3133:
3112:
3066:
3044:
3012:
3009:(Enindhilyagwa)
2974:
2946:
2912:
2873:
2830:
2815:(Garrwa, north)
2799:
2755:
2738:
2687:
2641:
2608:
2517:
2495:
2419:
2348:
2311:
2279:
2237:
2124:
2119:Flinders Island
2090:Southwest Paman
2019:
1986:
1955:
1895:
1847:
1839:
1829:
1785:
1757:
1729:
1701:
1685:
1675:
1646:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1544:
1540:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1404:
763:
532:
525:
478:
380:
375:
370:
333:
317:Kimberley Kriol
312:
310:Multilingualism
304:signed language
296:
280:
264:Ivanhoe Station
252:
240:Kimberley Kriol
218:, also written
209:
177:
163:
147:
140:
125:
120:
94:
80:
77:Language family
75:
66:
65:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4077:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4025:Murdi Language
4023:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3972:
3962:
3957:
3955:Gurindji Kriol
3952:
3950:Light Warlpiri
3946:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3891:
3888:Lockhart River
3885:
3880:
3873:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3843:Victoria River
3839:
3833:
3830:Fitzroy Valley
3826:
3819:
3811:
3809:
3800:
3791:
3786:languages and
3781:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3757:
3750:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3721:(Northeastern)
3715:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3691:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3673:
3666:
3664:
3655:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3518:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3406:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3335:Marramaninjsji
3332:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3159:Marrku–Wurrugu
3155:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3049:Other isolates
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2961:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2927:
2925:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2839:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2822:
2821:(Wanji, south)
2816:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2780:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2695:
2693:
2692:South-West P–N
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2670:
2665:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2646:Desert Nyungic
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2626:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2590:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2564:Dhuwal–Dhuwala
2560:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2536:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2483:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2367:
2365:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:Lower Burdekin
2262:
2255:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2232:Lower Burdekin
2229:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2134:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2104:Southern Paman
2101:
2100:
2099:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2082:Mbarrumbathama
2078:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2033:Northern Paman
2029:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2012:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
2002:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1789:
1783:
1770:
1761:
1755:
1742:
1733:
1727:
1714:
1705:
1699:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1657:
1650:
1644:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1585:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1538:
1523:
1511:
1481:
1466:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1171:non-meat food
1169:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1003:
1000:
996:
995:
992:
982:
979:
975:
974:
971:
961:
958:
954:
953:
950:
940:
937:
933:
932:
930:
928:
926:
922:
921:
918:
908:
905:
901:
900:
897:
878:
875:
871:
870:
867:
856:
853:
849:
848:
845:
834:
831:
827:
826:
823:
812:
809:
805:
804:
802:
800:
798:
794:
793:
790:
787:
784:
777:in Miriwoong.
762:
759:
730:
729:
722:
715:
708:
702:
701:
694:
687:
680:
678:
676:
674:
668:
667:
665:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
644:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
595:
594:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
546:
545:
540:
535:
528:
521:
516:
510:
509:
504:
499:
494:
477:
474:
471:
470:
468:
461:
459:
453:
452:
450:
443:
441:
435:
434:
427:
425:
418:
412:
411:
406:
401:
396:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
332:
329:
311:
308:
295:
292:
279:
276:
266:, and east to
262:, upstream to
251:
248:
211:
210:
203:
195:
194:
189:
183:
182:
175:
169:
168:
161:
153:
152:
145:
137:
136:
135:Language codes
132:
131:
126:
119:
116:
115:
114:
113:
107:
100:
96:
95:
93:
92:
83:
81:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
41:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4076:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3997:Nunga English
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3969:Tennant Creek
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3868:Northeastern
3866:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3782:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:(Paredarerme)
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3376:Murrinh-patha
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3368:Southern Daly
3365:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3289:Northern Daly
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3183:Darwin Region
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2958:Bininj Kunwok
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2571:Djambarrpuyŋu
2568:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2412:Adnyamathanha
2409:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2173:Margany–Gunya
2170:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2096:Kuuk Thayorre
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:Gumbaynggiric
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1887:
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1862:Victorian P–N
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1569:Other sources
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1490:"Our Country"
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1085:magpie goose
1084:
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1055:igirrimawoong
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355:language nest
352:
351:documentation
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268:Newry Station
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38:
33:
30:
19:
3848:Barkly Kriol
3771:Bruny Island
3711:Northeastern
3697:(Tommeginne)
3481:Gajirrawoong
3475:
3345:Eastern Daly
3312:Western Daly
3007:Anindilyakwa
2718:
2714:Kartu–Nhanda
2672:
2658:Ngumpin–Yapa
2621:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2510:
2503:
2485:
2478:
2468:Yandruwandha
2466:
2459:
2447:
2435:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2382:
2375:
2334:
2327:
2304:
2299:Kuku Yalanji
2297:
2290:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2221:
2213:
2198:
2191:
2180:
2171:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2117:
2108:
2094:
2080:
2073:
2062:Umbindhamuic
2052:Middle Paman
2037:
2010:
1972:Bandjalangic
1946:
1939:
1919:
1911:
1888:
1869:Lower Murray
1855:Southeastern
1845:Pama–Nyungan
1793:
1774:
1765:
1746:
1737:
1718:
1709:
1690:
1664:
1653:
1634:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1581:The Guardian
1579:
1547:
1541:
1532:
1526:
1519:Tindale 1974
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1498:the original
1493:
1484:
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1448:
1434:
1426:
1418:
1405:
1392:
1391:
1385:
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1329:
1307:
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1221:
1217:
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1163:
1141:
1120:
1099:
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1052:
1030:
1008:
986:
965:
944:
913:
891:
887:
883:
861:
839:
817:
774:
765:The largely
764:
733:
479:
381:
359:
341:
334:
313:
297:
281:
253:
223:
219:
215:
214:
205:
156:
122:Signed forms
89:
29:
3992:Neo-Nyungar
3965:Wumpurrarni
3960:Modern Tiwi
3879:(Yumplatok)
3701:Port Sorell
3672:(Peerapper)
3330:Marrithiyel
3325:Merranunggu
3320:Marri Ngarr
3096:Garig–Ilgar
2775:(register:
2601:Ganhalpuyŋu
2543:Dhaŋu–Djaŋu
2437:Pitta-Pitta
2323:Kalkatungic
1960:North Coast
1941:Barranbinja
1038:footprints
786:IPA symbol
761:Orthography
706:Approximant
105:Gajirrawung
4043:Categories
3836:Daly River
3767:(Nuenonne)
3754:Oyster Bay
3719:Pyemmairre
3580:Nimanburru
3545:Nyulnyulan
3524:(Northern)
3504:Gooniyandi
3243:Bugurnidja
3226:Umbugarlic
3129:Manangkari
3001:Nunggubuyu
2986:Rembarrnga
2971:(Ngalkbun)
2964:Kunbarlang
2907:Mangarrayi
2890:Warndarang
2846:Maningrida
2392:Thura–Yura
2329:Kalkatungu
1982:Waka–Kabic
1935:Wiradhuric
1907:Yuin–Kuric
1890:Bungandidj
1504:19 October
1459:12 January
1440:References
1375:egoobeling
1220:erregoowoo
1149:small (f)
989:oondarring
497:Peripheral
476:Consonants
290:subgroup.
272:Keep River
4020:Cherbourg
3967:English (
3858:Kowanyama
3651:Tasmanian
3536:(Western)
3530:(Eastern)
3528:Ngarinyin
3514:Worrorran
3476:Miriwoong
3426:Jaminjung
3233:Umbugarla
3212:Limilngan
3022:Yangmanic
2991:Ngalakgan
2864:Ndjébbana
2859:Gurr-goni
2825:Gunindiri
2794:Mingginda
2783:Kayardild
2720:Yinggarda
2674:Warumungu
2578:Gupapuyŋu
2550:Ritharrŋu
2512:Paakantyi
2336:Yalarnnga
2259:Warrgamay
2243:Dyirbalic
2215:Dharumbal
2161:Southern
2137:Northern
2075:Umbuygamu
2069:Lamalamic
1967:Durubalic
1913:Dhanggati
1879:Gippsland
1874:Yotayotic
1848:subgroups
1838:languages
1836:Tasmanian
1656:21 26-49.
952:to stand
907:i: ~ iji
783:Grapheme
543:Retroflex
373:Phonology
258:north to
256:Ord River
232:Kununurra
220:Miriuwung
216:Miriwoong
192:Miriwoong
158:Glottolog
142:ISO 639-3
90:Miriwoong
54:Ethnicity
44:Kununurra
35:Miriwoong
3975:Alyawarr
3894:Napranum
3687:Northern
3636:Giimbiyu
3629:isolates
3616:Ngumbarl
3560:Nyulnyul
3534:Worrorra
3522:Wunambal
3463:Jarrakan
3302:Tyerraty
3238:Ngurmbur
3138:Southern
3076:Iwaidjan
3062:Gaagudju
3035:Wardaman
2942:Uwinymil
2933:(Djauan)
2796:(Minkin)
2702:Ngayarda
2698:Pilbara
2629:Southern
2475:Eastern
2456:Central
2444:Western
2384:Kaytetye
2377:Arrernte
2266:Nyawaygi
2210: ?
2149:Eastern
2142:Warrongo
2110:Mbabaram
2057:Umpilaic
1995:Northern
1948:Muruwari
1663:(1974).
1393:See also
1144:oothoony
771:digraphs
538:Alveolar
514:Bilabial
388:phonemes
288:Jarrakan
226:, is an
224:Miriwung
165:miri1266
99:Dialects
85:Jarrakan
58:Miriwung
18:Miriwung
3977:English
3909:Pidgins
3870:creoles
3823:Barunga
3816:Ngukurr
3798:Creoles
3746:Eastern
3662:Western
3611:Nyigina
3491:Bunuban
3449:Wambaya
3444:Ngarnka
3436:Ngurlun
3421:Nungali
3403:Jingulu
3185: ?
3168:Wurrugu
3161: ?
3145:Amurdag
3091:Iwaidja
3058: ?
3040:Wagiman
3026:Wagiman
3003:(Wubuy)
2979:Eastern
2969:Dalabon
2951:Central
2924:Western
2909: ?
2903: ?
2897: ?
2869:Nakkara
2854:Burarra
2838: ?
2805:Garrwan
2788:Yukulta
2765:Tangkic
2729:Mirning
2723: ?
2677: ?
2663:Ngumpin
2653:Marrngu
2623:Yanyuwa
2526:Western
2490: ?
2398:Wirangu
2371:Arandic
2357:Central
2274: ?
2252:Dyirbal
2234: ?
2226: ?
2218: ?
2208:Kingkel
2185: ?
1924: ?
1916: ?
1402:Grammar
1245:engbeng
797:Vowels
672:Lateral
550:Plosive
533:palatal
531:Lamino-
524:Lamino-
502:Laminal
404:central
250:Country
173:AIATSIS
111:Dulbung
4014:Woorie
4002:Yarrie
3985:Others
3896:Creole
3890:Creole
3860:Creole
3854:Creole
3736:Norman
3606:Warrwa
3601:Dyugun
3596:Yawuru
3499:Bunuba
3413:Yirram
3395:Mirndi
3173:Marrgu
2996:Ngandi
2931:Jawoyn
2878:Marran
2819:Waanyi
2813:Garawa
2773:Lardil
2734:Nyunga
2633:Ngarru
2594:Djinba
2587:Djinaŋ
2461:Diyari
2425:Karnic
2405:Kaurna
2306:Yidiny
2223:Bayali
2182:Bindal
2039:Uradhi
1781:
1753:
1725:
1697:
1671:
1642:
1554:
1415:Gender
1380:black
1337:paper
1315:water
1128:grass
1115:É» ~ Éą
1098:Goonoo
1060:white
973:heart
968:ooleng
825:place
526:dental
507:Apical
378:Vowels
323:, and
40:Region
4004:Lingo
3838:Kriol
3565:Bardi
3217:Wulna
3124:Maung
3106:Ilgar
3101:Garig
2937:Waray
2901:Alawa
2895:Yugul
2885:Marra
2777:Damin
2636:Thawa
2557:Nhaŋu
2534:Yolŋu
2505:Yarli
2200:Yanda
2130:Maric
2025:Paman
1884:Kulin
1431:Verbs
1410:Nouns
1271:rock
1204:tick
1123:amang
1102:ooram
1016:swim
994:fish
838:jawal
755:]
751:[
747:]
743:[
648:Trill
599:Nasal
519:Velar
399:front
384:vowel
4022:Talk
4016:Talk
4010:Talk
4008:Palm
3641:Tiwi
3570:Jawi
3471:Kija
3358:Kamu
2683:Wati
2668:Yapa
2344:Mayi
2316:Gulf
2193:Guwa
2154:Biri
1834:and
1779:ISBN
1751:ISBN
1723:ISBN
1695:ISBN
1669:ISBN
1640:ISBN
1552:ISBN
1506:2016
1461:2023
1423:Case
1387:MDWg
1332:dang
1310:oong
1293:cup
1263:gera
1250:red
1228:big
1076:oona
1033:alng
1002:c~Éź
920:yes
904:iyi
899:cat
886:rrng
869:dog
864:lang
847:man
416:high
409:back
382:The
349:and
343:MDWg
335:The
294:Sign
222:and
2045:Wik
1474:K29
1367:dĚŞ
1364:th
1342:rr
1320:rn
1298:rl
1276:rd
1255:ny
1241:nge
1236:nĚŞ
1233:nh
1209:ng
1199:iny
1187:ly
1166:eng
1080:ang
1029:ban
947:are
914:iyi
852:oo
816:daw
749:or
457:low
439:mid
242:or
234:in
187:ELP
179:K29
149:mep
4045::
1578:.
1492:.
1395::
1373:th
1354:am
1352:rr
1350:Da
1345:r
1330:rn
1328:me
1323:Éł
1308:rl
1306:ge
1301:É
1288:ag
1286:rd
1284:ga
1279:É–
1265:ny
1258:ɲ
1243:nh
1222:ng
1218:ng
1212:Ĺ‹
1197:ly
1195:bi
1190:ĘŽ
1162:ma
1157:j
1154:y
1136:w
1133:w
1112:r
1093:n
1090:n
1068:m
1065:m
1051:bi
1046:l
1043:l
1024:g
1007:wi
999:j
981:g
978:g
960:d
957:d
939:b
936:b
912:ng
894:ng
882:ng
877:i
874:i
862:oo
855:u
842:ng
833:É™
830:e
820:ng
811:a
808:a
775:oo
757:.
619:nĚŞ
570:dĚŞ
364:.
246:.
109:?
46:,
3971:)
3845:)
3832:)
3825:)
3818:)
3028:?
3024:–
2779:)
1824:e
1817:t
1810:v
1787:.
1759:.
1731:.
1703:.
1677:.
1648:.
1621:7
1592:.
1560:.
1521:.
1508:.
1463:.
1164:y
1142:w
1121:r
1100:n
1078:m
1074:m
1053:l
1031:k
1011:a
1009:j
987:g
966:d
945:b
892:i
890:l
888:i
884:i
860:j
840:e
818:a
753:Éą
745:É»
739:/
737:É»
735:/
726:É»
719:j
712:w
698:É
691:l
684:ĘŽ
662:r
640:Éł
633:n
626:ɲ
612:Ĺ‹
605:m
591:É–
584:d
577:Éź
563:g
556:b
465:a
447:É™
431:u
422:i
20:)
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