703:, who introduced compulsory rationing of meat, sugar and butter in early 1918. By 1918, there were controls over 94% of foodstuffs; the Food Controller bought all essential food supplies and the Corn Production Act guaranteed cereal prices. The ministry had a staff of more than 8,000 with food control committees and divisional commissioners across the country. The Ministry's Wheat Commission took over flour mills and dictated the shape and weight of bread, prohibiting sales of muffins, crumpets and teacakes. Oats, barley and beans were added to bread. These measures were said to have saved about 10 million sacks of wheat, but they were not universally welcomed. Meat was imported from the US and Argentina and refrigerated merchant ships were equipped with guns from April 1915. Meat prices were controlled from September 1917, and meat became scarce. Milk production fell during the war by about 25% and condensed milk imports rose from 49,000 tonnes to 128,000 tonnes. Lord Rhondda died on 1 July 1918 and was succeeded by
189:
743:
484:
358:
35:
842:
925:
known as the
Strategic Food Stockpile, were maintained by the MAFF. The primary purpose of the stockpile was to serve as a food reserve; in the period leading up to a war major food producers would be However, they had a limited variety and supply, and were not intended to provide a balanced or healthy diet to survivors. Among the foodstuffs that were part of the stockpile were:
860:
subsidise the spreading of lime on agricultural land to boost the fertility of the soil. The Food (Defence Plans) Department was established in 1937 and was then constituted as the
Ministry of Food on the outbreak of war in 1939. The Minister of Agriculture was given powers to regulate the cultivation and management of land, end tenancies, even take possession of land, under the
829:. c. 91) abolished the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries and created the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, which took on the powers of the Board and the remaining functions of the Food Production Department established during the war. In 1919 prices of farm produce had risen by 25% compared to prices at the end of the war. The
92:
924:
period that would occur in the event of NATO being involved in a large-scale conflict in Europe. Control of food stockpiles was an important part of plans for during and after war, to feed survivors until a normal stockpile could be established. A large network of buffer depots containing foodstuffs,
854:
promoted the standardisation of grades and packaging and introduced the "National Mark", a trade mark denoting home-produced food of a defined quality for eggs, beef, apples and pears. The
Agricultural Marketing Acts of 1931 and 1933 sought to organise farmers into co-operative marketing associations
695:
guaranteed minimum prices for wheat and oats, specified a minimum wage for agricultural workers and established the
Agricultural Wages Board, to ensure stability for farmers and a share of this stability for agricultural workers. The aim was to increase output of home-grown food and reduce dependence
947:
Items with a long shelf life made up much of the stockpile, including tinned and canned foods. Glucose sweets were also produced, but only in limited numbers as they were expensive. A full detailed list of these buffer depots was included in Duncan
Campbell's 1983 book War Plan UK. By 1995, with the
908:
The
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and the Ministry of Food were merged in 1955, becoming the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. In the 1970s, the IRA detonated some explosives in front of the Ministry of Agriculture building in Whitehall, killing one man and injuring 215. Two other
287:
on 23 August 1793 as the Board or
Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture and Internal Improvement, which lasted until it was dissolved in June 1822. Though its founders hoped the board would become a department of state it was never more than a private society which spread useful knowledge and
888:
was appointed
Minister. The Scientific Food Committee was established in May 1940 and outlined a basal diet of 2000 calories. The Ministry of Food became the sole buyer and importer of food and regulated prices, guaranteeing farmers prices and markets for their produce. The Marketing Boards, except
859:
introduced a tariff on most imports including fruit and vegetables and quotas on imports of bacon, ham and other meat products. In 1936 the tithe rent charge was abolished, compensation paid to the Church and the money recovered from farmers over a 60-year period. In 1937 a scheme was introduce to
833:
set out guaranteed prices for wheat and oats based on the 1919 averages, to be reviewed annually. However, in the early 1920s, prices fell drastically, the Act was repealed, guaranteed prices were replaced by lump sum payments and the
Agricultural Wages Board abolished, as part of the government's
266:
that dealt with the environment (and with a small part of the Home Office) to create a new government department, the
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) in 2001. MAFF was formally dissolved on 27 March 2002, when the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Dissolution)
834:
deflationary policies. By 1922 virtually all of war-time controls had gone. The area under cultivation in Britain fell from 12 million acres (49,000 km²) in 1918 to 9 million acres (36,000 km²) in 1926. Farm prices continued to decline and then fell by 34% in the three years after 1929.
683:
appointed Food Controller to regulate the supply and consumption of food and to encourage food production. A Food Production Department was established by the Board of Agriculture in 1917 to organise and distribute agricultural inputs, such as labour, feed, fertiliser and machinery, and increase
667:
was declared on 4 August 1914. Good harvests and little interruption to imports of food during the first two years of meant that there were no shortages of food, though the ministry was buying wheat, meat and sugar. The agricultural situation then changed for the worse with a poor crop harvest,
837:
During this period, the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries remained a small department concerned with pest and disease control, agricultural research and education, improvement of livestock, and provision of allotments and smallholdings. Over the next few years, its workload
684:
output of crops. Provision of labour provided considerable difficulty as many men working on farms had enlisted but co-operation between the War Office and the board enabled men to be released to help with spring cultivation and harvest. Also in 1917, the
920:, it had become clear that in the event of a nuclear strike against Britain, such an attack would have devastating effects on the food supply. The MAFF would play a central role in government emergency planning, especially with the
849:
In the late 1920s and early 1930s the government introduced new measures to support domestic agriculture and farmers' income. Subsidies or price insurance schemes were created for sugar beet, wheat, cattle, dairy and sheep. The
851:
643:
In 1904, the board appointed honorary agricultural correspondents throughout the country to liaise with the Board on Regional Matters and to give advice to farmers. In 1911, responsibility for all agricultural matters in
760:
An Act to provide for the constitution of a Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and of Councils and Committees in connection with agriculture, and to amend the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries Acts, 1889 to
553:
451:, passed on 12 August, established the Board of Agriculture and combined all government responsibilities for agricultural matters in one department. The first President of the new Board was the Rt. Hon.
676:
1050:
17:
1216:
242:
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was declared on 3 September 1939. The UK entered the war well prepared for the maintenance of supplies of food but with less than 40% of the country's needs produced at home. The
1236:
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655:
Meanwhile, the country was increasingly becoming dependent on imported food. By 1914, the output of home-grown food only met one-third of the country's needs.
1256:
263:
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1246:
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144:
455:, there were 90 members of staff and the first annual estimate was for ÂŁ55,000. From 1892 to 1913, its secretary, the most senior civil servant, was
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An Act to transfer to the Board of Agriculture powers and duties relating to the Industry of Fishing and to amend the Board of Agriculture Act 1889.
1231:
1160:
108:
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633:
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A significant predecessor of the second Board of Agriculture (later MAFF) was the Tithe Commission, which was set up in 1841 under the
885:
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was appointed President of the Board of Agriculture with a seat in the Cabinet and with the aim of stimulating food production.
893:
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The Board of Agriculture, which later become the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF), was established under the
201:
1073:
1035:
1008:
909:
bombs that had been set to go off at the same time were defused by military and police experts. Ten suspects were taken into
708:
143:, a name that lasted until the Ministry was dissolved in 2002, at which point its responsibilities had been merged into the
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ending World War I was signed on 11 November 1918. Following the war, the Food Controller resigned in 1919 and the
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was created, it was responsible for both food production and food safety, which was seen by some to give rise to a
456:
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163:
112:
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Account of the Origin of the Board of Agriculture and its progress for three years after its establishment
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Loaves and Fishes, an illustrated history of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 1889–1999
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43:
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was passed under which food, agricultural machinery and equipment was sent from the US to the UK.
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and the Copyhold Commissioners to become the Lord Commissioners for England and Wales under the
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60:
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failure of the potato crop, declining harvest abroad and increased shipping losses. In 1916,
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was passed to transfer certain powers and duties relating to the fishing industry from the
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131:. It attained its final name in 1955 with the addition of responsibilities for the British
8:
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Recruiting began for the Women's Land Army and, in 1940, food rationing was introduced.
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Debate on draft Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Dissolution) Order 2002
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Text of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Dissolution) Order 2002
1159:(1956). "Chapter XIX The War and State Control, 1914–1918". In Hall, G. (ed.).
680:
637:
304:
1210:
1187:
811:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
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as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
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as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
327:
284:
252:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
132:
1202:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 421–423.
1191:
845:
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries advert promoting National Mark produce
307:, which became the Land Department of the new Board of Agriculture in 1889.
855:
and created Marketing Boards for bacon, pigs, hops, milk and potatoes. The
784:
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In June 1917, Lord Devonport resigned as Food Controller to be replaced by
524:
398:
315:
136:
1114:"Strategic Food Stockpile, Volume 195: debated on Thursday 18 July 1991"
841:
319:
1183:, Fifth Standing Committee on Delegated Legislation, 22 January 2002.
929:
Biscuits, which came in large tins, and baked around the early 1960s.
864:. On 1 September 1939 many of these powers were delegated to county
688:
was created to provide substitutes for men called up to the forces.
176:
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Dissolution) Order 2002
917:
645:
511:
896:
succeeded William Morrison as Minister for Food. In 1941, the US
375:
An Act for establishing a Board of Agriculture for Great Britain.
330:
in 1869 and became part of the new Board of Agriculture in 1889.
162:(more widely known as mad cow disease) and later the outbreak of
158:. MAFF was widely criticised for its handling of the outbreak of
326:
in June 1865. This was renamed the Veterinary Department of the
934:
Fat, known as 'Ministry Marge' and had a shelf life of 20 years
323:
1165:(5th ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co. Archived from
940:
Yeast, packed in tins, with an expected shelf life of 10 years
1090:"From the archives: Ten held after Provo bombs blast London"
640:
to what then became the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries.
1217:
Defunct departments of the Government of the United Kingdom
675:
In December 1916, a Ministry of Food was created under the
809:
Text of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Act 1919
629:
1169:
on 24 February 2015 – via Soil And Health Library.
948:
end of the Cold War, all buffer depots had been closed.
718:
648:
except animal health was transferred to a newly created
608:
Text of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries Act 1903
95:
Logo of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
91:
1237:
Agricultural organisations based in the United Kingdom
715:
progressively wound down and closed on 31 March 1921.
18:
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (United Kingdom)
1030:. US: University of Chicago Press. pp. 149–150.
852:
Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marketing) Act 1928
264:
Department for Environment, Transport and the Regions
145:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
1208:
1068:. US: University of Chicago Press. p. 161.
1003:. US: University of Chicago Press. p. 149.
823:Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Act 1919
730:Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Act 1919
1257:2002 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
943:Flour, which was turned over every 4-5 years
624:in 1890, and it took responsibility for the
968:Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
634:Board of Agriculture and Fisheries Act 1903
554:Board of Agriculture and Fisheries Act 1909
471:Board of Agriculture and Fisheries Act 1903
419:Board of Agriculture and Fisheries Act 1903
101:Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
279:. It was preceded, however, by an earlier
267:Order 2002 (SI 2002/794) came into force.
1247:1889 establishments in the United Kingdom
677:New Ministries & Secretaries Act 1916
435:Text of the Board of Agriculture Act 1889
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
1186:
840:
90:
42:This article includes a list of general
983:
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14:
1232:Economic history of the United Kingdom
1209:
620:The board took responsibility for the
1155:
1102:from the original on 29 October 2023.
1061:
1023:
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866:War Agricultural Executive Committees
802:Text of statute as originally enacted
719:Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries
601:Text of statute as originally enacted
428:Text of statute as originally enacted
135:to the existing responsibilities for
129:Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries
288:encouraged improvements in farming.
109:United Kingdom government department
28:
889:for milk and hops, were suspended.
871:
862:Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939
262:It was merged with the part of the
119:c. 30) and at that time called the
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125:Board of Agriculture and Fisheries
48:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1051:The National Archives, class BT60
650:Board of Agriculture for Scotland
1162:English Farming Past and Present
748:Parliament of the United Kingdom
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489:Parliament of the United Kingdom
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363:Parliament of the United Kingdom
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194:Parliament of the United Kingdom
187:
160:bovine spongiform encephalopathy
33:
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243:Ministers of the Crown Act 1975
1252:Defunct environmental agencies
1242:Ministries established in 1889
1124:
1106:
1082:
1055:
1044:
1017:
990:
973:Sir John Sinclair, 1st Baronet
963:Lobbying in the United Kingdom
884:was formed on 8 September and
584:Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1986
579:Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1978
164:foot and mouth disease in 2001
13:
1:
1193:"Agriculture, Board of"
559:Statute Law Revision Act 1927
542:Board of Agriculture Act 1889
449:Board of Agriculture Act 1889
345:Board of Agriculture Act 1889
277:Board of Agriculture Act 1889
270:
113:Board of Agriculture Act 1889
318:to deal with an outbreak of
310:Another predecessor was the
7:
1152:. London: W. Bulmer and Co.
951:
632:in 1903. Also in 1903, the
574:Trade Descriptions Act 1968
10:
1273:
1133:"Strategic Food Stockpile"
937:Sugar, held in 56 lb sacks
723:United Kingdom legislation
464:United Kingdom legislation
338:United Kingdom legislation
293:Tithe Commutation Act 1836
169:United Kingdom legislation
1222:Ministries of agriculture
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123:, and then from 1903 the
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693:Corn Production Act 1917
312:Cattle Plague Department
1199:Encyclopædia Britannica
1065:Diet for a large planet
1027:Diet for a large planet
1000:Diet for a large planet
297:Enclosure Commissioners
63:more precise citations.
1137:Subterranea Britannica
857:Import Duties Act 1932
846:
96:
1148:Sinclair, J. (1796).
1062:Otter, Chris (2020).
1024:Otter, Chris (2020).
997:Otter, Chris (2020).
844:
626:Royal Botanic Gardens
564:Crown Estate Act 1961
303:, responsible to the
301:Settled Land Act 1882
152:Food Standards Agency
94:
1227:Fisheries ministries
1173:Foreman, S. (1991).
984:References and notes
831:Agriculture Act 1920
334:Board of Agriculture
281:Board of Agriculture
182:Statutory Instrument
156:conflict of interest
127:, and from 1919 the
121:Board of Agriculture
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911:Metropolitan Police
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813:legislation.gov.uk
612:legislation.gov.uk
457:Sir Thomas Elliott
439:legislation.gov.uk
254:legislation.gov.uk
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1075:978-0-226-69710-9
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1010:978-0-226-69710-9
922:Transition to War
827:9 & 10 Geo. 5
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772:9 & 10 Geo. 5
736:Act of Parliament
686:Women's Land Army
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569:Forestry Act 1967
534:Other legislation
477:Act of Parliament
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408:Other legislation
386:52 & 53 Vict.
351:Act of Parliament
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234:Other legislation
117:52 & 53 Vict.
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