Minamata disease - Knowledge

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Some people feared the disease to be contagious, and many local people were fiercely loyal to Chisso, depending on the company for their livelihoods. In this atmosphere, those affected were reluctant to come forward and seek certification. Despite these factors, over 17,000 people have applied to the council for certification. Also, in recognising an applicant as having Minamata disease, the certification council qualified that patient to receive financial compensation from Chisso. For that reason, the council has always been under immense pressure to reject claimants and minimise the financial burden placed on Chisso. Rather than being a council of medical recognition, the decisions of the council were always affected by the economic and political factors surrounding Minamata and the Chisso corporation. Furthermore, compensation of the victims led to continued strife in the community, including unfounded accusations that some of the people who sought compensation did not actually have the disease. More properly, the impact should be called a criminal 'poisoning', not a clinical 'disease'. These forms of obfuscation are commonly experienced by 'environmental victims' in many countries.

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fishing situation was becoming critical. Fishing catches had declined by 91% between 1953 and 1957. The Kumamoto prefectural government issued a partial ban on the sale of fish caught in the heavily polluted Minamata Bay – but not an all-out ban, which would have legally obliged it to compensate the fishermen. The fishing cooperative protested against Chisso and angrily forced their way into the factory on 6 August and 12 August, demanding compensation. A committee was set up by Minamata Mayor Todomu Nakamura to mediate between the two sides, but this committee was stacked heavily in the company's favour. On 29 August, the fishing cooperative agreed to the mediation committee's proposal, stating: "In order to end the anxiety of the citizens, we swallow our tears and accept". Chisso paid the cooperative

1251:(1972), shows Ryoko Kamimura holding her severely deformed daughter, Tomoko, in a Japanese bath chamber. Tomoko was poisoned by methylmercury while still in the womb. The photo was very widely published. It was posed by Smith with the co-operation of Ryoko and Tomoko to dramatically illustrate the consequences of the disease. It has subsequently been withdrawn from circulation at the request of Tomoko's family, so does not appear in recent anthologies of Smith's works. Smith and his wife were extremely dedicated to the cause of the people with Minamata disease, closely documenting their struggle for recognition and right to compensation. Smith was himself attacked and seriously injured by Chisso employees in an incident in Goi, 1048:. Hosokawa explained his experiments with cats, including the infamous "cat 400", which developed Minamata disease after being fed factory wastewater. He also spoke of his opposition to the 1958 change in wastewater output route to Minamata River. Hosokawa's testimony was backed up by a colleague who also told how Chisso officials had ordered them to halt their cat experiments in the autumn of 1959. Hosokawa died three months after giving his testimony. Former factory manager Eiichi Nishida admitted that the company put profits ahead of safety, resulting in dangerous working conditions and a lack of care with mercury. Former Chisso President Kiichi Yoshioka admitted that the company promoted a theory of dumped 912:) employed a chemical process using a mercury catalyst very similar to that used by Chisso in Minamata. As in Minamata, from the autumn of 1964 to the spring of 1965, cats living along the banks of the Agano River had been seen to go mad and die. Before long, patients appeared with identical symptoms to patients living on the Shiranui Sea, and the outbreak was made public on 12 June 1965. Researchers from the Kumamoto University Research Group and Hajime Hosokawa (who had retired from Chisso in 1962) used their experience from Minamata and applied it to the Niigata outbreak. In September 1966, a report was issued proving Showa Denko's pollution to be the cause of this second Minamata disease outbreak. 702: 710:

the environmental damage caused by its wastewater and was well aware that it was the prime suspect in the Minamata disease investigation. Despite this, from September 1958, instead of discharging its waste into Hyakken Harbour (the focus of investigation and source of original contamination), it discharged wastewater directly into Minamata River. The immediate effect was the death of fish at the mouth of the river, and from that point on, new Minamata disease victims began to appear in other fishing villages up and down the coast of the

778:. During the visit on 2 November, alliance members forced their way into the factory and rioted, causing many injuries and ¥10 million ($ 100,000) worth of damage. The violence was covered widely in the media, bringing the nation's attention to the Minamata issue for the first time since the outbreak began. Another mediation committee was set up, and an agreement was hammered out and signed on 17 December. Some ¥25 million of "sympathy money" was paid to the alliance and a ¥65 million fishing recovery fund was established. 4354: 578: 1036:. Three main legal points had to be overcome to win the case. First, the lawyers had to show that methylmercury caused Minamata disease and that the company's factory was the source of pollution. The extensive research by Kumadai and the government's conclusion meant that this point was proved quite easily. Second, they needed to show that Chisso could and should have anticipated the effect of its wastewater and taken steps to prevent the tragedy (i.e., was the company negligent in its 1307: 1131:

giving Japan what at the time were the most stringent environmental protection laws in the world. These new laws included a Water Pollution Act and nationwide regulations of toxic discharges. The "polluter pays" principle was introduced. A national Environmental Agency, which later developed into the Ministry of Environment, was founded in 1971. National governmental expenditures on environmental issues almost doubled between 1970 and 1975 and tripled at the local government level.

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ended in 1960 nor had mercury-removing wastewater facilities been installed in January 1960. Nevertheless, the government announcement brought a feeling of relief to a great many victims and their families. Many felt vindicated in their long struggle to force Chisso to accept responsibility for causing the disease and expressed thanks that their plight had been recognised by their social superiors. The struggle now focused on to what extent the victims should be compensated.

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family, effectively isolated from the local community. Some welfare facilities for patients do exist. One notable example is Hot House, a vocational training centre for congenital patients as well as other disabled people in the Minamata area. Hot House members are also involved in raising awareness of Minamata disease, often attending conferences and seminars as well as making regular visits to elementary schools throughout Kumamoto Prefecture.

499:. Two days later, her younger sister also began to exhibit the same symptoms and she, too, was hospitalised. The girls' mother informed doctors that her neighbour's daughter was also experiencing similar problems. After a house-to-house investigation, eight further patients were discovered and hospitalised. On 1 May, the hospital director reported to the local public health office the discovery of an "epidemic of an unknown disease of the 528:

uncovered. The disease developed without any prior warning, with patients complaining of a loss of sensation and numbness in their hands and feet. They became unable to grasp small objects or fasten buttons. They could not run or walk without stumbling, their voices changed in pitch, and many patients complained of difficulties seeing, hearing, and swallowing. In general, these symptoms worsened and were followed by severe convulsions,

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on 19 December 1959, and opened it with a special ceremony. Chisso's president Kiichi Yoshioka drank a glass of water supposedly treated through the Cyclator to demonstrate that it was safe. In fact, the wastewater from the factory, which the company knew still contained mercury and led to Minamata disease when fed to cats, was not being treated through the Cyclator at the time. Testimony at a later

1085:– the standard diagnosis of organic mercury poisoning at the time, which originated from an industrial accident in the United Kingdom in 1940. The committee certified only patients exhibiting explicit symptoms of the British syndrome, rather than basing their diagnosis on the disease in Japan. This resulted in many applicants being rejected by the committee, leaving them confused and frustrated. 370:, which, when eaten by the local population, resulted in mercury poisoning. The poisoning and resulting deaths of both humans and animals continued for 36 years, while Chisso and the Kumamoto prefectural government did little to prevent the epidemic. The animal effects were severe enough in cats that they came to be named as having "dancing cat fever". 1005:

from ¥1.7 million to ¥4 million ($ 4,700 to $ 11,100), one-time payments from ¥1 million to ¥4.2 million ($ 2,760 to $ 11,660) and annual payments between ¥170,000 and ¥380,000 ($ 470 to $ 1,100) for surviving patients. On the day of the signing, the Minamata Citizens' Council held a protest outside the Chisso factory gates. One of the Chisso

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factory was discharged in factory wastewater... Minamata disease patients last appeared in 1960, and the outbreak has ended. This is presumed to be because consumption of fish and shellfish from Minamata Bay was banned in the fall of 1957, and the fact that the factory had waste-treatment facilities in place from January 1960.

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Kumamoto branch, in particular, was especially helpful to the case. In September 1969, they set up a Trial Research Group, which included law professors, medical researchers (including Harada), sociologists and even Michiko Ishimure to provide useful material to the lawyers to improve their legal arguments. Their report,

647:. Identifying which particular poison was responsible for the disease proved to be extremely difficult and time-consuming. During 1957 and 1958, many different theories were proposed by different researchers. At first, manganese was thought to be the causal substance due to the high concentrations found in fish and the 1173:. The piece was constructed in three parts, to musically reflect the tragedy – "Peaceful Village", "Prosperity & Consequence", and "Epilogue". Akiyoshi used Japanese vocalists to sing the Japanese lyrics of a tone poem that were part of the composition. The album won many awards in jazz circles, including 1155:

Through the evolution of public sentiments, the victims and environmental protesters were able to acquire standing and proceed more effectively in their cause. The involvement of the press also aided the process of democratization because it caused more people to become aware of the facts of Minamata

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became remembered as the "Pollution Diet", as the Japanese government took action under rising pressure from the Minamata disease movement as well as other major environmental catastrophes such as Yokkaichi asthma and itai-itai disease. Fourteen new environmental laws were passed in a single session,

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The "sympathy money" agreement was found to be invalid and Chisso was ordered to make one-time payments of ¥18 million ($ 66,000) for each deceased patient and from ¥16 million to ¥18 million ($ 59,000 to $ 66,000) for each surviving patient. The total compensation of ¥937 million ($ 3.4 million) was

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committee to decide. This proposal split the members of the patients' society, many of whom were extremely wary of entrusting their fate to a third party, as they had done in 1959 with unfortunate results. At a meeting on the 5 April 1969, the opposing views within the society could not be reconciled

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On 21 October 1959, Chisso was ordered by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry to switch back its wastewater drainage from the Minamata River to Hyakken Harbour and to speed up the installation of wastewater treatment systems at the factory. Chisso installed a Cyclator purification system

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During the Kumadai investigation, the causal substance had been identified as a heavy metal and it was widely presumed that the Chisso factory was the source of the contamination. Chisso was coming under closer scrutiny and to deflect criticism, the wastewater output route was changed. Chisso knew of

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The rapid expansion of the Chisso factory spurred on the local economy, and as the company prospered so did Minamata. This fact, combined with the lack of other industry, meant that Chisso had great influence in the city. At one point, over half of the tax revenue of Minamata City authority came from

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against Chisso and the prefectural and national governments are still continuing and many regard the government responses to date as inadequate. The company's "historical overview" in its current website makes no mention of their role in the mass contamination of Minamata and the dreadful aftermath.

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prefectural governments conducted a joint survey in late 1960 and early 1961 into the level of mercury in the hair of people living around the Shiranui Sea. The results confirmed that organic mercury had spread all around the inland sea and that people were still being poisoned by contaminated fish.

722:, established a laboratory in the research division of the facility to carry out his own experiments into Minamata disease in July 1959. Food to which factory wastewater had been added was fed to healthy cats. Seventy-eight days into the experiment, cat 400 exhibited symptoms of Minamata disease and 1151:

The people directly impacted by the pollution of Minamata Bay were not originally allowed to participate in actions that would affect their future. Disease victims, fishing families, and company employees were excluded from the debate. Progress occurred when Minamata victims were finally allowed to

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The defendant's factory was a leading chemical plant with the most advanced technology and ... should have assured the safety of its wastewater. The defendant could have prevented the occurrence of Minamata disease or at least have kept it at a minimum. We cannot find that the defendant took any of

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The litigation group and their lawyers were helped substantially by an informal national network of citizens' groups that had sprung up around the country in 1969. The Associations to Indict those Responsible for Minamata Disease were instrumental in raising awareness and funds for the lawsuit. The

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In light of the government announcement, the patients of the Mutual Aid Society decided to ask for a new compensation agreement with Chisso and submitted the demand on 6 October. Chisso replied that it was unable to judge what would be fair compensation and asked the Japanese government to set up a

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experienced by Minamata survivors from the local community. During its investigations, the committee uncovered surprising anecdotal evidence of the strange behaviour of cats and other wildlife in the areas surrounding patients' homes. From around 1950 onward, cats had been seen to have convulsions,

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of Japan. When the first cases were reported and subsequently suppressed, the rights of the victims were not recognised, and they were given no compensation. Instead, the affected were ostracised from their community due to ignorance about the disease, as people were afraid that it was contagious.

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The litigation group, representing 41 certified patients (17 already deceased) in 28 families, submitted their suit against Chisso in the Kumamoto District Court on 14 June 1969. The leader of the group, Eizō Watanabe (a former leader of the Mutual Aid Society), declared, "Today, and from this day

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An arbitration committee was duly set up by the Ministry of Health and Welfare on 25 April, but it took almost a year to draw up a draft compensation plan. A newspaper leak in March 1970 revealed that the committee would ask Chisso to pay only ¥2 million ($ 5,600) for dead patients and ¥140,000 to

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Minamata disease is a disease of the central nervous system, a poisoning caused by long-term consumption, in large amounts, of fish and shellfish from Minamata Bay. The causative agent is methylmercury. Methylmercury produced in the acetaldehyde acetic acid facility of Shin Nihon Chisso's Minamata

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Unlike the patients in Minamata, the victims of Showa Denko's pollution lived a considerable distance from the factory and had no particular link to the company. As a result, the local community was much more supportive of patients' groups and a lawsuit was filed against Showa Denko in March 1968,

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for his body of work on Minamata disease), set about re-examining children diagnosed with cerebral palsy. The symptoms of the children closely mirrored those of adult Minamata disease patients, but many of their mothers did not exhibit symptoms. The fact that these children had been born after the

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The prefectural governments did not publish the results and did nothing in response to these surveys. The participants who had donated hair samples were not informed of their result, even when they requested it. A follow-up study ten years later discovered that many had died from "unknown causes".

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The years between the first set of "sympathy money" agreements in 1959 and the start of the first legal action to be taken against Chisso in 1969 are often called the "ten years of silence". In fact, much activity on the part of the patients and fishermen took place during this period, but nothing

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Since the change of route of wastewater output in 1958, pollution had spread up and down the Shiranui Sea, damaging fisheries there as well. Emboldened by the success of the small Minamata cooperative, the Kumamoto Prefectural Alliance of Fishing Cooperatives also decided to seek compensation from

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from the bay. The highest concentrations centred around the Chisso factory wastewater canal in Hyakken Harbour and decreased going out to sea, clearly identifying the plant as the source of contamination. Pollution was so heavy at the mouth of the wastewater canal, a figure of 2 kg of mercury

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As soon as the investigation identified a heavy metal as the causal substance, the wastewater from the Chisso factory was immediately suspected as the origin. The company's own tests revealed that its wastewater contained many heavy metals in concentrations sufficiently high to bring about serious

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has never been conducted and patients were recognised only if they voluntarily applied to a certification council to seek financial compensation. Many individuals with Minamata disease faced discrimination and ostracism from the local community if they came out into the open about their symptoms.

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Instead of accepting the agreement as they had promised, the arbitration group asked for increases. The committee was forced to revise its plan and the patients waited inside the ministry building for two days while they did so. The final agreement was signed on 27 May. Payments for deaths ranged

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The conclusion contained many factual errors: eating fish and shellfish from other areas of the Shiranui Sea, not just Minamata Bay, could cause the disease; eating small amounts, as well as large amounts of contaminated fish over a long time also produced symptoms; the outbreak had not, in fact,

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go mad, and die. Locals called it the "cat dancing disease", owing to their erratic movement. Crows had fallen from the sky, seaweed no longer grew on the sea bed, and fish floated dead on the surface of the sea. As the extent of the outbreak was understood, the committee invited researchers from

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Most congenital patients are now in their forties and fifties and their health is deteriorating. Their parents, who are often their only source of care, are into their seventies or eighties or already deceased. Often, these patients find themselves tied to their own homes and the care of their

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The events in Niigata catalysed a change in response to the original Minamata incident. The scientific research carried out in Niigata forced a re-examination of that done in Minamata and the decision of Niigata patients to sue the polluting company allowed the same response to be considered in

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Polluting wastewater had damaged the fisheries around Minamata ever since the opening of the Chisso factory in 1908. The Minamata Fishing Cooperative had managed to win small payments of "sympathy money" from the company in 1926 and again in 1943, but after the outbreak of Minamata disease, the

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Collaborating Centre for Studies on the Health Effects of Mercury Compounds. The Institute seeks to improve medical treatment of Minamata disease patients and conducts research on mercury compounds and their impact on organisms as well as potential detoxification mechanisms. In April, 2008 the

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at the Chisso factory gates in November 1959, the patients asked Kumamoto Prefecture Governor Hirosaku Teramoto to include the patients' request for compensation with the mediation that was ongoing with the prefectural fishing alliance. Chisso agreed and after a few weeks' further negotiation,

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The Kumamoto University Research Group was formed on 24 August 1956. Researchers from the School of Medicine began visiting Minamata regularly and admitted patients to the university hospital for detailed examinations. A more complete picture of the symptoms exhibited by patients was gradually

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As of March 2001, 2,265 victims had been officially recognized as having Minamata disease and over 10,000 had received financial compensation from Chisso. By 2004, Chisso had paid $ 86 million in compensation, and in the same year was ordered to clean up its contamination. On March 29, 2010, a

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The deception was successful and almost all parties involved in Minamata disease were duped into believing that the factory's wastewater had been made safe from December 1959 onward. This widespread assumption meant that doctors were not expecting new patients to appear, resulting in numerous

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Their 2004 Annual Report, however, reports an equivalent of about US$ 50 million (5,820 million yen) in "Minamata Disease Compensation Liabilities". From 2000 to 2003, the company also reported total compensation liabilities of over US$ 170 million. Their 2000 accounts also show that the

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Slowly but surely, the mood in Minamata and Japan as a whole was shifting. Minamata patients found the public gradually becoming more receptive and sympathetic as the decade wore on. This culminated in 1968 with the establishment in Minamata of the Citizens' Council for Minamata Disease

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form of Minamata disease. The certification committee convened on 29 November 1962 and agreed that the two dead children and the sixteen children still alive should be certified as patients, and therefore liable for "sympathy" payments from Chisso, in line with the 1959 agreement.

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Despite the almost universal assumption to the contrary, the wastewater treatment facilities installed in December 1959 had no effect on the level of organic mercury being released into the Shiranui Sea. The pollution and the disease it caused continued to spread. The Kumamoto and

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was established in Minamata. It consists of four departments: The Department of Basic Medical Science, The Department of Clinical Medicine, The Department of Epidemiology and The Department of International Affairs and Environmental Sciences. In 1986, The Institute became a

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As of March 2001, 2,265 victims had been officially certified and over 10,000 people had received financial compensation from Chisso, although they were not recognised as official victims. The issue of quantifying the impact of Minamata disease is complicated, as a full

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certification committees according to their symptoms. However, in an effort to limit the liability and financial burden on the company, these committees were sticking to a rigid interpretation of Minamata disease. They required that patients must exhibit all symptoms of

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the precautionary measures called for in this situation whatsoever. The presumption that the defendant had been negligent from beginning to end in discharging wastewater from its acetaldehyde plant is amply supported. The defendant cannot escape liability for negligence.

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from toxins in the bloodstream, which is indeed the case with most chemicals. What was not known at the time was that exactly the opposite is the case with methylmercury: the placenta removes it from the mother's bloodstream and concentrates the chemical in the foetus.

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Finally on 26 September 1968 – twelve years after the discovery of the disease (and four months after Chisso had stopped production of acetaldehyde using its mercury catalyst) – the Japanese government issued an official conclusion as to the cause of Minamata disease:

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Minamata disease is a poisoning disease that affects mainly the central nervous system and is caused by the consumption of large quantities of fish and shellfish living in Minamata Bay and its surroundings, the major causative agent being some sort of organic mercury

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production in 1932, with 210 tons that year. In 1951, production had jumped to 6,000 tons and eventually peaked at 45,245 tons in 1960. The factory's output historically amounted to between a quarter and a third of Japan's total acetaldehyde production. The

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city, near Tokyo on January 7, 1972, in an attempt to stop the photographer from further revealing the issue to the world. The 54-year-old Smith survived the attack, but his sight in one eye deteriorated and his health never fully recovered before his death in 1978.

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On Monday, March 29, 2010, a group of 2,123 uncertified victims reached a settlement with the government of Japan, the Kumamoto Prefectural government, and Chisso Corporation to receive individual lump-sum payments of 2.1 million yen and monthly medical allowances.

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In 2021 a manga/comic book about Minamata disease was made with the cooperation of various disease suffers and long term helper and activist, Takeko Kato. The Scottish writer Sean Michael Wilson and Japanese artist Akiko Shimojima collaborated on the book, called

1298:, a well-known Japanese photographer and journalist, published a series of photographs in 1980 concerning pollution in Japan, including Minamata disease. Some negatives of these photos are available on the website, and Kyodo News Images holds the rights to them. 840:

Hundreds of people were discovered to have levels greater than 50 ppm of mercury in their hair, the level at which people are likely to experience nerve damage. The highest result recorded was that of a woman from Goshonoura island who had 920 ppm in her sample.

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In 1959, the people with Minamata disease were in a much weaker position than the fishermen. The recently formed Minamata Disease Patients Families Mutual Aid Society was much more divided than the fishing cooperatives. Patients' families were the victims of

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While the struggles of the arbitration and litigation groups against Chisso were continuing, a new group of individuals with Minamata disease emerged. To qualify for compensation under the 1959 agreement, patients had to be officially recognised by various

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A memorial service was held at the Minamata Disease Municipal Museum on 1 May 2006 to mark 50 years since the official discovery of the disease. Despite bad weather, the service was attended by over 600 people, including Chisso chairman Shunkichi Goto and

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disease and the pollution that caused it. However, although the environmental protests did result in Japan becoming more democratized, it did not completely rid Japan of the system that first suppressed the fishermen and individuals with Minamata disease.

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Chisso failed to co-operate with the Kumadai research team. It withheld information on its industrial processes, leaving researchers to speculate what products the factory was producing and by what methods. The Chisso factory's hospital director,

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from the local community. Local people felt that the company (and their city that depended upon it) was facing economic ruin. To some patients, this ostracism by the community represented a greater fear than the disease itself. After beginning a

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from Minamata Bay. The cats in the local area, which tended to eat scraps from the family table, had died with symptoms similar to those now discovered in humans. This led the researchers to believe that the outbreak was caused by some kind of

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The trial heard from patients and their families, but the most important testimony came from Chisso executives and employees. The most dramatic testimony came from Hosokawa, who spoke on 4 July 1970 from his hospital bed where he was dying of

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forth, we are fighting against the power of the state." Those who decided to sue the company came under fierce pressure to drop their lawsuits. One woman was visited personally by a Chisso executive and harassed by her neighbours. She was

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Japanese photographer Takeshi Ishikawa, who assisted Smith in Minamata, has since exhibited his own photographs documenting the disease. His photographs cover the years 1971 to the present, with Minamata victims as his subjects.

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To investigate the epidemic, the city government and various medical practitioners formed the Strange Disease Countermeasures Committee at the end of May 1956. Owing to the localised nature of the disease, it was suspected to be

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Researchers from Kumadai also began to focus on the cause of the strange disease. They found that the victims, often members of the same family, were clustered in fishing hamlets along the shore of Minamata Bay. The

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Minamata. Masazumi Harada has said that, "It may sound strange, but if this second Minamata disease had not broken out, the medical and social progress achieved by now in Kumamoto... would have been impossible."

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Kawamura, Hiroki (2017). "The relation between law and technology in Japan: liability for technology-related mass damage in the cases of Minamata disease, asbestos, and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster".

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The movement for redress by Minamata victims and activists and the national outrage their movement elicited played a central role in the rise of environmental protection in Japan. The 1970 session of the

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committee would be compensated: adult patients received ¥100,000 ($ 917) per year; children ¥30,000 ($ 275) per year, and families of dead patients would receive a one-off ¥320,000 ($ 2935) payment.

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Chisso and its employees, and the company and its subsidiaries were responsible for creating a quarter of all jobs in Minamata. The city was even dubbed Chisso's "castle town," in reference to the

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per ton of sediment was measured: a level that would be economically viable to mine. Indeed, Chisso did later set up a subsidiary to reclaim and sell the mercury recovered from the sludge.

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In February 1959, the mercury distribution in Minamata Bay was investigated. The results shocked the researchers involved. Large quantities of mercury were detected in fish, shellfish, and

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On 21 April 1956, a five-year-old girl was examined at Chisso's factory hospital in Minamata. The physicians were puzzled by her symptoms: difficulty walking, difficulty speaking, and

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Chisso. On 17 October, 1,500 fishermen from the alliance descended on the factory to demand negotiations. When this produced no results, the alliance members took their campaign to

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were forming citizens' groups and filed lawsuits against the polluting companies in September 1967 and March 1968, respectively. As a group, these diseases came to be known as the

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examinations confirmed a diagnosis of organic mercury poisoning. Chisso did not reveal these significant results to the investigators and ordered Hosokawa to stop his research.

447:. These pollutants had an environmental impact. Fisheries were damaged in terms of reduced catches, and in response Chisso reached two separate compensation agreements with the 2832: 813:

trial proved that Chisso knew the Cyclator to be completely ineffective: "The purification tank was installed as a social solution and did nothing to remove organic mercury."

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Hair samples were taken from the individuals with the disease and also from the Minamata population in general. In patients, the maximum mercury level recorded was 705

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20 million (US$ 183,477 — about US$ 1.7 million in 2021 value) and set up a ¥15 million ($ 137,608 — about 1.25 million today) fund to promote the recovery of fishing.

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initial outbreak and had never been fed contaminated fish also led their mothers to believe they were not victims. At the time the medical establishment believed the

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In an attempt to undermine Kumadai researchers' organic mercury theory, Chisso and other parties with a vested interest that the factory remain open (including the

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brought world attention to Minamata disease. He and his Japanese wife lived in Minamata from 1971 to 1973. The most famous and striking photo of the essay,

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and as a precaution patients were isolated and their homes disinfected. Although contagion was later disproved, this initial response contributed to the

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by the community, her family's fishing boat used without permission, their fishing nets were cut, and human faeces were thrown at her in the street.

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Countermeasures, which was to become the chief citizens' support group to the Minamata patients. A founding member of the citizens' council was

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group (who decided to sue the company). That summer, Chisso sent gifts to the families who opted for arbitration rather than litigation.

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as a catalyst. Starting in August 1951, the co-catalyst was changed from manganese dioxide to ferric sulfide. A side reaction of this

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governments waived an enormous US$ 560 million in related liabilities. Their FY2004 and FY2005 reports refer to Minamata disease as "

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problems in the years to follow as the pollution continued. In most people's minds, the issue of Minamata disease had been resolved.

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Institute invented a method for absorbing gaseous mercury in order to prevent air pollution and enable recycling of the metal.

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and the Japan Chemical Industry Association) funded research into alternative causes of the disease, other than its own waste.

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of the deceased. Thallium, selenium, and a multiple contaminant theory were also proposed, but in March 1958, visiting British

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On 4 November, the research group announced its initial findings: "Minamata disease is rather considered to be poisoning by a

4058: 4006: 3911: 2791: 2076: 1656: 1468: 1282: 4459: 4398: 4261: 4072: 4001: 3926: 3745: 2900: 2841: 2537: 932: 443:. The waste products resulting from the manufacture of these chemicals were released into Minamata Bay through the factory 386: 4249: 4127: 2680: 2674: 2415: 1340: 2236: 2223: 4444: 3262: 2665: 4469: 4464: 4266: 4225: 4190: 4175: 4157: 4082: 3861: 3121: 2569: 2559: 2523: 2509: 2488: 2470: 2454: 2439: 2210: 2164: 1573: 2717: 532:, and eventually death. By October 1956, forty patients had been discovered, fourteen of whom had died: an alarming 4434: 4271: 4107: 4038: 4033: 3235: 1292:(1975), documenting the incident and siding with the victims in their struggle against Chisso and the government. 1055:

The verdict handed down on 20 March 1973 represented a complete victory for the patients of the litigation group:

4210: 4117: 3981: 3896: 3659: 343: 2529: 354:

in the wastewater was also metabolized to methylmercury by bacteria in the sediment. This highly toxic chemical

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Read the thoughts of a photography magazine editor surrounding the controversy of the photograph's withdrawal:

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best album award, largely on the strength of this piece, which brought some further attention to the tragedy.

4015: 3405: 3255: 992: 51: 1222:

Photographic documentation of Minamata started in the early 1960s. One photographer who arrived in 1960 was

701: 4378: 4244: 2770: 398: 2494: 2226:); liner notes for Toshiko Akiyoshi/Lew Tabackin Big Band LP, Insights 1976 RCA VICTOR AFL1-2678 STEREO 1825: 1671:

For further information on the chemistry of the reaction that lead to the production of methylmercury see

923:

Around this time, two other pollution-related diseases were also grabbing headlines in Japan. People with

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and other infantile disorders in the Minamata area. In 1961, a number of medical professionals, including

826:

had a significant impact on the actions of the company or the coverage of Minamata in the Japanese media.

4298: 3996: 3954: 3308: 3223: 1994: 996:

Minamata patients and family members hold photographs of their dead during a demonstration (W. E. Smith)

4454: 4293: 1152:

come to a meeting to discuss the issue. As a result, postwar Japan took a small step toward democracy.

2102: 4419: 4323: 4043: 3141: 2736: 1331:", a term coined from the mercury poisoning experienced by hat-makers of the last few centuries (cf. 1247: 861: 613: 439:, among others. The Minamata factory became the most advanced in all of Japan, both before and after 2696: 2237:

Shisei Kuwabara – 'Minamata': The Starting point of the work of the photojournalist, Shisei Kuwabara

323:

in the womb, causing microcephaly, extensive cerebral damage, and symptoms similar to those seen in

4474: 4185: 3546: 3538: 3381: 3131: 3116: 2943: 2893: 2862: 2785: 2780: 2156: 1373: 895: 810: 382: 1805: 483:

led to the production of a small amount (about 5% of the outflow) of the organic mercury compound

4449: 4165: 4077: 3518: 3393: 2979: 2933: 2564:

Wilson, Sean Michael and Shimojima, Akiko. ’The Minamata Story’, manga (Stonebridge Press, 2021)

2391: 1849: 1082: 99: 852:

Local doctors and medical officials had noticed for a long time an abnormally high frequency of

4429: 4233: 4153: 4048: 3871: 3750: 3136: 3080: 500: 296: 201: 112: 2645: 1460: 4255: 4205: 4200: 3944: 3692: 3101: 2713:

Toxic Archipelago: Industrial Pollution in Japan – A talk by Brett Walker, September 16, 2010

2336: 1363: 1202: 1189: 1100: 2461: 1617: 1452: 1032:

The trial lasted almost four years. The litigation group's lawyers sought to prove Chisso's

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as early as May 1960. The first exhibition of his photographs of Minamata was held in the

8: 4328: 4087: 3785: 3211: 2958: 2948: 2886: 2686: 2616: 2434:. Kumamoto Nichinichi Shinbun Centre & Information Center/Iwanami Shoten Publishers. 2311: 1487: 1324: 1320: 1197: 521: 476: 448: 412: 351: 335: 4384: 2249: 1672: 3986: 3939: 3881: 3765: 3437: 3162: 3146: 2953: 2923: 2810: 2029: 1328: 1295: 1277: 905: 533: 508: 408: 404: 378: 347: 331: 252: 79: 2621: 1424: 1399: 1214:, which was published in English by Stonebridge Press, and went on to win two awards. 881:

of two children, the doctors announced that these children had an as-yet unrecognised

4313: 4122: 3808: 3442: 3427: 3409: 3323: 3060: 2852: 2565: 2555: 2519: 2505: 2484: 2466: 2450: 2435: 2373: 2275: 2224:

http://www.downbeat.com/default.asp?sect=stories&subsect=story_detail&sid=704

2206: 2160: 2066:

Williams, C. (1998) Environmental Victims: New Risks new Injustice. London Earthscan.

2033: 1720: 1652: 1569: 1464: 1453: 1429: 1140: 928: 677: 662: 621: 598: 555: 472: 272: 256: 239: 226: 207: 194: 188: 160: 132: 59: 1539: 1502: 3876: 3856: 3704: 3674: 3290: 3045: 2994: 2938: 2867: 2798: 2021: 1815:

by Soshisha – The Supporting Center for Minamata Disease, retrieved 08 January 2011

1561: 1419: 1411: 1288: 1274: 1168: 1164: 1029:, published in August 1970, formed the basis of the ultimately successful lawsuit. 940: 924: 659: 655: 595: 359: 2080: 2025: 1415: 1226:, straight from university and photo school, who had his photographs published in 4180: 3886: 3848: 3818: 3664: 3597: 3462: 3447: 3371: 3338: 3126: 3106: 2989: 2690: 2659: 2476: 2427: 2411: 2300:

editorial, 3 October 2006, retrieved 29 October 2006 (free registration required)

2180: 2150: 2054: 1812: 1679: 1624: 1565: 1509: 1378: 1262: 1252: 1242: 1223: 1144: 857: 761: 719: 648: 480: 355: 350:, which continued from 1932 to 1968. It has also been suggested that some of the 292: 284: 108: 92: 4388: 1238:, was published in Japan in 1965. He has returned to Minamata many times since. 1143:, the environmental protests that surrounded the disease appeared to aid in the 1013:

in protest at the poor treatment of the arbitration group by their own company.

796:

another "sympathy money" agreement was signed. Patients who were certified by a

4303: 3467: 3432: 3328: 3065: 3019: 3014: 2984: 2963: 853: 783: 516: 432: 324: 1314:

Minamata disease remains an important issue in contemporary Japanese society.

577: 4413: 4308: 3828: 3636: 3497: 3477: 3388: 3353: 3177: 3075: 2928: 1184: 1127: 775: 591: 512: 484: 339: 288: 104: 2683:– The Supporting Center for Minamata Disease and the Minamata Disease Museum 2239:", KMoPA. (In Japanese, despite the English title.) Accessed 4 January 2012. 1234:

Photo Salon in Tokyo in 1962, and the first of his book-length anthologies,

4358: 4318: 3833: 3654: 3646: 3616: 3487: 3472: 3318: 3070: 1343: 1049: 1037: 1018: 1010: 1006: 900:

Minamata disease broke out again in 1965, this time along the banks of the

723: 711: 562: 467: 440: 424: 367: 363: 316: 268: 181: 1433: 565:, presumably it enters the human body mainly through fish and shellfish." 456: 4348: 3934: 3891: 3823: 3803: 3780: 3755: 3559: 3554: 3532: 3525: 3482: 3452: 3422: 3278: 3172: 3004: 2640: 2530:

Approaches to Water Pollution Control, Minamata City, Kumamoto Prefecture

2424:

by the National Institute for Minamata Disease, retrieved 29 October 2006

2378: 2280: 1725: 1697: 1257: 981: 909: 901: 652: 546: 496: 428: 416: 167: 1306: 4149: 3901: 3866: 3795: 3582: 3457: 3417: 3286: 3247: 3167: 2909: 2723: 2369: 2222:

Record Review magazine vol 2 no 3 August 1978 – Scott Yanow; Downbeat (

1033: 986: 882: 602: 460: 444: 233: 72: 64: 2589: 755: 4195: 3906: 3838: 3813: 3775: 3740: 3732: 3714: 3699: 3687: 3631: 3608: 3576: 3571: 3361: 3055: 2545:

Niigata Minamata Disease: Methyl Mercury Poisoning in Niigata, Japan

878: 787: 641: 625: 550: 420: 304: 246: 177: 120: 68: 2359:, 2 May 2006, retrieved 29 October 2006 (free registration required) 1948:

Corporate Responsibility for Minamata Disease: Chisso's Illegal Acts

1826:"ICETT/(3) Damage Compensation and Remedial Responses for Fisheries" 1682:

by Mercury Technology Services, retrieved around the 24 October 2006

1651:(4th ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 161. 1027:

Corporate Responsibility for Minamata Disease: Chisso's Illegal Acts

774:, securing an official visit to Minamata by members of the Japanese 4170: 3760: 3709: 3565: 3505: 3333: 3303: 3050: 2728: 2447:

Minamata: Pollution and the Struggle for Democracy in Postwar Japan

2203:

Minamata: Pollution and the Struggle for Democracy in Postwar Japan

1618:

In the Hope of Avoiding Repetition of a Tragedy of Minamata Disease

1332: 1315: 1231: 866: 644: 633: 300: 280: 116: 88: 985:

and the organisation split into the pro-arbitration group and the

338:, Japan, in 1956, hence its name. It was caused by the release of 3626: 3343: 3313: 3187: 1615:

Report of the Social Scientific Study Group on Minamata Disease,

629: 583: 558:, with contaminated fish and shellfish being the prime suspects. 436: 374:

settlement was reached to compensate as-yet uncertified victims.

320: 128: 3770: 3728: 3298: 3009: 2601: 1076: 1068: 1045: 870: 792: 736: 687:'s Minamata Food Poisoning Subcommittee published its results: 669: 637: 276: 84: 42: 3724: 3376: 3029: 3024: 2878: 2495:"The pathology of methylmercury poisoning (Minamata disease)" 1960:

Minamata-byō ni Tai Suru Kigyō no Sekinin: Chisso no Fuhō Kōi

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Mercury rising: Niigata struggles to bury its Minamata ghosts

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Nabi, Shabnum (2014). "Methylmercury and Minamata Disease".

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Toxic Archipelago: A History of Industrial Disease in Japan

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Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo

943:, a local housewife and poet who later that year published 617: 529: 308: 173: 124: 1266:(2020) a drama based on the book written by Smith's wife. 947:, a book of poetic essays that received national acclaim. 749: 3621: 2502:

Rowing the Eternal Sea: The Story of a Minamata Fisherman

2181:"Environmental Protection Policy in Japan - Introduction" 1113: 665:, so the focus of the investigation centered on mercury. 572: 2840: 2057:

by Soshisha – The Supporting Center for Minamata Disease

1196:

The song "The Disease of the Dancing Cats" by the band

889: 503:", marking the official discovery of Minamata disease. 27:

Severe neurological disease caused by mercury poisoning

415:, located on the west coast of the southern island of 2353:"Memorial service marks Minamata tragedy's 50th year" 1497: 1495: 714:, as the pollution spread over an even greater area. 330:

Minamata disease was first discovered in the city of

2579: 1455:

Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology

658:

suggested that Minamata symptoms resembled those of

4103:

2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak

1492: 1459:(4th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. pp. 1065:the largest sum ever awarded by a Japanese court. 955: 377:A second outbreak of Minamata disease occurred in 1628:, National Institute for Minamata Disease, p. 13. 1488:"Minamata Disease: The History and Measures, ch2" 1486:Official government figure as of March 2001. See 1482: 1480: 1310:Memorial at the Minamata Disease Municipal Museum 4411: 2516:Having Faith: An Ecologist Journey to Motherhood 1850:"ICETT/(2) Minamata Disease Compensation Trials" 743:Minamata disease compensation agreements of 1959 315:follow within weeks of the onset of symptoms. A 1958: 1193:makes reference to the disaster in its chorus. 1052:explosives, though it knew it to be unfounded. 974: 759:Protestors at the gates of the Chisso factory ( 2309: 1952: 1755: 1753: 1477: 847: 3263: 2894: 2826: 2744: 2392:"Advanced welfare should arise from Minamata" 2001:, 16 October 2001, retrieved 24 October 2006. 1524:Diagnosis Mercury: Money, Politics and Poison 945:Pure Land, Poisoned Sea: Our Minamata disease 524:(or Kumadai) to help in the research effort. 4278:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition 4093:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak 3992:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal 2493:Eto, K., Marumoto, M. and Takeya, M. (2010) 2412:"Minamata Disease: The History and Measures" 2343:financial results. URL retrieved 2008-03-07. 2144: 2142: 1069:Uncertified patients' fight to be recognised 737:Compensation of fishermen and patients, 1959 731:Ministry of International Trade and Industry 705:The Chisso factory and its wastewater routes 568: 4216:United Kingdom food information regulations 2103:"WHO Collaborating Centres Global database" 2048:"Ten Things to Know about Minamata Disease" 1750: 1546:news, 31 March 2010, retrieved 1 April 2010 1540:"Agreement reached to settle Minamata suit" 1535: 1533: 1450: 1120: 459:of feudal lords who ruled Japan during the 381:in 1965. The original Minamata disease and 3270: 3256: 2901: 2887: 2833: 2819: 2751: 2737: 2671:Minamata Disease: The History and Measures 2662:– Frequently asked questions about Mercury 1995:"Mercury poisoning of thousands confirmed" 1397: 475:used to produce the acetaldehyde employed 41: 4054:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak 2139: 2077:"National Institute For Minamata Disease" 1987: 1646: 1560:. Springer, New Delhi. pp. 187–199. 1512:, Frequently asked questions, Question 6 1446: 1444: 1423: 1400:"Formation of Methyl Mercury by Bacteria" 4098:2018 Australian strawberry contamination 3960:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident 3277: 2398:, 10 May 2006, retrieved 29 October 2006 2010: 1530: 1305: 1134: 991: 754: 700: 4068:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak 2666:National Institute for Minamata Disease 2504:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 1217: 1109:National Institute for Minamata Disease 803: 14: 4412: 4083:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning 3660:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 3183:List of extremely hazardous substances 2483:. Chatto & Windus, Ltd. (London), 2242: 2195: 1925: 1923: 1721:Minamata: a saga of suffering and hope 1441: 1280:made a series of films, starting with 829: 3251: 2882: 2814: 2792:Minamata: The Victims and Their World 2732: 2229: 2148: 1929:George, pp191-202 (Arbitration Group) 1283:Minamata: The Victims and Their World 877:After several years of study and the 346:from a chemical factory owned by the 143:Soon after consuming affected seafood 4374: 4262:Institute for Food Safety and Health 4002:Australian meat substitution scandal 3970:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959 3746:Arsenic contamination of groundwater 3218: 2842:Four Big Pollution Diseases of Japan 2758: 2374:Mercury pact falls short on Minamata 2276:Life with Minamata disease in photos 2183:. Ministry of the Environment, Japan 1555: 933:four big pollution diseases of Japan 890:Outbreak of Niigata Minamata disease 539: 387:Four Big Pollution Diseases of Japan 4394: 4250:Food Information and Control Agency 3230: 2554:." 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The polluting factory (owned by 605:and the cause of Minamata disease 25: 4486: 4267:International Food Safety Network 4191:International Food Safety Network 3912:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 3862:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein 3589:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic 3122:Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko 2699:– Tomoko Uemura in Her Bath, 1972 2575: 1241:A dramatic photographic essay by 1212:The Minamata Story: an ecotragedy 1206:is in reference to the disaster. 466:The Chisso factory first started 4440:Environmental disasters in Japan 4393: 4383: 4373: 4364: 4363: 4352: 4342: 4272:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety 4108:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal 4039:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak 4034:ICA meat repackaging controversy 3229: 3217: 3206: 3205: 2316:Chisso Corporation official site 582: 576: 4211:Quality Assurance International 4118:Food safety incidents in Taiwan 4088:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat 3982:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster 3897:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 2385: 2362: 2346: 2330: 2303: 2287: 2268: 2259: 2216: 2173: 2095: 2069: 2060: 2040: 2004: 1978: 1969: 1941: 1932: 1911: 1902: 1893: 1884: 1875: 1866: 1842: 1818: 1798: 1789: 1780: 1771: 1762: 1741: 1732: 1713: 1704: 1685: 1665: 1640: 1631: 1609: 1600: 1093: 956:Official government recognition 283:in the hands and feet, general 4240:European Food Safety Authority 4113:Food safety incidents in China 3950:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 3917:Water fluoridation controversy 3193:Occupational safety and health 3097:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 2908: 2677:'s summary of Minamata disease 1591: 1582: 1549: 1515: 1391: 1369:Minamata Convention on Mercury 798:Ministry of Health and Welfare 685:Ministry of Health and Welfare 13: 1: 2707:Industrial Pollution in Japan 2697:Photograph by W. Eugene Smith 2514:Steingraber, Sandra. (2001). 2462:Industrial Pollution in Japan 2026:10.1080/18692729.2018.1423459 1416:10.1128/AEM.30.3.424-432.1975 1384: 1248:Tomoko and Mother in the Bath 1183:The song "Kepone Factory" on 862:honored by the United Nations 601:compound released in factory 275:. Signs and symptoms include 4245:Food and Drug Administration 3927:Food contamination incidents 2776:1959 compensation agreements 2771:Timeline of Minamata disease 2449:. Harvard University Press. 2445:George, S. Timothy. (2001). 2155:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 1566:10.1007/978-81-322-1922-4_25 1451:Withrow SJ, Vail DM (2007). 975:Struggle for a new agreement 950: 820: 575: 490: 399:Timeline of Minamata disease 392: 319:form of the disease affects 172:Affected those who consumed 7: 4460:Political scandals in Japan 4299:Food and drink prohibitions 4073:Bihar school meal poisoning 3997:United Kingdom BSE outbreak 3955:1900 English beer poisoning 3309:Antibiotic use in livestock 2675:Ministry of the Environment 2497:, retrieved 7 December 2013 2422:"Minamata Disease Archives" 2416:Ministry of the Environment 2294:"Minamata's latest chapter" 2201:George, Timothy S. (2001). 2105:. World Health Organisation 1959: 1503:"Minamata Disease Archives" 1398:Hamdy MK, Noyes OR (1975). 1357: 1088: 848:Congenital Minamata disease 10: 4491: 4294:Curing (food preservation) 3367:Monosodium glutamate (MSG) 2256:retrieved 24 October 2006. 1786:Ui, Chapter 4 – section IV 893: 740: 396: 385:are considered two of the 54:, who had Minamata disease 18:Minamata Tokyo negotiation 4445:Health disasters in Japan 4337: 4324:Genetically modified food 4286: 4224: 4176:Food labeling regulations 4148: 4044:2008 Chinese milk scandal 3925: 3847: 3794: 3723: 3673: 3645: 3607: 3496: 3404: 3352: 3285: 3201: 3155: 3142:2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak 3089: 3038: 2972: 2916: 2848: 2766: 2720:by Minamata City Council. 2631: 2583: 2538:The Poisoning of Minamata 2479:and Smith, A. M. (1975). 2125:"Espacenet Patent search" 1953: 1260:plays W. Eugene Smith in 683:On 12 November 1959, the 614:environmental degradation 569:Identification of mercury 362:in shellfish and fish in 289:loss of peripheral vision 271:disease caused by severe 245: 232: 221: 213: 200: 187: 166: 155: 147: 139: 105:Loss of peripheral vision 98: 78: 58: 49: 40: 35: 4470:Water pollution in Japan 4465:Waste disposal incidents 4186:Food safety in Australia 3382:High-fructose corn syrup 3132:Consumption of Tide Pods 3117:Niigata Minamata disease 2944:Environmental toxicology 2863:Niigata Minamata disease 2786:Ontario Minamata disease 2781:Niigata Minamata disease 2660:ATSDR – ToxFAQs: Mercury 2543:Saito, Hisashi. (2009). 2284:, 15 November 2012, p. 3 2157:Harvard University Press 2127:. European Patent Office 1673:"Information on Mercury" 1558:Toxic Effects of Mercury 1374:Ontario Minamata disease 1301: 1121:Environmental protection 896:Niigata Minamata disease 811:Niigata Minamata disease 383:Niigata Minamata disease 4435:1956 in the environment 4166:Acceptable daily intake 4078:2013 horse meat scandal 3519:Clostridium perfringens 2980:Acceptable daily intake 2934:Occupational toxicology 2724:Minamata disease museum 2550:Walker, Brett. (2010) " 2473:. Chapter 4, section IV 2254:The Digital Journalist, 2250:"Tomoko Uemura, R.I.P." 1729:, 7 October 2012, p. 10 1521:Jane Hightower (2008). 1438:and references therein. 1273:The prominent Japanese 1139:According to historian 1083:Hunter-Russell syndrome 696: 255:; for more details see 4234:Centre for Food Safety 4049:2008 Irish pork crisis 3751:Benzene in soft drinks 3137:Visakhapatnam gas leak 3081:Whole bowel irrigation 2689:– Copyright holder of 2518:. Perseus Publishing. 1806:"The Stockholm Appeal" 1527:, Island Press, p. 77. 1311: 1062: 997: 968: 766: 706: 694: 501:central nervous system 202:Differential diagnosis 4425:1956 health disasters 4256:Food Standards Agency 4206:Organic certification 4201:Nutrition facts label 3945:Esing Bakery incident 3733:environment pollution 3102:2007 pet food recalls 2500:Oiwa, Keibo. (2001). 2382:, 1 March 2012, p. 3. 2312:"Historical Overview" 1954:水俣病に対する企業の責任：チッソの不法行為 1364:Heavy metal poisoning 1309: 1286:(1971) and including 1275:documentary filmmaker 1203:The Science of Things 1190:In God We Trust, Inc. 1135:Democratizing effects 1101:epidemiological study 1057: 995: 963: 894:Further information: 758: 741:Further information: 704: 689: 344:industrial wastewater 4025:2006 North American 3683:Acesulfame potassium 3512:Campylobacter jejuni 3406:Intestinal parasites 3279:Consumer food safety 3000:Fixed-dose procedure 2310:Chisso Corporation. 2149:Kapur, Nick (2018). 1341:Environment Minister 1329:mad hatter's disease 1325:Kumamoto prefectural 1218:Visual documentation 1034:corporate negligence 804:Wastewater treatment 299:. In extreme cases, 115:; in extreme cases: 4329:Conspiracy theories 3882:Heterocyclic amines 3786:Shellfish poisoning 2959:In vitro toxicology 2949:Forensic toxicology 1997:by Jonathan Watts, 1009:held an eight-hour 830:Continued pollution 522:Kumamoto University 449:fishery cooperative 413:Kumamoto Prefecture 336:Kumamoto Prefecture 3987:Toxic oil syndrome 3940:Swill milk scandal 3766:Diethylstilbestrol 3438:Diphyllobothriasis 3163:Biological warfare 3147:List of poisonings 2954:Medical toxicology 2924:Aquatic toxicology 2693:'s Minamata photos 2632:External resources 2535:Allchin, Douglas. 2083:on 16 January 2013 2053:2012-07-25 at the 2014:Contemporary Japan 1811:2013-01-25 at the 1678:2011-07-11 at the 1647:Clark RB. (1997). 1623:2017-07-06 at the 1508:2016-03-03 at the 1312: 1296:Kikujiro Fukushima 1278:Noriaki Tsuchimoto 998: 906:Niigata Prefecture 869:would protect the 767: 707: 534:case fatality rate 451:in 1926 and 1943. 405:Chisso Corporation 379:Niigata Prefecture 348:Chisso Corporation 253:case fatality rate 127:; can also affect 4455:Mercury poisoning 4407: 4406: 4314:Food preservation 4123:Foodborne illness 3675:Sugar substitutes 3428:Cryptosporidiosis 3410:parasitic disease 3324:HGH controversies 3291:food contaminants 3245: 3244: 3061:Chelation therapy 2876: 2875: 2853:Itai-itai disease 2808: 2807: 2718:Minamata Timeline 2655: 2654: 2459:Ui, Jun. (1992). 1975:George, pp241-249 1917:George, pp187-190 1908:George, pp174-175 1881:George, pp144-145 1658:978-0-198-50069-8 1637:Eto et al. (2010) 1470:978-0-721-60558-6 1141:Timothy S. George 929:itai-itai disease 678:parts per million 663:mercury poisoning 609: 608: 540:Finding the cause 473:chemical reaction 273:mercury poisoning 262: 261: 257:mercury poisoning 240:mercury poisoning 227:mercury poisoning 208:mercury poisoning 195:mercury poisoning 189:Diagnostic method 161:mercury poisoning 133:Mercury poisoning 30:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 4482: 4420:Minamata disease 4397: 4396: 4387: 4377: 4376: 4367: 4366: 4359:Drink portal 4357: 4356: 4355: 4347: 4346: 4258:(United Kingdom) 4007:Jack in the Box 3978: 3965:Minamata disease 3877:Food irradiation 3857:4-Hydroxynonenal 3705:Sodium cyclamate 3548:Escherichia coli 3540:Escherichia coli 3272: 3265: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3233: 3232: 3221: 3220: 3209: 3208: 3112:Minamata disease 3046:Activated carbon 2995:Biomagnification 2939:Entomotoxicology 2903: 2896: 2889: 2880: 2879: 2868:Yokkaichi asthma 2858:Minamata disease 2835: 2828: 2821: 2812: 2811: 2799:The Shiranui Sea 2760:Minamata disease 2753: 2746: 2739: 2730: 2729: 2703:Minamata disease 2581: 2580: 2547:. Niigata Nippo. 2432:Minamata Disease 2428:Harada, Masazumi 2399: 2394:by Takeko Kato, 2389: 2383: 2366: 2360: 2350: 2344: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2307: 2301: 2291: 2285: 2274:Hirano, Keiji, " 2272: 2266: 2263: 2257: 2246: 2240: 2233: 2227: 2220: 2214: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2146: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2079:. Archived from 2073: 2067: 2064: 2058: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2008: 2002: 1991: 1985: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1930: 1927: 1918: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1888: 1882: 1879: 1873: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1860: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1822: 1816: 1802: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1769: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1748: 1745: 1739: 1736: 1730: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1702: 1691:Gilhooly, Rob, " 1689: 1683: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1649:Marine Pollution 1644: 1638: 1635: 1629: 1613: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1553: 1547: 1537: 1528: 1519: 1513: 1499: 1490: 1484: 1475: 1474: 1458: 1448: 1439: 1437: 1427: 1395: 1289:The Shiranui Sea 1236:Minamata Disease 1179: 1165:Toshiko Akiyoshi 941:Michiko Ishimure 925:Yokkaichi asthma 656:Douglas McAlpine 586: 580: 573: 291:, and damage to 265:Minamata disease 135:for more details 107:, and damage to 45: 36:Minamata disease 33: 32: 21: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4475:Corporate crime 4410: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4353: 4351: 4349:Food portal 4341: 4333: 4282: 4220: 4181:Food libel laws 4144: 3972: 3921: 3887:Modified starch 3849:Food processing 3843: 3790: 3719: 3669: 3665:Sodium benzoate 3641: 3603: 3598:Vibrio cholerae 3492: 3463:Gnathostomiasis 3448:Fasciolopsiasis 3400: 3348: 3339:Mercury in fish 3281: 3276: 3246: 3241: 3197: 3151: 3127:Seveso disaster 3107:Bhopal disaster 3085: 3034: 2990:Bioaccumulation 2968: 2912: 2907: 2877: 2872: 2844: 2839: 2809: 2804: 2762: 2757: 2705:– Chapter from 2691:W. Eugene Smith 2656: 2651: 2650: 2627: 2626: 2592: 2578: 2408: 2406:Further reading 2403: 2402: 2390: 2386: 2368:Hirano, Keiji, 2367: 2363: 2351: 2347: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2308: 2304: 2292: 2288: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2252:by Jim Hughes, 2247: 2243: 2234: 2230: 2221: 2217: 2200: 2196: 2186: 2184: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2167: 2159:. p. 272. 2147: 2140: 2130: 2128: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2108: 2106: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2055:Wayback Machine 2045: 2041: 2009: 2005: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1963: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1890:Harada, pp68-77 1889: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1858: 1856: 1854:www.icett.or.jp 1848: 1847: 1843: 1834: 1832: 1830:www.icett.or.jp 1824: 1823: 1819: 1813:Wayback Machine 1803: 1799: 1795:George, pp60-61 1794: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1777:Harada, pp38-39 1776: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1751: 1747:Harada, pp26-27 1746: 1742: 1738:Harada, pp23-24 1737: 1733: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1690: 1686: 1680:Wayback Machine 1670: 1666: 1659: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1625:Wayback Machine 1614: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1597:George, pp35-36 1596: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1576: 1554: 1550: 1538: 1531: 1520: 1516: 1510:Wayback Machine 1500: 1493: 1485: 1478: 1471: 1449: 1442: 1404:Appl. Microbiol 1396: 1392: 1387: 1379:Mercury in fish 1360: 1304: 1243:W. Eugene Smith 1224:Shisei Kuwabara 1220: 1177: 1162: 1160:Popular culture 1145:democratization 1137: 1123: 1096: 1091: 1071: 977: 958: 953: 898: 892: 858:Masazumi Harada 850: 832: 823: 806: 762:W. Eugene Smith 745: 739: 720:Hajime Hosokawa 699: 581: 571: 542: 493: 481:catalytic cycle 477:mercury sulfate 401: 395: 352:mercury sulfate 285:muscle weakness 93:muscle weakness 52:Tomoko Kamimura 31: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4488: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4450:Mass poisoning 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4391: 4381: 4371: 4361: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4304:Food marketing 4301: 4296: 4290: 4288: 4287:Related topics 4284: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4230: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4162: 4160: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4022: 4013: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3931: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3872:Food additives 3869: 3864: 3859: 3853: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3800: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3737: 3735: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3685: 3679: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3651: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3613: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3594: 3586: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3544: 3536: 3529: 3522: 3515: 3508: 3502: 3500: 3498:Microorganisms 3494: 3493: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3468:Paragonimiasis 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3433:Cyclosporiasis 3430: 3425: 3420: 3414: 3412: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3398: 3397: 3396: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3358: 3356: 3354:Food additives 3350: 3349: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3329:Lead poisoning 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3295: 3293: 3283: 3282: 3275: 3274: 3267: 3260: 3252: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3239: 3227: 3215: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3159: 3157: 3156:Related topics 3153: 3152: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3066:Gastric lavage 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3020:Toxicity class 3017: 3015:Toxic capacity 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2985:Acute toxicity 2982: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2966: 2964:Toxicogenomics 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2905: 2898: 2891: 2883: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2838: 2837: 2830: 2823: 2815: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2802: 2795: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2756: 2755: 2748: 2741: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2715: 2710: 2700: 2694: 2687:Aileen Archive 2684: 2678: 2668: 2663: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2609: 2593: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2584:Classification 2577: 2576:External links 2574: 2573: 2572: 2562: 2548: 2541: 2533: 2526: 2512: 2498: 2491: 2474: 2457: 2443: 2425: 2419: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2384: 2361: 2345: 2329: 2302: 2286: 2267: 2265:Smith, pp94-95 2258: 2241: 2228: 2215: 2194: 2172: 2165: 2138: 2116: 2094: 2068: 2059: 2039: 2003: 1986: 1977: 1968: 1940: 1931: 1919: 1910: 1901: 1892: 1883: 1874: 1865: 1841: 1817: 1797: 1788: 1779: 1770: 1761: 1749: 1740: 1731: 1719:Nicol, C.W., " 1712: 1703: 1701:, 13 June 2015 1684: 1664: 1657: 1639: 1630: 1608: 1599: 1590: 1581: 1574: 1548: 1529: 1514: 1491: 1476: 1469: 1440: 1410:(3): 424–432. 1389: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1359: 1356: 1303: 1300: 1219: 1216: 1161: 1158: 1136: 1133: 1122: 1119: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1070: 1067: 976: 973: 957: 954: 952: 949: 891: 888: 854:cerebral palsy 849: 846: 831: 828: 822: 819: 805: 802: 784:discrimination 738: 735: 698: 695: 607: 606: 588: 587: 570: 567: 556:food poisoning 541: 538: 517:discrimination 513:stigmatisation 492: 489: 457:capital cities 433:vinyl chloride 394: 391: 356:bioaccumulated 325:cerebral palsy 260: 259: 249: 243: 242: 236: 230: 229: 223: 219: 218: 215: 211: 210: 204: 198: 197: 191: 185: 184: 170: 164: 163: 157: 153: 152: 149: 145: 144: 141: 137: 136: 102: 96: 95: 82: 76: 75: 62: 56: 55: 47: 46: 38: 37: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4487: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4430:1956 in Japan 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4400: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4380: 4372: 4370: 4362: 4360: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4339: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4309:Food politics 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4274:(South Korea) 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4139: 4138:United States 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4125: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4059:2011 Germany 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4016:1996 Odwalla 4014: 4012: 4010: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3647:Preservatives 3644: 3638: 3637:Methamidophos 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3478:Toxoplasmosis 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3389:Vegetable oil 3387: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3268: 3266: 3261: 3259: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3238: 3237: 3228: 3226: 3225: 3216: 3214: 3213: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3178:Hazard symbol 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3076:Hemoperfusion 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2929:Ecotoxicology 2927: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2904: 2899: 2897: 2892: 2890: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2824: 2822: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2735: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2571: 2570:9781611720563 2567: 2563: 2561: 2560:0-295-98954-8 2557: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2525: 2524:0-425-18999-6 2521: 2517: 2513: 2511: 2510:0-7425-0021-7 2507: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2492: 2490: 2489:0-7011-2131-9 2486: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2471:92-808-0548-7 2468: 2464: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2455:0-674-00785-9 2452: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2440:4-87755-171-9 2437: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2397: 2396:Asahi Shimbun 2393: 2388: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2365: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2317: 2313: 2306: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2271: 2262: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2238: 2232: 2225: 2219: 2212: 2211:0-674-00785-9 2208: 2204: 2198: 2182: 2176: 2168: 2166:9780674988484 2162: 2158: 2154: 2153: 2145: 2143: 2126: 2120: 2104: 2098: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2063: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2043: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2007: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1981: 1972: 1961: 1949: 1944: 1935: 1926: 1924: 1914: 1905: 1896: 1887: 1878: 1869: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1831: 1827: 1821: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1801: 1792: 1783: 1774: 1765: 1756: 1754: 1744: 1735: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1716: 1707: 1700: 1699: 1694: 1688: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1660: 1654: 1650: 1643: 1634: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1612: 1603: 1594: 1585: 1577: 1575:9788132219217 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1552: 1545: 1544:Asahi Shimbun 1541: 1536: 1534: 1526: 1525: 1518: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1498: 1496: 1489: 1483: 1481: 1472: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1456: 1447: 1445: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1394: 1390: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1308: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1215: 1213: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1200:on the album 1199: 1194: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1185:Dead Kennedys 1181: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1132: 1129: 1128:Japanese Diet 1118: 1115: 1110: 1107:In 1978, the 1105: 1102: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1078: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1022: 1020: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1002: 994: 990: 988: 983: 972: 967: 962: 948: 946: 942: 936: 934: 930: 926: 921: 917: 913: 911: 907: 903: 897: 887: 884: 880: 875: 872: 868: 863: 860:(later to be 859: 855: 845: 841: 838: 827: 818: 814: 812: 801: 799: 794: 789: 785: 779: 777: 773: 764: 763: 757: 753: 751: 744: 734: 732: 727: 725: 721: 715: 713: 703: 693: 688: 686: 681: 679: 674: 671: 666: 664: 661: 657: 654: 650: 646: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 604: 600: 597: 593: 592:Methylmercury 590: 589: 585: 579: 574: 566: 564: 559: 557: 552: 548: 537: 535: 531: 525: 523: 518: 514: 510: 504: 502: 498: 488: 486: 485:methylmercury 482: 478: 474: 469: 464: 462: 458: 452: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 403:In 1908, the 400: 390: 388: 384: 380: 375: 371: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 340:methylmercury 337: 333: 328: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 258: 254: 250: 248: 244: 241: 237: 235: 231: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 209: 205: 203: 199: 196: 192: 190: 186: 183: 179: 175: 171: 169: 165: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 103: 101: 100:Complications 97: 94: 90: 86: 83: 81: 77: 74: 70: 66: 63: 61: 57: 53: 48: 44: 39: 34: 19: 4319:Food quality 4226:Institutions 4060: 4026: 4017: 4008: 3964: 3892:Nitrosamines 3655:Benzoic acid 3617:Chlorpyrifos 3596: 3590: 3581: 3564: 3547: 3539: 3531: 3524: 3517: 3510: 3488:Trichuriasis 3473:Toxocariasis 3443:Enterobiasis 3319:Formaldehyde 3234: 3222: 3210: 3111: 3071:Hemodialysis 2857: 2797: 2790: 2759: 2709:by Dr Jun Ui 2706: 2639: 2611: 2596: 2544: 2536: 2528: 2515: 2501: 2480: 2477:Smith, W. E. 2460: 2446: 2431: 2395: 2387: 2377: 2364: 2356: 2348: 2332: 2320:. Retrieved 2315: 2305: 2297: 2289: 2279: 2270: 2261: 2253: 2244: 2231: 2218: 2202: 2197: 2185:. Retrieved 2175: 2151: 2129:. Retrieved 2119: 2107:. Retrieved 2097: 2085:. Retrieved 2081:the original 2071: 2062: 2042: 2017: 2013: 2006: 1999:The Guardian 1998: 1989: 1980: 1971: 1947: 1943: 1938:George, p205 1934: 1913: 1904: 1895: 1886: 1877: 1868: 1857:. Retrieved 1853: 1844: 1833:. 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