1411:
62:
1730:
1755:
847:
312:. In light of recognized scientific evidence, nutritional authorities consider all trans fats equally harmful for health and recommend that their consumption be reduced to trace amounts. However, two Canadian studies have shown that
601:. Many other countries also have standards for minimum fat levels in dairy products. Commercial products generally contain the minimum legal amount of fat with any excess being removed to make cream, a valuable commodity.
1108:
Wang Y, Jacome-Sosa MM, Vine DF, Proctor SD (20 May 2010). "Beneficial effects of vaccenic acid on postprandial lipid metabolism and dyslipidemia: Impact of natural trans-fats to improve CVD risk".
788:
736:
1176:
1052:
Bassett, C. M. C.; Edel, A. L.; Patenaude, A. F.; McCullough, R. S.; Blackwood, D. P.; Chouinard, P. Y.; Paquin, P.; Lamarche, B.; Pierce, G. N. (Jan 2010).
913:
898:
1295:
1276:
1257:
1004:
1175:
David J. Baer, PhD. US Department of
Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Laboratory.
1039:
851:
588:
939:"Effect of animal and industrial trans fatty acids on HDL and LDL cholesterol levels in humans – a quantitative review"
828:
1135:
Bassett C, Edel AL, Patenaude AF, McCullough RS, Blackwood DP, Chouinard PY, Paquin P, Lamarche B, Pierce GN (2010).
797:
1330:
1410:
1475:
1577:
328:
and triglyceride levels. A study by the US Department of
Agriculture showed that vaccenic acid raises both
1697:
1745:
1242:
1780:
1671:
332:
and LDL cholesterol, whereas industrial trans fats only raise LDL with no beneficial effect on HDL.
1717:
1292:
1273:
1254:
1094:
700:, like ice cream, contains at least 10% fat, but it also must contain at least 1.4% egg yolk solids
678:
329:
1012:
1775:
1676:
325:
17:
864:
767:
1452:
1626:
1506:
920:
892:
1666:
1605:
1323:
950:
217:
81:. Butterfat triglycerides contain the following amounts of fatty acids (by mass fraction):
1621:
8:
1255:
USDA Specifications for Cream Cheese, Cream Cheese with other Foods, and
Related Products
50:
954:
1541:
986:
973:
938:
1582:
1368:
1214:
1158:
1075:
978:
824:
793:
1026:
1661:
1644:
1358:
1204:
1148:
1117:
1065:
968:
958:
878:
816:
762:
622:
169:
990:
820:
1785:
1734:
1712:
1692:
1595:
1462:
1447:
1316:
1299:
1280:
1261:
963:
792:, Printing and Publishing Office, National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C.,
658:
1437:
1590:
1572:
1480:
1390:
724:
697:
664:
646:
598:
1293:
USDA Commercial Item
Description: Cream, Eggnog, Half-and-half, and Sour Cream
1209:
1192:
1769:
1531:
1470:
1218:
911:
883:
866:
710:
594:
313:
309:
301:
293:
237:
201:
137:
121:
1095:"Natural trans fats have health benefits, University of Alberta study shows"
304:. Trans fats may be also found in some industrially produced foods, such as
1546:
1536:
1526:
1432:
1395:
1373:
1162:
1121:
1079:
982:
616:
610:
153:
74:
66:
1153:
1136:
1070:
1053:
613:, also labeled "fat-free milk" or "skim milk", contains less than 0.5% fat
61:
1759:
1702:
1656:
1649:
1442:
1383:
730:
1181:, IDF World Dairy Summit 2010, 8–11 November 2010. Auckland, New Zealand
865:
EFSA Panel on
Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA) (2010).
1707:
1501:
1496:
1400:
1353:
757:
717:
628:
317:
305:
185:
78:
1232:
United States
Department of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service
1193:"The potential of milk fat for the synthesis of valuable derivatives"
691:
289:
233:
1616:
1562:
1137:"Dietary Vaccenic Acid Has Antiatherogenic Effects in LDLr−/− Mice"
1054:"Dietary Vaccenic Acid Has Antiatherogenic Effects in LDLr-/- Mice"
685:
297:
1027:"EFSA sets European dietary reference values for nutrient intakes"
673:
1040:
Trans Fats From
Ruminant Animals May Be Beneficial – Health News
1600:
1339:
1029:(Press release). European Food Safety Authority. 26 March 2010.
744:
636:
1274:
United States
Department of Agriculture Standard for Ice Cream
1243:
USDA Commercial Item
Description: Fluid Milk and Milk Products
1191:
Lubary, Marta; Hofland, Gerard W.; ter Horst, Joop H. (2010).
1134:
1051:
848:"National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 28"
336:
Milk fatty acids, length, and position on glycerol (1, 2, 3)
1610:
789:
online edition Fat
Content and Composition of Animal Products
705:
46:
1754:
1231:
914:"Update on trans fatty acids and health, Position Statement"
1378:
1363:
642:
605:
589:
Fat content of milk § Terms for fat content by country
321:
42:
1107:
727:(often called simply "whipping cream") contains 30–36% fat
1308:
1042:. redOrbit (8 September 2011). Retrieved 22 January 2013.
867:"Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for fats"
38:
809:
The quote values vary by 1–3% according to the source:
597:, there are federal standards for butterfat content of
1190:
1178:
New Findings on Dairy Trans Fat and Heart Disease Risk
912:
UK Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (2007).
667:
contains at least 50% fat relative to the total solids
661:
contains at least 43% fat relative to the total solids
1743:
300:. The predominant kind of trans fat found in milk is
747:(including whipped butter) contains at least 80% fat
1093:Wang, Flora & Proctor, Spencer (2 April 2008).
936:
296:. Trans fats occur naturally in meat and milk from
1184:
1767:
813:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
811:Jost, Rolf (2007). "Milk and Dairy Products".
1324:
69:containing myristic, palmitic, and oleic acid
1045:
897:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
320:containing trans fats, or a mixture of pork
292:, which is slightly less than 0.5 grams per
1092:
842:
840:
1331:
1317:
739:(not federally regulated) contains 40% fat
316:could be beneficial compared to vegetable
1208:
1152:
1069:
1011:. Health Canada. Dec 2007. Archived from
972:
962:
937:Brouwer IA, Wanders AJ, Katan MB (2010).
882:
652:Lowfat cottage cheese contains 0.5–2% fat
837:
60:
1097:(Press release). University of Alberta.
852:United States Department of Agriculture
655:Cottage cheese contains at least 4% fat
14:
1768:
803:
1312:
1197:European Food Research and Technology
810:
51:the amount of butterfat they contain
77:. Each triglyceride contains three
24:
25:
1797:
786:National Research Council, 1976,
582:
1753:
1729:
1728:
1409:
1245:(2018) Accessed January 29, 2020
688:, contains no more than 2.6% fat
73:Butterfat is mainly composed of
1286:
1267:
1248:
1236:
1225:
1169:
1128:
1101:
1086:
324:and soy fat, by lowering total
93:Fatty acid content of butterfat
1033:
1019:
997:
930:
905:
858:
780:
684:Lowfat ice cream, also called
56:
13:
1:
821:10.1002/14356007.a16_589.pub3
773:
733:contains a minimum of 36% fat
308:obtained by hydrogenation of
108:Lower saturated (at most C12)
1578:Chicago Butter and Egg Board
964:10.1371/journal.pone.0009434
288:Butterfat contains about 3%
49:are often sold according to
7:
1698:Artificial butter flavoring
751:
631:contains at least 3.25% fat
10:
1802:
1338:
649:contain less than 0.5% fat
586:
1726:
1685:
1672:Buttered toast phenomenon
1637:
1555:
1519:
1489:
1471:Beurre à la bourguignonne
1461:
1425:
1418:
1407:
1346:
1210:10.1007/s00217-010-1387-3
694:contains at least 10% fat
252:
247:
232:
227:
216:
211:
200:
195:
184:
179:
168:
163:
152:
147:
136:
131:
120:
115:
107:
102:
97:
92:
1718:Butter churning in Nepal
1141:The Journal of Nutrition
1058:The Journal of Nutrition
884:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1461
270:: Polyunsaturated;
264:: Monounsaturated;
1677:Norwegian butter crisis
1419:Dishes featuring butter
1122:10.1002/lite.201000016
768:List of dairy products
70:
1587:Butter manufacturers
1507:List of butter dishes
1476:Beurre Maître d'Hôtel
1154:10.3945/jn.109.105163
1071:10.3945/jn.109.105163
713:contains 10.5–18% fat
220:polyunsaturated C18:3
204:polyunsaturated C18:2
188:monounsaturated C18:1
172:monounsaturated C16:1
64:
27:Fatty portion of milk
1667:Buttered cat paradox
1520:Butter paraphernalia
926:on 10 December 2010.
737:Manufacturer's cream
1453:Café de Paris sauce
1426:Butter-based sauces
955:2010PLoSO...5.9434B
337:
302:vaccenic fatty acid
1542:French butter dish
1298:2012-06-16 at the
1279:2012-06-16 at the
1260:2012-06-14 at the
720:contain 18–30% fat
335:
258:: Saturated;
98:Type of fatty acid
71:
1741:
1740:
1638:Butter in culture
1515:
1514:
1369:Manteiga-da-terra
1015:on 20 April 2012.
681:contains 1–2% fat
580:
579:
286:
285:
280:
279:
16:(Redirected from
1793:
1781:Food ingredients
1758:
1757:
1749:
1735:Category: Butter
1732:
1731:
1662:Butter rebellion
1645:Butter sculpture
1423:
1422:
1413:
1359:Clarified butter
1333:
1326:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1290:
1284:
1271:
1265:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1110:Lipid Technology
1105:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1009:It's your health
1001:
995:
994:
976:
966:
934:
928:
927:
925:
919:. Archived from
918:
909:
903:
902:
896:
888:
886:
862:
856:
855:
844:
835:
834:
807:
801:
784:
763:Clarified butter
716:Light cream and
623:Reduced-fat milk
338:
334:
274:
268:
262:
256:
90:
89:
84:
83:
21:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1752:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1722:
1713:List of spreads
1693:Butter mountain
1681:
1633:
1556:Butter industry
1551:
1511:
1485:
1463:Compound butter
1457:
1448:Beurre noisette
1414:
1405:
1347:Types of butter
1342:
1337:
1307:
1306:
1300:Wayback Machine
1291:
1287:
1281:Wayback Machine
1272:
1268:
1262:Wayback Machine
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1226:
1189:
1185:
1174:
1170:
1133:
1129:
1106:
1102:
1091:
1087:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1003:
1002:
998:
935:
931:
923:
916:
910:
906:
890:
889:
863:
859:
846:
845:
838:
831:
808:
804:
785:
781:
776:
754:
591:
585:
282:
281:
272:
266:
260:
254:
245:
240:C18:1 trans-11)
225:
218:Alpha-Linolenic
209:
193:
177:
161:
145:
129:
113:
65:Structure of a
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1799:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1776:Dairy products
1763:
1762:
1739:
1738:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1573:Butter grading
1570:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1481:Truffle butter
1478:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1391:Vologda butter
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1285:
1266:
1247:
1235:
1224:
1183:
1168:
1127:
1116:(5): 103–106.
1100:
1085:
1044:
1032:
1018:
996:
929:
904:
857:
836:
830:978-3527306732
829:
802:
778:
777:
775:
772:
771:
770:
765:
760:
753:
750:
749:
748:
742:
741:
740:
734:
728:
725:whipping cream
721:
714:
703:
702:
701:
698:Frozen custard
695:
689:
682:
670:
669:
668:
665:Cheddar cheese
662:
656:
653:
650:
647:cottage cheese
634:
633:
632:
626:
620:
614:
599:dairy products
584:
583:U.S. standards
581:
578:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
558:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
538:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
518:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
498:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
478:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
458:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
438:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
418:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
398:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
378:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
358:
357:
354:
351:
348:
347:mol% (rounded)
345:
342:
310:vegetable oils
284:
283:
278:
277:
250:
249:
246:
243:
241:
230:
229:
226:
223:
221:
214:
213:
210:
207:
205:
198:
197:
194:
191:
189:
182:
181:
178:
175:
173:
166:
165:
162:
159:
157:
150:
149:
146:
143:
141:
134:
133:
130:
127:
125:
118:
117:
114:
111:
109:
105:
104:
101:
99:
95:
94:
88:
87:
58:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1798:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1736:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:Miscellaneous
1684:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1532:Butter curler
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1028:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1000:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
933:
922:
915:
908:
900:
894:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
861:
853:
849:
843:
841:
832:
826:
822:
818:
814:
806:
799:
798:0-309-02440-4
795:
791:
790:
783:
779:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
746:
743:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
722:
719:
715:
712:
711:Half and half
709:
708:
707:
704:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
683:
680:
677:
676:
675:
671:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
644:
640:
639:
638:
635:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
608:
607:
604:
603:
602:
600:
596:
590:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
559:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
539:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
519:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
499:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
479:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
459:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
439:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
419:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
399:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
379:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
359:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
339:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:vaccenic acid
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:US tablespoon
291:
275:
269:
263:
257:
251:
242:
239:
235:
231:
222:
219:
215:
206:
203:
199:
190:
187:
183:
174:
171:
167:
158:
156:saturated C18
155:
151:
142:
140:saturated C16
139:
135:
126:
124:saturated C14
123:
119:
110:
106:
100:
96:
91:
86:
85:
82:
80:
76:
75:triglycerides
68:
63:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1627:Western Star
1596:Land O'Lakes
1567:
1547:Scotch hands
1537:Butter knife
1527:Butter churn
1438:Beurre monté
1433:Beurre blanc
1374:Niter kibbeh
1288:
1269:
1250:
1238:
1227:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1177:
1171:
1147:(1): 18–24.
1144:
1140:
1130:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1088:
1064:(1): 18–24.
1061:
1057:
1047:
1035:
1021:
1013:the original
1008:
999:
949:(3): e9434.
946:
942:
932:
921:the original
907:
893:cite journal
874:
871:EFSA Journal
870:
860:
812:
805:
787:
782:
659:Swiss cheese
617:Low-fat milk
611:Non-fat milk
592:
501:Hexadecenoyl
287:
276:: Trans
271:
265:
259:
253:
72:
67:triglyceride
45:. Milk and
34:
30:
29:
1703:Butter salt
1657:Butter lamp
1650:Butter lamb
1443:Beurre noir
1396:Whey butter
1005:"Trans fat"
877:(3): 1461.
731:Heavy cream
645:and nonfat
318:shortenings
306:shortenings
170:Palmitoleic
79:fatty acids
57:Composition
41:portion of
1770:Categories
1708:Dairy salt
1613:/Kerrygold
1502:Egg butter
1497:Butter tea
1401:Yak butter
1354:Bog butter
1203:(1): 1–8.
774:References
758:Buttermilk
718:sour cream
629:Whole milk
587:See also:
341:Fatty acid
1622:Président
1568:Butterfat
1219:1438-2377
692:Ice cream
625:is 2% fat
619:is 1% fat
298:ruminants
290:trans fat
31:Butterfat
1606:Magnolia
1583:Churning
1563:Boterwet
1296:Archived
1277:Archived
1258:Archived
1163:19923390
1080:19923390
983:20209147
943:PLOS ONE
800:; p. 203
752:See also
686:ice milk
674:desserts
561:Linoleyl
481:Palmityl
461:Myristyl
401:Caprylyl
238:vaccenic
236:(mainly
202:Linoleic
138:Palmitic
122:Myristic
35:milkfat
1302:(2002).
1283:(1977).
1264:(1994).
974:2830458
951:Bibcode
679:Sherbet
672:Frozen
637:Cheeses
593:In the
521:Stearyl
381:Caproyl
361:Butyryl
244:
224:
208:
192:
176:
160:
154:Stearic
144:
128:
112:
37:is the
18:Milkfat
1786:Butter
1746:Portal
1733:
1617:Plugrà
1601:Lurpak
1591:Anchor
1340:Butter
1217:
1161:
1078:
991:983576
989:
981:
971:
827:
796:
745:Butter
723:Light
706:Creams
441:Lauryl
421:Capryl
344:length
1611:Ornua
1490:Other
987:S2CID
924:(PDF)
917:(PDF)
606:Milks
564:C18:2
544:C18:1
541:Oleyl
504:C16:1
267:green
255:black
234:Trans
186:Oleic
47:cream
39:fatty
1760:Food
1384:Urfa
1379:Smen
1364:Ghee
1215:ISSN
1159:PMID
1076:PMID
979:PMID
899:link
825:ISBN
794:ISBN
643:curd
641:Dry
595:U.S.
376:100
322:lard
273:blue
261:grey
43:milk
1205:doi
1201:232
1149:doi
1145:140
1118:doi
1066:doi
1062:140
969:PMC
959:doi
879:doi
817:doi
576:31
556:32
524:C18
516:18
484:C16
476:19
464:C14
444:C12
436:56
424:C10
416:63
396:93
330:HDL
326:LDL
196:24%
164:11%
148:31%
132:12%
116:11%
103:pct
33:or
1772::
1213:.
1199:.
1195:.
1157:.
1143:.
1139:.
1114:22
1112:.
1074:.
1060:.
1056:.
1007:.
985:.
977:.
967:.
957:.
945:.
941:.
895:}}
891:{{
873:.
869:.
850:.
839:^
823:.
815:.
573:47
570:23
553:26
550:42
547:24
536:6
533:45
530:49
513:46
510:36
496:8
493:45
490:47
487:24
473:52
470:29
467:11
456:5
453:53
450:42
433:27
430:17
413:12
410:25
404:C8
384:C6
367:12
364:C4
356:3
248:3%
228:1%
212:3%
180:4%
53:.
1748::
1332:e
1325:t
1318:v
1221:.
1207::
1165:.
1151::
1124:.
1120::
1082:.
1068::
993:.
961::
953::
947:5
901:)
887:.
881::
875:8
854:.
833:.
819::
567:3
527:7
507:3
447:4
427:4
407:2
393:7
390:0
387:5
373:0
370:0
353:2
350:1
20:)
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