Military of ancient Egypt

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war. This became the most predominate in the time of the 16th century when the chariot was introduced to the Egyptians during a war with the Hyksos army (Shulman). The chariot aided in many battles, they could be used in a multitude of ways from, a glorified product mover or transportation for soldiers to be moved to and from the battle fields in a ‘battle taxi’ type manner and a variety of other ways (Archer 2). A weapon that accompanied the soldiers and their passengers were objects such as the composite bows, arrows and a variety of other object such as spears and swords. The role of an archer was one of value when place on the back of a chariot, literally making this a target almost unable to hit due to the amount of movement. ‘Chariots were used to ferry bowmen to suitable firing positions, where they dismounted and fired their bows on foot, climbing back into their chariots and speeding away when threatened’ (Archer 6). One major usage of the chariot was to ram into the front lines of the enemy to scare them into breaking formation, giving the army the opportunity to get behind their lines and start fighting. Due to the fact that war horses, although trained, still became scared. ‘Horses will not willingly charge into massed ranks of infantry, always preferring to pull up and stop just short of their lines regardless of the intentions of the riders and handlers’ (Archer 4). Even if the horse-drawn chariot did follow through and attempt to break the enemy's lines would have been a terrible idea if they were using the lighter Bronze Age type war chariots. The chariots proved themselves most useful on flat unbroken ground, this is where their speed and maneuvering capabilities were at their height. This did however become a thorn in the side of Egyptians during the eighth and ninth centuries when the battle between Egypt and Syria, Palestine Empire broke out, causing the Egyptian chariots to become virtually incapable of performing its intended duties due to the very nature of the landscape; mountainous and rocky. There are many theories as to how chariots aided in the rise and fall of Egypt, the most prominent of these was created by Robert Drews. He claims that chariots were responsible for the end of the Late Bronze Age. His claim is that the mercenaries in the area at this time spent a great amount of effort and time watching and learning the strength and weaknesses of the warfare styles of the Egyptian military to aid in the future rebellions they would hold to overthrow the government.

212: 625:, and were generally pulled by two horses and manned by two charioteers; a driver who carried a shield, and a man with a bow or javelin. Chariots also had infantry support. By the time of Qadesh, the chariot arm was at the height of its development. It was designed for speed and maneuverability, being lightweight and delicate in appearance. Its offensive power was in its capacity to rapidly turn, wheel and repeatedly charge, penetrating the enemy line and functioning as a mobile firing platform that afforded the fighting crewmen the opportunity to shoot many arrows from the composite bow. The chariot corps served as an independent arm but were attached to the infantry corps. At Qadesh, there were 25 vehicles per company. Many of the lighter vehicles were retained for scouting and communication duties. In combat, the chariots were deployed in troops of 10, squadrons of 50 and the larger unit was called the pedjet, commanded by an officer with the title 'Commander of a chariotry host' and numbering about 250 chariots. 31: 509:

pick a commander-in-chief, generally a prince of the royal house who would then pick captains to enforce orders given down the chain of command. During war times, the commander-in-chief was given the job of selecting their captains, who were usually lower-ranking princes of the royal house. They generally achieved these positions using tools of bribery and appealing to the interest courts. Another major factor in choosing both officers and captains was the degree of education they received; most officials were oftentimes diplomatists with extensive educational backgrounds. Later, after receiving the official position, the divided armies would ally themselves with mercenaries who would be trained with them as one of their own but never a part of the native Egyptian military.

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started as early as the Unification period in Egypt in the Proto-dynastic period (Faulkner). The most common symbol in Egyptian military history would be the semi-circular fan sitting on top of a large, long staff as shown by the sunshade hieroglyph 𓋺. This symbol represented the Egyptian naval fleet. During later dynasties, such as the 18th dynasty, it was the most common military standard symbol—particularly under the reign of Queen Hatshepsut. Another type of standard was the rectangular mounted on a long and large staff. The staff may have been decorated with ornaments such as ostrich feathers.

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scraped off. Each arrow was built with consisted of a reed main shaft, with a wooden fore shift attached to the distal end. The arrow head was either attached or was already in place without the help of an outside stabilizer. The size of the arrows were 80.1 to 85.1 centimeters or 31.5 to 33.5 inches. There are four types of arrow that are further categorized under two groups: stone heads, which consisted of the chisel-ended and leaf shaped, and the wooden heads under which the pointed and blunt or flaring arrows have been categorized.

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the missile made and like most impact weapons was relegated to play a subsidiary role. In the hands of lightly armed skirmishers it was used to distract the attention of the enemy. One of its main advantages was the easy availability of ammunition in many locations. When lead became more widely available during the Late Period, sling bullets were cast. These were preferred to pebbles because of their greater weight which made them more effective. They often bore a mark.

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bow, was adopted. These were used to fire reed arrows fletched with three feathers and tipped with flint or hardwood, and later, bronze. The bow itself was usually between one and two meters in length and made up of a wooden rod, narrowing at either end. Some of the longer self bows were strengthened at certain points by binding the wooden rod with cord. Drawing a single-arched bow was harder and one lost the advantage of draw-length double curvature provided.

2069: 2021: 2125: 2058: 2089: 531: 2099: 644: 2079: 262:), and the composite bow—tools that drastically altered the way Egypt's military functioned. (Some evidence suggests that horses and chariots were present earlier.) The composite bow, which allowed for more accuracy and greater kill distance with arrows, along with horses and chariots eventually assisted the Egyptian military in ousting the Hyksos from Egypt, beginning when 726: 598: 810:

the help of a second person. As a result, they were not used as much as one might expect. The simple stave bow never disappeared from the battlefield, even in the New Kingdom. The simpler bows were used by the bulk of the archers, while the composite bows went first to the chariots, where their penetrative power was needed to pierce scale armor.

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bow in range or power. The wood had to be supported, otherwise it would break. This was achieved by adding horn to the belly of the bow (the part facing the archer) which would be compressed during the draw. Sinew was added to the back of the bow, to withstand the tension. All these layers were glued together and covered with birch bark.

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within Egypt) and various foreigners. The geography of Egypt served to isolate the country and allowed it to thrive. This circumstance set the stage for many of Egypt's military conquests. They enfeebled their enemies by using small projectile weapons, like bows and arrows. They also had chariots which they used to charge at the enemy.

373:. The Egyptians then improved the design of the chariot to suit their own requirements. That made the Egyptian chariots lighter and faster than those of other major powers in the Middle East. Egyptian war chariots were manned by a driver holding a whip and the reins and a fighter, generally wielding a 822:

Hurling stones with a sling demanded little equipment or practice in order to be effective. Secondary to the bow and arrow in battle, the sling was rarely depicted. The first drawings date to the 20th century BC. Made of perishable materials, few ancient slings have survived. It relied on the impact

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A military standard is the code or sign used to signify a standard among a group of militarized individuals to show distinction from other groups but not from one another. This only became prevalent in armies that were large enough to require division to be better controlled. This recognized division

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Each regiment in the Egyptian army could have been identified by the weapon they carried: archers, lancers, spearmen, and infantry. The lancers not only carried their long-range weapon, the lance but also a dagger on their belt and a short-curved sword. Depicted in Egyptian art is a cane or wand-type

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During the Egyptian conquest, the Pharaoh would divide his army into two parts, the North and the South. They would then be further divided into four more armies named after the Egyptian gods Ra, Amen, Ptah, and Sutekh (of all the armies the Pharaoh would align himself with Amen). From there he would

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The armies of Egypt were very basic. The Egyptian soldiers carried a simple armament consisting of a spear with a copper spearhead and a large wooden shield covered by leather hides. A stone mace was also carried in the Archaic period, though later this weapon was probably only in ceremonial use, and

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Composite bows needed more care than simple basic bows, and were much more difficult and expensive to produce. They were more vulnerable to moisture, requiring them to be covered. They had to be unstrung when not in use and re-strung for action, a feat which required not a little force and generally

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achieved the greatest possible range with a bow as small and light as possible. The maximum draw length was that of the archer's arm. The bow, while unstrung, curved outward and was under an initial tension, dramatically increasing the draw weight. A simple wooden bow was no match for the composite

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does appear to have been used to some extent during Egypt's pre-dynastic period as a weapon, but it seems to have not been very effective for this purpose. Because of their simplicity, skilled infantry continued to use this weapon at least with some regularity through the end of the New Kingdom. It

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During the New Kingdom, it was often an auxiliary weapon of the charioteers, who were thus not left unarmed after spending all their arrows. It was also most useful in their hands when they chased down fleeing enemies stabbing them in their backs. Amenhotep II's victory at Shemesh-Edom in Canaan is

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There were two different types of ship in Ancient Egypt: the reed boat and the vessel made from large wooden planks. The planked ships created the naval fleet and gave it its fierce reputation. These early ships lacked an internal rib for support. Each boat had a designated section, generally under

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tribes who occasionally tried to raid or settle in the fertile Nile River valley. Nevertheless, the great expanses of the desert formed a barrier that protected the river valley and was almost impossible for massive armies to cross. The Egyptians built fortresses and outposts along the borders east

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By the beginning of the Dynastic Period, bows were made of wood. They had a single curvature and were strung with animal sinews or strings made of plant fiber. In the pre-dynastic period, bows often had a double curvature, but during the Old Kingdom a single-arched bow, known as a self (or simple)

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The spear does not fit comfortably into either the close combat class or the projectile type of weapons. It could be either. During the Old and Middle Kingdom of Egypt's Dynastic period, it typically consisted of a pointed blade made of copper or flint that was attached to a long wooden shaft by a

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Chariots are best defined as horsedrawn vehicles with two spoked wheels that require their drivers and passengers to stand whilst in motion’ (Archer 1). Simply described, the chariot has been around for centuries in the near East not only showing the owners status in societies but also in times of

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During the New Kingdom the composite bow came into use, having been introduced by the Asiatic Hyksos. Often these bows were not made in Egypt itself but imported from the Middle East, like other 'modern' weapons. The older, single-curved bow was not completely abandoned, however. For example, it

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The Egyptian craftsmen never limited themselves to one type of wood, it was very common for them to be using woods both foreign and domestic to their lands. The handmade arrows we created using mature branches or twigs and in some rare cases some immature pieces of wood that would have its bark

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The spear was used in Egypt since the earliest times for hunting larger animals, such as lions. In its form of javelin (throwing spears) it was replaced early on by the bow and arrow. Because of its greater weight, the spear was better at penetration than the arrow, but in a region where armour

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or, after spending all his arrows, a short spear of which he had a few. The charioteers wore occasionally scale armor, but many preferred broad leather bands crossed over the chest or carried a shield. Their torso was thus more or less protected, while the lower body was shielded by the chariot

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invaded the entire ancient Near East during this time. The Sea Peoples caused many problems, but ultimately the military was strong enough at this time to prevent a collapse of the government. The Egyptians were strongly vested in their infantry, unlike the Hittites who were dependent on their

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The history of ancient Egypt is divided into three kingdoms and two intermediate periods. During the three kingdoms, Egypt was unified under one government. During the intermediate periods (the periods of time between kingdoms) government control was in the hands of the various nomes (provinces

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was one of the greatest times in Egypt's history. Because of this affluence, it allowed the government to stabilize and in turn organize a functioning military. During this period, most military conflict was limited to the consolidation of power within Egypt and defending Egypt's territories.

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Before the New Kingdom, the Egyptian military was mainly aquatic, and the high ranks were composed of elite middle-class Egyptians. Egyptian troops were transported by naval vessels as early as the Late Old Kingdom. By the later intermediate period, the navy was highly sophisticated and used

254:. The Egyptians were trapped at this time; their government had collapsed. They were sandwiched between the Hyksos in the north and the Kushite Nubians in the south. This period marked a great change for Egypt's military. The Hyksos have been credited with bringing to Egypt the horse, the 334:

was replaced with the bronze battle axe. The spearmen were supported by archers carrying a simple curved bow and arrows with arrowheads made of flint or copper. No armor was used during the 3rd and early 2nd Millennium BC. Foreigners were also incorporated into the army, Nubians (

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The bow and arrow is one of ancient Egypt's most crucial weapons, used from Predynastic times through the Dynastic age and into the Christian and Islamic periods. The first bows were commonly "horn bows", made by joining a pair of antelope horns with a central piece of wood.

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The principal weapon of the Egyptian army was the bow and arrow; it was transformed into a formidable weapon with the introduction by the Hyksos of the composite bow. These bows, combined with the war chariot, enabled the Egyptian army to attack quickly and from a distance.

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The first arrow-heads were flint, which was replaced by bronze in the 2nd millennium. Arrow-heads were mostly made for piercing, having a sharp point. However, the arrow heads could vary considerably, and some were even blunt (probably used more for hunting small game).

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c. 1300 BC. There were also companies of Libyans, Nubians, Canaanite and Sherdens (Greeks) who served in the Egyptian army. They were often described as mercenaries but they were most likely impressed prisoners who preferred the life of a soldier instead of slavery.

419:, the Egyptian military changed from levy troops into a firm organization of professional soldiers. Conquests of foreign territories, like Nubia, required a permanent force to be garrisoned abroad. The encounter with other powerful Near Eastern kingdoms like the 106:

and west of the Nile Delta, in the Eastern Desert, and in Nubia to the south. Small garrisons could prevent minor incursions, but if a large force was detected a message was sent for the main army corps. Most Egyptian cities lacked city walls and other defenses.

435:, made it necessary for the Egyptians to conduct campaigns far from home. Over 4,000 infantry of an army corps were organized into 20 companies between 200 and 250 men each. The Egyptian army is estimated to have had over 100,000 soldiers at the time of 683:

Projectile weapons were used by the ancient Egyptians to weaken the enemy before an infantry assault. Slings, throw sticks, spears, and javelins were used, but the bow and arrow was the primary projectile weapon for most of Egypt's history. A

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would appear that Thutmose III and Amenhotep II continued to use these earlier-styled bows. A difficult weapon to use successfully, it demanded strength, dexterity and years of practice. The experienced archer chose his weapon with care.

150:, daggers, and bows and arrows. The most common Egyptian weapon was the bow and arrow. During the Old Kingdom, a single-arched bow was often used. This type of bow was difficult to draw, and there was less draw length. After the 746:... Behold His Majesty was armed with his weapons, and His Majesty fought like Set in his hour. They gave way when His Majesty looked at one of them, and they fled. His majesty took all their goods himself, with his spear... 100:

For most parts of its long history, ancient Egypt was unified under one government. The main military concern for the nation was to keep enemies out. The arid plains and deserts surrounding Egypt were inhabited by

211: 759: 81:, after which it entered a period of slow decline. Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign powers in the late period, and the rule of the pharaohs officially ended in 31 BC, when the early 621:(c.1650–1550 BC) / the beginning of the New Kingdom (c.1550–1069 BC). Charioteers were drawn from the upper classes in Egypt. Chariots were generally used as a mobile platform from which to use 714:

tang. Conventional spears were made for throwing or thrusting, but there was also a form of a spear (halberd) which was fitted with an axe blade and thus used for cutting and slashing.

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object that has been assigned to each fifth member in a group. This may indicate that the man carrying the cane or wand was in charge of a unit of men beside him (Girard).

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itself. The pharaohs often wore scale armour with inlaid semi-precious stones, which offered better protection, the stones being harder than the metal used for arrow tips.

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hailed from further northeast than had been previously encountered. They attempted to conquer Egypt, but were defeated and a peace treaty was made. Also, the mysterious

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was used extensively for hunting fowl through much of Egypt's dynastic period. Most of the Egyptians were intent on using this weapon for it had a holy effect as well.

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was the first to make a professional army by getting volunteers every year to join, most of them were lower-class men, who could not afford to train in other jobs.

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The spear was appreciated enough to be depicted in the hands of Ramesses III killing a Libyan. It remained short and javelin-like, just about the height of a man.

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Benson, Douglas S. “Ancient Egypt's Warfare: A survey of armed conflict in the chronology of ancient Egypt, 1600 BC-30 BC”, Bookmasters Inc., Ashland, Ohio, 1995

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Before the New Kingdom, the Egyptian armies were composed of conscripted peasants and artisans, who would then mass under the banner of the pharaoh. During the

464:. The ancient Egyptians were not great innovators in weapons technology, and most weapons technology innovation came from Western Asia and the Greek world. 1143:

Pollastrini, A. M. (2017). "Some remarks on the Egyptian reception of foreign military technology during the 18th Dynasty: a brief survey of the armour".

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new threats emerged. However, the military contributions of the Hyksos allowed Egypt to defend themselves from these foreign invasions successfully. The

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onwards, pharaohs often kept well-trained standing armies, which formed the basis of larger forces raised for defense against invasion. Under the rule of

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were introduced into Egypt, which the Egyptians had no answer to until they introduced their own version of the war chariot at the beginning of the

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kingdoms were well maintained, the new form that emerged in the New Kingdom showed the state becoming more organized to serve its needs.

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W. Helck "Ein indirekter Beleg für die Benutzung des leichten Streitwagens in Ägypten zu Ende der 13. Dynastie", in JNES 37, pp. 337-40

1580: 243:(the Egyptians' capital city) and claimed dominion over Upper and Lower Egypt. After the Hyksos took control, many Egyptians fled to 1813: 17: 1118: 988: 2042: 1870: 738: 30: 1152: 361:

The major advance in weapons technology and warfare began around 1600 BC when the Egyptians fought and finally defeated the

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consisted mostly of shields, this was only a slight advantage. On the other hand, arrows were much easier to mass-produce.

188:. He also restored Egyptian hegemony over the Sinai region, which had been lost to Egypt since the end of the Old Kingdom. 2102: 1860: 1855: 1736: 1685: 1708: 1504: 1825: 1205: 1064: 1041: 1145:

Proceedings of the XI International Congress of Egyptologists. Florence Egyptian Museum. Florence, 23-30 August 2015

1978: 1746: 135:(administrative division) had to raise his own volunteer army. Then, all the armies would come together under the 2010: 1956: 1808: 2082: 1983: 1769: 1764: 1701: 1916: 1791: 1759: 1609:

Schulman, Alan Richard (1957-01-01). "Egyptian Representations of Horsemen and Riding in the New Kingdom".

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These changes also caused changes in the role of the military in Egyptian society, and so during the

185: 1481: 381: 2092: 1968: 1889: 1840: 404:, which temple scenes show being presented to the king by the gods with a promise of victory, body 192: 146:

Old Kingdom soldiers were equipped with many types of weapons, including shields, spears, cudgels,

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chariots. It is in this way the New Kingdom army was different than its two preceding kingdoms.

167: 161: 94: 1167: 955: 452:(712–332 BC), when mounted troops and weapons made of iron came into use. After the conquest by 131:

At first, during the Old Kingdom, there was no professional army in Egypt; the governor of each

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people who had made themselves lords of Lower Egypt. It was during this period the horse and

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the main deck, where the slave rowers would sit. The steering oar was operated by one man.

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Archer, Robin (2010). "Chariotry to Cavalry: Developments in the Early First Millennium".

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soldiers began wearing helmets and leather or cloth tunics with metal scale coverings].

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and opened a struggle that claimed his own life in battle. Seqenenre was succeeded by

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finally succeeded in driving them out. This marked the beginning of the New Kingdom.

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Tyldesley, Joyce A. “Egypt's Golden Empire”, Headline Book Publishing, London, 2001.

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Chariotry, the backbone of the Egyptian army, was introduced into ancient Egypt from

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Western, A. C.; McLeod, W. (1995-01-01). "Woods Used in Egyptian Bows and Arrows".

1258: 795: 572: 758: 286: 1195: 962: 921: 147: 39: 1931: 492:(c.1550–1069 BC), the Egyptian military consisted of three major branches: the 481: 240: 1326:

trans. Lorton, David. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York: 1999. p.xvii

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The First Intermediate Period (2181–2055 BC) and Middle Kingdom (2055–1650 BC)

57:. The civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of 2139: 1724: 832: 802: 457: 374: 338:), entered Egyptian armies as mercenaries and formed the best archery units. 267: 263: 244: 232: 220: 173: 151: 1993: 614: 539: 409: 370: 132: 82: 46: 42: 730: 701: 688:

dating to the 19th century BC. was found on the walls of the fortress of

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The Hyksos, Asiatics from the Northeast, set up a fortified capital at

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of the mid-13th dynasty fled his palace, a Canaanite tribe called the

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Egyptian archer on a chariot, from an ancient engraving at Thebes

648: 580: 568: 564: 554: 549:, voluntary. Egyptian soldiers worked for pay, both natives and 535: 428: 420: 401: 366: 292: 259: 224: 136: 62: 643: 206: 668: 664: 660: 405: 362: 335: 271: 251: 236: 216: 155: 140: 1249:

Faulkner, R. O. (1941-01-01). "Egyptian Military Standards".

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and incorporated all of lower Nubia as an Egyptian colony.

50: 983: 981: 979: 575:, (New Kingdom, Dynasties XIX and XX, c.1292-1075 BC) and 247:, where they eventually began to oppose the Hyksos rule. 1050: 725: 274:, who continued to battle the Hyksos before his brother 73:, separated by periods of relative instability known as 1367:

Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Massachusetts: 2005. p.36

976: 1354:

Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Massachusetts: 2005. p.8

65:, and it developed over the next three millennia. Its 2113: 563:

troops were used in the Middle and New Kingdoms, the

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were used beginning in the late Old Kingdom, Asiatic

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John Wiley and Sons Inc., New Jersey: 2007. pp.65-66

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John Wiley and Sons Inc., New Jersey: 2007. pp.63-65

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John Wiley and Sons Inc., New Jersey: 2007. pp.60-63

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in his war chariot charging into battle against the

951: 949: 947: 945: 943: 1686:The Egyptian Army In The Ancient Pharaonic History 1029: 281: 176:commanded military campaigns south as far as the 118: 49:, concentrated along the northern reaches of the 2137: 1436:John Wiley and Sons Inc., New Jersey: 2007. p.65 1239:John Wiley and Sons Inc., New Jersey: 2007. p.60 940: 460:and the main military force became the infantry 320: 77:. Ancient Egypt reached its pinnacle during the 1495:Lewis, Leo Richard; Tenney, Charles R. (2010). 583:, and Greeks were used during the Late Period. 184:, which had gained its independence during the 158:, Egyptian soldiers used this weapon, as well. 89:. Although the Egyptian military forces in the 1497:The Compendium of Weapons, Armor & Castles 1313:Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA: 2005. pp.6-7 1242: 1709: 1544: 1338:"Egypt in the Late Period (ca. 712–332 B.C.)" 207:The Second Intermediate Period (1650–1550 BC) 1494: 1423:Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA: 2005. p.6 1336:Allen, James; Hill, Marsha (October 2004). 1300:Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA: 2005. p.7 1142: 484:, with military hierarchy appearing in the 1716: 1702: 1445:Darnell, John Colemen; Menassa, Colleen. 1432:Darnell, John Colemen; Menassa, Colleen. 1376:Darnell, John Colemen; Menassa, Colleen. 1335: 1283:Darnell, John Colemen; Menassa, Colleen. 1235:Darnell, John Colemen; Menassa, Colleen. 967: 199:, Egyptian armies built a border fort at 27:Overview of the military of ancient Egypt 1723: 1608: 1248: 861:Only after 664 BC are dates secure. See 786: 757: 724: 642: 604: 596: 529: 467: 380: 353:depicted in a triumphant battle against 345: 285: 210: 29: 1193: 848: 739:National Archaeological Museum (France) 14: 2138: 1645: 1404: 1012: 609:Leader riding a chariot holding a bow. 1697: 1389: 1220: 1178: 1102: 905: 678: 659:complicated naval maneuvers, such as 516: 443: 341: 2078: 1027: 601:The pharaoh on a Hittite war chariot 571:, and the "Na'arn" were used in the 534:Wooden figures found in the tomb of 503: 408:and improved bronze casting; in the 400:Other new technologies included the 2098: 1652:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 1547:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 1251:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 1032:The Oxford history of ancient Egypt 24: 1602: 448:The next leap forward came in the 25: 2157: 2146:Military history of ancient Egypt 1826:Ancient Egyptian race controversy 1679: 1225:. London: Osprey. pp. 37–38. 910:. London: Osprey. pp. 27–28. 2123: 2097: 2087: 2077: 2068: 2067: 2056: 2019: 1084:see Egyptian Archaeology 4, 1994 782: 753: 2088: 1648:"The Soldiers of Ancient Egypt" 1611:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 1573: 1538: 1513: 1488: 1452: 1439: 1426: 1413: 1398: 1383: 1370: 1357: 1344: 1329: 1316: 1303: 1290: 1277: 1229: 1214: 1187: 1172: 1161: 1136: 1111: 1096: 1087: 1078: 1069: 1021: 545:Infantry troops were partially 69:occurred in a series of stable 1458: 1006: 914: 899: 890: 881: 855: 695: 282:The New Kingdom (1550–1069 BC) 119:The Old Kingdom (2686–2181 BC) 13: 1: 1394:. London: Osprey. p. 39. 1340:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1197:The Great Armies of Antiquity 1183:. London: Osprey. p. 37. 1107:. London: Osprey. p. 35. 321:Old and Middle Kingdom armies 1646:Tirard, H. M. (1915-01-01). 1459:IV, William Walter Warwick. 1194:Gabriel, Richard A. (2002). 586: 85:conquered Egypt and made it 7: 2011:Egypt–Mesopotamia relations 1831:Population history of Egypt 1499:. Nabu Press. p. 139. 1036:. Oxford University Press. 1017:. Librairie Arthéme Fayard. 826: 525: 34:Ancient Egyptian War Wheels 10: 2162: 1521:"Edged Weapons: The Spear" 1461:"Egyptian Warfare Weapons" 1015:A History of Ancient Egypt 989:"Ancient Egyptian Weapons" 927:World History Encyclopedia 922:"Ancient Egyptian Warfare" 843:Military Industry of Egypt 636: 619:Second Intermediate Period 593:Chariotry in ancient Egypt 590: 165: 113: 2051: 2028: 2017: 1755: 1732: 1324:History of Ancient Egypt. 496:, the chariotry, and the 488:(c.2055–1650 BC). By the 315: 186:First Intermediate Period 18:Military of Ancient Egypt 2063:Ancient Egypt portal 1093:see KMT 1:3 (1990), p. 5 1013:Grimal, Nicolas (1988). 817: 708: 663:'s campaign against the 1419:Spalinger, Anthony J.. 1363:Spalinger, Anthony J.. 1350:Spalinger, Anthony J.. 1309:Spalinger, Anthony J.. 1296:Spalinger, Anthony J.. 632: 553:. Of mercenary troops, 538:: Egyptian army of the 168:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 1476:Cite journal requires 798: 763: 748: 742: 729:Bronze spearhead from 655: 610: 602: 542: 393: 358: 296: 228: 154:was introduced by the 35: 1737:Glossary of artifacts 1447:TutanKhamun's Armies. 1434:TutanKhamun's Armies. 1421:War in Ancient Egypt. 1378:TutanKhamun's Armies. 1365:War in Ancient Egypt. 1352:War in Ancient Egypt. 1311:War in Ancient Egypt. 1298:War in Ancient Egypt. 1285:TutanKhamun's Armies. 1237:Tutankhamun's Armies. 1168:Ancient Egyptian Army 896:Clayton (1994) p. 217 838:Egyptian Armed Forces 790: 761: 744: 728: 722:described at Karnak: 646: 639:Ancient Egyptian navy 608: 600: 533: 468:Military organization 384: 349: 289: 214: 166:Further information: 59:Upper and Lower Egypt 38:Ancient Egypt was an 33: 1390:Healy, Mark (2005). 1221:Healy, Mark (2005). 1179:Healy, Mark (2005). 1103:Healy, Mark (2005). 906:Healy, Mark (2005). 849:Notes and references 456:, Egypt was heavily 75:intermediate periods 1883:Cursive hieroglyphs 887:Dodson (2004) p. 46 863:Egyptian chronology 454:Alexander the Great 1856:Funerary practices 1407:History of Warfare 1028:Shaw, Ian (2000). 961:2007-10-20 at the 799: 764: 743: 679:Projectile weapons 656: 623:projectile weapons 617:at the end of the 611: 603: 543: 517:Military standards 444:Late Period armies 394: 359: 342:New Kingdom armies 297: 229: 36: 2111: 2110: 1866:Great Royal Wives 1836:Prehistoric Egypt 1154:978-1-78491-600-8 956:Egyptology Online 735:2nd millennium BC 671:(c.1555–1550 BC) 667:in the harbor of 504:Soldiers of Egypt 476:(c.2686–2160 BC) 385:Egyptian pharaoh 16:(Redirected from 2153: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2119: 2101: 2100: 2091: 2090: 2081: 2080: 2071: 2070: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2023: 1718: 1711: 1704: 1695: 1694: 1675: 1642: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1592: 1583:. 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