606:, "The Battalion". It was modeled after the Danish army, and divided into four 15-man battalions, each with their own commander. Additionally, there were two youth wings intended for boys from the ages 8-16. The militia would meet once or twice a week for 2-4 hour exercises, where they would practice shooting, swordplay, tactics, and occasionally mock battles. Members were also encouraged to keep themselves in shape and read books from the public library. There was no standardized uniform, however, all members wore a blue hat with a red dot on it. The militia never saw battle, but its presence ensured that foreign fishermen behaved themselves when they made landfall on the islands, as they had been notorious for causing havoc when landing on the island. In 1860 Captain Kohl died, and
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742:(EEZ) extending beyond its territorial waters, before announcing plans to reduce overfishing. It policed its quota system with the Icelandic Coast Guard, leading to a series of net-cutting incidents with British trawlers that fished the areas. As a result, the Royal Navy deployed warships and tugboats to act as a deterrent against any future harassment of British fishing crews by the Icelandic craft, resulting in direct confrontations between Icelandic patrol vessels and British warships, which again included ramming incidents. After a series of talks within
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880:, such as maintaining defense installations, intelligence gathering and military exercises. An initial budget of $ 20 million fell to $ 13 million in 2009 as the Icelandic economy suffered a crisis. On 30 March 2010, the Icelandic government announced it would legislate to disband the Agency and put its services under the command of the Coast Guard or National Police. To save money and to restore the primary role of the Icelandic Coast Guard in defense, the Defence Agency was shut down on January 1, 2011.
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again almost daily rammings between
Icelandic patrol vessels and British trawlers, frigates and tugboats. The dispute eventually ended in 1976 after Iceland threatened to close a major NATO base in retaliation for Britain's deployment of naval vessels within the disputed 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) limit. The British government conceded, and agreed that after 1 December 1976 British trawlers would not fish within the previously disputed area.
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746:, British warships were recalled on 3 October 1973. An agreement was signed on 8 November which limited British fishing activities to certain areas inside the 50 nmi (93 km; 58 mi) limit, resolving the dispute that time. The resolution was based on the premise that British trawlers would limit their annual catch to no more than 130,000 tons. This agreement expired in November 1975, and the third "Cod War" began.
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In 1918 Iceland regained sovereignty as a separate
Kingdom ruled by the Danish king. Iceland established a Coast Guard shortly after, but financial difficulties made establishing a standing army impossible. The government hoped that permanent neutrality would shield the country from invasions. But at
725:
The First Cod War lasted from 1 September until 12 November 1958. It began as soon as a new
Icelandic law that expanded the Icelandic fishery zone from 4 to 12 nautical miles (7.4 to 22.2 km; 4.6 to 13.8 mi), came into force at midnight of 1 September. After a number of rammings and a few
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The Third Cod War lasted from
November 1975 to June 1976. Iceland had declared that the ocean up to 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) from its coast fell under Icelandic authority. The British government did not recognise this large increase to the exclusion zone, and as a result, there were
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At first the chieftains relied primarily on peasant levies but as the war progressed and
Norwegian military influences became more pronounced, their personal retinues expanded and became more professional. At the end most of the chieftains had been slain and only one of the original chieftains who
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mentality that permeated
Icelandic society, which meant that the defeated army could not be slaughtered honourably to a man. As well as the requirements of Christianity to get a pardon from a cleric for each fiend smitten, which resulted in only people of low class taking care of executions. While
567:. However, his pledges were not fully fulfilled and in 1799 the few hundred militia-men in the South West of Iceland were mostly equipped with rusty and mostly obsolete Medieval weaponry, including 16th century halberds. When English raiders arrived in 1808, after sinking or capturing most of the
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in
Icelandic, became a signature weapon of Icelandic farmers. The king remained wary of the Icelanders, and refused to supply them with firearms. As most of the pirates were well armed with such weapons it made defence difficult. However some old guns and cannons still remained and could be used
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Peace barely ensued as the
Norwegian King had little capacity to enforce his will over the Atlantic Ocean, his navy, although the most powerful Atlantic navy at the time was too small to carry big enough invasion force all the way to Iceland. The native Nobles continued to maintain their elite
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Talks about the
American presence were restarted as of 2005, since the U.S. government was keen on deploying its troops and equipment to parts of the world with more pressing need for them. Proposals by the Icelandic government included a complete Icelandic takeover of the Airbase, as well as
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with up to 60 fatalities including executions. These three battles, or skirmishes as they would be called in a
European context add up to 250 fatalities, so these three encounters alone add up to almost 6 of the average killings of 7 per year in the period 1220–1262. Years could pass without
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by hastily building fortifications and damaged one of the raiding ships severely with cannon fire. Some Icelanders were nonetheless angered that he didn't sink the ship despite it being stuck for 24 hours on a reef in front of the fortifications. As a result, Icelanders formed local
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The king rarely asked for expeditionary forces to help defend Norway, although Icelanders in Norway had been obligated to help Norwegian defences since the early 12th century. There are however a few documented occasions of Icelandic expeditionary armies coming to the king's aid.
177:. These armies were divided into units by the quality of the warriors and birth. At the end of this period the number of chieftains had diminished and their power had grown to the detriment of their followers. This resulted in a long series of major feuds known as
714:, "the war for the territorial waters"), were a series of three confrontations from the 1950s to the 1970s between the United Kingdom and Iceland over fishing rights in the North Atlantic. None of the Cod Wars meet any of the common thresholds for a conventional
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On September 26, 2006 the Government of Iceland released a document containing Iceland's response to the withdrawal of American forces. It included plans (a) to create a Security and Defense authority to oversee all security organisations in Iceland, including
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attacks than before, although in some places, such as the aforementioned Westfjords, Icelanders managed to massacre foreign pirates. Icelandic officials complained about the raids in letters to the king and as a result many
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As the church became more powerful its bishops and priests became more militant: at the peak of their power the two bishops could command armies consisting of over 6% of Iceland's total population. The Bishops' own
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and bitter conflict ensued. Although the bloodshed didn't come close to that in the Civil War fought in the 13th century, it was still considerable as the bishops fielded armies of thousands, and even fought at
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and Icelandic patrol boats, Britain and Iceland came to a settlement, which stipulated that any future disagreement between Iceland and Britain in the matter of fishery zones would be sent to the International
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he was later defeated by Daði's army and captured with his sons. Jón Arason and his sons were then transported to Skálholt and beheaded there in 1550. A year later a Danish mercenary force mostly consisting of
232:, other larger merchant ships and ferries. Although neither side expected to do battle at sea, the battle was fought in a fairly standard way for the time, the ships being bound together, starting with
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patrols the coasts of Iceland, but mostly to prevent illegal trading rather than piracy. Some Icelandic sheriffs, however, manage to continue to maintain considerable retinues, especially in the
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The Second Cod War between the United Kingdom and Iceland lasted from September 1972 until the signing of a temporary agreement in November 1973. In 1972, Iceland unilaterally declared an
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Prins, Brandon C.; Sprecher, Christopher (1999-05-01). "Institutional Constraints, Political Opposition, And Interstate Dispute Escalation: Evidence from Parliamentary Systems, 1946–89".
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In the period from the settlement of Iceland, in the 870s, until it became part of the realm of the Norwegian King, military defences of Iceland consisted of multiple chieftains (
594:(nicknamed Captain Kohl), went to the Danish authorities to request the formation of an armed civilian militia in Vestmannaeyjar. The main reasons were lingering fears from the
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on May 10, 1940. The next step in the drive towards militarisation was to have been the training of the 300 strong reserve forces, but the invasion effectively stopped it.
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started the war remained. It had nonetheless become evident that no one chieftain was powerful enough to vanquish all the others and ensure peace. This led the Icelandic
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Hellmann, Gunther; Herborth, Benjamin (2008-07-01). "Fishing in the mild West: democratic peace and militarised interstate disputes in the transatlantic community".
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468:, are sent to carry out these orders over the following years. After that starts a period where Royal Danish forces are responsible for the defence of Iceland. The
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took over command. The Militia went on a steady decline, until in 1869 when Pétur Bjarnasen died without appointing a successor, and the militia ceased to exist.
346:, responsible for law enforcement and overall command of military defences. Icelandic noblemen became wary of the Bishops' powers in the late 15th century and
735:. The First Cod War saw a total of 37 Royal Navy ships and 7,000 sailors protecting the fishing fleet from six Icelandic gunboats and their 100 coast guards.
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to buy guns, and a further 200 rixdollars the following year. After the second delivery in 1857, the militia was officially established, and became known as
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would be withdrawn by the end of September 2006. The last American troops left on September 30, handing control of the Keflavík base over to the
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The battle consisted of little less than 1000 men with the average casualty rate of 15%. This low casualty rate has been attributed to the blood-
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350:. During the 15th century, when English traders and fishermen started to come to Iceland, it became a common practice among chieftains to buy
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Ireland, Michael J.; Gartner, Scott Sigmund (2001-10-01). "Time to Fight: Government Type and Conflict Initiation in Parliamentary Systems".
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was the rent-free provision of the "agreed areas"—sites for military facilities. By far the largest and most important of these was the NATO
790:, and they stage practice operations. Many of these practices were anti-submarine warfare patrols, but these exercises were halted when the
41:
876:) was founded in 2008 under the Minister for Foreign Affairs. The Agency was to consolidate functions previously served by NATO forces at
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and aircraft; (c) to create a Security or Secret service; and (d) to establish a secure communications system spanning the whole country.
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had been trained in the Danish Air Force and he moved swiftly to train his officers. Weapons and uniforms were acquired and near
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as a cornerstone to bilateral foreign/security policy. The presence of the troops was negotiated under a treaty known as the
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they practiced rifle shooting and military tactics. Agnar barely managed to train his 60 officers before the United Kingdom
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who murdered and kidnapped a large number of people. In some places Danish troops fled from the raiders, but the Captain (
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Many have campaigned for an Icelandic standing army since the late 19th century, including Iceland's Independence hero
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arrived to support the policy of conversion. Although no open warfare continued, the Danish king was still wary of an
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252:(better farmers or farmer leaders) of the South, North and Western Iceland to submit to the Norwegian crown and the
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operations were important parts of warfare in Iceland in this time, especially in the Westfjords, while large
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and ordered the destruction of all Icelandic arms and armor. Further mercenary armies, consisting of
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to Lutheranism. In the 1540s it was Iceland's turn: a Lutheran bishop was elected as the bishop of
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of Keflavík airport, who was to be in charge of it on behalf of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs.
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replacing the Pavehawk rescue helicopter unit with a detachment from the aeronautical half of the
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executions after battle were uncommon, they were extensive when they happened. See, for instance
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voiced his party's willingness to raise a standing army, in agreement with views expressed by
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In 1627 Icelanders were shocked at the inability of the Danish forces to protect them against
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for defence against foreign ships and for internal conflicts. Other firearms, such as the
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had completely escaped the ravages of war, mostly because of its geographical barriers of
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963:"From Iceland — Ask A Historian: Has Iceland Ever Been Involved In Any Wars Or Conflicts"
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personnel. Units from these and other NATO countries also are deployed temporarily to
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could expect to become priests after their military service. The two bishops became
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for the defence duties that had been delegated to them by law. All inhabitants of a
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and Coast Guard; (b) to increase the capabilities of the Coast Guard by purchasing
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The Ally who came in from the cold: a survey of Icelandic Foreign Policy 1946–1956
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in Iceland was so low that it prohibited all efforts of the governor of Iceland,
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were not common. The largest of these was an engagement of a few dozen ships in
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This is a brief overview of historical warfare and recent developments in
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Iceland and the United States regarded the U.S. military presence since
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in the early 16th century he had campaigned to convert his realms from
386:). A signature weapon of Icelandic farmers since the late 16th century.
646:) and its reserves into a military unit. Chief Commissioner of Police
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with about 80 fatalities on one side and unknown on the other and the
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Agnar Kofoed Hansen training his officers in the art of war in 1940
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The lack of weaponry among Icelanders made them more vulnerable to
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in 1262. Two years later in 1264 the Lords of Eastern Iceland, the
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all over the fleet, ships being exchanged by each side many times.
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Steinsson, Sverrir (2016-03-22). "The Cod Wars: a re-analysis".
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1376:"Iceland Defence Agency to close doors? - IceNews - Daily News"
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In a bid to isolate Skálholt, Iceland's last Catholic bishop,
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in the 13th century. During and before the war more than 21
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were obligated to follow them in battle against invaders.
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http://forsaetisraduneyti.is/media/frettir/Nyverkefni.pdf
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On March 15, 2006 the U.S. government announced that the
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16th century Icelandic man-at-arms. Picture is to depict
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1401:""NATO flies with partners over Iceland for first time""
816:, in exchange for the continued stationing of the four
441:, attempted to cut its lines of communication to the
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48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
706:, also called the Icelandic Cod Wars (Icelandic:
124:. Iceland has never participated in a full-scale
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869:Minister of Justice and Ecclesiastical affairs.
718:, and they may more accurately be described as
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144:An illustration of Hákon, King of Norway, and
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449:. Although initially successful in capturing
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883:Iceland Air Meet 2014 hosted NATO and other
526:with the king's blessing in places such as
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1201:"History of the Cod Wars (BBC Programme)"
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1012:Jón Sigurðsson, "Um verzlun á Ísland",
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410:Since the king of Denmark had embraced
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1228:(in Icelandic). Lhg.is. Archived from
938:List of countries without armed forces
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228:as well as boats and the other large
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988:Hernaðarsaga Ísland : 1170–1581
366:in Iceland, became popular as well.
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46:adding citations to reliable sources
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758:Iceland's main contribution to the
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1116:The Journal of Conflict Resolution
990:, Pjaxi. Reykjavík. 2006. pp.14–17
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1304:"Dagbókin | Björn Bjarnason"
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1226:"Útfærsla efnahagslögsögunnar"
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943:List of wars involving Iceland
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733:Court of Justice in the Hague
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262:, submitted as well, but the
224:. One side employing smaller
57:"Military history of Iceland"
1466:Ministry for Foreign Affairs
159:) and their free followers (
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1800:Military history of Iceland
1203:. Youtube.com. 2010-12-05.
1171:10.1177/0022343399036003002
1128:10.1177/0022002701045005001
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197:with about 110 fatalities,
136:Settlement and commonwealth
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1503:Military history of Europe
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878:Naval Air Station Keflavik
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820:interceptors in Keflavík.
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559:In the decades before the
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1448:Icelandic National Police
1159:Journal of Peace Research
1085:10.1017/S0260210508008139
874:Varnarmálastofnun Íslands
470:Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy
445:by invading the lands of
726:shots fired between the
586:In 1855, the sheriff in
497:. The halberd, known as
240:hurling and ending in a
236:and rock throwing, then
967:The Reykjavik Grapevine
859:Magnús Þór Hafsteinsson
740:exclusive economic zone
668:Iceland in World War II
592:Andreas August von Kohl
534:18th and 19th centuries
130:constitution of Iceland
1549:Bosnia and Herzegovina
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903:Battle of Sauðafell
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986:Birgir Loftsson,
908:Battle of Víðines
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416:Catholicism
412:Lutheranism
400:Groenlandia
370:Lutheranism
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973:2020-10-17
950:References
839:See also:
728:Royal Navy
652:Laugarvatn
600:rixdollars
474:Westfjords
443:Westfjords
435:Jón Arason
356:hand gonne
314:sýslumaður
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183:fortresses
68:newspapers
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452:Sauðafell
348:protested
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98:June 2008
1794:Category
1764:Abkhazia
1714:Slovenia
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1689:Portugal
1554:Bulgaria
1405:nato.int
1205:Archived
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1054:S2CID
818:F-15C
784:Dutch
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495:edict
439:Hólar
242:melee
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157:Goðar
89:JSTOR
75:books
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1387:2018
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1175:ISSN
1089:ISSN
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