31:
743:
692:
2141:
2145:
796:), staffed by new employees drawn from workers and peasants. On 15 March 1946 the people's commissariats were transformed into ministries. The name change had no practical effects, other than restoring a designation previously considered a leftover of the bourgeois era. The collapse of the ministry system was one of the main causes behind the
819:
of the new
Commissariats were denoted by the titles: Agricultural Machinery Construction, Automobile Industry, Construction and Road Building Machinery, Construction of Fuel Enterprises, Construction of Heavy Industry Enterprises, Heavy Machine Building, Machinery and Instruments, and Transport Machinery Building.
1007:
These nine ministries were among the eighteen ministries of the machine-building and metal-working complex (MBMW) under the control of the
Defense Council. Each of the nine ministries incorporated institutes engaged in applied research and a network of bureaus responsible for designing and developing
949:
authority to place its people in influential positions. Nomenklatura refers both to the positions that the
Central Committee apparatus of the party has the power to fill and to a list of people qualified to fill them. Approximately one third of the administrative positions in the council bureaucracy,
893:
All-union ministries were more centralized, thus permitting greater control over vital functions. Union-republic ministries appeared to exercise limited autonomy in nonvital areas. In practice, the central government dominated the union-republic ministries, although in theory each level of government
829:
Also, fifteen ministries, transferred previously from Moscow to
Republic capitals in a preliminary effort at decentralization, were now disbanded. The functions of such republican ministries as those of the Coal Industry, Fish Industry, Oil Industry, and Construction of Coal Industry Enterprises were
953:
Finally, in what is known as dual subordination, the staff of each ministry was required to respond to orders and directions from its primary party organization (PPO), as well as to the ministries' hierarchy. Party members on the staff of the ministry were bound by the norms of democratic centralism
818:
After the end of World War II, Commissariats were reorganized to meet the needs of reconstruction. The
Commissariats of the Tank Industry and of Mortar Armament were liquidated. Their staffs and facilities became a part of a large number of Commissariats created in late 1945 and 1946. The activities
862:
Ministries and state committees not only managed the economy, government, and society but also could make laws. Most ministries and state committees issued orders and instructions that were binding only on their organizations. Some ministries, however, could issue orders within a legally specified
858:
and did not have to be elected. Soviet ministers usually rose within a ministry; having begun work in one ministry, they could, however, be appointed to a similar position in another. Thus, by the time the party appointed an official to a ministerial position, that person was fully acquainted with
825:
decentralized authority, abolishing ten ministries. These were ministries whose factories and construction projects could be better managed closer to the scene by a regional economic council. These included the
Automobile Industry Ministry, the Ministry of Construction of Oil Industry Enterprises,
853:
Ministers were the chief administrative officials of the government. While most ministers managed branches of the economy, others managed affairs of state, such as foreign policy, defense, justice, and finance. Unlike parliamentary systems in which ministers are members of the parliament, Soviet
897:
Union-republic ministries offered some practical economic advantages. Republic representatives in the union-republic ministries attempted to ensure that the interests of the republics were taken into account in policy formation. In addition, the arrangement permitted the central ministry to set
901:
The internal structures of both all-union and union-republic ministries were highly centralized. A central ministry had large functional departments and specialized directorates. Chief directorates carried out the most important specialized functions in larger ministries. Specialized functions
905:
State committees and government agencies similarly were categorized as all-union and union-republic organizations. State committees oversaw technical matters that involved many aspects of government, such as standards, inventions and discoveries, labor and social issues, sports, prices, and
942:, the minister of foreign affairs, were also Politburo members. In addition, most ministers and chairmen of state committees were either full or candidate members of the Central Committee. Thus, the norms of democratic centralism obliged council members to adhere to party policies.
967:
The principal organizations involved in Soviet military science and technology were subordinate to the defense industrial ministries. The ministries responsible for research, design, and production of military equipment and weapons or their components consisted of the
1788:
902:
included foreign contracts, planning, finance, construction, personnel, and staff services. The first department of any ministry, staffed by personnel from the
Committee for State Security (Komitet gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti β KGB), controlled security.
889:
was a union-republic ministry, reflecting the republics' constitutional right to foreign representation. Although the republics had foreign ministries, the central
Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Moscow in fact conducted all diplomacy for the Soviet Union.
1008:
new military equipment and processes. In 1989 these ministries directed the work of thousands of plants making weapons and weapons components, at least 450 military research and development organizations, and approximately fifty major design bureaus.
1974:
1989:
881:
Union-republic ministries had a central ministry in Moscow, which coordinated the work of counterpart ministries in the republic governments. Republic party organizations also oversaw the work of the union-republic ministries in their domain.
1979:
1793:
1508:
1012:
914:
The ministries and state committees operated without the appearance of party control. Nevertheless, the party ensured its authority over the government through several mechanisms designed to preserve its leading role in society.
1748:
1868:
863:
area of responsibility that were binding on society as a whole. These orders carried the same force of law as acts of the
Supreme Soviet. For example, the Ministry of Finance set the rules for any form of foreign exchange.
1803:
1653:
1583:
1823:
1498:
954:
to obey the orders of the secretary of the PPO, who represented the CPSU hierarchy in the ministry. The secretary of the PPO ensured that CPSU policies were carried out in the day-to-day activities of the ministries.
1984:
1778:
1969:
1528:
1225:"Yeltsin Takes Over Kremlin, Disbands Soviet Ministries : Commonwealth: The Russian leader moves boldly to consolidate his power over foreign affairs and security. His action is compared to a coup d'etat"
2116:
1933:
1833:
2121:
1598:
1568:
1588:
235:
859:
the affairs of the ministry and was well trained in avoiding conflict with the party. Until the late 1980s, ministers enjoyed long tenures, commonly serving for decades and often dying in office.
2111:
2029:
2009:
1449:
1843:
1648:
1723:
2161:
1878:
1743:
1548:
1853:
1623:
950:
including the most important ones, were on the nomenklatura list. Occupants of these positions well understood that the party could remove them if they failed to adhere to its policies.
2039:
1913:
1693:
922:
and leading party bodies facilitated both policy coordination between the two organizations and party control. The chairman of the
Council of Ministers normally occupied a seat on the
1863:
2069:
1953:
1593:
1918:
1783:
1893:
1753:
1938:
1763:
514:
126:
111:
898:
guidelines that the republics could then adapt to their local conditions. The central ministry in Moscow also could delegate some responsibilities to the republic level.
1558:
386:
1033:
931:
841:, were abolished or taken over by the Russian Federation on 20 December 1991. The Soviet Ministry of Atomic Energy was abolished in January 1992, replaced by the
989:
1928:
729:
142:
1733:
1678:
874:
All-union ministries oversaw a particular activity for the entire country and were controlled by the all-union party apparatus and the government in Moscow.
1043:
842:
223:
137:
1038:
1798:
981:
411:
106:
116:
1409:
973:
644:
1011:
Other industrial ministries contributed to military research, development, and production. For example, some military vehicles were produced by the
926:, which gave him additional authority to ensure the implementation of his decisions. In 1989 the first deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers,
1638:
1578:
1493:
183:
2034:
1943:
1808:
1663:
1488:
2044:
354:
1758:
1738:
1618:
2079:
1658:
1573:
1437:
886:
722:
639:
529:
60:
1154:
2074:
1908:
1838:
1773:
1713:
1553:
1538:
72:
1533:
1444:
919:
838:
807:
649:
614:
344:
82:
1898:
1563:
1518:
664:
654:
324:
173:
1479:
1087:
1028:
398:
240:
702:
1873:
1402:
1001:
715:
1127:
Shama, Avraham; Sementsov, Sergey (March 1992). "The collapse of the Soviet Ministries: Economic and legal transformation".
1703:
1628:
1459:
985:
906:
statistics. Other agencies, such as the news agency TASS and the Academy of Sciences, oversaw affairs under their purview.
629:
1999:
1888:
1828:
1813:
1066:
1060:
1054:
993:
803:
319:
95:
50:
2146:
Law of the USSR of 15.03.1946 on the transformation of the Council of People's Commissars into the Council of Ministers
2014:
1948:
1848:
1768:
1728:
1708:
1668:
1633:
1613:
1608:
834:
509:
349:
278:
193:
65:
1718:
1454:
1048:
1016:
969:
381:
77:
2019:
1673:
1395:
977:
766:
634:
570:
393:
267:
1643:
1181:
The Annals Of The American Academy Of Political And Social Science The Soviet Union Since World War II Volume 263
797:
504:
213:
2064:
2054:
1418:
1375:
1339:
997:
763:
659:
609:
304:
878:
governments had no corresponding ministry, although all-union ministries had branch offices in the republics.
1688:
1523:
1513:
1432:
575:
544:
55:
1818:
590:
22:
2099:
1923:
1464:
559:
519:
494:
334:
1883:
1275:
1224:
580:
30:
2059:
1543:
539:
1858:
1698:
781:
293:
288:
283:
2024:
1903:
1185:
376:
208:
1367:
1361:
1331:
1325:
1209:
939:
930:, was promoted to full-member status on the Central Committee, and both he and deputy chairman
1111:
1683:
1503:
1387:
427:
8:
935:
696:
524:
203:
1179:
1603:
777:
585:
1203:
871:
Two types of ministries made up the ministerial system: all-union and union-republic.
1371:
1335:
534:
1136:
785:
780:
of 1917 the previous bureaucratic apparatus of bourgeois ministers was replaced by
755:
453:
422:
742:
927:
875:
855:
2155:
885:
The Constitution determined into which category certain ministries fell. The
674:
549:
445:
1366:(2. ed., 1. print. ed.). Washington, DC: US Gov. Print. Off. pp.
1330:(2. ed., 1. print. ed.). Washington, DC: US Gov. Print. Off. pp.
1140:
946:
770:
2084:
619:
459:
2106:
945:
Within the Council of Ministers and the ministries, the party used its
822:
669:
1249:
1184:. The American Academy Of political And Social Science. 1949. p.
1034:
Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War Β§ Government
923:
440:
466:
435:
2140:
2089:
2049:
1044:
Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union Β§ Government
845:. The Soviet Ministry of Defense was disbanded on 16 March 1992.
147:
1039:
Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union Β§ Government
909:
746:
Ministers of the USSR during the late Stalin era (1946β1953).
624:
1417:
1250:"Π£ΠΊΠ°Π· ΠΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ° Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ 29.01.1992 Π³. β 61"
1015:, and fuel and chemical warfare agents were produced by the
1363:
Soviet Union: a country study; research completed May 1989
1327:
Soviet Union: a country study; research completed May 1989
866:
2162:
People's commissariats and ministries of the Soviet Union
2094:
1789:
Machine Building for Animal Husbandry and Fodder Products
1013:
Ministry of Automotive and Agricultural Machine Building
934:
were candidate members of the Politburo. In early 1989,
990:
Ministry of the Machine Tool and Tool-Building Industry
1355:
1353:
1351:
1975:
Construction in the Far East and Transbaikal Regions
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
918:
Considerable overlap between the memberships of the
843:
Ministry for Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation
1990:
Construction in the Urals and West Siberian Regions
1594:
Construction of Road Building and Communal Machines
1348:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1754:Instrument-Making, Automation and Control Systems
974:Ministry of the Communications Equipment Industry
833:All Soviet ministries, with the exception of the
2153:
1980:Construction in the Northern and Western Regions
1433:President and Vice President of the Soviet Union
1290:
962:
1126:
854:ministers were not necessarily members of the
1403:
723:
1794:Machine Building for Light and Food Industry
1509:Automobile and Agricultural Machine Building
1278:(in Russian). ΠΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ
894:possessed equal authority over its affairs.
1929:Timber, Paper and Wood Processing Industry
1749:Installation and Special Construction Work
1410:
1396:
910:Party Control of the Ministerial Apparatus
730:
716:
1869:Oil Processing and Petrochemical Industry
1734:Heavy and Transport Machines Construction
1089:History of the USSR: The Era of Socialism
830:delegated to regional economic councils.
826:and the Heavy Machine Building Ministry.
2085:Standards and Product Quality Management
1419:All-Union Government of the Soviet Union
1208:. Doubleday & Company, Inc. p.
1197:
1195:
957:
808:Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
741:
1804:Machinery for Stock Raising and Feeding
1799:Machine Tool and Tool Building Industry
1584:Construction of Petrochemical Machinery
867:All-union and union-republic ministries
2154:
1359:
1323:
1201:
1057:, head of government from 1946 to 1991
1051:, head of government from 1917 to 1946
1029:List of Ministries of the Soviet Union
1824:Medical and Microbiologiacal Industry
1499:Installation and Special Construction
1391:
1222:
1216:
1192:
1002:Ministry of the Shipbuilding Industry
1985:Construction in the Southern Regions
1779:Land Reclamation and Water Resources
1639:Electrical Power and Electrification
1579:Construction of Oil and Gas Industry
986:Ministry of General Machine Building
982:Ministry of the Electronics Industry
16:Departments of the Soviet government
1970:Construction in the Eastern Regions
1529:Chemical and Oil Machinery Building
1223:Parks, Michael (20 December 1991).
1113:An economic history of the U.S.S.R.
1067:State Committee of the Soviet Union
994:Ministry of Medium Machine Building
810:and had similar powers and rights.
13:
1944:Tractors and Agricultural Machines
1809:Manufacture of Communication Media
848:
14:
2173:
2133:
1489:Agricultural Products Procurement
1017:Ministry of the Chemical Industry
970:Ministry of the Aviation Industry
2139:
1559:Communication Equipment Industry
978:Ministry of the Defense Industry
690:
29:
1934:Tool and Tool Building Industry
1085:
798:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1574:Construction of Heavy Industry
1268:
1242:
1172:
1147:
1120:
1104:
1079:
1049:Council of People's Commissars
998:Ministry of the Radio Industry
806:were also subordinated to the
752:Ministries of the Soviet Union
1:
1839:Mineral Fertilizer Production
1599:Construction of Tool-Machines
1569:Construction of Fuel Industry
1072:
963:Defense-industrial ministries
645:Political abuse of psychiatry
224:Congress of People's Deputies
1589:Construction of Power Plants
1534:Cellulose and Paper Industry
1063:, head of government in 1991
23:Politics of the Soviet Union
7:
1519:Building Materials Industry
1360:Zickel, Raymond E. (1991).
1324:Zickel, Raymond E. (1991).
1276:"ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π "
1129:The International Executive
1022:
938:, the head of the KGB, and
887:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
184:Central Executive Committee
10:
2178:
1679:Foreign Economic Relations
1202:Levine, Irving R. (1959).
813:
2117:Timber and Paper Industry
1998:
1962:
1874:Power and Electrification
1649:Electrotechnical Industry
1473:
1425:
839:Ministry of Atomic Energy
789:
759:
540:Material balance planning
241:1989 Legislative election
2045:Labour and Social Issues
1724:Housing and Architecture
1704:General Machine-Building
1654:Environmental Protection
1116:IICA. 1986. p. 294.
355:Administrator of Affairs
1879:Pulp and Paper Industry
1829:Medium Machine-Building
1814:Meat and Dairy Industry
1744:Industrial Construction
932:Aleksandra P. Biriukova
697:Soviet Union portal
209:Soviet of Nationalities
2122:Transport Construction
2080:Science and Technology
1949:Transport Construction
1854:Nuclear Power Industry
1849:Non-Ferrous Metallurgy
1729:Heavy Machine Building
1634:Electrical Engineering
1155:"Ministries, Economic"
1141:10.1002/tie.5060340203
940:Eduard A. Shevardnadze
790:Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²
782:People's Commissariats
747:
640:Ideological repression
530:Science and technology
1914:Technical Cultivation
1694:Fruits and Vegetables
958:Industrial ministries
745:
73:Collective leadership
2112:Television and Radio
1864:Oil and Gas Industry
1644:Electronics Industry
1494:Agriculture and Food
1445:Presidential Council
1061:Cabinet of Ministers
1055:Council of Ministers
920:Council of Ministers
650:Political repression
615:Censorship of images
345:First Deputy Premier
83:Presidential Council
1963:Regional ministries
1205:Main Street U S S R
936:Viktor M. Chebrikov
835:Ministry of Defense
665:Suppressed research
655:Population transfer
525:New Economic Policy
204:Soviet of the Union
174:Congress of Soviets
2075:State of Emergency
2030:Defense Technology
2010:Building Materials
1954:Urban Construction
1664:Ferrous Metallurgy
1450:Federation Council
778:Russian Revolution
748:
399:Procurator General
387:Military Collegium
2144:Works related to
2130:
2129:
1689:Forestry Industry
1524:Chemical Industry
1514:Aviation Industry
1229:Los Angeles Times
760:ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π‘Π‘Π‘Π
740:
739:
682:
681:
535:Era of Stagnation
477:
476:
362:
361:
250:
249:
156:
155:
127:General Secretary
112:Central Committee
2169:
2143:
2055:People's Control
2000:State Committees
1919:Textile Industry
1819:Medical Industry
1784:Machine Building
1759:Internal Affairs
1739:Higher Education
1674:Fishing Industry
1619:Defense Industry
1460:Security Council
1412:
1405:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1357:
1346:
1345:
1321:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1254:ΠΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1159:Encyclopedia.com
1151:
1145:
1144:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1083:
804:State Committees
791:
761:
732:
725:
718:
695:
694:
693:
630:Collectivization
490:
489:
454:De-Stalinization
428:MarxismβLeninism
423:Soviet democracy
417:
416:
320:State Committees
263:
262:
169:
168:
101:
100:
33:
19:
18:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2152:
2151:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2003:and commissions
2002:
1994:
1958:
1924:Timber Industry
1894:Rubber Industry
1834:Merchant Marine
1659:Foreign Affairs
1477:
1469:
1421:
1416:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1358:
1349:
1342:
1322:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1221:
1217:
1200:
1193:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1125:
1121:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1025:
965:
960:
912:
869:
851:
849:Ministry system
816:
736:
707:
703:Other countries
691:
689:
684:
683:
595:
487:
479:
478:
450:
414:
404:
403:
372:
364:
363:
298:
260:
252:
251:
166:
158:
157:
152:
98:
96:Communist Party
88:
87:
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2175:
2165:
2164:
2150:
2149:
2135:
2134:External links
2132:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2095:State Security
2092:
2090:State Planning
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2015:Cinematography
2012:
2006:
2004:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1939:Internal Trade
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1909:State Security
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1884:Radio Industry
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1774:Light Industry
1771:
1766:
1764:Iron and Steel
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1714:Grain Products
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1554:Communications
1551:
1546:
1541:
1539:Civil Aviation
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1347:
1340:
1289:
1267:
1241:
1215:
1191:
1171:
1146:
1135:(2): 131β150.
1119:
1103:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1024:
1021:
964:
961:
959:
956:
928:Yuri Maslyukov
911:
908:
868:
865:
856:Supreme Soviet
850:
847:
815:
812:
738:
737:
735:
734:
727:
720:
712:
709:
708:
706:
705:
699:
686:
685:
680:
679:
678:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
604:
603:
597:
596:
594:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
567:
564:
563:
555:
554:
553:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
520:Kosygin reform
517:
515:Five-Year Plan
512:
510:Consumer goods
507:
499:
498:
488:
485:
484:
481:
480:
475:
474:
473:
472:
471:
470:
456:
451:
449:
448:
443:
438:
432:
430:
425:
415:
410:
409:
406:
405:
402:
401:
396:
394:People's Court
391:
390:
389:
379:
373:
370:
369:
366:
365:
360:
359:
358:
357:
352:
350:Deputy Premier
347:
339:
338:
330:
329:
328:
327:
322:
317:
309:
308:
300:
299:
297:
296:
291:
286:
281:
279:Official names
275:
272:
271:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
248:
247:
246:
245:
244:
243:
238:
228:
227:
219:
218:
217:
216:
211:
206:
198:
197:
194:Supreme Soviet
189:
188:
187:
186:
178:
177:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
154:
153:
151:
150:
145:
140:
134:
131:
130:
122:
121:
120:
119:
114:
109:
99:
94:
93:
90:
89:
86:
85:
80:
75:
70:
69:
68:
66:Vice President
63:
53:
47:
44:
43:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2174:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2148:at Wikisource
2147:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:Fuel Industry
2038:
2036:
2035:Flight Safety
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:Coal Industry
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:State Council
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1277:
1271:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1091:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
955:
951:
948:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
888:
883:
879:
877:
872:
864:
860:
857:
846:
844:
840:
836:
831:
827:
824:
820:
811:
809:
805:
801:
799:
795:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
765:
757:
753:
744:
733:
728:
726:
721:
719:
714:
713:
711:
710:
704:
701:
700:
698:
688:
687:
676:
675:Soviet Empire
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
606:
605:
602:
599:
598:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
566:
565:
562:
561:
557:
556:
551:
550:War communism
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
501:
500:
497:
496:
492:
491:
483:
482:
469:
468:
464:
463:
462:
461:
457:
455:
452:
447:
446:Khrushchevism
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
420:
419:
418:
413:
408:
407:
400:
397:
395:
392:
388:
385:
384:
383:
382:Supreme Court
380:
378:
375:
374:
368:
367:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
342:
341:
340:
337:
336:
332:
331:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
311:
310:
307:
306:
302:
301:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
274:
273:
270:
269:
265:
264:
256:
255:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
232:
231:
230:
229:
226:
225:
221:
220:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
200:
199:
196:
195:
191:
190:
185:
182:
181:
180:
179:
176:
175:
171:
170:
162:
161:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
133:
132:
129:
128:
124:
123:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
103:
102:
97:
92:
91:
84:
81:
79:
78:State Council
76:
74:
71:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
57:
54:
52:
49:
48:
42:
41:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
24:
21:
20:
2020:Construction
1899:Shipbuilding
1859:Oil Industry
1699:Gas Industry
1564:Construction
1474:
1362:
1326:
1280:. Retrieved
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1256:(in Russian)
1253:
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1228:
1218:
1204:
1180:
1174:
1162:. Retrieved
1158:
1149:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1112:
1106:
1094:. Retrieved
1092:. p. 78
1088:
1081:
1010:
1006:
966:
952:
947:nomenklatura
944:
917:
913:
904:
900:
896:
892:
884:
880:
873:
870:
861:
852:
832:
828:
821:
817:
802:
793:
775:
771:Soviet Union
751:
749:
635:Human rights
625:Gulag system
600:
571:Demographics
558:
493:
465:
458:
333:
314:
303:
268:Constitution
266:
222:
192:
172:
125:
1904:State Farms
762:) were the
620:Great Purge
586:Phraseology
505:Agriculture
460:Perestroika
335:Premiership
165:Legislature
143:Secretariat
2107:Statistics
2070:Metallurgy
2065:Publishing
1844:Metallurgy
1475:Ministries
1377:0844407275
1341:0844407275
1282:10 October
1260:10 October
1234:10 October
1164:3 December
1096:3 December
1086:Kim, M.P.
1073:References
1000:, and the
823:Khrushchev
776:After the
767:ministries
764:government
670:Red Terror
660:Propaganda
610:Censorship
601:Repression
315:Ministries
305:Government
259:Governance
45:Leadership
2050:Logistics
1629:Education
1426:All-Union
924:Politburo
576:Education
545:Transport
441:Stalinism
371:Judiciary
214:Presidium
138:Politburo
56:President
2156:Category
2100:Chairmen
1889:Railways
1684:Forestry
1549:Commerce
1504:Armament
1465:Premiers
1023:See also
876:Republic
837:and the
591:Religion
467:Glasnost
436:Leninism
412:Ideology
325:Cabinets
107:Congress
2025:Defense
1769:Justice
1709:Geology
1669:Finance
1624:Economy
1614:Defense
1609:Culture
1332:343-345
814:History
786:Russian
769:of the
756:Russian
560:Culture
495:Economy
486:Society
236:Speaker
148:Orgburo
117:History
51:Leaders
2060:Prices
1719:Health
1604:Cotton
1374:
1338:
996:, the
992:, the
988:, the
984:, the
980:, the
976:, the
972:, the
794:Narkom
581:Family
38:
1480:list
1438:list
1372:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1284:2018
1262:2018
1236:2018
1166:2017
1098:2017
750:The
294:1977
289:1936
284:1924
61:list
1368:646
1137:doi
377:Law
2158::
1370:.
1350:^
1334:.
1292:^
1252:.
1227:.
1210:88
1194:^
1186:23
1157:.
1133:34
1131:.
1019:.
1004:.
800:.
792:;
788::
773:.
758::
1482:)
1478:(
1411:e
1404:t
1397:v
1380:.
1344:.
1286:.
1264:.
1238:.
1212:.
1188:.
1168:.
1143:.
1139::
1100:.
784:(
754:(
731:e
724:t
717:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)