Islamism - Knowledge

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ideology could exploit". Their "rural, illiterate" parents were too settled in tradition to be interested in Islamism and their children "more likely to call into question the utopian dreams of the 1970s generation", but they embraced revolutionary political Islam. Olivier Roy also asserts "it is not by chance that the Iranian Revolution took place the very year the proportion of city-dweller in Iran passed the 50% mark". and offers statistics in support for other countries (in 1990 Algeria, housing was so crowded that there was an average of eight inhabitants to a room, and 80% of youth aged 16 to 29 still lived with their parents). "The old clan or ethnic solidarities, the clout of the elders, and family control are fading little by little in the face of changes in the social structure ..." This theory implies that a decline in illiteracy and rural emigration will mean a decline in Islamism.

6899:"Islamic Order." Today it is one of the recognized alternatives to "fundamentalist", along with "political Islam" in particular. Current terminology usually distinguishes between "Islam," and "Islamism", referring to the ideology of those who tend to signal openly, in politics, their Muslim religion. the term has often acquired a quasi-criminal connotation close to that of political extremism, religious sectarianism, or bigotry. In Western mainstream media, "Islamists" are those who want to establish, preferably through violent means, an "Islamic state" or impose sharīʿah (Islamic religious law)—goals that are often perceived merely as a series of violations of human rights or the rights of women. In the Muslim world, insiders use the term as a positive reference. In the academic sphere, although it is still debated, the term designates a more complex phenomenon. 4572: 4258:" was one where the leading Islamic jurist would enforce sharia law—law which "has absolute authority over all individuals and the Islamic government". The jurist would not be elected, and no legislature would be needed since divine law called for rule by jurist and "there is not a single topic in human life for which Islam has not provided instruction and established a norm". Without this system, injustice, corruption, waste, exploitation and sin would reign, and Islam would decay. This plan was disclosed to his students and the religious community but not widely publicized. The constitution of the Islamic Republic written after the revolution did include a legislature and president, but supervising the entire government was a " 5565: 2218: 4446:

an acceptable basis for legitimacy and authority; an immediately intelligible formulation of principles for both a critique of the present and a program for the future." One American anthropologist in Iran in the early 1970s (before the revolution), when comparing a "stable village with a new urban slum", discovered that where "the villagers took religion with a grain of salt and even ridiculed visiting preachers", the slum dwellers—all recently dispossessed peasants – "used religion as a substitute for their lost communities, oriented social life around the mosque, and accepted with zeal the teachings of the local mullah".

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universal access to electricity and clean water, but critics of the regime complain of promises made and not kept: the "sons of the revolution's leaders and the business class that decides to work within the rules of the regime ... flaunt their wealth, driving luxury sportscars around Tehran, posting Instagram pictures of their ski trips and beach trips around the world, all while the poor and the middle class are struggling to survive or maintain the appearance of a dignified life" (according to Shadi Mokhtari). One commitment made (to his followers if not the Iranian public) that has been kept is

5146: 2933: 1806:, involving "support for identity, authenticity, broader regionalism, revivalism, revitalization of the community." Islamists themselves prefer terms such as "Islamic movement", or "Islamic activism" to "Islamism", objecting to the insinuation that Islamism is anything other than Islam renewed and revived. In public and academic contexts, the term "Islamism" has been criticized as having been given connotations of violence, extremism, and violations of human rights, by the Western mass media, leading to Islamophobia and stereotyping. 5672:, Mustafa Akyol, Nader Hashemi) detected a decline in the vigor and popularity of Islamism. Islamism had been an idealized/utopian concept to compare with the grim reality of the status quo, but in more than four decades it had failed to establish a "concrete and viable blueprint for society" despite repeated efforts (Olivier Roy); and instead had left a less than inspiring track record of its impact on the world (Nader Hashemi). Consequently, in addition to the trend towards moderation by Islamist or formerly Islamist parties (such as 2514: 5499: 5159:. His was arguably the first, largest and most influential modern Islamic political/religious organization. Under the motto "the Qur'an is our constitution", it sought Islamic revival through preaching and also by providing basic community services including schools, mosques, and workshops. Like Maududi, Al Banna believed in the necessity of government rule based on Shariah law implemented gradually and by persuasion, and of eliminating all Western imperialist influence in the Muslim world. 4033:), were triumphant in victory, away from the moderating influence of home and family, among the radicalized influence of other militants. Wanting to capitalize on financial, logistical and military network that had been developed they sought to continue waging jihad elsewhere. Their new targets, however, included the United States—funder of the mujahideen but "perceived as the greatest enemy of the faith"; and governments of majority-Muslims countries—perceived of as apostates from Islam. 4052: 4394:, "are well known for providing shelters, educational assistance, free or low cost medical clinics, housing assistance to students from out of town, student advisory groups, facilitation of inexpensive mass marriage ceremonies to avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands, legal assistance, sports facilities, and women's groups." All this compares very favourably against incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments whose commitment to social justice is limited to rhetoric. 14231: 4680:—released Islamists from prison and welcomed home exiles in tacit exchange for political support in his struggle against leftists. His "encouraging of the emergence of the Islamist movement" was said to have been "imitated by many other Muslim leaders in the years that followed." This "gentlemen's agreement" between Sadat and Islamists broke down in 1975 but not before Islamists came to completely dominate university student unions. Sadat was later assassinated and a 18854: 11955: 3286: 1919:), an Islamist refers to any person who attributes himself to Islam without affirming nor negating that attribution. If used consistently, it is for impartiality, but if used in reference to a certain person or group in particular without others, it implies that the author is either unsure whether to affirm or negate their attribution to Islam, or trying to insinuate his disapproval of the attribution without controversy. In contrast, referring to a person as a 926: 17057: 2393: 4834: 4221:

misguided, but "agents" of the Western governments, helping to "plunder" Muslim lands as part of a long-term conspiracy against Islam. Only the rule of an Islamic jurist, administering Sharia law, stood between this abomination and justice, and could not wait for peaceful, gradual transition. It is the duty of Muslims to "destroy" "all traces" of any other sort of government other than true Islamic governance because these are "systems of

14245: 5334: 18842: 17046: 5970:" ... the revolutionary Shiite movement, it is the only one to have taken power by way of a true Islamic revolution; it has therefore become identified with the Iranian state, which used it as an instrument in its strategy for gaining regional power, even though the multiplicity of Shiite groups reflects local particularities (in Lebanon, Afghanistan, or Iraq) as much as it does the factional struggles of Tehran." 3873: 3297: 1579: 915: 5622:

prestige among these groups by repressing those domestic Islamists who attacked it (bin Laden being a prime example), and increasing aid to Islamic groups (Islamist madrassas around the world and even aiding some violent Islamist groups) that did not, but its pre-war influence on behalf of moderation was greatly reduced. One result of this was a campaign of attacks on government officials and tourists in

988: 2647:". Where other peoples may look to the physical or social sciences for answers in areas which their ancestors regarded as best left to scripture, in the Muslim world, religion has become more encompassing, not less, as "in the last few decades, it has been the fundamentalists who have increasingly represented the cutting edge" of Muslim culture. 4287:(see History section below), and having the financial resources of a major petroleum exporter. Iran's influence has spread into a cultural-geographic area of "Irano-Arab Shiism", establishing Iranian regional power, supporting "Shia militias and parties beyond its borders", intertwining assistance to fellow Shi'a with "Iranization" of them. 2636:, political movements based on the liberal ideology of free expression and democratic rule have led the opposition in other parts of the world such as Latin America, Eastern Europe and many parts of Asia; however "the simple fact is that political Islam currently reigns as the most powerful ideological force across the Muslim world today". 7108: 11949: 5712:

hardline Ayatollah Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah Yazdi has complained, "Iranians are evading religious teachings and turning to secularism." Even Islamist terrorism was in decline and tended "to be local" rather than pan-Islamic. As of 2021, Al-Qaeda consisted of "a bunch of militias" with no effective central command (Fareed Zakaria).

7046: 12573:"Hezbollah Shia group is coy about revealing the sums it has received from Iran. ... Reports have spoken of figures ranging from 10 to 15 million dollars per month, but it is possible that Hezbollah has received larger sums. It is only in recent years (after 1989) that Iran has decreased its aid." from: Jaber, Hala, 2779:, such that "neither can now survive without the other." While Islamist political culture itself may not be democratic, Islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy. At the same time, their popularity is such that no government can call itself democratic that excludes mainstream Islamist groups. 5708:

all six countries) from when the same question was asked in 2012–14. Mosque attendance also declined more than 10 points on average, and the share of those Arabs describing themselves as "not religious" went from 8% in 2013 to 13% in 2018–19. In Syria, Sham al-Ali reports "Rising apostasy among Syrian youths".

4341:, seeking to purify Islam in Iran by killing off 'corrupting individuals', i.e. certain leading intellectual and political figures (including both a former and current prime minister). After the group was crushed by the government, surviving members reportedly chose Ayatollah Khomeini as a new spiritual leader. 5621:

These attacks resonated with conservative Muslims and the problem did not go away with Saddam's defeat either, since American troops remained stationed in the kingdom, and a de facto cooperation with the Palestinian-Israeli peace process developed. Saudi Arabia attempted to compensate for its loss of

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Enthusiasm for the Iranian revolution in the Muslim world could be intense; and there were many reasons for optimism among Islamists outside Iran. Khomeini was implementing Islamic law. He was interested in Pan-Islamic (and pan-Islamist) unity and made efforts to "bridge the gap" between Shiites and

3470:, the rulers of Saudi Arabia, and so have almost all Wahhabi since, (small numbers have become Salafi Jihadist or other dissidents). Obedience to a ruler precluding any political activism (short of an advisor whispering advice to the ruler), there are few Wahhabi Islamists, at least in Saudi Arabia. 5707:

in six Arab countries – Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia, Jordan, Iraq and Libya – found "Arabs are losing faith in religious parties and leaders." In 2018–19, in all six countries, fewer than 20% of those asked whether they trusted Islamist parties answered in the affirmative. That percentage had fallen (in

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The collapse of the Soviet Union itself, in 1991, was seen by many Islamists, including Bin Laden, as the defeat of a superpower at the hands of Islam. Concerning the $ 6 billion in aid given by the US and Pakistan's military training and intelligence support to the mujahideen, bin Laden wrote:

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peacefully but also using "physical power and jihad". Force was necessary because "those who have usurped the authority of God" would not give up their power through friendly persuasion. Like Khomeini, whom he influenced he believed the West was engaged in a vicious centuries long war against Islam.

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Maududi's political ideas influenced Sayyid Qutb. Like Maududi, he believed Sharia was crucial to Islam, so the restoration of its full enforcement was vital to the world. Since Sharia had not been fully enforced for centuries, Islam had "been extinct for a few centuries". Qutb preached that Muslims

4515:, etc. While this effort has by no means converted all, or even most Muslims to the Wahhabist interpretation of Islam, it has done much to overwhelm more moderate local interpretations, and has set the Saudi-interpretation of Islam as the "gold standard" of religion in minds of some or many Muslims. 4488:

to high-level scholarships received Saudi funding, "books, scholarships, fellowships, and mosques" (for example, "more than 1500 mosques were built and paid for with money obtained from public Saudi funds over the last 50 years"), along with training in the Kingdom for the preachers and teachers who

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According to one theory – "inclusion-moderation"—the interdependence of political outcome with strategy means that the more moderate the Islamists become, the more likely they are to be politically included (or unsuppressed); and the more accommodating the government is, the less "extreme" Islamists

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Islamism is not a united movement and takes different forms and spans a wide range of strategies and tactics towards the powers in place—"destruction, opposition, collaboration, indifference"—not because (or not just because) of differences of opinions, but because it varies as circumstances change.

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ways of the urban elite, but uprooted from the comforts and more passive traditions of the villages they came from, is understandably favourably disposed to an Islamic system promising a better world—an ideology providing an "emotionally familiar basis for group identity, solidarity, and exclusion;

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Some Western political scientists see the unchanging socio-economic condition in the Muslim world as a major factor. Olivier Roy believes "the socioeconomic realities that sustained the Islamist wave are still here and are not going to change: poverty, uprootedness, crises in values and identities,

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The term "Islamism/Islamist" has come into increasing use in recent years to denote the views of those Muslims who claim that Islam, or more specifically, the Islamic sharīʿah, provides guidance for all areas of human life, individual and social, and who therefore call for an "Islamic State" or an

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In the words of pro-Islamic Republic book by Jon Armajani: "Iran's government has attempted to align itself with Shia Muslims in various countries, such as Iraq and Lebanon, ... has attempted to religiously nourish and politically mobilize those Shias as a matter of principle, not only because of

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Writing in 2020, Mustafa Akyol argues there has been a strong reaction by many Muslims against political Islam, including a weakening of religious faith—the very thing Islamism was intended to strengthen. He suggests this backlash against Islamism among Muslim youth has come from all the "terrible

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This campaign did not survive his death however. As previously submissive Shia (usually minorities) became more assertive, Sunnis saw mostly "Shia mischief" and a challenge to Sunni dominance. "What followed was a Sunni-versus-Shia contest for dominance, and it grew intense." Animosity between the

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era, many Muslim-majority states such as Indonesia, Egypt, Syria, and Iraq, were ruled by authoritarian regimes which were often continuously dominated by the same individuals or their cadres for decades. Simultaneously, the military played a significant part in the government decisions in many of

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For almost a thousand years, from the first Moorish landing in Spain to the second Turkish siege of Vienna, Europe was under constant threat from Islam. In the early centuries it was a double threat—not only of invasion and conquest, but also of conversion and assimilation. All but the easternmost

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a political ideology which seeks to enforce Islamic precepts and norms as generally applicable rules for people's conduct; and whose adherents seek a state based on Islamic values and laws (sharia) and rejecting Western guiding principles, such as freedom of opinion, freedom of the press, artistic

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The campaign to overthrow the shah led by Khomeini had had a strong class flavor (Khomeini preached that the shah was widening the gap between rich and poor; condemning the working class to a life of poverty, misery, and drudgery, etc.); and the "pro-rural and pro-poor" approach has led to almost

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Islamist Shi'ism has been crucial to the development of worldwide Islamism, because the Iranian regime attempted to export its revolution. Although, the Islamist ideology was originally imported from Muslim Brotherhood, Iranian relations between the Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Republic of Iran

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Writing in 2009, German journalist Sonja Zekri described Islamists in Egypt and other Muslim countries as "extremely influential. ... They determine how one dresses, what one eats. In these areas, they are incredibly successful. ... Even if the Islamists never come to power, they have transformed

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In its original formulation, Islamism described an ideology seeking to revive Islam to its past assertiveness and glory, purifying it of foreign elements, reasserting its role into "social and political as well as personal life"; and in particular "reordering government and society in accordance

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Islamism is one of many sociopolitical concepts continuously contested in scholarly literature. It is a neologism debated in both Muslim and non-Muslim public and academic contexts. The term "Islamism" at the very least represents a form of social and political activism, grounded in an idea that

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Instead of prompting a backlash against the movement that inspired the attackers, however, Saudi Arabia, already very conservative, responded by shoring up its fundamentalist credentials with even more Islamic restrictions. Crackdowns followed on everything from shopkeepers who did not close for

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The authoritarian regimes, backed by military support, took extra measures to silence leftist opposition forces, often with the help of foreign powers. Silencing of leftist opposition deprived the masses a channel to express their economic grievances and frustration toward the lack of democratic

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where the (Muslim) Persian Gulf oil-producing states' dramatic decision to cut back on production and quadruple the price of oil, made the terms oil, Arabs and Islam synonymous with power throughout the world, and especially in the Muslim world's public imagination. Many Muslims believe as Saudi

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Syrian war has been a turning point in the relations between the Iranian regime and the Muslim Brotherhood organisation, excluding its branches in Turkey and Hamas. Some of the Muslim Brothers have shown support to Syrian opposition groups against the dictatorship of the Syrian President Bashar

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writes that the "failure of the 'Arab socialist' model ... left room for new protest ideologies to emerge in deconstructed societies ..." Gilles Kepel notes that when a collapse in oil prices led to widespread violent and destructive rioting by the urban poor in Algeria in 1988, what might have

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By the end of World War I, most Muslim states were seen to be dominated by the Christian-leaning Western states. Explanations offered were: that the claims of Islam were false and the Christian or post-Christian West had finally come up with another system that was superior; or Islam had failed

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Writing in 2021, Nader Hashemi notes that in Iraq, Sudan, Tunisia, Egypt, Gaza, Jordan and other places were Islamist parties have come to power or campaigned to, "one general theme stands. The popular prestige of political Islam has been tarnished by its experience with state power." In Iran,

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By the beginning of the twenty first century, "the word secular, a label proudly worn" in the 1960s and 70s was "shunned" and "used to besmirch" political foes in Egypt and the rest of the Muslim world. Islamists surpassed the small secular opposition parties in terms of "doggedness, courage,"

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in Lebanon, the moral boost provided to Shia forces in Iraq, the regional cold war against Saudi Arabia and Israel, lending an Islamic flavour to the anti-imperialist, anti-American sentiment in the Middle East, and inadvertently widening the Sunni-Shia cleavage". The Islamic Republic has also

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also notes that Islamist uprisings in Iran and Algeria, though a decade apart, coincided with the large numbers of youth who were "the first generation taught en masse to read and write and had been separated from their own rural, illiterate progenitors by a cultural gulf that radical Islamist

4367:, an ayatollah and contemporary of Khomeini, was more leftist, more tolerant and more sympathetic to democracy, but less influential, though he still had a substantial following. Was deposed from revolutionary leadership after warning of a "return to despotism" by the revolutionary leadership. 4282:

Twelver Shia Muslim live mainly in a half dozen or so countries scattered around the Middle East and South Asia. The Islamic Republic of Iran has become "the de facto leader" of the Shi'i world by virtue of being the largest Shia-majority state, having a long history of national cohesion and

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In the Middle East and Pakistan, religious discourse dominates societies, the airwaves, and thinking about the world. Radical mosques have proliferated throughout Egypt. Book stores are dominated by works with religious themes ... The demand for sharia, the belief that their governments are

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Khomeini was a "radical" Islamist, like Qutb and unlike Maudidi. He believed that foreigners, Jews and their agents were conspiring "to keep us backward, to keep us in our present miserable state". Those who call themselves Muslims but were secular and Westernizing, were not just corrupt or

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unfaithful to Islam and that Islam is the answer to all problems, and the certainty that the West has declared war on Islam; these are the themes that dominate public discussion. Islamists may not control parliaments or government palaces, but they have occupied the popular imagination.

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When the Soviet Union abandoned the Marxist Najibullah regime and withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989 (the regime finally fell in 1992), the victory was seen by many Muslims as the triumph of Islamic faith over superior military power and technology that could be duplicated elsewhere.

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education under supervision of Deobandi seminary at the Fatihpuri mosque in Delhi. Trained as a lawyer he worked as a journalist, and gained a wide audience with his books (translated into many languages) which placed Islam in a modern context. His writings had a profound impact on

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As such, Salafi Jihadism envisions the Islamist goals akin to that of Salafism instead of the traditional Islamism exemplified by the mid-20th century Muslim Brotherhood, which is considered by Salafi Jihadis as excessively moderate and lacking in literal interpretations of the

9678: 5101:), that can be regarded as his first contribution to Islamism. Maududi believed that Muslim society could not be Islamic without Sharia (influencing Qutb and Khomeini), and the establishment of an Islamic state to enforce it. The state would be based on the principles of: 2574:

By the late 1960s, non-Soviet Muslim-majority countries had won their independence and they tended to fall into one of the two cold-war blocs – with "Nasser's Egypt, Baathist Syria and Iraq, Muammar el-Qaddafi's Libya, Algeria under Ahmed Ben Bella and Houari Boumedienne,

4425:(caused by the gap in time between the lowering of death rates from medical advances and the lowering of fertility rates), leads to population growth beyond the ability of housing, employment, public transit, sewer and water to provide. Combined with economic stagnation, 2452:

provinces of the Islamic realm had been taken from Christian rulers, and the vast majority of the first Muslims west of Iran and Arabia were converts from Christianity ... Their loss was sorely felt and it heightened the fear that a similar fate was in store for Europe.

4233:. Islamic revolution to install "the form of government willed by Islam" will not end with one Islamic state in Iran. Once this government comes "into being, none of the governments now existing in the world" will "be able to resist it;" they will "all capitulate". 4793:

by non-Muslim European colonial powers, despite the empire's spending massive sums on Western civilian and military technology to try to modernize and compete with the encroaching European powers. In the process the Ottomans went deep into debt to these powers.

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gained momentum, governments such as Egypt's, which had previously repressed (and was still continuing to repress) Islamists, joined the bandwagon. They banned alcohol and flooded the airwaves with religious programming, giving the movement even more exposure.

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Even after Sunni-Shia hostility escalated, Iranian leaders often "went directly for the kind of things that make them very unpopular in the West and very popular on the Arab streets. So Iranian President Ahmadinejad started to attack Israel and question the

3375:. While all salafi believe Islam covers every aspect of life, that sharia law must be implemented completely and that the Caliphate must be recreated to rule the Muslim world, they differ in strategies and priorities, which generally fall into three groups: 11192:

Massington, L., Radtke, B. Chittick, W.C., Jong, F. de., Lewisohn, L., Zarcone, Th., Ernst, C, Aubin, Françoise and J.O. Hunwick, "Taṣawwuf", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P.

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Qatar has also backed Islamist factions in Libya, Syria and Yemen. In Libya, Qatar supported Islamists with tens of millions of dollars in aid, military training and "more than 20,000 tons of weapons", both before and after the 2011 fall of Muammar Gaddafi.

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two sects in Iran and its neighbors is systemic as of 2014, with thousands killed from sectarian fighting in Iraq and Pakistan. Also tarnishing the revolution's image have been "purges, executions, and atrocities", and periodic and increasingly widespread

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is sometimes described as a variety of Islamism and sometimes as a different school of Islam, such as a "phase between fundamentalism and Islamism". Originally a reformist movement of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abdul, and Rashid Rida, that rejected

2579:, and Sukarno's Indonesia" aligned with Moscow. Aware of the close attachment of the population with Islam, "school books of the 1960s in these countries "went out of their way to impress upon children that socialism was simply Islam properly understood." 5460:

Saudi Arabia was seized by an armed fundamentalist group and held for over a week. Scores were killed, including many pilgrim bystanders in a gross violation of one of the most holy sites in Islam (and one where arms and violence are strictly forbidden).

4109:(1994–1996). Within these conflicts, political Islam often acted as a mobilizing factor for the local belligerents, who demanded financial, logistical and military support from al-Qaeda, in the exchange for active proliferation of the ideology. After the 2117:

Hayri Abaza argues that the failure to distinguish Islam from Islamism leads many in the West to equate the two; they think that by supporting illiberal Islamic (Islamist) regimes, they are being respectful of Islam, to the detriment of those who seek to

5939:); or from attempts by Khomeini to counter the attraction of socialism/Marxism to the young with an Islamic version of radical populist, class struggle rhetoric and imagery. Early radical government policies were later abandoned by the Islamic Republic. 5481:

and international Zionism", despite the fact that the object of the fundamentalists' revolt was the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, America's major ally in the region. Anti-American demonstrations followed in the Philippines, Turkey, Bangladesh, India, the

12489: 4507:. In its harshest form it preached that Muslims should not only "always oppose" infidels "in every way," but "hate them for their religion ... for Allah's sake," that democracy "is responsible for all the horrible wars of the 20th century," that 2068:

a movement of "Muslims who draw upon the belief, symbols, and language of Islam to inspire, shape, and animate political activity;" which may contain moderate, tolerant, peaceful activists or those who "preach intolerance and espouse violence",

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public and political life should be guided by a set of Islamic principles. In other words, Islamists are those who believe that Islam has an important role to play in organizing a Muslim-majority society and who seek to implement this belief.

2133:", whereas Islamism "is a political/religious phenomenon linked to the great events of the 20th century". Islamists have, at least at times, defined themselves as "Islamiyyoun/Islamists" to differentiate themselves from "Muslimun/Muslims". 4077:

and early Muslim practice and included in Wahhabi teaching; and the concepts of "near enemy" (governments of majority-Muslims countries) and "far enemy" (United States and other Western countries). (The term "near enemy" was coined by

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The jihadists gained legitimacy and prestige from their triumph both within the militant community and among ordinary Muslims, as well as the confidence to carry their jihad to other countries where they believed Muslims required

5374:. The revolution was an "indisputable sea change"; Islamism had been a topic of limited impact and interest before 1979, but after the revolution, "nobody within the Muslim world or outside it" remained unaware of militant Islam. 1645:

within the context of the state or society. The majority of them are affiliated with Islamic institutions or social mobilization movements, often designated as "al-harakat al-Islamiyyah." Islamists emphasize the implementation of

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implies an explicit affirmation or a negation of that person's attribution to Islam. To evade the problem resulting from the confusion between the Western and Arabic usage of the term Islamist, Arab journalists invented the term

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was assassinated in retaliation three months later. The Brotherhood has suffered periodic repression in Egypt and has been banned several times, in 1948 and several years later following confrontations with Egyptian president

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In "Western popular discourse generally uses 'Islamism' when discussing the negative or 'that-which-is-bad' in Muslim communities. The signifier, 'Islam,' on the other hand, is reserved for the positive or neutral." (David

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Khomeini and his followers helped translate the works of Maududi and Qutb into Persian and were influenced by them, but their views differed from them and other Sunni Islamists in being "more leftist and more clerical":

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Though the much smaller Qatar could not provide the same level of funding as Saudi Arabia, it was also a petroleum exporter and also sponsored Islamist groups. Qatar backed the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt even after the

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The memory in Muslim societies of the many centuries of "cultural and institutional success" of Islamic civilization that have created an "intense resistance to an alternative 'civilizational order'", such as Western

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encourages political participation—opposing government loans with interest or normalization of relations with Israel, etc. As of 2013, this school makes up the majority of Salafism. Salafist political parties in the

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French academics have put the term into academic circulation as 'jihadist-Salafism.' The qualifier of Salafism—an historical reference to the precursor of these movements—will inevitably be stripped away in popular

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Rashīd Riḍā presented these core ideas of Traditionalist Salafism, especially the purported interest in ḥadīth of the early generations of Muslims, as a remedy for correcting Islamic practice and belief during his

4651:, officially founded in 1987, traces its origins back to institutions and clerics which were supported by Israel in the 1970s and 1980s. Israel tolerated and supported Islamist movements in Gaza, with figures like 2178:

The connection between the lack of an Islamic spirit and the lack of victory was underscored by the disastrous defeat of Arab nationalist-led armies fighting Israel under the slogan "Land, Sea and Air" in the 1967

4991:-majority population crowding out Muslim heritage, culture and political influence. In 1930, Iqbal outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in northwestern India which inspired the 5778:, called for a new agency focused on the nonviolent practice of "political warfare" aimed at undermining the ideology. U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates called for establishing something similar to the defunct 1905:) was already being used in traditional Arabic scholarship in a theological sense as in relating to the religion of Islam, not a political ideology. In heresiographical, theological and historical works, such as 12390: 9616: 4162:(the second largest branch of Islam that makes up approximately 10% of all Muslims.). Islamist Shi'ism, also known as Shi'i Islamism, is primarily but not exclusively associated with the thought of Ayatollah 2833:

in the 90s. These attempts were crushed and in the 21st century, Islamists turned increasingly to non-violent methods, and "moderate Islamists" now make up the majority of the contemporary Islamist movements.

11376: 2114:/non-political Islam, not Islamism, that requires explanation, which the author gives—calling it an historical fluke of the "short-lived era of the heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970". 8892: 5522:) against an anti-religious superpower, galvanized thousands of Muslims around the world to send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith. Leading this pan-Islamic effort was Palestinian 12481: 5961:

forming majorities in the countries of Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, Azerbaijan, and substantial minorities in Afghanistan, India, Kuwait, Lebanon, Pakistan, Qatar, Syria, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.

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was an important early twentieth-century figure in the Islamic revival in India, and then after independence from Britain, in Pakistan. Maududi was an Islamist ideologue and Hanafi Sunni scholar active in

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Islamist movements. ... the majority of studies concern various forms of Sunni Islamism, whereas the "Other Islamists" – different kinds of Shia Islamist groups – have received far less attention ... ."

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In other Muslim countries, blame for and wrath against the seizure was directed not against fundamentalists, but against Islamic fundamentalism's foremost geopolitical enemy—the United States. Ayatollah

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Arguing distinctions between "radical/moderate" or "violent/peaceful" Islamism were "simplistic", circa 2017, scholar Morten Valbjørn put forth these "much more sophisticated typologies" of Islamism:

3995:. Al-Zawahiri helped to pass on stories of "the purity of Qutb's character" and persecution he suffered, and played an extensive role in the normalization of offensive Jihad among followers of Qutb. 2274:

legally by the Turkish National Assembly, marking the end of Ottoman influence. This shocked the Sunni clerical world, and many felt the need to present Islam not as a traditional religion but as an

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programmes conducted by the State Department. There have been calls to create an independent agency in the U.S. with a specific mission of undermining Jihadism. Christian Whiton, an official in the

4632:

During the 1970s and sometimes later, this aid sometimes went to fledgling Islamists and Islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous enemies. The US spent billions of dollars to aid the

8795: 2485:

For Islamists, the primary threat of the West is cultural rather than political or economic. Cultural dependency robs one of faith and identity and thus destroys Islam and the Islamic community (

14206: 7461: 2616:. In Indonesia, some secular political parties have contributed to the enactment of religious bylaws to counter the popularity of Islamist oppositions. In Egypt, during the short period of the 8321:

Strindberg, Anders & Mats Wärn (2005). "Realities of Resistance: Hizballah, the Palestinian rejectionists, and al-Qa'ida compared". Journal of Palestine Studies, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 23–41.

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was formed in Egypt in the 1990s. The French government has also been reported to have promoted Islamist preachers "in the hope of channeling Muslim energies into zones of piety and charity."

2899:. Critics of the concept – which include both Islamists who reject democracy and anti-Islamists – hold that Islamist aspirations are fundamentally incompatible with the democratic principles. 2195:

Prince Saud al Faisal did that the hundreds of billions of dollars in wealth obtained from the Persian Gulf's huge oil deposits were nothing less than a gift from God to the Islamic faithful.

4933:(community of Muslim believers) would be restored, and the heretical influences of Sufism would be cleansed from Islam. This doctrine would become the blueprint of future Islamist movements. 1987:

the more recent movement against imperialism/colonialism, morphed into a more simple anti-Westernism; formerly embraced by leftists and nationalists but whose supporters have turned to Islam.

12977: 12596: 4719:, a Syrian Islamic jurist during the 13th and 14th centuries argued against the practices such as the celebration of Muhammad's birthday, and seeking assistance at the grave of the Prophet. 13670: 12368: 10084: 5618:

dictator of neighboring Iraq, attacked Kuwait (his enemy in the war), western troops came to protect the Saudi monarchy. Islamists accused the Saudi regime of being a puppet of the west.

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was particularly unique in the world because it completely swept the old regime away, created a new regime with a new constitution, new institutions and a new concept of governance (the

12148: 11011: 7257: 3960:

during the 50s and 60s). Qutbism argued that not only was sharia essential for Islam, but that since it was not in force, Islam did not really exist in the Muslim world, which was in

10710: 4193:

worthy of emulation), reformist Islamism (the Islamic Republic executed more than 3,400 political dissidents between June 1981 and March 1982 in the process of consolidating power).

12847: 11057: 1911: 8596: 5182:. In Egypt, despite periodic repression—for many years it was described as "semi-legal"—it was the only opposition group in Egypt able to field candidates during elections. In the 8087: 7984: 4361:, a Shi'i Islamic scholar in Iraq who critiqued Marxism, socialism and capitalism and helped lead Shi'i opposition to Saddam Hussein's Baath regime before being executed by them. 6885: 4713:(~1564–1624) was largely responsible for the purification, reassertion and revival of conservative orthodox Sunni Islam in India during Islam's second millennium. 2643:

in general in the Muslim world. Compared to other societies around the globe, "hat is striking about the Islamic world is that ... it seems to have been the least penetrated by

12821:

In all, perhaps 35,000 Muslim fighters went to Afghanistan between 1982 and 1992, while untold thousands more attended frontier schools teeming with former and future fighters.

12319: 8084:

writes that "all religions have radicals, but in contemporary Islam the radicals have become the mainstream, and the moderates are pushed to the sides of the debate." (source:

6709: 3964:(the state of pre-Islamic ignorance). To remedy this situation he urged a two-pronged attack of 1) preaching to convert, and 2) jihad to forcibly eliminate the "structures" of 12090: 8330:

Volpi, Frédéric & Ewan Stein (2015). "Islamism and the state after the Arab uprisings: Between people power and state power". Democratization, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 276–293.

4029:

and the United States, but after Soviet forces left Afghanistan, this funding and interest by America and Saudi ceased. The international volunteers, (originally organized by

2014:

a broad set of political ideologies that use and draw inspiration from Islamic symbols and traditions in pursuit of a sociopolitical objective—also called "political Islam" (

1795:) for combining grassroots Islamization with armed revolution. The term has been applied to non-state reform movements, political parties, militias and revolutionary groups. 12661: 11835: 3224: 2175:

through not being true to itself. The second explanation being preferred by Muslims, a redoubling of faith and devotion by the faithful was called for to reverse this tide.

410: 149: 13132: 5127:. Maududi believed that Islam was all-encompassing: "Everything in the universe is 'Muslim' for it obeys God by submission to His laws." "The man who denies God is called 9986: 9963: 9554: 5434:. But Rather than strengthening Islam and eliminating secular values and practices, the "regime has ruined the Iranian people's belief in religion" ("anonymous expert"). 4492:

The funding was also used to reward journalists and academics who followed the Saudis' strict interpretation of Islam; and satellite campuses were built around Egypt for

4036:

Salafist-jihadist ideology combined the literal and traditional interpretations of scripture of Salafists, with the promotion and fighting of jihad against military and

2879:(PKS) of Indonesia. Others, such as the National Congress of Sudan, have implemented the sharia with support from wealthy, conservative states (primarily Saudi Arabia). 2695:" working with in Pakistan's Democratic political process, but has also gained political influence through military coup d'états in the past. Other Islamist groups like 12398: 8557: 6740: 9606: 9584: 7258:"You are here: Home Press Center Press Releases CAIR Condemns Series of Terror Attacks in France, Tunisia and Kuwait CAIR Welcomes AP Stylebook Revision of 'Islamist'" 5684:) mentioned above, there has been a social/religious and sometimes political backlash against Islamist rule in countries like Turkey, Iran, and Sudan (Mustafa Akyol). 1667:), Islamist movements have "arguably altered the Middle East more than any trend since the modern states gained independence", redefining "politics and even borders". 9108: 8971: 8940: 8629: 6986: 4625:

and senior U.S. foreign policy officials, agreed on a policy of using the communists' lack of religion against them: "We should do everything possible to stress the '

2474:, forever exacerbated by the fact that their innovations progress at a faster pace than we can absorb them. ... The best tool to reverse the inferiority complex to a 13721: 11860:

Maududi on social justice: "a man who owns a car can drive it; and those who do not own one should walk; and those who are crippled cannot walk but can hop along." (

11028:

Annie Jacobsen, "Surprise, Kill, Vanish: The Secret History of CIA Paramilitary Armies, Operators, and Assassins", (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2019), p. 88

7761: 16806: 8911: 6197: 1853:(1891). By the turn of the twentieth century the shorter and purely Arabic term "Islam" had begun to displace it, and by 1938, when Orientalist scholars completed 16688: 10916: 10208: 5742:

Islamism, or elements of Islamism, have been criticized on numerous grounds, including repression of free expression and individual rights, rigidity, hypocrisy,

3976:

not only from the Islamic homeland but from the face of the Earth. In addition, vigilance against Western and Jewish conspiracies against Islam would-be needed.

1864:

seems to have virtually disappeared from English usage. The term remained "practically absent from the vocabulary" of scholars, writers or journalists until the

11715:

Mawdudi trained with two Deobandi ulama at the Fatihpuri mosque's seminary in Delhi and received his certificates to teach religious sciences (ijazahs) in 1926.

2825:

and the Ennahda were excluded from democratic political participation. At least in part for that reason, Islamists attempted to overthrow the government in the

16056: 12549: 4809:(1865–1935). Abduh's student Rida is widely regarded as one of the "ideological forefathers" of contemporary Islamist movement, and along with early Salafiyya 9306: 4472: 10956: 8737: 6058: 4310:, but has also been described as "distinct" from Sunni Muslim Brotherhood Islamism, "more leftist and more clerical", with its own historical influencers: 10763: 7541: 11596: 9142: 7792: 5668:

By 2020, approximately 40 years after the Islamic overthrow of the Shah of Iran and the seizure of the Grand Mosque by extremists, a number of observers (

3979:

Although Qutb was executed before he could fully spell out his ideology, his ideas were disseminated and expanded on by the later generations, among them

18142: 16673: 9027: 4477:

Starting in the mid-1970s the Islamic resurgence was funded by an abundance of money from Saudi Arabian oil exports. The tens of billions of dollars in "

3849: 3614: 3474: 3219: 405: 144: 11987: 11923: 11888: 8803: 14170: 13163: 14116: 8294:

Robinson, Glenn E. (2007). "The battle for Iraq: Islamic insurgencies in comparative perspective". Third World Quarterly, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 261–273.

8199: 7469: 13938: 10889: 9385: 6784: 5614:. Prior to 1990 Saudi Arabia played an important role in restraining the many Islamist groups that received its aid. But when Saddam, secularist and 4225:". "Troublesome" groups that cause "corruption in Muslim society," and damage "Islam and the Islamic state" are to be eliminated just as the Prophet 4201:

more leftist in the propaganda campaign leading up to the revolution, emphasizing exploitation of the poor by the rich and of Muslims by imperialism;

3138: 3100: 2861:

Among the varying goals, strategies, and outcomes of "moderate Islamist movements" are a formal abandonment of their original vision of implementing

2148:

are secularized substitutes for Christianity." Rather, it is "a constellation of political projects that seek to position Islam in the centre of any

2137:

describes Islamism as a modern ideology that owes more to European utopian political ideologies and "isms" than to the traditional Islamic religion.

11124: 6460:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 270–271, 276–278, 280, 283–285, 295, 310–311. 5305:

marked a significant moment in the Arab world. The loss, coupled with economic stagnation in these countries, was attributed by some to the secular

16772: 15369: 15187: 13293: 13102: 12969: 10842: 9348: 7405: 6175: 517: 484: 13241: 12588: 12343: 9520: 4347:, a non-cleric "socialist Shi'i" who absorbed Marxist ideas in France and had considerable influence on young Iranians through his preaching that 17576: 15385: 12117: 8994: 8140: 3404: 529: 13642: 12360: 11687: 10980: 10080: 8465: 6915: 3473:

Wahhabism and Salafism more or less merged by the 1960s in Saudi Arabia, and together they benefited from $ 100s of billions in state-sponsored

2076:"All who seek to Islamize their environment, whether in relation to their lives in society, their family circumstances, or the workplace ...", ( 17093: 10714: 4862:

Syrian-Egyptian Islamic cleric Muhammad Rashid Rida was one of the earliest 20th-century Sunni scholars to articulate the modern concept of an

4155:

Although most of the research and reporting about Islamism or political Islam has been focused on Sunni Islamist movements, Islamism exists in

821: 13792: 12627: 12140: 11015: 8339:

Lynch, Marc (2010). "Islam Divided Between 'Salafi-jihad' and the 'Ikhwan'". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 467–487.

7265: 5309:

of the ruling regimes. This period saw a decline in the popularity and credibility of secular, socialist, and nationalist ideologies, such as

4250:). A historical event, it changed militant Islam from a topic of limited impact and interest to a topic that few either inside or outside the 17901: 15545: 15131: 13590: 12191: 9198: 5378:

Sunnis, declaring "it permissible for Shiites to pray behind Sunni imams", and forbidding Shiites from "criticizing the Caliphs who preceded

3820: 469: 10728: 15175: 3733: 2763:

underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 20th century" when the Muslim Brotherhood movement and its focus on Islamisation of

2609:, civil society-based Islamist movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood were the only organizations capable to provide avenues of protest. 554: 479: 14153: 12855: 11067: 9266: 8094: 4441:, each with well over 12 million citizens, millions of them young and unemployed or underemployed. Such a demographic, alienated from the 16703: 13596:

The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world. With Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui

13452: 10267: 8588: 5183: 5057:. Maududi was born to a clerical family and got his early education at home. At the age of eleven, he was admitted to a public school in 4857: 2317: 505: 11816: 8369: 7138: 5409:

Among the "most important by-products of the Iranian revolution" (according to Mehrzad Boroujerdi as of 2014) include "the emergence of

1984:

movements to revive the faith, weakened by "foreign influence, political opportunism, moral laxity, and the forgetting of sacred texts";

18220: 15458: 10160: 10057: 7976: 5932: 5465:

prayer and newspapers that published pictures of women, to the selling of dolls, teddy bears (images of animate objects are considered

4698:

Olivier Roy dates the beginning of the Islamism movement "more or less in 1940", and its development proceeding "over half a century".

3972:

Muslim governments would not be enough. "Truth and falsehood cannot coexist on this earth", so offensive Jihad was needed to eliminate

3901: 3429:, see below), and sees secular institutions as an enemy of Islam, advocating revolution to pave the way for the establishment of a new 1968: 954: 6866: 5123:, but sought gradual change in the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process or 16777: 16693: 12515: 12315: 11090: 6705: 5688:

things" that have happened in the Arab world in the twenty first century "in the name of Islam"—such as the "sectarian civil wars in

4382:

the decay of the educational systems, the North-South opposition, and the problem of immigrant integration into the host societies".

3117: 2022: 811: 12218:

Mura, Andrea (2014). "The Inclusive Dynamics of Islamic Universalism: From the Vantage Point of Sayyid Qutb's Critical Philosophy".

10334:

Mackey, Sandra, The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation by Sandra Mackey, New York : Dutton, c1996, p.150-55

6657:. Translated by Lotan, Yaer. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, United States: University of California Press. pp. 147–148. 5270:

movement, is considered by some (Fawaz A. Gerges) to be "the founding father and leading theoretician" of modern jihadists, such as

16794: 15158: 7495: 6349: 4571: 2054:

an Islamic "movement that seeks cultural differentiation from the West and reconnection with the pre-colonial symbolic universe", (

474: 12653: 12068: 8919:

Salafism has been termed a hybridation between the teachings of Ibn Abdul-Wahhab and others which have taken place since the 1960s

5448:

The strength of the Islamist movement was manifest in an event which might have seemed sure to turn Muslim public opinion against

18148: 16757: 16678: 14587: 14171:""They Were Going Together with the Ikhwan": The Influence of Muslim Brotherhood Thinkers on Shi'i Islamists during the Cold War" 13124: 10789: 10113: 8866: 6801: 5627: 5350: 5210:, after mass protests against what were perceived as undemocratic moves by him. Today, the Muslim Brotherhood is designated as a 4929:

providing true Islamic governance, Islamic civilization would be revitalised, the political and legal independence of the Muslim

4576: 4171: 3832: 1362: 816: 12094: 7428: 16698: 15646: 14592: 13271: 9994: 9945: 9546: 5677: 5317:, and Arab nationalism. In contrast, various Islamist movements, both democratic and anti-democratic, inspired by figures like 2937: 2888: 2034:

a movement so broad and flexible it reaches out to "everything to everyone" in Islam, making it "unsustainable" (Tarek Osman);

14919: 13397: 18266: 16708: 16665: 15047: 13817: 13360: 12778: 11479: 11454: 11429: 8565: 7165: 6732: 6662: 6623: 6473: 5515: 4481:" largesse obtained from the recently heightened price of oil funded an estimated "90% of the expenses of the entire faith." 4118: 1249: 13374: 9576: 8963: 8620: 5606:, which brought several hundred thousand US and allied non-Muslim military personnel to Saudi Arabian soil to put an end to 5526: 2061:"the active assertion and promotion of beliefs, prescriptions, laws or policies that are held to be Islamic in character," ( 18879: 17785: 13586:

Valentine, Simon Ross, Force and Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond, (2015), London/New York, Hurst & Co.

9121: 8932: 6971: 3266: 2396: 2243: 1641:. The advocates of Islamism, also known as "al-Islamiyyun", are dedicated to realizing their ideological interpretation of 5486:, Pakistan, and Kuwait. The US Embassy in Libya was burned by protesters chanting pro-Khomeini slogans and the embassy in 1817:

currents became heavily involved in democratic politics, while others spawned "the most aggressive and ambitious Islamist

17940: 17569: 10314: 7753: 6610:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 280, 284–285, 295. 5697: 5354: 5211: 3837: 3658: 2617: 2541: 2425:

The proximity of the core of the Muslim world to Europe and Christendom where it first conquered and then was conquered.

1837:

was simply used to mean the religion of Islam, not an ideology or movement. It first appeared in the English language as

17421: 6193: 17086: 14361: 14277: 13604: 13552: 13484: 12178: 11845: 9488: 9004: 7438: 7323: 7238: 6313: 5431: 4245: 4213: 4110: 3773: 3050: 2231: 1846: 18610: 14973: 10202: 8227:"Religious and Pro-Violence Populism in Indonesia: The Rise and Fall of a Far-Right Islamist Civilisationist Movement" 5477:

sparked attacks on American embassies when he announced: "It is not beyond guessing that this is the work of criminal

4706:

Some Islamic revivalist movements and leaders which pre-date Islamism but share some characteristics with it include:

18235: 16560: 16514: 16174: 16168: 15613: 15463: 15377: 15211: 14537: 14529: 14110: 13730: 13701: 13664: 13438: 12879: 10154: 9957: 8842: 8779: 8508: 6879: 6576: 6537: 6512: 5999:

Khomeini never presided over or visited Shi'i shrines, (it is thought because he believed that Islam should be about

5805: 5801: 5187: 4594:, particularly during the 1950s, during the 1960s, and during most of the 1970s, the U.S. and other countries in the 4355:), and his killer, the Sunni Umayyad Caliphate, the "analog" of the modern Iranian people's "oppression by the shah". 4326: 4097:

The ideology saw its rise during the 90s when the Muslim world experienced numerous geopolitical crisis, notably the

3239: 2679:

Moderate and reformist Islamists who accept and work within the democratic process include parties like the Tunisian

2580: 2470:

are the perpetual teachers; we, the perpetual students. Generation after generation, this asymmetry has generated an

2235: 2077: 1427: 661: 454: 17: 11533: 5564: 5533:" was marginal, an estimated 16,000 to 35,000 Muslim volunteers came from around the world to fight in Afghanistan. 18280: 17650: 17613: 16431: 16287: 15822: 15718: 15417: 15325: 14079: 11202:

Qamar-ul Huda (2003), Striving for Divine Union: Spiritual Exercises for Suhraward Sufis, RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 1–4.

10381: 8422: 7730: 7366: 3768: 3380: 3325: 3132: 2913: 2707:

participate in the democratic and political process as well as armed attacks by their powerful paramilitary wings.

2099:, but others believe that Islamism is a modern deviation from Islam which should either be denounced or dismissed. 1027: 13909: 13864: 13028: 12091:"Free Republic. The day before, and after – It's been 25 years since the Islamist genie first went on the rampage" 9298: 8490:. JURNAL STUDI PEMERINTAHAN (JOURNAL OF GOVERNMENT & POLITICS). Vol. 8 No. 1, February 2017. p. 53, 56–57, 62. 4125:(2003), Salafi Jihadism lost its momentum, being devastated by the US counterterrorism operations, culminating in 2651:

their countries." Political Islamists were described as "competing in the democratic public square in places like

18889: 17765: 16915: 16731: 15519: 15221: 14597: 14026: 10948: 6948: 6050: 5585: 4633: 3763: 3758: 2633: 1609: 12905: 12696: 10573:

Goodell, 'The Elementary Structures of Political Life' (PhD dissertation, Columbia University, 1977); quoted in

7782:

B. Metcalf, "Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900", p. 50-60, Princeton University Press (1982).

7533: 5207: 5155:

Roughly contemporaneous with Maududi was the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailiyah, Egypt in 1928 by

4531: 4133:(2011–present), the remnants of al-Qaeda franchise in Iraq restored their capacity, rapidly developing into the 2125:

Another source distinguishes Islamist from Islamic by emphasizing the fact that Islam "refers to a religion and

2003:"political movement that favors reordering government and society in accordance with laws prescribed by Islam" ( 18708: 17828: 17562: 16980: 16538: 16436: 15560: 14582: 14485: 14335: 14147: 12042: 11607: 11273: 9455: 9023: 7796: 7517:

Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report

5131:(concealer) because he conceals by his disbelief what is inherent in his nature and embalmed in his own soul." 3894: 3827: 3663: 2517: 1554: 947: 11661: 7077: 6838: 2775:(starting in 2011), Roy has described Islamism as "increasingly interdependent" with democracy in much of the 18884: 17079: 16348: 16107: 15842: 12482:"The vicious schism between Sunni and Shia has been poisoning Islam for 1,400 years – and it's getting worse" 11978: 11914: 11879: 11555: 9647: 5775: 5681: 4677: 4598:

occasionally attempted to take advantage of the rise of Islamic religiousity by directing it against secular

4558: 4204:

more clerical in the new post-revolutionary state, where clerics were in control of the levers of power (the

3112: 2620:, Muslim Brotherhood seized the momentum by being the most cohesive political movement among the opposition. 2584:

appeared to be a natural opening for the left, was instead the beginning of major victories for the Islamist

2171:

The modern revival of Islamic devotion and the attraction to things Islamic can be traced to several events.

1298: 671: 13155: 5359:

The first modern "Islamist state" (with the possible exception of Zia's Pakistan) was established among the

4414:, a country of five million, exceeded those of the entire Arab world of 260 million, excluding oil revenue. 2140:

According to Salman Sayyid, "Islamism is not a replacement of Islam akin to the way it could be argued that

711: 18769: 18137: 17960: 17946: 17503: 17102: 16900: 16877: 16497: 16353: 16343: 16249: 15960: 15608: 14996: 14096: 10873: 8729: 6639: 6592: 6553: 6489: 5548: 5415: 3753: 3478: 1330: 13926: 9371: 5743: 18798: 18688: 18420: 18308: 18072: 18051: 17478: 17002: 16867: 16683: 16451: 16244: 15679: 15197: 14770: 14517: 14512: 11569: 11120: 9344: 5848: 5693: 5337: 3957: 3815: 3673: 3668: 1377: 1204: 156: 13297: 13094: 10850: 8348:

Gerges, Fawaz (2005). The Far Enemy : why jihad went global, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Shi'i Islamism in Iran has been influenced by the Sunni Islamists and their organizations, particularly

3152: 18832: 18464: 18204: 18161: 17752: 17645: 16762: 16645: 16162: 15639: 15581: 15550: 14981: 14567: 13233: 12415:, The Institute for the Compilation and Publication of the works of the Imam Khomeini, (no date), p.253 12340: 9512: 8200:"Bringing the 'Other Islamists' back in: Sunni and Shia Islamism(s) in a sectarianized new Middle East" 7624:

from interview by Robin Wright of UK Foreign Secretary (at the time) Lord Carrington in November 1981,

7465: 6127:

Burgat, François, "The Islamic Movement in North Africa", U of Texas Press, 1997, pp. 39–41, 67–71, 309

5656:

Opinion polls in a variety of Islamic countries showed that significant majorities opposed groups like

5635: 4722: 4644:) returned home with their prestige, "experience, ideology, and weapons", and had considerable impact. 4079: 3728: 3457: 3025: 2995: 2771:

movement with its emphasis on "sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions". Following the

2545: 2339: 2271: 2217: 2103: 2090: 2062: 1417: 781: 449: 273: 99: 35: 12125: 11447:

Modern Islamic Political Thought: The Response of the Shi'i and SunnI Muslims to the Twentieth Century

8544:

Pathways of Islamist adaptation: the Egyptian Muslim Brothers' lessons for inclusion moderation theory

8148: 5206:'s party, was the first democratically elected president of Egypt. However, he was deposed during the 5119:(caliphate). Maududi was uninterested in violent revolution or populist policies such as those of the 2463:

felt its own anger and resentment at the much more recent technological superiority of westerners who,

2015: 18615: 17875: 16842: 16543: 16372: 16068: 15848: 15811: 15062: 14408: 13693: 11683: 8457: 5623: 5163: 3887: 3783: 3646: 3122: 1512: 1224: 940: 895: 238: 18545: 2226:

magazine, the most popular 20th century Islamic journal that called for the restoration of Caliphate

18793: 18775: 18764: 18027: 17935: 17907: 16997: 16726: 16550: 16323: 15861: 15438: 15052: 14612: 14572: 13748: 13648: 13347:. Perspectives on Development in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region. London: Springer. 12619: 5936: 5795: 5673: 5382:" (revered by Sunnis but not Shia). The Islamic Republic also downplayed Shia rituals (such as the 5081: 4773: 4535: 4484:

Throughout the Muslim world, religious institutions for people both young and old, from children's

4126: 3086: 2990: 2876: 2688: 2532:, specifically the religiously oriented nationalism that emerged in the Third World in the 1970s: " 2359: 2325:

and proposes gradualist measures of education, reformation and purification through the efforts of

2110:, ignoring the fact that (according to the writer) Islam is by definition political. In fact it is 1993: 1769: 1444: 1244: 17716: 12195: 9202: 7187: 6919: 4853: 2883:

become. A prototype of harmonizing Islamist principles within the modern state framework was the "

2321:". In this highly influential treatise, Rida advocates for the restoration of Caliphate guided by 18759: 17981: 17366: 16860: 15734: 14695: 14607: 14602: 14562: 14492: 10732: 6863: 5779: 5669: 5581: 5045: 5018: 3127: 2753: 2585: 2294: 1906: 1039: 858: 15888: 14720: 12816: 6223:

Sayyid Qutb and Islamic Activism: A Translation and Critical Analysis of Social Justice in Islam

4637: 2892: 598: 18436: 18401: 18166: 17721: 17523: 17225: 17012: 16941: 16910: 16850: 15832: 15827: 15745: 15136: 14850: 14775: 14632: 14542: 14480: 14298: 14270: 14133: 12770: 9671:"Onderzoekers lanceren online database over de grootste massamoord uit de Iraanse geschiedenis" 9238: 8834: 6032: 5911: 5833: 5818: 5387: 5363:

of Iran. In a major shock to the rest of the world, Muslim and non-Muslim, a revolution led by

4422: 4358: 4325:, a cleric of the Qajar dynasty court and the leader of the anti-constitutionalists during the 4259: 4205: 4087: 3586: 3539: 3169: 3107: 2965: 2716: 2521: 2387: 2259: 2106:

maintains that "the conception of 'political Islam'" is a creation of Americans to explain the

1856: 1493: 1259: 726: 162: 10263: 10231: 8771: 8312:

Yavuz, M. Hakan (2003). Islamic Political Identity in Turkey, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

4499:

The interpretation of Islam promoted by this funding was the strict, conservative Saudi-based

4182: 2496:

Whatever unity religious Muslims and the capitalist west felt in the face of a common atheist

2311: 2222: 18803: 18319: 18273: 18032: 17974: 17770: 17741: 17414: 17160: 16958: 16936: 15755: 15632: 15576: 15453: 15239: 14705: 14502: 13656: 11820: 9376: 8829:

Inside the Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia

7228: 7130: 6169: 5737: 5511: 5371: 4549:

Hamas, in Palestine, has received considerable financial support as well as diplomatic help.

4122: 4014: 3723: 3683: 3204: 2606: 2589: 2588:(FIS) party. The reason being the corruption and economic malfunction of the policies of the 1664: 1488: 1313: 1097: 1052: 799: 638: 439: 10136: 8358: 5274:. He was executed for allegedly participating in a presidential assassination plot in 1966. 4013:

and thousands of other militant Muslims came from around the Muslim world to help fight the

2748:

movement) and the revolutionary "vanguard of change and Islamic reform" centered around the

2043:

a loud trumpet-call announcing "a return to the pure religion" to those seeking an identity;

18510: 18380: 17967: 17701: 17660: 17585: 17371: 17177: 17150: 16625: 16532: 16477: 15478: 15448: 15254: 15249: 15011: 14765: 14637: 10021: 9116: 5611: 5503: 5478: 5443: 5403: 5231: 4814: 4754: 4622: 4426: 4337: 4307: 4254:

were unaware of. As he originally described it in lectures to his students, the system of "

4141:

and the globe. Salafi Jihadism makes up a minority of the contemporary Islamist movements.

4114: 3980: 3703: 3318: 2598: 2401: 2286: 2095:

Islamists simply believe that their movement is either a corrected version or a revival of

1974:"the ideology that guides society as a whole and that law must be in conformity with the 1762: 1687: 1638: 716: 510: 104: 14750: 14044:"Third Wave Shi'ism: Sayyid Arif Husain al-Husaini and the Islamic Revolution in Pakistan" 13991:"The Role of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr in Shi'i Political Activism in Iraq from 1958 to 1980" 12511: 8700:

Islamist Radicalisation in Europe and the Middle East: Reassessing the Causes of Terrorism

5602:

Another factor in the early 1990s that worked to radicalize the Islamist movement was the

618: 8: 18726: 18668: 18407: 18215: 18110: 18066: 17930: 17920: 17896: 17891: 17780: 17726: 17711: 17686: 17483: 17220: 17165: 16855: 16736: 16630: 16446: 15943: 15740: 15524: 15409: 14959: 14845: 14366: 13956:"A Direct Flight to Revolution: Maududi, Divine Sovereignty, and the 1979-Moment in Iran" 7687:"Debating the Caliphate: Islam and Nation in the Work of Rashid Rida and Abul Kalam Azad" 6615: 6465: 6115:

Soage, Ana Belén. "Introduction to Political Islam." Religion Compass 3.5 (2009): 887–96.

5828: 5721: 5003: 4693: 4652: 4493: 4407: 4271: 4150: 3854: 3040: 2553: 2475: 2471: 2363: 2343: 2335: 2281:

The reaction to new realities of the modern world gave birth to Islamist ideologues like

1663:

with laws prescribed by Islam" (i.e. Sharia). According to at least one observer (author

1602: 1498: 1132: 1032: 883: 853: 84: 9987:"The historical relationship between the Iranian theocracy and Muslim Brothers in Egypt" 8005:

The Unbreakable Muslim Brotherhood: Grim Prospects for a Liberal Egypt. by Eric Trager,

6341: 4776:, around 1867, led to the establishment of thousands of conservative Islamic schools or 18788: 18716: 18683: 18640: 18635: 18342: 18182: 18156: 18056: 18037: 18003: 17989: 17795: 17746: 17731: 17706: 17538: 17170: 17145: 17135: 17130: 17118: 17017: 16931: 16782: 16718: 16526: 16502: 16179: 16157: 16117: 16007: 15920: 15871: 15837: 15728: 15468: 15443: 15401: 15300: 15274: 14932: 14700: 14507: 14356: 14198: 14071: 14063: 14018: 14010: 13977: 13901: 13856: 13784: 13776: 13427: 13366: 13020: 12809: 12763: 12064: 12034: 11653: 10373: 10365: 10259: 10049: 9258: 9082: 8859: 8827: 8555: 7722: 7714: 7487: 7358: 6633: 6586: 6547: 6483: 6305: 6157: 5949: 5915: 5344: 5267: 5203: 5172: 5162:

Some elements of the Brotherhood did engage in violence, assassinating Egypt's premier

5145: 5140: 5120: 5088: 4867: 4681: 4599: 4524: 4391: 4299: 4284: 4255: 4174:

that he founded, and the religious-political activities and resources of the republic.

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synthesis and Islamist ideals greatly influenced his disciples like Hasan al-Banna, an

1679: 1522: 1479: 1449: 1432: 1407: 1352: 1308: 1020: 828: 804: 666: 444: 429: 339: 192: 18043: 17925: 11866:

Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: the Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid Qutb

10872:

Dagher, Sam; Tripoli, Charles Levinson in; Doha, Margaret Coker in (17 October 2011).

10812: 10785: 10109: 8076:

Referring to the success of radical transnational Islamism and specifically the party

6812: 5927:

The radicalism had come from attempts to integrate socialism/Marxism into Islamism—by

5514:, attempting to suppress an Islamic rebellion against an allied Marxist regime in the 2055: 1944:) in reference to the political movement, though this term is sometimes criticized as 18874: 18673: 18620: 18565: 18503: 18474: 18415: 18361: 18298: 18288: 18245: 18230: 18115: 18095: 18085: 17954: 17915: 17696: 17678: 17665: 17250: 17140: 17113: 16992: 16987: 16892: 16882: 16872: 16555: 16441: 16393: 16236: 16147: 15908: 15898: 15893: 15883: 15878: 15711: 15555: 15393: 15310: 15305: 15284: 15279: 15006: 14825: 14785: 14760: 14735: 14725: 14668: 14442: 14376: 14263: 14202: 14190: 14143: 14106: 14075: 14022: 13981: 13848: 13813: 13788: 13768: 13726: 13707: 13697: 13660: 13614:

Teti, Andrea; Mura, Andrea (2009). "Sunni Islam and politics". In Jeff Haynes (ed.).

13600: 13594: 13548: 13541: 13480: 13434: 13370: 13356: 13016: 12874: 12774: 12174: 12038: 11841: 11657: 11549: 11475: 11450: 11425: 11269: 10881: 10377: 10251: 10150: 10053: 10041: 9953: 9484: 9262: 9086: 9062: 9000: 8907: 8838: 8796:"Wahhabism: Understanding the Roots and Role Models of Islamic Fanaticism and Terror" 8775: 8766:

The Islamist: Why I joined Radical Islam in Britain, what I saw inside and why I left

8764: 8248: 7726: 7706: 7434: 7234: 6875: 6658: 6619: 6572: 6533: 6508: 6469: 6297: 6258: 6161: 6004: 5948:

Official histories and propaganda celebrated clerics (and never secular figures like

5573: 5367: 5251: 5066: 5062: 4992: 4965: 4961: 4948: 4566: 4562: 4512: 4364: 4163: 4106: 4090:(EIJ) in 1981.) The "far enemy" was introduced and formally declared under attack by 4022: 3984: 3925: 3921: 3561: 3453: 3035: 2932: 2816: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2351: 2247: 2212: 2070: 1803: 1691: 1563: 1527: 1474: 1387: 1347: 1209: 888: 838: 766: 731: 706: 686: 603: 564: 540: 299: 251: 212: 202: 178: 94: 56: 13263: 11098: 7666:

Olidort, Jacob (2015). "A New Curriculum: Rashīd Riḍā and Traditionalist Salafism".

6309: 5394:), translated and championed the works of the Muslim Brotherhood jihadist theorist, 2309:

in the modern age. During 1922–1923, Rida published a series of articles in seminal

1960:"the belief that Islam should guide social and political as well as personal life" ( 18810: 18731: 18721: 18605: 18600: 18479: 18396: 18293: 18255: 18019: 17886: 17821: 17790: 17760: 17637: 17607: 17446: 17436: 17409: 17378: 17272: 17235: 17022: 17007: 16767: 16472: 16194: 16132: 16122: 16112: 16097: 15903: 15806: 15778: 15666: 15509: 15216: 14937: 14830: 14642: 14391: 14386: 14371: 14182: 14055: 14002: 13967: 13893: 13840: 13760: 13652: 13497: 13391: 13348: 13066: 13012: 12026: 11645: 11513: 11508: 11496: 10357: 10247: 10243: 10142: 10033: 9250: 9074: 8238: 7698: 6611: 6461: 6441: 6436: 6424: 6392: 6387: 6375: 6289: 6248: 6237:"The Totalitarianism of Jihadist Islamism and its Challenge to Europe and to Islam" 6149: 6096: 5838: 5771: 5689: 5306: 5034: 4676:); transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States; and 4266:

deteriorated due to its involvement in the Syrian civil war. However, the majority

4209: 4130: 3778: 3408: 3261: 2872: 2737: 2680: 2592:

ruling party (FNL) had "largely discredited" the "vocabulary of socialism". In the

2513: 2367: 2130: 2004: 1799: 1732: 1695: 1372: 1367: 1318: 1303: 1288: 1197: 1076: 771: 721: 329: 227: 222: 207: 18240: 14235: 10981:"Israel lied about Isil soldiers entering Gaza to justify its siege, Hamas claims" 8556:

Sinan Ülgen; Marwan Muasher; Thomas de Waal; Thomas Carothers (19 December 2011).

7161: 4729:, advocated doing away with the later religious accretions like worship at graves. 3485:). (This financing has contributed indirectly to the upsurge of Salafi Jihadism.) 3367:; it evolved into a movement embracing the conservative doctrines of the medieval 2266:), on 17 November 1922. The legal position was solidified with the signing of the 30:

This article is about an Islamic political ideology. For the religion itself, see

18858: 18444: 18250: 18080: 18061: 17995: 17775: 17543: 17441: 17200: 16948: 16655: 16600: 16400: 16086: 16046: 15997: 15949: 15723: 15586: 15529: 15259: 15244: 15168: 15112: 15001: 14869: 14730: 14715: 14577: 14497: 14328: 14323: 13764: 13342: 12347: 12030: 11062: 10361: 9478: 9330:

Deneoux, Guilain (June 2002). "The Forgotten Swamp: Navigating Political Islam".

7702: 5910:

Shia Islamist groups exist outside of the ideology of the Islamic Republic – the

5631: 5569: 5498: 5453: 5271: 5167: 5156: 5094: 5050: 5040: 4841: 4810: 4641: 4322: 4295: 4137:

of Iraq and the Levant, spreading its influence throughout the conflict zones of

4010: 4004: 3992: 3619: 3605: 3556: 3549: 3418: 3395: 3345: 3339: 3311: 3290: 3199: 3070: 3018: 2980: 2948: 2923: 2848: 2730: 2613: 2593: 2371: 2199: 2191: 2166: 2126: 1746: 1742: 1675: 1507: 1323: 1283: 1272: 1254: 1157: 1102: 1015: 930: 681: 593: 434: 344: 268: 139: 89: 42: 14249: 10310:

Shaykh al Fawzān Warns Against The Books of Sayyid Quṭb | Shaykh Ṣāliḥ al Fawzān

9143:"The Sectarianism of the Islamic State: Ideological Roots and Political Context" 6864:

William E. Shepard; FranÇois Burgat; James Piscatori; Armando Salvatore (2009).

4009:

Salafi Jihadism or revolutionary Salafism emerged prominent during the 80s when

1783:

social and political activism. Other Islamists (Al-Turabi) are proponents of a "

18630: 18529: 18391: 18353: 18176: 18013: 17846: 17836: 17815: 17626: 17329: 17309: 17304: 17292: 17060: 16787: 16640: 16482: 16184: 15473: 15330: 15264: 15141: 15021: 14904: 14800: 14745: 14690: 14627: 14475: 9254: 8077: 6008: 5758:) – notwithstanding proclaimed opposition to any such innovation by Islamists. 5704: 5607: 5577: 5449: 5314: 5195: 5149: 5109: 4953: 4942: 4802: 4790: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4710: 4670: – whose policies included opening Egypt to Western investment ( 4442: 4083: 4030: 3859: 3698: 3566: 3189: 3080: 2692: 2569: 2434: 2302: 2239: 2184: 1709: 1595: 1467: 1454: 1412: 1357: 971: 876: 843: 746: 696: 656: 633: 588: 522: 424: 395: 370: 324: 18783: 14059: 14006: 13972: 13955: 13897: 13844: 13352: 12297:"The Islamic Resurgence: Prospects and Implications" by Kemal A. Faruki, from 11649: 10308: 9078: 7668:

In Defense of Tradition: Muḥammad Nāșir AL-Dīn Al-Albānī and the Salafī Method

6569:

Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: Volume 2 The Dismal Fate of New Nations

6530:

Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: Volume 2 The Dismal Fate of New Nations

6293: 6253: 6236: 6153: 5952:) as the protectors of Islam and Iran against Imperialism and royal despotism. 4761:

movement and attempted to create an Islamic state based on the enforcement of

18868: 18585: 18578: 18540: 18303: 18171: 18132: 18120: 18008: 17841: 17800: 17736: 17621: 17513: 17473: 17361: 17265: 17187: 16963: 16800: 16650: 16189: 16152: 16127: 16012: 15483: 15151: 15026: 14947: 14942: 14810: 14795: 14740: 14710: 14622: 14437: 14420: 14381: 14194: 13852: 13772: 13711: 13422: 13329: 13190:"Opinion: Ten years later, Islamist terrorism isn't the threat it used to be" 12015:"A genealogical inquiry into early Islamism: the discourse of Hasan al-Banna" 11762:

Abu al-A'la al-Mawdudi, "Political Theory of Islam", in Khurshid Ahmad, ed.,

10885: 10255: 10045: 10037: 9941: 9611: 8252: 7710: 6301: 6262: 5853: 5657: 5383: 5199: 5191: 5071: 5014: 4969: 4863: 4797:

Preaching Islamic alternatives to this humiliating decline were Jamal ad-din

4744: 4716: 4579: 4539: 4332: 4134: 4041: 3988: 3688: 3678: 3571: 3467: 3372: 3246: 2955: 2884: 2868: 2549: 2460: 2443: 2306: 1822: 1814: 1784: 1657: 1532: 1437: 1397: 848: 756: 741: 691: 676: 628: 608: 534: 280: 217: 18550: 13473: 10949:"Qatar Is a U.S. Ally. They Also Knowingly Abet Terrorism. What's Going On?" 10146: 10081:"Will new Azerbaijani Islamist movement share the fate of its predecessors?" 7315: 6277: 6101: 6084: 4655:, as Israel perceived them preferable to the secular and then more powerful 4051: 2843:(consultation). The tradition of consultation by the ruler being considered 1996:

that imagines an Islamic community claiming global hegemony for its values (

18846: 18815: 18694: 18678: 18469: 18459: 18327: 18100: 17260: 17245: 17240: 17050: 16975: 16635: 16487: 16365: 16081: 15985: 15973: 15687: 15514: 14954: 14894: 14840: 14820: 14755: 14415: 14403: 12944: 12929: 11053: 8488:

Moving towards a Normalised Path: Political Islam in Contemporary Indonesia

7855:

Hassan Hanafi, Islamist philosophy professor at Cairo University quoted in

7529: 5928: 5823: 5615: 5530: 5391: 5370:

overthrew the secular, oil-rich, well-armed, pro-American monarchy of Shah

5310: 5227: 5022: 4999: 4615: 4611: 4595: 4449: 4348: 4344: 4251: 4230: 4063:

Other characteristics of the movement include the formal process of taking

4026: 3877: 3793: 3400: 3383:" school advocates Islamization through preaching, educating the masses on 3301: 3256: 3194: 3159: 2960: 2837:

Among some Islamists, Democracy has been harmonized with Islam by means of

2760: 2629: 2406: 2149: 2134: 1961: 1788: 1766: 1728: 1721: 1653: 1583: 1539: 1276: 1008: 997: 919: 900: 776: 761: 701: 583: 390: 375: 334: 263: 234: 13689:

Iranian Constitutional Revolution and the Clerical Leadership of Khurasani

12869: 11392:

Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience

8500: 8052:

Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience

7406:"Dealing with the Muslim Politics of the Middle East:Algeria, Hamas, Iran" 7288: 5386:), and shrines Before the Revolution, Khomeini acolytes (such as today's 4913:(Islamic laws) in partnership with Islamic juristic clergy, who would use 4410:. For example, it has been estimated that in the mid-1990s the exports of 4189:(both orthodox or Jihadi—Shi'a do not consider some of the most prominent 2821:

Throughout the 80s and 90s, major moderate Islamist movements such as the

2297:

in India. Rashid Rida, a prominent Syrian-born Salafi theologian based in

2049:... and at the extremes, a violent vehicle for rejectionists and radicals. 2046:

a "progressive, moderate religious platform" for the affluent and liberal;

1720:, advocated Sunni internationalism through revolutionary restoration of a 18701: 18560: 18454: 18337: 18127: 18105: 18090: 17655: 17631: 17468: 17431: 17426: 17356: 17277: 17255: 17205: 17182: 16612: 16102: 16041: 15968: 15855: 15493: 15488: 15269: 15057: 15031: 14805: 14790: 14780: 14658: 14139: 13687: 13518: 13448: 8703: 8136: 8081: 7224: 5888:"The study of Islamist movements has often implicitly meant the study of 5843: 5766:

The U.S. government has engaged in efforts to counter militant Islamism (

5418:, and has created or assisted like-minded Shia terrorist groups in Iraq ( 5395: 5322: 5302: 5292: 5257: 5077: 4980: 4957: 4837: 4806: 4667: 4607: 4583: 4478: 4371: 4303: 4291: 4138: 4102: 3949: 3482: 3422: 3060: 3045: 3005: 2772: 2764: 2757: 2640: 2576: 2557: 2355: 2347: 2282: 2180: 1997: 1810: 1792: 1717: 1683: 1671: 1335: 1293: 1217: 863: 751: 736: 623: 547: 18853: 14230: 14067: 14043: 13829:"The Constitutional Ideas of a Shi'ite Mujtahid: Muhammad Husayn Na'ini" 13780: 13393:

The Symbolic Scenarios of Islamism: A Study in Islamic Political Thought

13071: 13054: 12361:"How Iran's 1979 Revolution Affected Sunni Islamists in the Middle East" 10369: 10345: 8414: 8243: 8226: 7718: 7686: 7362: 7346: 6003:, and his revolution (which he believed) was of "equal significance" to 5980:

the Iranian government's desires to protect Iran from external threats."

4833: 4817:, preached that a truly Islamic society would follow sharia law, reject 4789:

The end of the 19th century saw the dismemberment of most of the Muslim

4489:

went on to teach and work at these universities, schools, mosques, etc.

3285: 925: 18592: 18493: 18449: 17810: 17805: 17554: 17528: 17488: 17458: 17344: 17324: 17215: 17071: 16905: 16002: 15977: 15320: 15192: 15180: 15016: 14899: 14815: 14398: 14316: 13905: 13881: 13860: 13828: 13024: 13001:"[Book review] Post-Islamism: The Failure of Islamic Activism?" 13000: 11497:"A Preliminary Study on the "Islamic State" Thought in Modern Islamism" 5782:, which was charged with undermining the communist ideology during the 5519: 5426:) (two Muslim countries that also have a large percentage of Shiites). 5179: 5058: 4976: 4885: 4884:

would be successful alternatives to the disorder and injustice of both

4798: 4403: 4241: 4178: 4159: 4018: 3693: 3524: 3174: 3075: 2985: 2975: 2970: 2776: 2644: 2426: 2187:

six years later. In that war the military's slogan was "God is Great".

2119: 1875:

This new usage appeared without taking into consideration how the term

1780: 1340: 833: 613: 385: 132: 18625: 14014: 13990: 11864:, 1st ed., n.d. (Bayrut: Musassast al-Risalah, 1983), p. 54) See also 6941: 5278:

must engage in a two-pronged attack of converting individuals through

5178:

The Brotherhood expanded to many other countries, particularly in the

2392: 2334:

Sayyid Rashid Rida had visited India in 1912 and was impressed by the

18555: 17851: 17518: 17463: 17453: 17388: 17383: 17339: 17230: 17210: 16620: 16051: 15866: 14986: 14927: 14909: 14835: 14557: 14102: 12901: 12700: 12359:

Ataie, Mohammad; Lefèvre, Raphaël; Matthiesen, Toby (26 April 2021).

8501:"SUDAN: "IN THE NAME OF GOD", Repression Continues in Northern Sudan" 7793:"From the article on westernization in Oxford Islamic Studies Online" 6571:. Ithaca, New York 14850, USA: Cornell University Press. p. 91. 6532:. Ithaca, New York 14850, USA: Cornell University Press. p. 91. 5755: 5557: 5487: 5423: 5410: 5364: 5010: 4925: 4889: 4822: 4726: 4603: 4500: 4065: 4045: 4037: 3609: 3544: 3529: 3462: 3449: 3443: 3430: 3412: 3214: 3065: 2897:

a purge and violations of democratic principles by the Erdoğan regime

2696: 2664: 2497: 2375: 2327: 2255: 2141: 1776: 1754: 1731:. Riḍā was a strong exponent of Islamic vanguardism, the belief that 1724: 1239: 400: 197: 14186: 12014: 11788:

Esposito and Piscatori, "Democratization and Islam", pp. 436–37, 440

10786:"Mohammed Morsi: Egypt's former president given life in spying case" 10755: 9463: 9296: 8964:"Islam and the West: A Conversation with Bernard Lewis (transcript)" 5186:, the political parties identified as "Islamist" (the Brotherhood's 2275: 18571: 18429: 18332: 17856: 17691: 17671: 17508: 17498: 17493: 17349: 17314: 17299: 17155: 17125: 16459: 16317: 16269: 16063: 16017: 15981: 15706: 15206: 15089: 14617: 14470: 12959:

by Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, Random House, 2002, pp. 172–73

11633: 7069: 6830: 5783: 5767: 5603: 5597: 5523: 5474: 5333: 5054: 4777: 4769: 4758: 4656: 4591: 4504: 4485: 4226: 4186: 4091: 3945: 3915: 3653: 3503: 3350: 3271: 3209: 2851: 2741: 2712: 2708: 2684: 2660: 2628:

Few observers contest the immense influence of Islamism within the

2501: 2430: 2417:

Muslim alienation from Western ways, including its political ways.

2410: 2263: 1630: 1626: 1549: 1231: 1165: 380: 256: 12970:"Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world" 9639: 6655:

The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty: The Husaynis 1700–1948

5660:, but also wanted religion to play a greater role in public life. 4552: 3387:

and "purification" of religious practices and ignoring government.

2858:

being a common name for legislative bodies in Islamic countries).

2790:

Islahi-Ikhwani/Jihadi-Ikhwani/Islah-salafi/Jihadi-salafi Islamism,

2405:

in Sydney, 15 September 2012. The protesters carry signs reading "

2322: 2246:, the sovereignty of the Grand National Assembly exercised by the 18498: 18485: 18347: 18225: 17533: 17393: 17334: 17282: 16968: 16574: 16262: 16142: 16034: 16027: 16022: 15764: 15163: 15107: 14991: 14663: 14547: 14351: 14311: 14244: 11257: 10577:

by Ervand Abrahamian, Princeton University Press, 1982 (p.426-84)

6140:

Berman, Sheri (2003). "Islamism, Revolution, and Civil Society".

5318: 5261: 5215: 5115: 4748: 4672: 4438: 4430: 4411: 4156: 3941: 3936: 3641: 3600: 3426: 3368: 3359: 3184: 3055: 2745: 2720: 2656: 2145: 1945: 1920: 1818: 1750: 1713: 1699: 1382: 1059: 365: 127: 12765:

Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups

10022:"Religious secularity: A vision for revisionist political Islam" 4618:

states, whose ideology was not just secular but anti-religious.

4406:—the original heart of the Muslim world—has been afflicted with 2740:

has described as the conservative "guardians of the tradition" (

18260: 17287: 16492: 16466: 16425: 16386: 16303: 16216: 16137: 15992: 15938: 15933: 15700: 15624: 14425: 13882:"The Anti-Constitutionalist Arguments of Shaikh Fazlallah Nuri" 12834:

Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia

11534:"Allama Muhammad Iqbal Philosopher, Poet, and Political leader" 9640:"Rastyad: online database concerning the 1981 Massacre in Iran" 8225:

Barton, Greg; Yilmaz, Ihsan; Morieson, Nicholas (29 May 2021).

6000: 5751: 5466: 5298: 5103: 4984: 4910: 4896: 4880: 4818: 4762: 4757:

was a disciple and successor of Shah Waliullah's son who led a

4636:

Muslim Afghanistan enemies of the Soviet Union, and non-Afghan

4319: 4074: 4017:. Local Afghan Muslims had declared jihad against the Soviets ( 3534: 3384: 3364: 3179: 2863: 2844: 2768: 2652: 2563: 2251: 1670:

Central and prominent figures in 20th-century Islamism include

1648: 1402: 1392: 1181: 1149: 1141: 1126: 1120: 1004: 286: 184: 11573: 10729:"An interview with Minister Mentor of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew" 10635:, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, (2002), pp. 69–75 10232:"The Fusion of Mysticism and Politics in Khomeini's Quatrains" 9063:"Islamism and Modernity: The Political Thought of Sayyid Qutb" 8523: 7670:. Princeton, NJ, U.S.A: Princeton University. pp. 52–62. 6777:"How credible is the claim of the failure of political Islam?" 6507:. New York: Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group. p. 141. 5242: 4496:, the world's oldest and most influential Islamic university. 3448:

One of the antecedents of the contemporary Salafi movement is

16741: 16566: 16520: 16508: 16310: 16296: 16255: 15928: 15785: 15771: 15692: 15655: 15315: 15146: 14552: 14447: 14431: 11474:. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale Publishers. p. 1088. 9888: 9886: 8860:"Wahabism: Is it a Factor in the Spread of Global Terrorism?" 8558:"Can the Turkish Model Gain Traction in the New Middle East?" 5770:), since 2001. These efforts were centred in the U.S. around 5747: 5552: 5493: 5457: 5419: 5279: 5223: 5219: 5128: 4988: 4905: 4648: 4626: 4434: 4267: 4190: 4056: 3519: 2839: 2700: 2612:

The dynamic was repeated after the states had gone through a

2487: 2298: 2096: 1924: 1737: 1705: 1702: 1642: 1634: 1544: 1422: 1113: 1071: 1064: 987: 979: 305: 293: 245: 79: 31: 13183: 13181: 11840:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 77. 8546:. Democratization, Volume 24, 2017 – Issue 6. pp. 1066–1084. 4878:"); Rida explained that that societies that properly obeyed 4870:

and other Sunni Islamist movements. In his influential book

4821:, (the blind imitation of earlier authorities), restore the 2887:", based on the apparent success of the rule of the Turkish 2433:

which began in the eleventh century, then for centuries the

16407: 16379: 16329: 16276: 16221: 15792: 14255: 14135:

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4329:, who declared the new constitution contrary to sharia law. 4222: 3354: 2725: 2242:, which had lasted since 1299. On 11 November 1922, at the 1802:) has argued for a broader notion of Islamism as a form of 1173: 1081: 13749:"Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement" 13571:

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2805:

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2478:... Islam would give the whole culture a sense of dignity. 2084: 2025:—in complaint about AP's earlier definition of Islamist); 1967:

the belief that Islam should influence political systems (

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13178: 13125:"Arabs are Losing Faith in Religious Parties and Leaders" 9577:"Al Qaeda grows as its leaders focus on the 'near enemy'" 9239:"Salafism in the contemporary age: Wiktorowicz revisited" 8933:"For Conservative Muslims, Goal of Isolation a Challenge" 8315: 7649: 7647: 7403: 5518:. The conflict, pitting indigenous impoverished Muslims ( 5483: 5379: 4660: 2639:

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4647:

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4895:

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4270:

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2736:

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Compared to the "Types" of Islamism mentioned above,

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In June 2016, 4511:and other non-Wahhabi Muslims were 4277: 3734:Insurgency in the Maghreb and Sahel 3659:Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine 3139:List of Salafi Islamic universities 2331:reform movements across the globe. 1775:Al-Banna and Maududi called for a " 1633:ideological movements that believe 24: 14209:from the original on 26 March 2023 13634:Political Islam: A Critical Reader 13532:The spectrum of Islamist movements 13400:from the original on 11 March 2016 13234:"Anti-Semitism and Jewish destiny" 12664:from the original on 10 March 2023 11494: 11091:"How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas" 11014:. 10 December 2005. Archived from 10849:. 13 December 2015. Archived from 10317:from the original on 22 April 2021 9545:Noah, Timothy (26 February 2009). 9511:Wright, Robin (12 December 2016). 9030:from the original on 31 March 2014 8802:. 18 February 2014. 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The term appears in the 455:List of Islamic political parties 18852: 18840: 17651:Constitutional references to God 17614:Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry 17056: 17055: 17044: 16575:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 15823:Timeline of the history of Islam 15654: 15352: 14243: 14229: 14095:Rahnema, Ali (1 November 2005). 13415:Islam, Gender, and Social Change 13286: 13244:from the original on 27 May 2015 13225: 13212: 13147: 13117: 13017:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2005.00508.x 12962: 12950: 12935: 12920: 12894: 12862: 12741: 12728: 12715: 12689: 12676: 12630:from the original on 22 May 2023 12575:Hezbollah: Born with a vengeance 12567: 12554: 12543: 12530: 12514:. 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Bush administration 4909:(consultation), and applying 4559:CIA activities in Afghanistan 4212:, etc., under the concept of 4111:1998 bombings of US embassies 4082:who led the assassination of 3991:and later became a mentor of 3113:Islamic University of Madinah 2889:Justice and Development Party 2799:Statist/Non-Statist Islamism, 2509:Strength of identity politics 2238:on 1 November 1922 ended the 2021:" 'Muslims we don't like.'" ( 1917:The Opinions of The Islamists 672:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani 17961:German Christians (movement) 17947:Evangelical environmentalism 16901:Apostasy in Islam by country 16778:Liberalism and progressivism 14285: 13880:Martin, V. A. (April 1986). 13765:10.1080/00263206.2013.783828 13547:. Harvard University Press. 13513:. Stanford University Press. 13479:. 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Maududi also founded the 4838:Sayyid Muhammad Rashid Rida 4242:Khomeini's form of Islamism 3816:Islamic terrorism in Europe 3674:Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan 3664:Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad 2429:in the eighth century, the 2272:the Caliphate was abolished 2155: 1161:("Stories of the Prophets") 466:Militant Islamism based in 27:Politico-religious ideology 10: 18906: 18465:Jewish political movements 17941:Christian environmentalism 17753:Religion and peacebuilding 16828: 15582:Political aspects of Islam 14982:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 14568:Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami 13457:. Oxford University Press. 12836:(New Haven, 2000), p. 129. 12413:The Narrative of Awakening 11862:Nizam al-Hayat fi al-Islam 11815:Abul A'la Maududi (1980). 11406:Failure of Political Islam 11289:Islam and the Muslim World 11179:Failure of Political Islam 10788:. 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Defensive jihad against 3934: 3930: 3919: 3913: 3838:Foreign fighters in Bosnia 3729:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado 3491:Militant Islamism/Jihadism 3458:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 3441: 3337: 2814: 2567: 2385: 2289:and organizations such as 2210: 2164: 2108:Iranian Islamic Revolution 2104:International Crisis Group 2091:Political aspects of Islam 2088: 2063:International Crisis Group 1868:of 1978–79, which brought 1866:Iranian Islamic Revolution 782:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 450:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan 40: 36:Political aspects of Islam 29: 18755: 18749: 18744: 18664: 18653: 18536: 18523: 18387: 18374: 18211: 18198: 17882: 17876:Christianity and politics 17869: 17603: 17592: 17402: 17196: 17109: 17039: 16924: 16891: 16841: 16837: 16823: 16750: 16717: 16689:Geography and cartography 16664: 16611: 16607: 16591: 16417: 16339: 16286: 16235: 16231: 16207: 16077: 15959: 15919: 15802: 15754: 15678: 15674: 15663: 15603: 15569: 15538: 15502: 15439:Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization 15429: 15362: 15358: 15347: 15293: 15232: 15121: 15100: 15096: 15079: 15040: 14997:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i 14972: 14918: 14887: 14880: 14876: 14863: 14681: 14651: 14538:Freedom and Justice Party 14528: 14463: 14456: 14344: 14297: 14293: 14060:10.1017/S1356186314000200 14007:10.1017/S0020743800058499 13973:10.1017/S135618632100033X 13898:10.1080/00263208608700658 13845:10.1080/00210867508701501 13694:Syracuse University Press 13353:10.1007/978-3-319-91077-2 12999:Sinanovic, Ermin (2005). 12299:Voices of Resurgent Islam 11650:10.1080/01436590801931462 11554:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 11162:Muslim Extremism in Egypt 9513:"AFTER THE ISLAMIC STATE" 9079:10.1080/14690760903119092 9051:by Gilles Kepel, pp. 55–6 8770:. Penguin Books. p. 8505:Human Rights Watch Report 8486:Al-Hamdi, Ridho. (2017). 6945:Oxford English Dictionary 6456:Matthiesen, Toby (2023). 6294:10.1080/14690760903371313 6254:10.1080/14690760601121630 6156:(inactive 24 July 2024). 6154:10.1017/S1537592703000197 5790:Parties and organizations 5576:became fierce critics of 5208:2013 Egyptian coup d'état 5188:Freedom and Justice Party 5164:Mahmoud Fahmy El Nokrashy 5061:. In 1919, he joined the 4975:Iqbal expressed fears of 3784:South Thailand insurgency 3615:International propagation 3220:International propagation 3123:Jamia Salafia, Faisalabad 2991:Muhammad Hayaat Al-Sindhi 2719:, and groups such as the 2409:all those who insult the 1727:to politically unite the 1625:refers to a broad set of 896:Islam and other religions 406:International propagation 145:International propagation 18765:Disestablishmentarianism 18028:Christian libertarianism 17936:Christian egalitarianism 17897:Christian anti-communism 16998:Islamic view of miracles 15413:(Izetbegović, 1969-1970) 15212:in the Arabian Peninsula 15053:Islamic religious police 14613:Prosperous Justice Party 14573:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan 13989:Aziz, T. M. (May 1993). 13649:Cornell University Press 13625:Political Islam Observed 13623:Volpi, Frédéric (2010). 13322: 12957:The Age of Sacred Terror 12470:(Norton), 2006), p.148-9 12457:(Norton), 2006), p.143-4 11977:"The Meaning of Islam". 11922:. 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PBS Frontline. 2005. 9120:: 85–98. Archived from 7563:Sayyid, Salman (2014). 7320:Encyclopædia Britannica 7068:admin (31 March 2021). 6608:The Caliph and the Imam 6528:B. Hass, Ernst (2000). 6458:The Caliph and the Imam 6102:10.55540/0031-1723.2340 6083:Eikmeier, Dale (2007). 5918:in Iraqi, for example). 5780:U.S. Information Agency 5582:American military bases 5238:Sayyid Qutb (1906–1966) 5202:, the candidate of the 5046:Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi 5029:Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi 5019:Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi 4229:eliminated the Jews of 3948:ideology formulated by 3479:Saudi petroleum exports 3128:Jamia Salafia, Varanasi 3087:List of Salafi scholars 2949:Theology and Influences 2744:, such as those in the 2586:Islamic Salvation Front 2397:Salafi-Islamist protest 2295:Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam 1821:" to date, such as the 662:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī 18890:Anti-Israeli sentiment 18611:Hindu environmentalism 18437:Revisionist Maximalism 17916:Christian anti-Zionism 17902:Christian anti-Masonry 17722:Religious anti-Zionism 17717:Religious anti-Masonry 17013:Persecution of Muslims 16911:List of former Muslims 15828:Succession to Muhammad 15137:Egyptian Islamic Jihad 14851:Muhammad Rizieq Shihab 14776:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani 14633:State of Law Coalition 14543:Green Algeria Alliance 14248:Quotations related to 13886:Middle Eastern Studies 13808:Bayat, Mangol (1991). 13753:Middle Eastern Studies 13471:Kepel, Gilles (2002). 12220:Comparative Philosophy 11445:Enayat, Hamid (1982). 11228:Haque 1982, pp. 78–81. 10657:Abou al Fadl, Khaled, 10404:Islamic Desk Reference 10350:Middle Eastern Studies 10201:ARMAJANI, Jon (2020). 9832:Khomeini (1981), p. 54 8993:Kepel, Gilles (2002). 8825:Lacey, Robert (2009). 8542:Pahwa, Sumita (2016). 7868:Haddad/Esposito p. xvi 7160:Ali al-Juzu, Mustafa. 6423:Zhongmin, Liu (2013). 6374:Zhongmin, Liu (2013). 5912:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr 5834:Clash of Civilizations 5819:Anti-Western sentiment 5746:, misinterpreting the 5654: 5588: 5544: 5507: 5388:Supreme Leader of Iran 5340: 5247: 5212:terrorist organization 5152: 4849: 4587: 4423:Demographic transition 4359:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr 4088:Egyptian Islamic Jihad 4060: 4021:) and were aided with 3587:Islamic fundamentalism 3513:Practices and concepts 3170:Islamic fundamentalism 3108:Umm al-Qura University 2966:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya 2808: 2733:on a religious basis. 2717:Egyptian Islamic Jihad 2525: 2522:Basuki Tjahaja Purnama 2480: 2454: 2414: 2388:Anti-Western sentiment 2244:Conference of Lausanne 2227: 1857:Encyclopaedia of Islam 1260:Succession to Muhammad 727:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani 163:Islamic fundamentalism 18804:Creativity (religion) 18659:Buddhism and politics 18530:Hinduism and politics 18221:Human Rights in Islam 18138:Political Catholicism 18044:Christian peacemaking 18033:Christian nationalism 17975:Positive Christianity 17926:Christian corporatism 17771:Religious segregation 17742:Religious nationalism 16807:Conversion to mosques 16674:Alchemy and chemistry 15240:Hibatullah Akhundzada 15063:Sufi–Salafi relations 14706:Hibatullah Akhundzada 14132:Rahnema, Ali (2000). 13539:Roy, Olivier (1994). 13462:Hassan, Riaz (2008). 13396:. London: Routledge. 13390:Mura, Andrea (2015). 12878:. 19 September 2001. 12846:Peter Bergen (2005). 12013:Mura, Andrea (2012). 11638:Third World Quarterly 11420:McHugo, John (2013). 11041:Terror and Liberalism 10817:Associated Press News 9743:, (1997) pp. 103, 126 9741:Hizb'allah in Lebanon 9377:Middle East Quarterly 9277:– via Springer. 8715:Mohie-Eldin, Fatima. 8562:carnegieendowment.org 7685:Willis, John (2010). 7538:The National Interest 5738:Criticism of Islamism 5649: 5567: 5539: 5502:Afghan Mujahideen of 5501: 5442:Further information: 5416:US economic sanctions 5372:Muhammad Reza Pahlavi 5336: 5245: 5194:and liberal Islamist 5148: 4836: 4682:formidable insurgency 4574: 4557:Further information: 4523:Further information: 4237:Ruling Islamic Jurist 4105:(1992–1995), and the 4054: 4044:and eventually a new 3724:Boko Haram insurgency 3684:Islamic State of Iraq 3205:Sufi-Salafi relations 3160:Ahl-i Hadith movement 2784: 2618:democratic experiment 2614:democratic transition 2590:Third World socialist 2568:Further information: 2516: 2468: 2449: 2395: 2386:Further information: 2220: 2165:Further information: 2089:Further information: 1912:Maqālāt al-Islāmiyyīn 1798:At least one author ( 1763:Hajji Amin al-Husayni 800:Criticism of Islamism 794:Criticism of Islamism 712:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek 639:Hibatullah Akhundzada 18885:Political ideologies 18794:Neopaganist feminism 18689:Buddhist nationalism 18511:World Agudath Israel 18381:Judaism and politics 18241:Islamic anti-Zionism 18236:Islamic anti-Masonry 17968:National Catholicism 17776:Religious separatism 17702:Organized secularism 17661:Engaged Spirituality 17586:Religion in politics 17103:Political ideologies 16533:Ma malakat aymanukum 16108:Association football 15479:September 11 attacks 15449:Grand Mosque seizure 15255:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 15250:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam 15012:Muhammad Al-Munajjid 14721:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 14638:Islamic Action Front 13525:. London: Routledge. 12858:on 29 November 2007. 12848:"blowback revisited" 12116:Sonja Zekri (2008). 11823:on 8 September 2015. 11495:Li, Ruiheng (2016). 11058:"Blowback Revisited" 11018:on 10 December 2005. 9638:Rastyad Collective. 9127:on 11 February 2017. 9024:"Analysis Wahhabism" 8917:on 10 October 2017. 8447:, Volume 22, Issue 6 8396:Moussalli, Ahmad S. 8272:, (2003), pp. 194–95 7074:صحيفة الحراك السياسي 6653:Pappe, Ilan (2010). 6037:Cambridge dictionary 5612:occupation of Kuwait 5527:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam 5479:American imperialism 5444:Grand Mosque seizure 5232:United Arab Emirates 5166:in 1948. MB founder 4903:) governing through 4755:Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi 4640:of the war (such as 4427:urban agglomerations 4115:September 11 attacks 3981:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam 3809:Jihadism in the West 3704:Hayat Tahrir al-Sham 3101:Notable universities 2893:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 2767:was eclipsed by the 2402:Innocence of Muslims 2354:(1919–24) following 2248:Government in Angora 2071:Robert H. Pelletreau 1833:Originally the term 1299:Association football 599:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 556:Islamic Government: 18727:Humanistic Buddhism 18402:Jewish anti-Zionism 18216:Hui pan-nationalism 18111:Liberation theology 18067:Christian socialism 17931:Christian democracy 17921:Christian communism 17892:Christian anarchism 17781:Religious socialism 17727:Religious communism 17712:Religious anarchism 17687:Freedom of religion 17221:Christian democracy 15411:Islamic Declaration 14960:Young Kashgar Party 13569:Sayyid, S. (2003). 13464:Inside Muslim Minds 13270:. 1 December 2008. 13194:The Washington Post 13131:. 5 December 2019. 13072:10.3390/rel12020130 12974:Pew Research Center 12658:American University 12401:on 7 November 2009. 12346:5 June 2011 at the 12122:Süddeutsche Zeitung 12097:on 23 December 2011 11803:Islam and Democracy 11777:Islamic Way of Life 11741:, pp. 104–110. 11576:on 21 February 2014 11378:Salafism in America 11241:, (1982) pp. 67–68. 11070:on 29 November 2007 10534:Fuller, Graham E., 10509:Fuller, Graham E., 10417:The Spirit of Allah 9466:on 5 December 2017. 8937:The Washington Post 8762:Husain, Ed (2007). 8568:on 30 November 2018 8529:Fuller, Graham E., 8400:. from Safi, Omid. 8244:10.3390/rel12060397 8145:Süddeutsche Zeitung 8100:on 10 December 2015 8025:, (c. 2002), p. 160 7890:Fuller, Graham E., 7577:Edward Mortimer in 7416:on 10 October 2017. 7351:Policy Perspectives 7268:on 7 September 2015 6916:"The New Islamists" 6761:Fuller, Graham E., 6737:The Washington Post 6409:Fuller, Graham E., 5722:Islamism by country 5716:Islamism by country 5406:by young Iranians. 5069:. He commenced the 4962:Islamic Nationalism 4702:Preceding movements 4694:History of Islamism 4666:Egyptian President 4494:Al-Azhar University 4408:economic stagnation 4398:Economic stagnation 4285:Islamist revolution 4262:"/guardian jurist. 4168:Islamist Revolution 3855:Homegrown terrorism 3498:Part of a series on 3363:) of the Quran and 3291:Politics portal 3041:Jamal al-Din Qasimi 2711:organizations like 2554:Liberation Theology 2476:superiority complex 2472:inferiority complex 2382:Anti-Westernization 2364:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 2344:Sayyid Ahmad Shahid 1978:", (W. E. Shepard); 1060:Profession of Faith 1033:Day of Resurrection 931:Politics portal 884:Islam and modernity 560:("Velayat-e faqih") 542:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq 18789:Khalistan movement 18717:Buddhist socialism 18684:Buddhist modernism 18641:Uniform civil code 18343:Political quietism 18205:Islam and politics 18183:Neo-ultramontanism 18157:Sphere sovereignty 18057:Christian republic 18038:Christian pacifism 18004:Christian humanism 17990:Christian feminism 17796:Secular liberalism 17747:Religious pacifism 17732:Religious humanism 17707:Political religion 17136:Political spectrum 17018:Quran and miracles 16932:Criticism of Islam 16646:Geometric patterns 16498:Gender segregation 16069:Non-denominational 15469:Algerian Civil War 15444:Iranian Revolution 15403:Islamic Government 15301:Islam and violence 15275:Juhayman al-Otaybi 15188:Sub-Saharan Africa 14933:Authenticity Party 14701:Qazi Hussain Ahmad 14508:Muslim Brotherhood 14357:Islamic governance 13334:Islam and Politics 13238:The Jerusalem Post 13220:The New York Times 12721:Wright, Lawrence, 12279:, pp.124, 116, 160 12198:on 17 October 2010 12145:The New York Times 11799:The Islamic Threat 11709:Bonney, R (2004). 11613:on 30 October 2008 11597:"Iqbal and Goethe" 11313:Mortimer, Edward, 11300:Mortimer, Edward, 11101:on 15 January 2013 9907:Islamic Government 9876:Islamic Government 9860:Islamic Government 9844:Islamic Government 9819:Islamic Government 9583:. 30 August 2013. 9332:Middle East Policy 9243:Contemporary Islam 9205:on 17 October 2010 8833:. Viking. p. 8702:, p. 317. London: 8626:The New York Times 7844:Islam and the West 7758:Friends of Deoband 7613:In the Path of God 7392:Egypt on the brink 7230:Islamism and Islam 5950:Mohammad Mosaddegh 5933:People's Mojahedin 5916:Islamic Dawa Party 5589: 5561:" of Afghanistan. 5508: 5345:Iranian Revolution 5341: 5287:Six-Day War (1967) 5268:Muslim Brotherhood 5248: 5204:Muslim Brotherhood 5173:Gamal Abdul Nasser 5153: 5141:Muslim Brotherhood 5135:Muslim Brotherhood 5121:Iranian Revolution 5113:(prophethood) and 5090:al-Jihad fil-Islam 4868:Muslim Brotherhood 4866:, influencing the 4850: 4829:Sayyid Rashid Rida 4588: 4525:Muslim Brotherhood 4392:Muslim Brotherhood 4314:Historical figures 4300:Muslim Brotherhood 4292:Sayyid Rashid Rida 4256:Islamic Government 4099:Algerian Civil War 4061: 3954:Muslim Brotherhood 3843:Bosnian mujahideen 3789:Taliban insurgency 3717:Jihadism in Africa 3252:Authenticity Party 3153:Related ideologies 3031:Syed Nazeer Husain 3026:Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab 2996:Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab 2827:Algerian Civil War 2823:Muslim Brotherhood 2750:Muslim Brotherhood 2534:resurgent Hinduism 2526: 2415: 2291:Muslim Brotherhood 2268:Treaty of Lausanne 2228: 1870:Ayatollah Khomeini 1847:U.S. Supreme Court 1759:Muslim Brotherhood 1680:Muslim Brotherhood 1672:Sayyid Rashid Riḍā 829:Khaled Abu al-Fadl 805:Criticism of Islam 667:Qazi Hussain Ahmad 485:Sub-Saharan Africa 445:Muslim Brotherhood 430:Iranian Revolution 340:Islamic Golden Age 193:Islamic governance 18828: 18827: 18824: 18823: 18778: 18740: 18739: 18711: 18704: 18697: 18674:Buddhist feminism 18649: 18648: 18621:Indigenous Aryans 18616:Integral humanism 18595: 18588: 18581: 18574: 18566:Hindu nationalism 18519: 18518: 18488: 18475:Jewish secularism 18439: 18432: 18416:Jewish Autonomism 18410: 18370: 18369: 18362:Two-nation theory 18356: 18322: 18299:Islamic socialism 18283: 18276: 18269: 18246:Islamic democracy 18231:Islamic anarchism 18194: 18193: 18185: 18151: 18116:Maronite politics 18096:Dominion Theology 18086:Christian Zionism 18075: 18046: 18022: 17998: 17984: 17977: 17970: 17963: 17955:Christian fascism 17949: 17910: 17865: 17864: 17831: 17824: 17755: 17697:Identity politics 17681: 17679:Womanist theology 17674: 17666:Feminist theology 17640: 17616: 17552: 17551: 17251:Constitutionalism 17114:The Establishment 17069: 17068: 17035: 17034: 17031: 17030: 17003:Domestic violence 16993:Islamic terrorism 16988:Islamic extremism 16819: 16818: 16815: 16814: 16587: 16586: 16583: 16582: 16373:Marriage contract 16203: 16202: 16163:Political aspects 15950:Story of Prophets 15719:Prophets of Islam 15622: 15621: 15599: 15598: 15595: 15594: 15343: 15342: 15339: 15338: 15311:Islamic terrorism 15306:Islamic extremism 15285:Ayman al-Zawahiri 15280:Omar Abdel-Rahman 15086:Militant Islamism 15075: 15074: 15071: 15070: 15007:Rabee al-Madkhali 14968: 14967: 14859: 14858: 14826:Haji Shariatullah 14786:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 14766:Abul A'la Maududi 14761:Ruhollah Khomeini 14751:Alija Izetbegović 14736:Rached Ghannouchi 14726:Necmettin Erbakan 14683:Political leaders 14677: 14676: 14669:Islamic modernism 14598:National Congress 14530:Political parties 14443:Two-nation theory 14377:Islamic socialism 14367:Islamic democracy 13819:978-0-19-506822-1 13498:Mandaville, Peter 13362:978-3-319-91076-5 12875:Green Left Weekly 12780:978-0-313-32485-7 12169:Fawaz A. Gerges, 11481:978-0-02-866269-5 11456:978-0-333-27969-4 11431:978-1-59558-950-7 10698:Passion for Islam 10032:(10): 1005–1027. 9432:, 2002, p.219-220 9026:. PBS Frontline. 8908:Leiden University 8507:. November 1994. 8023:Passion for Islam 7857:Passion for Islam 7639:Passion for Islam 7475:on 8 August 2010. 6922:on 9 October 2014 6664:978-0-520-26839-5 6625:978-0-19-068946-9 6475:978-0-19-068946-9 6005:Battle of Karbala 5574:Ayman al-Zawahiri 5568:Jihadist leaders 5368:Ruhollah Khomeini 5252:Milestones (book) 5099:الجهاد في الاسلام 5063:Khilafat Movement 5013:Islamists, e.g., 5000:pan-Islamic unity 4998:He also promoted 4993:Pakistan movement 4966:Pakistan Movement 4949:Two-nation theory 4815:Mustafa al-Siba'i 4770:Deobandi movement 4725:, the founder of 4567:Afghan mujahideen 4563:Operation Cyclone 4462:State-sponsorship 4365:Mahmoud Taleghani 4338:Fada'iyan-e Islam 4308:Abul A'la Maududi 4164:Ruhollah Khomeini 4127:bin Laden's death 4107:First Chechen War 3985:Ayman Al-Zawahiri 3926:Islamic extremism 3922:Islamic terrorism 3912: 3911: 3647:Pakistani Taliban 3562:Islamic terrorism 3344:The contemporary 3336: 3335: 3225:by country/region 3036:Siddiq Hasan Khan 2817:Islamic democracy 2777:Arab Muslim world 2607:post-Cold War era 2538:Religious Zionism 2530:identity politics 2352:Khilafat movement 2315:magazine titled " 2287:Abul A'la Maududi 2213:Khilafat Movement 2131:over a millennium 2102:A writer for the 1804:identity politics 1692:Ruhollah Khomeini 1688:Abul A'la Maududi 1620: 1619: 965: 964: 839:Abdelwahab Meddeb 767:Haji Shariatullah 732:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 717:Abul A'la Maududi 707:Ruhollah Khomeini 687:Rached Ghannouchi 619:Alija Izetbegović 604:Ruhollah Khomeini 511:Rashīd Rīďha 1922 411:by country/region 300:Two-nation theory 252:Islamic terrorism 213:Islamic socialism 203:Islamic democracy 179:Apostasy in Islam 150:by country/region 18:Militant Islamist 16:(Redirected from 18897: 18857: 18856: 18845: 18844: 18843: 18836: 18811:Personality cult 18774: 18746: 18745: 18732:Secular Buddhism 18722:Engaged Buddhism 18707: 18700: 18693: 18655: 18654: 18606:Hindu revivalism 18601:Hindu revolution 18591: 18584: 18577: 18570: 18525: 18524: 18484: 18480:Jewish socialism 18435: 18428: 18421:Jewish democracy 18406: 18397:Jewish anarchism 18376: 18375: 18352: 18318: 18294:Islamic republic 18289:Islamic pacifism 18279: 18272: 18265: 18256:Islamic feminism 18200: 18199: 18181: 18147: 18071: 18042: 18020:Evangelical left 18018: 17994: 17980: 17973: 17966: 17959: 17945: 17906: 17887:Blaine Amendment 17871: 17870: 17827: 17822:Secular religion 17820: 17791:Secular humanism 17761:Religious police 17751: 17677: 17670: 17638:Clerical fascism 17636: 17612: 17608:Anti-clericalism 17598:General concepts 17594: 17593: 17579: 17572: 17565: 17556: 17555: 17479:Internationalism 17410:Authoritarianism 17379:Social democracy 17273:Environmentalism 17236:Communitarianism 17096: 17089: 17082: 17073: 17072: 17059: 17058: 17051:Islam portal 17049: 17048: 17047: 16839: 16838: 16831: 16825: 16824: 16666:Medieval science 16609: 16608: 16599: 16593: 16592: 16250:Economic history 16233: 16232: 16209: 16208: 16195:Islam by country 16028:Bektashi Alevism 15676: 15675: 15667:Outline of Islam 15649: 15642: 15635: 15626: 15625: 15510:Anti-imperialism 15405:(Khomeini, 1970) 15381:(Khomeini, 1940) 15360: 15359: 15349: 15348: 15098: 15097: 15081: 15080: 14885: 14884: 14878: 14877: 14865: 14864: 14831:Hassan Al-Turabi 14643:United Arab List 14461: 14460: 14392:Islamic republic 14387:Islamic monarchy 14372:Islamic feminism 14295: 14294: 14280: 14273: 14266: 14257: 14256: 14247: 14233: 14218: 14216: 14214: 14165: 14163: 14161: 14128: 14126: 14124: 14091: 14089: 14087: 14038: 14036: 14034: 13985: 13975: 13950: 13948: 13946: 13921: 13919: 13917: 13876: 13874: 13872: 13823: 13804: 13802: 13800: 13736: 13715: 13692:. Syracuse, NY: 13682: 13680: 13678: 13637: 13628: 13619: 13610: 13583: 13574: 13565: 13563: 13561: 13546: 13535: 13526: 13514: 13505: 13493: 13478: 13467: 13458: 13444: 13432: 13418: 13409: 13407: 13405: 13386: 13384: 13382: 13337: 13310: 13309: 13307: 13305: 13290: 13284: 13283: 13281: 13279: 13260: 13254: 13253: 13251: 13249: 13229: 13223: 13222:, 27 August 2021 13216: 13210: 13209: 13207: 13205: 13185: 13176: 13175: 13173: 13171: 13151: 13145: 13144: 13142: 13140: 13121: 13115: 13114: 13112: 13110: 13099:Hudson Institute 13090: 13077: 13076: 13074: 13050: 13041: 13040: 13038: 13036: 12996: 12990: 12989: 12987: 12985: 12976:. 22 July 2016. 12966: 12960: 12954: 12948: 12939: 12933: 12924: 12918: 12917: 12915: 12913: 12898: 12892: 12891: 12889: 12887: 12866: 12860: 12859: 12854:. Archived from 12843: 12837: 12830: 12824: 12823: 12814: 12804: 12795: 12794: 12789: 12787: 12768: 12758: 12752: 12745: 12739: 12732: 12726: 12719: 12713: 12712: 12710: 12708: 12703:on 20 April 2012 12693: 12687: 12686:, (2001), p. 148 12680: 12674: 12673: 12671: 12669: 12649: 12640: 12639: 12637: 12635: 12615: 12609: 12608: 12606: 12604: 12584: 12578: 12571: 12565: 12560:Bakhash, Shaul, 12558: 12552: 12547: 12541: 12534: 12528: 12527: 12525: 12523: 12508: 12502: 12501: 12499: 12497: 12477: 12471: 12468:The Shia Revival 12464: 12458: 12455:The Shia Revival 12451: 12445: 12442:The Shia Revival 12438: 12432: 12429:The Shia Revival 12425: 12416: 12409: 12403: 12402: 12397:. Archived from 12387: 12381: 12380: 12378: 12376: 12356: 12350: 12338: 12332: 12331: 12329: 12327: 12311: 12302: 12295: 12289: 12286: 12280: 12273: 12267: 12260: 12254: 12247: 12241: 12234: 12228: 12227: 12214: 12208: 12207: 12205: 12203: 12188: 12182: 12167: 12161: 12160: 12158: 12156: 12136: 12130: 12129: 12128:on 3 April 2008. 12113: 12107: 12106: 12104: 12102: 12087: 12081: 12080: 12078: 12076: 12061: 12055: 12054: 12052: 12050: 12009: 12003: 12002: 12000: 11998: 11992: 11985: 11974: 11968: 11967: 11965: 11963: 11945: 11939: 11938: 11936: 11934: 11928: 11921: 11910: 11904: 11903: 11901: 11899: 11893: 11886: 11875: 11869: 11858: 11852: 11851: 11831: 11825: 11824: 11819:. Archived from 11812: 11806: 11795: 11789: 11786: 11780: 11773: 11767: 11760: 11754: 11748: 11742: 11736: 11730: 11724: 11718: 11717: 11706: 11700: 11699: 11697: 11695: 11680: 11674: 11673: 11671: 11669: 11629: 11623: 11622: 11620: 11618: 11612: 11606:. Archived from 11601: 11592: 11586: 11585: 11583: 11581: 11572:. 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Archived from 11050: 11044: 11038: 11029: 11026: 11020: 11019: 11008: 11002: 11001: 10999: 10997: 10983: 10975: 10969: 10968: 10966: 10964: 10944: 10938: 10937: 10935: 10933: 10919: 10911: 10902: 10901: 10899: 10897: 10869: 10863: 10862: 10860: 10858: 10839: 10833: 10832: 10830: 10828: 10808: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10797: 10782: 10776: 10775: 10773: 10771: 10751: 10745: 10744: 10742: 10740: 10725: 10719: 10718: 10707: 10701: 10696:Murphy, Caryle, 10694: 10688: 10685:The Shia Revival 10681: 10675: 10668: 10662: 10655: 10649: 10642: 10636: 10629: 10623: 10613: 10607: 10597: 10591: 10584: 10578: 10571: 10565: 10560:Lewis, Bernard, 10558: 10552: 10545: 10539: 10532: 10526: 10520: 10514: 10507: 10501: 10491: 10485: 10484:, (2006), p. 245 10478: 10472: 10471:, (1998), p. 291 10465: 10459: 10452: 10446: 10439: 10433: 10426: 10420: 10413: 10407: 10400: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10389: 10341: 10335: 10332: 10326: 10325: 10324: 10322: 10305: 10299: 10293: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10275: 10227: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10216: 10198: 10192: 10182: 10173: 10172: 10170: 10168: 10132: 10126: 10125: 10123: 10121: 10106: 10097: 10096: 10094: 10092: 10076: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10065: 10017: 10011: 10010: 10004: 10002: 9993:. Archived from 9982: 9976: 9975: 9973: 9971: 9938: 9932: 9925: 9919: 9916: 9910: 9903: 9897: 9890: 9881: 9871: 9865: 9855: 9849: 9839: 9833: 9830: 9824: 9814: 9808: 9798: 9792: 9782: 9776: 9766: 9760: 9750: 9744: 9737: 9731: 9721: 9712: 9702: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9686: 9666: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9655: 9635: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9615:. 27 June 2015. 9603: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9573: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9562: 9542: 9533: 9532: 9530: 9528: 9508: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9474: 9468: 9467: 9462:. Archived from 9452: 9446: 9439: 9433: 9426: 9420: 9413: 9402: 9401: 9395: 9393: 9367: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9341: 9335: 9328: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9314: 9294: 9279: 9278: 9276: 9274: 9234: 9228: 9227:, 2006, p. 32-59 9221: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9201:. Archived from 9195: 9189: 9182: 9176: 9169: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9158: 9138: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9113: 9104: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9093: 9058: 9052: 9046: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9035: 9020: 9011: 9010: 8990: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8959: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8928: 8922: 8921: 8916: 8910:. Archived from 8897: 8888: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8871: 8864: 8855: 8849: 8848: 8832: 8822: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8792: 8786: 8785: 8769: 8759: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8726: 8720: 8713: 8707: 8696: 8690: 8680: 8674: 8664: 8658: 8648: 8642: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8623: 8615: 8609: 8608: 8606: 8604: 8584: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8564:. Archived from 8553: 8547: 8540: 8534: 8527: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8497: 8491: 8484: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8454: 8448: 8441: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8430: 8411: 8405: 8394: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8380: 8374: 8363: 8355: 8349: 8346: 8340: 8337: 8331: 8328: 8322: 8319: 8313: 8310: 8304: 8301: 8295: 8292: 8286: 8279: 8273: 8266: 8257: 8256: 8246: 8222: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8211: 8195: 8182: 8172: 8166: 8159: 8153: 8152: 8151:on 3 April 2008. 8133: 8127: 8120: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8099: 8092: 8074: 8068: 8061: 8055: 8050:Murphy, Caryle, 8048: 8039: 8032: 8026: 8021:Murphy, Caryle, 8019: 8010: 8003: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7981:The Jakarta Post 7973: 7967: 7961: 7950: 7943: 7937: 7927: 7921: 7914: 7908: 7901: 7895: 7888: 7882: 7875: 7869: 7866: 7860: 7853: 7847: 7842:Lewis, Bernard, 7840: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7815: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7789: 7783: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7749: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7682: 7676: 7675: 7663: 7657: 7651: 7642: 7635: 7629: 7622: 7616: 7605: 7599: 7592: 7586: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7560: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7532:(1 March 2000). 7526: 7520: 7514: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7458: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7412:. Archived from 7401: 7395: 7388: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7342: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7254: 7245: 7244: 7221: 7215: 7205: 7196: 7195: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7127: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7065: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6991: 6976: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6911: 6902: 6901: 6895: 6893: 6869: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6848: 6846: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6818:on 7 March 2013. 6817: 6806: 6798: 6789: 6788: 6787:on 4 March 2016. 6783:. Archived from 6772: 6766: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6701: 6692: 6682: 6669: 6668: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6637: 6629: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6590: 6582: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6551: 6543: 6525: 6519: 6518: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6487: 6479: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6420: 6414: 6407: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6371: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6337: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6256: 6232: 6226: 6219: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6189: 6180: 6179: 6173: 6165: 6137: 6128: 6125: 6116: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6080: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6055:Oxford Reference 6047: 6041: 6040: 6029: 6012: 5997: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5977: 5971: 5968: 5962: 5959: 5953: 5946: 5940: 5925: 5919: 5908: 5902: 5899: 5893: 5886: 5880: 5876: 5839:Clerical fascism 5829:Islamist Shi'ism 5772:public diplomacy 5762:Counter-response 5674:PKS of Indonesia 5516:Afghan Civil War 5307:Arab nationalism 5107:(unity of God), 5100: 5051:Hyderabad Deccan 5035:Abul Ala Maududi 4847: 4805:(1849–1905) and 4774:Indian Rebellion 4298:(founder of the 4278:Shi'ism and Iran 4210:Guardian Council 4151:Islamist Shi'ism 4131:Syrian civil war 4038:civilian targets 3904: 3897: 3890: 3878:Islam portal 3876: 3875: 3874: 3779:Sinai insurgency 3747:Jihadism in Asia 3495: 3494: 3328: 3321: 3314: 3302:Islam portal 3300: 3299: 3298: 3289: 3288: 3262:Takfir wal-Hijra 2935: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2916: 2907: 2906: 2875:of Tunisia, and 2873:Ennahda Movement 2871:) – done by the 2856:Majlis-ash-Shura 2738:Graham E. Fuller 2681:Ennahda Movement 2632:. Following the 2546:Sikh nationalism 2442:In the words of 2368:Hakim Ajmal Khan 2192:Arab oil embargo 2005:Associated Press 1841:in 1696, and as 1800:Graham E. Fuller 1733:Muslim community 1696:Hassan Al-Turabi 1678:(founder of the 1612: 1605: 1598: 1584:Islam portal 1582: 1581: 1580: 990: 967: 966: 957: 950: 943: 929: 928: 920:Islam portal 918: 917: 916: 822:in North America 772:Hassan Al-Turabi 722:Abul Hasan Nadwi 330:Anti-imperialism 228:Islamic republic 223:Islamic monarchy 208:Islamic feminism 67: 61: 60: 50: 49: 21: 18905: 18904: 18900: 18899: 18898: 18896: 18895: 18894: 18865: 18864: 18863: 18851: 18841: 18839: 18831: 18829: 18820: 18751: 18736: 18660: 18645: 18561:Hindu modernism 18532: 18515: 18460:Jewish pacifism 18445:Jewish feminism 18425:Jewish fascism 18383: 18366: 18309:Islamic Zionism 18251:Islamic fascism 18207: 18190: 18081:Christian state 18062:Christian right 17996:Mormon feminism 17878: 17861: 17646:Confessionalism 17599: 17588: 17583: 17553: 17548: 17544:Totalitarianism 17398: 17201:Accelerationism 17192: 17105: 17100: 17070: 17065: 17045: 17043: 17027: 16949:Cultural Muslim 16920: 16887: 16843:Other religions 16833: 16829: 16811: 16746: 16713: 16660: 16603: 16601:Islamic studies 16597: 16579: 16413: 16358: 16335: 16282: 16227: 16226: 16199: 16148:Moral teachings 16091: 16073: 16047:Nation of Islam 16008:Twelver Shi'ism 15955: 15921:Religious texts 15915: 15833:Early conquests 15816: 15798: 15750: 15670: 15659: 15653: 15623: 15618: 15591: 15587:Political Islam 15565: 15534: 15530:Islamic revival 15498: 15431: 15425: 15421:(Gaddafi, 1975) 15354: 15335: 15289: 15260:Osama bin Laden 15245:Anwar al-Awlaki 15228: 15222:in North Africa 15169:Lashkar-e-Taiba 15117: 15113:Salafi jihadism 15092: 15067: 15036: 15002:Safar al-Hawali 14964: 14914: 14872: 14870:Salafi movement 14855: 14731:Muammar Gaddafi 14716:Hassan al-Banna 14684: 14673: 14647: 14578:Jamiat-e Islami 14524: 14498:Jamaat-e-Islami 14486:in Central Asia 14464:Socio-political 14452: 14340: 14329:Salafi jihadism 14289: 14284: 14226: 14221: 14212: 14210: 14187:10.3751/74.2.14 14159: 14157: 14150: 14122: 14120: 14113: 14085: 14083: 14032: 14030: 13944: 13942: 13915: 13913: 13870: 13868: 13833:Iranian Studies 13820: 13798: 13796: 13743: 13733: 13704: 13676: 13674: 13667: 13607: 13559: 13557: 13555: 13523:Political Islam 13487: 13441: 13403: 13401: 13380: 13378: 13363: 13325: 13319: 13314: 13313: 13303: 13301: 13292: 13291: 13287: 13277: 13275: 13262: 13261: 13257: 13247: 13245: 13230: 13226: 13217: 13213: 13203: 13201: 13186: 13179: 13169: 13167: 13152: 13148: 13138: 13136: 13123: 13122: 13118: 13108: 13106: 13091: 13080: 13051: 13044: 13034: 13032: 12997: 12993: 12983: 12981: 12968: 12967: 12963: 12955: 12951: 12940: 12936: 12925: 12921: 12911: 12909: 12900: 12899: 12895: 12885: 12883: 12868: 12867: 12863: 12852:Foreign Affairs 12844: 12840: 12832:Rashid, Ahmed, 12831: 12827: 12805: 12798: 12785: 12783: 12781: 12759: 12755: 12747:Wright, Robin, 12746: 12742: 12734:Wright, Robin, 12733: 12729: 12720: 12716: 12706: 12704: 12695: 12694: 12690: 12681: 12677: 12667: 12665: 12650: 12643: 12633: 12631: 12616: 12612: 12602: 12600: 12585: 12581: 12572: 12568: 12559: 12555: 12548: 12544: 12536:Kepel, Gilles, 12535: 12531: 12521: 12519: 12510: 12509: 12505: 12495: 12493: 12486:The Independent 12478: 12474: 12465: 12461: 12452: 12448: 12439: 12435: 12426: 12419: 12411:Ansari, Hamid, 12410: 12406: 12389: 12388: 12384: 12374: 12372: 12357: 12353: 12348:Wayback Machine 12339: 12335: 12325: 12323: 12312: 12305: 12296: 12292: 12287: 12283: 12274: 12270: 12261: 12257: 12248: 12244: 12235: 12231: 12215: 12211: 12201: 12199: 12190: 12189: 12185: 12168: 12164: 12154: 12152: 12137: 12133: 12114: 12110: 12100: 12098: 12089: 12088: 12084: 12074: 12072: 12063: 12062: 12058: 12048: 12046: 12010: 12006: 11996: 11994: 11990: 11983: 11976: 11975: 11971: 11961: 11959: 11946: 11942: 11932: 11930: 11926: 11919: 11912: 11911: 11907: 11897: 11895: 11891: 11884: 11877: 11876: 11872: 11859: 11855: 11848: 11832: 11828: 11813: 11809: 11796: 11792: 11787: 11783: 11774: 11770: 11761: 11757: 11749: 11745: 11737: 11733: 11725: 11721: 11707: 11703: 11693: 11691: 11682: 11681: 11677: 11667: 11665: 11630: 11626: 11616: 11614: 11610: 11599: 11593: 11589: 11579: 11577: 11568: 11567: 11563: 11547: 11546: 11539: 11537: 11532: 11531: 11522: 11493: 11489: 11482: 11468: 11464: 11457: 11443: 11439: 11432: 11418: 11414: 11402: 11398: 11390: 11386: 11373: 11369: 11361: 11357: 11349: 11345: 11337: 11333: 11325: 11321: 11315:Faith and Power 11312: 11308: 11304:, (1982), p. 85 11302:Faith and Power 11299: 11295: 11291:, (2004) p. 374 11287: 11283: 11276: 11262: 11258: 11254:, (1982), p. 69 11252:Faith and Power 11249: 11245: 11239:Faith and Power 11236: 11232: 11227: 11223: 11213:Faith and Power 11210: 11206: 11201: 11197: 11191: 11187: 11175: 11168: 11160:Kepel, Gilles, 11159: 11155: 11146:Kepel, Gilles. 11144: 11140: 11130: 11128: 11119: 11118: 11114: 11104: 11102: 11087: 11083: 11073: 11071: 11063:Foreign Affairs 11051: 11047: 11039: 11032: 11027: 11023: 11010: 11009: 11005: 10995: 10993: 10976: 10972: 10962: 10960: 10945: 10941: 10931: 10929: 10912: 10905: 10895: 10893: 10870: 10866: 10856: 10854: 10841: 10840: 10836: 10826: 10824: 10809: 10805: 10795: 10793: 10784: 10783: 10779: 10769: 10767: 10752: 10748: 10738: 10736: 10735:on 13 July 2009 10727: 10726: 10722: 10709: 10708: 10704: 10695: 10691: 10682: 10678: 10670:Kepel, Gilles, 10669: 10665: 10656: 10652: 10643: 10639: 10631:Kepel, Gilles, 10630: 10626: 10614: 10610: 10598: 10594: 10585: 10581: 10572: 10568: 10564:, (2003), p. 22 10559: 10555: 10547:Kepel, Gilles, 10546: 10542: 10533: 10529: 10521: 10517: 10508: 10504: 10492: 10488: 10479: 10475: 10466: 10462: 10458:, 2002, p.107-8 10453: 10449: 10440: 10436: 10427: 10423: 10419:, (1985), p. 98 10414: 10410: 10401: 10397: 10387: 10385: 10342: 10338: 10333: 10329: 10320: 10318: 10307: 10306: 10302: 10294: 10283: 10273: 10271: 10228: 10224: 10214: 10212: 10199: 10195: 10183: 10176: 10166: 10164: 10157: 10133: 10129: 10119: 10117: 10108: 10107: 10100: 10090: 10088: 10083:. Eurasia Net. 10077: 10073: 10063: 10061: 10018: 10014: 10000: 9998: 9983: 9979: 9969: 9967: 9960: 9939: 9935: 9931:, 1982: p.478-9 9926: 9922: 9917: 9913: 9904: 9900: 9891: 9884: 9872: 9868: 9856: 9852: 9840: 9836: 9831: 9827: 9815: 9811: 9799: 9795: 9783: 9779: 9767: 9763: 9751: 9747: 9738: 9734: 9722: 9715: 9703: 9694: 9684: 9682: 9667: 9663: 9653: 9651: 9636: 9632: 9622: 9620: 9605: 9604: 9600: 9590: 9588: 9575: 9574: 9570: 9560: 9558: 9543: 9536: 9526: 9524: 9509: 9505: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9475: 9471: 9454: 9453: 9449: 9440: 9436: 9427: 9423: 9414: 9405: 9391: 9389: 9368: 9364: 9354: 9352: 9343: 9342: 9338: 9329: 9322: 9312: 9310: 9295: 9282: 9272: 9270: 9235: 9231: 9222: 9218: 9208: 9206: 9197: 9196: 9192: 9184:Sageman, Marc, 9183: 9179: 9170: 9166: 9156: 9154: 9139: 9132: 9124: 9111: 9105: 9101: 9091: 9089: 9059: 9055: 9047: 9043: 9033: 9031: 9022: 9021: 9014: 9007: 8991: 8987: 8977: 8975: 8960: 8956: 8946: 8944: 8929: 8925: 8914: 8895: 8889: 8885: 8875: 8873: 8869: 8862: 8856: 8852: 8845: 8823: 8819: 8809: 8807: 8806:on 24 July 2018 8793: 8789: 8782: 8760: 8753: 8743: 8741: 8728: 8727: 8723: 8714: 8710: 8697: 8693: 8681: 8677: 8665: 8661: 8649: 8645: 8635: 8633: 8616: 8612: 8602: 8600: 8585: 8581: 8571: 8569: 8554: 8550: 8541: 8537: 8528: 8524: 8514: 8512: 8499: 8498: 8494: 8485: 8481: 8471: 8469: 8464:. 20 May 2016. 8456: 8455: 8451: 8442: 8438: 8428: 8426: 8413: 8412: 8408: 8395: 8388: 8378: 8376: 8372: 8361: 8357: 8356: 8352: 8347: 8343: 8338: 8334: 8329: 8325: 8320: 8316: 8311: 8307: 8302: 8298: 8293: 8289: 8280: 8276: 8267: 8260: 8223: 8219: 8209: 8207: 8196: 8185: 8173: 8169: 8160: 8156: 8134: 8130: 8122:Cook, Michael, 8121: 8114: 8103: 8101: 8097: 8090: 8075: 8071: 8067:, (2003), p. 67 8062: 8058: 8049: 8042: 8034:Cook, Michael, 8033: 8029: 8020: 8013: 8007:Foreign Affairs 8004: 8000: 7990: 7988: 7975: 7974: 7970: 7962: 7953: 7949:, 2002, p.160-1 7944: 7940: 7928: 7924: 7915: 7911: 7902: 7898: 7889: 7885: 7877:Kepel, Gilles, 7876: 7872: 7867: 7863: 7854: 7850: 7841: 7837: 7829: 7825: 7821:, (2003), p. 15 7816: 7812: 7802: 7800: 7791: 7790: 7786: 7781: 7777: 7767: 7765: 7750: 7746: 7736: 7734: 7683: 7679: 7664: 7660: 7652: 7645: 7641:, (2002), p. 36 7636: 7632: 7623: 7619: 7606: 7602: 7593: 7589: 7576: 7572: 7561: 7557: 7547: 7545: 7540:(Spring 2000). 7527: 7523: 7515: 7511: 7501: 7499: 7484: 7480: 7472: 7460: 7459: 7455: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7425: 7421: 7402: 7398: 7389: 7382: 7372: 7370: 7343: 7339: 7329: 7327: 7312: 7308: 7298: 7296: 7285: 7281: 7271: 7269: 7256: 7255: 7248: 7241: 7222: 7218: 7206: 7199: 7186: 7185: 7181: 7171: 7169: 7158: 7154: 7144: 7142: 7129: 7128: 7124: 7114: 7112: 7097: 7093: 7083: 7081: 7066: 7062: 7052: 7050: 7035: 7031: 7021: 7019: 7010: 7009: 7005: 6995: 6993: 6989: 6974: 6968: 6964: 6954: 6952: 6940: 6939: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6912: 6905: 6891: 6889: 6882: 6862: 6858: 6844: 6842: 6827: 6823: 6815: 6804: 6800: 6799: 6792: 6773: 6769: 6760: 6756: 6746: 6744: 6729: 6725: 6715: 6713: 6702: 6695: 6683: 6672: 6665: 6651: 6647: 6631: 6630: 6626: 6604: 6600: 6584: 6583: 6579: 6565: 6561: 6545: 6544: 6540: 6526: 6522: 6515: 6501: 6497: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6454: 6450: 6421: 6417: 6408: 6401: 6372: 6365: 6355: 6353: 6338: 6329: 6319: 6317: 6274: 6270: 6233: 6229: 6221:Shepard, W. E. 6220: 6213: 6203: 6201: 6190: 6183: 6167: 6166: 6138: 6131: 6126: 6119: 6114: 6110: 6081: 6074: 6064: 6062: 6049: 6048: 6044: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6015: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5965: 5960: 5956: 5947: 5943: 5926: 5922: 5909: 5905: 5900: 5896: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5814: 5809: 5798: 5796:Islamist groups 5794:Main category: 5792: 5764: 5740: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5718: 5703:Polls taken by 5682:PAS of Malaysia 5666: 5664:"Post-Islamism" 5644: 5632:Osama bin Laden 5600: 5594: 5570:Osama bin Laden 5496: 5446: 5440: 5422:) and Lebanon ( 5357: 5347: 5331: 5295: 5289: 5280:preaching Islam 5272:Osama bin Laden 5264: 5254: 5240: 5157:Hassan al Banna 5143: 5137: 5082:Jamaat-e-Islami 5043: 5041:Jamaat-e-Islami 5037: 5031: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4860: 4831: 4811:Hassan al-Banna 4787: 4704: 4696: 4690: 4642:Osama bin Laden 4569: 4555: 4527: 4521: 4475: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4420: 4400: 4388: 4386:Charitable work 4379: 4374: 4323:Fazlullah Nouri 4316: 4302:organization), 4296:Hassan al-Banna 4280: 4247:Velayat-e Faqih 4239: 4214:Velayat-e Faqih 4153: 4147: 4011:Osama bin Laden 4007: 4005:Salafi jihadism 4001: 3999:Salafi Jihadism 3993:Osama bin Laden 3939: 3933: 3928: 3918: 3908: 3872: 3870: 3865: 3864: 3811: 3810: 3801: 3800: 3749: 3748: 3739: 3738: 3719: 3718: 3709: 3708: 3637: 3636: 3627: 3626: 3620:Salafi jihadism 3591: 3590: 3577: 3576: 3557:Beheading video 3550:Martyrdom video 3515: 3514: 3493: 3446: 3440: 3419:Salafi jihadism 3396:Salafi activism 3346:Salafi movement 3342: 3340:Salafi movement 3332: 3296: 3294: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3242: 3232: 3231: 3200:Salafi jihadism 3155: 3145: 3144: 3103: 3093: 3092: 3021: 3011: 3010: 2981:Ibn Abd al-Hadi 2951: 2941: 2924:Salafi movement 2922: 2921: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2905: 2903:Salafi movement 2819: 2813: 2731:offensive jihad 2699:in Lebanon and 2689:Jamaat-e-Islami 2687:or far-right. 2673: 2626: 2572: 2566: 2511: 2390: 2384: 2372:Abul Kalam Azad 2323:Islamic jurists 2215: 2209: 2200:Islamic revival 2169: 2167:Islamic revival 2163: 2161:Islamic revival 2158: 2093: 2087: 2056:François Burgat 1954: 1831: 1743:Islamic revival 1676:Hassan al-Banna 1658:Islamic states. 1616: 1578: 1576: 1569: 1568: 1513:Other religions 1508:Arabic language 1470: 1460: 1459: 1388:Moral teachings 1279: 1265: 1264: 1255:Spread of Islam 1200: 1190: 1189: 1177:(jurisprudence) 1159:Qisas al-Anbiya 1108: 1107: 1087: 1086: 1055: 1045: 1044: 1000: 961: 923: 914: 912: 906: 905: 879: 869: 868: 795: 787: 786: 682:Hassan al-Banna 652: 644: 643: 594:Muammar Gaddafi 579: 571: 570: 557: 500: 492: 491: 435:Jamaat-e-Islami 358: 350: 349: 345:Islamic revival 320: 312: 311: 269:Political Islam 174: 166: 165: 159: 140:Salafi movement 118: 110: 109: 75: 63: 62: 54: 53: 46: 43:Political Islam 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18903: 18893: 18892: 18887: 18882: 18877: 18862: 18861: 18849: 18826: 18825: 18822: 18821: 18819: 18818: 18813: 18808: 18807: 18806: 18796: 18791: 18786: 18781: 18780: 18779: 18767: 18762: 18756: 18753: 18752: 18742: 18741: 18738: 18737: 18735: 18734: 18729: 18724: 18719: 18714: 18713: 18712: 18705: 18698: 18686: 18681: 18676: 18671: 18665: 18662: 18661: 18651: 18650: 18647: 18646: 18644: 18643: 18638: 18633: 18631:Saffronisation 18628: 18623: 18618: 18613: 18608: 18603: 18598: 18597: 18596: 18589: 18582: 18575: 18563: 18558: 18553: 18548: 18546:Hindu feminism 18543: 18537: 18534: 18533: 18521: 18520: 18517: 18516: 18514: 18513: 18508: 18507: 18506: 18496: 18491: 18490: 18489: 18477: 18472: 18467: 18462: 18457: 18452: 18447: 18442: 18441: 18440: 18433: 18423: 18418: 18413: 18412: 18411: 18399: 18394: 18392:Halachic state 18388: 18385: 18384: 18372: 18371: 18368: 18367: 18365: 18364: 18359: 18358: 18357: 18354:Talibanization 18345: 18340: 18335: 18330: 18325: 18324: 18323: 18311: 18306: 18301: 18296: 18291: 18286: 18285: 18284: 18277: 18270: 18258: 18253: 18248: 18243: 18238: 18233: 18228: 18223: 18218: 18212: 18209: 18208: 18196: 18195: 18192: 18191: 18189: 18188: 18187: 18186: 18177:Ultramontanism 18174: 18169: 18167:Temporal power 18164: 18159: 18154: 18153: 18152: 18140: 18135: 18130: 18125: 18124: 18123: 18113: 18108: 18103: 18098: 18093: 18088: 18083: 18078: 18077: 18076: 18064: 18059: 18054: 18049: 18048: 18047: 18035: 18030: 18025: 18024: 18023: 18014:Christian left 18011: 18006: 18001: 18000: 17999: 17987: 17986: 17985: 17978: 17971: 17964: 17952: 17951: 17950: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17912: 17911: 17899: 17894: 17889: 17883: 17880: 17879: 17867: 17866: 17863: 17862: 17860: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17847:State religion 17844: 17839: 17837:Spiritual left 17834: 17833: 17832: 17825: 17816:Secularization 17813: 17808: 17803: 17798: 17793: 17788: 17783: 17778: 17773: 17768: 17763: 17758: 17757: 17756: 17744: 17739: 17734: 17729: 17724: 17719: 17714: 17709: 17704: 17699: 17694: 17689: 17684: 17683: 17682: 17675: 17663: 17658: 17653: 17648: 17643: 17642: 17641: 17629: 17627:Civil religion 17624: 17619: 17618: 17617: 17604: 17601: 17600: 17590: 17589: 17582: 17581: 17574: 17567: 17559: 17550: 17549: 17547: 17546: 17541: 17536: 17531: 17526: 17521: 17516: 17511: 17506: 17501: 17496: 17491: 17486: 17481: 17476: 17471: 17466: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17450: 17449: 17444: 17439: 17429: 17424: 17419: 17418: 17417: 17406: 17404: 17400: 17399: 17397: 17396: 17391: 17386: 17381: 17376: 17375: 17374: 17369: 17359: 17354: 17353: 17352: 17342: 17337: 17332: 17330:Libertarianism 17327: 17322: 17317: 17312: 17307: 17305:Fundamentalism 17302: 17297: 17296: 17295: 17293:Third Position 17290: 17280: 17275: 17270: 17269: 17268: 17258: 17253: 17248: 17243: 17238: 17233: 17228: 17223: 17218: 17213: 17208: 17203: 17197: 17194: 17193: 17191: 17190: 17185: 17180: 17175: 17174: 17173: 17168: 17163: 17158: 17153: 17148: 17143: 17133: 17128: 17123: 17122: 17121: 17110: 17107: 17106: 17099: 17098: 17091: 17084: 17076: 17067: 17066: 17064: 17063: 17053: 17040: 17037: 17036: 17033: 17032: 17029: 17028: 17026: 17025: 17020: 17015: 17010: 17005: 17000: 16995: 16990: 16985: 16984: 16983: 16973: 16972: 16971: 16966: 16961: 16951: 16946: 16945: 16944: 16939: 16928: 16926: 16925:Related topics 16922: 16921: 16919: 16918: 16913: 16908: 16903: 16897: 16895: 16889: 16888: 16886: 16885: 16880: 16875: 16870: 16865: 16864: 16863: 16858: 16847: 16845: 16835: 16834: 16821: 16820: 16817: 16816: 16813: 16812: 16810: 16809: 16804: 16797: 16792: 16791: 16790: 16780: 16775: 16770: 16765: 16760: 16754: 16752: 16748: 16747: 16745: 16744: 16739: 16734: 16729: 16723: 16721: 16715: 16714: 16712: 16711: 16706: 16701: 16696: 16691: 16686: 16681: 16676: 16670: 16668: 16662: 16661: 16659: 16658: 16653: 16648: 16643: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16623: 16617: 16615: 16605: 16604: 16589: 16588: 16585: 16584: 16581: 16580: 16578: 16577: 16572: 16571: 16570: 16558: 16556:Sources of law 16553: 16548: 16547: 16546: 16536: 16529: 16524: 16517: 16512: 16505: 16500: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16463: 16456: 16455: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16434: 16429: 16421: 16419: 16415: 16414: 16412: 16411: 16404: 16397: 16390: 16383: 16376: 16369: 16361: 16359: 16357: 16356: 16351: 16346: 16340: 16337: 16336: 16334: 16333: 16326: 16321: 16314: 16307: 16300: 16292: 16290: 16284: 16283: 16281: 16280: 16273: 16266: 16259: 16252: 16247: 16241: 16239: 16229: 16228: 16225: 16224: 16219: 16213: 16205: 16204: 16201: 16200: 16198: 16197: 16192: 16187: 16182: 16180:Social welfare 16177: 16172: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16140: 16135: 16130: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16094: 16092: 16090: 16089: 16084: 16078: 16075: 16074: 16072: 16071: 16066: 16061: 16060: 16059: 16049: 16044: 16039: 16038: 16037: 16032: 16031: 16030: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16000: 15995: 15990: 15989: 15988: 15965: 15963: 15957: 15956: 15954: 15953: 15946: 15941: 15936: 15931: 15925: 15923: 15917: 15916: 15914: 15913: 15912: 15911: 15906: 15901: 15896: 15891: 15886: 15881: 15876: 15864: 15859: 15852: 15845: 15843:Historiography 15840: 15835: 15830: 15825: 15819: 15817: 15815: 15814: 15809: 15803: 15800: 15799: 15797: 15796: 15789: 15782: 15775: 15768: 15760: 15758: 15752: 15751: 15749: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15731: 15726: 15721: 15716: 15715: 15714: 15704: 15697: 15696: 15695: 15684: 15682: 15672: 15671: 15664: 15661: 15660: 15652: 15651: 15644: 15637: 15629: 15620: 15619: 15617: 15616: 15611: 15604: 15601: 15600: 15597: 15596: 15593: 15592: 15590: 15589: 15584: 15579: 15573: 15571: 15570:Related topics 15567: 15566: 15564: 15563: 15561:United Kingdom 15558: 15553: 15548: 15542: 15540: 15536: 15535: 15533: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15506: 15504: 15500: 15499: 15497: 15496: 15491: 15486: 15481: 15476: 15474:Faith campaign 15471: 15466: 15461: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15441: 15435: 15433: 15427: 15426: 15424: 15423: 15419:The Green Book 15415: 15407: 15399: 15391: 15383: 15375: 15373:(Iqbal, 1930s) 15371:Reconstruction 15366: 15364: 15356: 15355: 15345: 15344: 15341: 15340: 15337: 15336: 15334: 15333: 15331:Talibanization 15328: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15297: 15295: 15291: 15290: 15288: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15265:Akhtar Mansour 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15236: 15234: 15230: 15229: 15227: 15226: 15225: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15204: 15203: 15202: 15201: 15200: 15195: 15185: 15184: 15183: 15176:Southeast Asia 15173: 15172: 15171: 15166: 15156: 15155: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15142:Fatah al-Islam 15139: 15125: 15123: 15119: 15118: 15116: 15115: 15110: 15104: 15102: 15094: 15093: 15077: 15076: 15073: 15072: 15069: 15068: 15066: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15044: 15042: 15038: 15037: 15035: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15022:Salman al-Ouda 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14978: 14976: 14970: 14969: 14966: 14965: 14963: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14951: 14950: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14924: 14922: 14916: 14915: 14913: 14912: 14907: 14905:Sahwa movement 14902: 14897: 14891: 14889: 14882: 14874: 14873: 14861: 14860: 14857: 14856: 14854: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14801:Ata Abu Rashta 14798: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14746:Muhammad Iqbal 14743: 14738: 14733: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14713: 14708: 14703: 14698: 14693: 14691:Muhammad Abduh 14687: 14685: 14682: 14679: 14678: 14675: 14674: 14672: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14655: 14653: 14649: 14648: 14646: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14628:Fatah Alliance 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14534: 14532: 14526: 14525: 14523: 14522: 14521: 14520: 14515: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14489: 14488: 14483: 14476:Hizb ut-Tahrir 14473: 14467: 14465: 14458: 14454: 14453: 14451: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14412: 14411: 14401: 14396: 14395: 14394: 14389: 14379: 14374: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14348: 14346: 14342: 14341: 14339: 14338: 14333: 14332: 14331: 14321: 14320: 14319: 14309: 14303: 14301: 14291: 14290: 14283: 14282: 14275: 14268: 14260: 14254: 14253: 14241: 14225: 14224:External links 14222: 14220: 14219: 14181:(2): 243–262. 14166: 14148: 14138:. London, NY: 14129: 14111: 14101:. London, UK: 14092: 14054:(3): 493–510. 14039: 14001:(2): 207–222. 13986: 13966:(2): 333–354. 13951: 13922: 13892:(2): 181–196. 13877: 13839:(4): 234–247. 13824: 13818: 13805: 13759:(3): 430–453. 13742: 13739: 13738: 13737: 13731: 13716: 13702: 13683: 13665: 13651:. p. 67. 13647:. Ithaca, NY: 13638: 13629: 13620: 13611: 13606:978-1629488998 13605: 13587: 13584: 13575: 13566: 13554:978-0674291416 13553: 13536: 13527: 13515: 13506: 13494: 13486:978-0674010901 13485: 13468: 13459: 13445: 13439: 13423:Halliday, Fred 13419: 13410: 13387: 13361: 13338: 13330:Esposito, John 13324: 13321: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13312: 13311: 13300:on 25 May 2013 13285: 13255: 13224: 13211: 13177: 13146: 13116: 13078: 13042: 12991: 12961: 12949: 12934: 12919: 12904:. Anusha.com. 12893: 12861: 12838: 12825: 12796: 12779: 12753: 12740: 12727: 12714: 12688: 12675: 12641: 12610: 12579: 12566: 12553: 12542: 12529: 12503: 12472: 12459: 12446: 12433: 12417: 12404: 12382: 12351: 12333: 12318:. Al Jazeera. 12303: 12290: 12281: 12275:Qutb, Sayyid, 12268: 12262:Qutb, Sayyid, 12255: 12249:Qutb, Sayyid, 12242: 12236:Qutb, Sayyid, 12229: 12209: 12183: 12179:978-0521791403 12162: 12131: 12108: 12082: 12056: 12004: 11969: 11940: 11905: 11870: 11853: 11847:978-0195357110 11846: 11826: 11807: 11790: 11781: 11768: 11755: 11753:, p. 102. 11743: 11731: 11729:, p. 100. 11719: 11701: 11675: 11624: 11587: 11561: 11520: 11487: 11480: 11462: 11455: 11437: 11430: 11412: 11396: 11384: 11367: 11355: 11343: 11331: 11319: 11306: 11293: 11281: 11274: 11256: 11243: 11230: 11221: 11204: 11195: 11185: 11166: 11153: 11138: 11112: 11081: 11045: 11030: 11021: 11012:"Dar Al Hayat" 11003: 10970: 10939: 10903: 10864: 10853:on 1 July 2016 10834: 10803: 10777: 10746: 10720: 10717:on 5 May 2019. 10702: 10700:, (2002) p. 32 10689: 10676: 10663: 10650: 10637: 10624: 10608: 10592: 10579: 10566: 10553: 10540: 10527: 10515: 10502: 10486: 10473: 10460: 10447: 10441:Taheri, Amir, 10434: 10421: 10408: 10395: 10356:(3): 430–453. 10336: 10327: 10313:, 2 May 2016, 10300: 10281: 10222: 10193: 10174: 10155: 10127: 10098: 10071: 10012: 9997:on 30 May 2021 9977: 9958: 9933: 9920: 9911: 9898: 9882: 9866: 9850: 9834: 9825: 9809: 9793: 9777: 9761: 9745: 9732: 9713: 9692: 9661: 9630: 9598: 9568: 9534: 9517:The New Yorker 9503: 9490:978-1845112578 9489: 9469: 9460:al-Arab Online 9447: 9434: 9421: 9403: 9362: 9336: 9320: 9280: 9229: 9216: 9190: 9177: 9164: 9130: 9099: 9053: 9041: 9012: 9006:978-1845112578 9005: 8985: 8954: 8923: 8883: 8850: 8843: 8817: 8787: 8780: 8751: 8721: 8708: 8698:George Joffé, 8691: 8675: 8659: 8643: 8610: 8579: 8548: 8535: 8522: 8492: 8479: 8449: 8436: 8406: 8386: 8350: 8341: 8332: 8323: 8314: 8305: 8296: 8287: 8281:Roy, Olivier, 8274: 8258: 8217: 8183: 8167: 8154: 8128: 8112: 8078:Hizb ut-Tahrir 8069: 8056: 8040: 8027: 8011: 7998: 7968: 7951: 7938: 7922: 7909: 7896: 7883: 7870: 7861: 7848: 7835: 7823: 7810: 7799:on 28 May 2012 7784: 7775: 7744: 7697:(4): 711–732. 7677: 7658: 7656:, p. 101. 7643: 7630: 7617: 7600: 7587: 7570: 7555: 7521: 7509: 7478: 7453: 7440:978-0231146401 7439: 7419: 7396: 7394:, 2010, p. 111 7390:Osman, Tarek, 7380: 7337: 7314:Zeidan, Adam. 7306: 7279: 7246: 7240:978-0300160147 7239: 7216: 7197: 7179: 7152: 7122: 7105:alaraby.co.uk/ 7091: 7060: 7029: 7003: 6962: 6942:"Islamism, n." 6933: 6903: 6880: 6856: 6821: 6790: 6767: 6754: 6723: 6693: 6670: 6663: 6645: 6624: 6598: 6577: 6559: 6538: 6520: 6513: 6495: 6474: 6448: 6415: 6399: 6363: 6327: 6268: 6227: 6211: 6181: 6129: 6117: 6108: 6072: 6042: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011:was martyred). 5992: 5982: 5972: 5963: 5954: 5941: 5920: 5903: 5894: 5881: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5791: 5788: 5763: 5760: 5736:Main article: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5720:Main article: 5717: 5714: 5705:Arab Barometer 5665: 5662: 5643: 5640: 5608:Saddam Hussein 5593: 5590: 5578:Saudi monarchy 5495: 5492: 5450:fundamentalism 5439: 5436: 5343:Main article: 5330: 5327: 5315:Arab socialism 5291:Main article: 5288: 5285: 5250:Main article: 5239: 5236: 5196:Al-Wasat Party 5150:Hasan al-Banna 5139:Main article: 5136: 5133: 5033:Main article: 5030: 5027: 4954:Muhammad Iqbal 4943:Muhammad Iqbal 4941:Main article: 4938: 4937:Muhammad Iqbal 4935: 4830: 4827: 4803:Muhammad Abduh 4791:Ottoman Empire 4786: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4766: 4752: 4741:Muhammad Iqbal 4737:Muhammad Abduh 4733:Shah Waliullah 4730: 4720: 4714: 4711:Ahmad Sirhindi 4703: 4700: 4692:Main article: 4689: 4686: 4554: 4551: 4520: 4517: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4419: 4416: 4399: 4396: 4387: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4342: 4330: 4315: 4312: 4279: 4276: 4260:Supreme Leader 4238: 4235: 4218: 4217: 4206:Supreme Leader 4202: 4149:Main article: 4146: 4145:Shi'i Islamism 4143: 4084:Anwar al-Sadat 4031:Abdullah Azzam 4003:Main article: 4000: 3997: 3944:refers to the 3935:Main article: 3932: 3929: 3914:Main article: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3899: 3892: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3867: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3860:Jihadi tourism 3857: 3852: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3824: 3823: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3796: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3720: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3699:Al-Nusra Front 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3650: 3649: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3603: 3598: 3592: 3584: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3567:Suicide attack 3564: 3559: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3527: 3522: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3492: 3489: 3442:Main article: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3434: 3416: 3409:Al Islah Party 3407:in Egypt, the 3388: 3338:Main article: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3330: 3323: 3316: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3243: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3228: 3227: 3222: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3190:Sahwa movement 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3156: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3104: 3099: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3083: 3081:Zubair Ali Zai 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3022: 3017: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3003: 3001:Ismail Dehlavi 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2952: 2947: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2936: 2928: 2927: 2904: 2901: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2693:vanguard party 2672: 2669: 2625: 2622: 2597:these states ( 2577:Southern Yemen 2570:Anti-communism 2565: 2562: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2493: 2492: 2482: 2481: 2465: 2464: 2456: 2455: 2447: 2439: 2438: 2435:Ottoman Empire 2423: 2383: 2380: 2340:Nadwatul Ulama 2303:Hadith studies 2260:Constantinople 2240:Ottoman Empire 2208: 2205: 2185:Yom Kippur War 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2074: 2066: 2059: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2019: 2012: 2008: 2001: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1979: 1976:Islamic sharia 1972: 1965: 1953: 1950: 1830: 1827: 1809:Following the 1787:" strategy of 1761:movement, and 1710:Westernization 1618: 1617: 1615: 1614: 1607: 1600: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1471: 1468:Related topics 1466: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1450:Social welfare 1447: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1280: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1236: 1235: 1228: 1221: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1201: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1179: 1170: 1169: 1163: 1155: 1147: 1138: 1137: 1117: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1056: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1040:Predestination 1036: 1035: 1030: 1024: 1023: 1021:Revealed Books 1018: 1012: 1011: 1001: 996: 995: 992: 991: 983: 982: 976: 975: 963: 962: 960: 959: 952: 945: 937: 934: 933: 908: 907: 904: 903: 898: 893: 892: 891: 880: 877:Related topics 875: 874: 871: 870: 867: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 844:Maryam Namazie 841: 836: 831: 826: 825: 824: 819: 809: 808: 807: 796: 793: 792: 789: 788: 785: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 747:Ata Abu Rashta 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 697:Muhammad Iqbal 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 657:Muhammad Abduh 653: 651:Key ideologues 650: 649: 646: 645: 642: 641: 636: 634:House of Thani 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 589:Omar al-Bashir 586: 580: 578:Heads of state 577: 576: 573: 572: 569: 568: 551: 544:("Milestones") 538: 526: 514: 501: 498: 497: 494: 493: 490: 489: 488: 487: 482: 480:Southeast Asia 477: 472: 458: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 425:Hizb ut-Tahrir 416: 415: 414: 413: 408: 398: 396:Sahwa movement 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 371:Dawat-e-Islami 368: 359: 356: 355: 352: 351: 348: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 325:Anti-communism 321: 318: 317: 314: 313: 310: 309: 302: 297: 290: 283: 278: 277: 276: 266: 261: 260: 259: 254: 242: 232: 231: 230: 225: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 189: 188: 175: 172: 171: 168: 167: 161: 160: 154: 153: 152: 147: 137: 136: 135: 125: 119: 116: 115: 112: 111: 108: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 76: 73: 72: 69: 68: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18902: 18891: 18888: 18886: 18883: 18881: 18878: 18876: 18873: 18872: 18870: 18860: 18855: 18850: 18848: 18838: 18837: 18834: 18817: 18814: 18812: 18809: 18805: 18802: 18801: 18800: 18797: 18795: 18792: 18790: 18787: 18785: 18782: 18777: 18773: 18772: 18771: 18770:Imperial cult 18768: 18766: 18763: 18761: 18758: 18757: 18754: 18747: 18743: 18733: 18730: 18728: 18725: 18723: 18720: 18718: 18715: 18710: 18706: 18703: 18699: 18696: 18692: 18691: 18690: 18687: 18685: 18682: 18680: 18677: 18675: 18672: 18670: 18667: 18666: 18663: 18656: 18652: 18642: 18639: 18637: 18634: 18632: 18629: 18627: 18624: 18622: 18619: 18617: 18614: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18599: 18594: 18590: 18587: 18586:Panun Kashmir 18583: 18580: 18579:Hindu Rashtra 18576: 18573: 18569: 18568: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18557: 18554: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18542: 18541:Akhand Bharat 18539: 18538: 18535: 18531: 18526: 18522: 18512: 18509: 18505: 18502: 18501: 18500: 18497: 18495: 18492: 18487: 18483: 18482: 18481: 18478: 18476: 18473: 18471: 18468: 18466: 18463: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18446: 18443: 18438: 18434: 18431: 18427: 18426: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18417: 18414: 18409: 18405: 18404: 18403: 18400: 18398: 18395: 18393: 18390: 18389: 18386: 18382: 18377: 18373: 18363: 18360: 18355: 18351: 18350: 18349: 18346: 18344: 18341: 18339: 18336: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18321: 18317: 18316: 18315: 18312: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18304:Islamic state 18302: 18300: 18297: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18287: 18282: 18281:In South Asia 18278: 18275: 18271: 18268: 18264: 18263: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18239: 18237: 18234: 18232: 18229: 18227: 18224: 18222: 18219: 18217: 18214: 18213: 18210: 18206: 18201: 18197: 18184: 18180: 18179: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18172:Theodemocracy 18170: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18155: 18150: 18146: 18145: 18144: 18141: 18139: 18136: 18134: 18133:Pillarisation 18131: 18129: 18126: 18122: 18121:Phoenicianism 18119: 18118: 18117: 18114: 18112: 18109: 18107: 18104: 18102: 18099: 18097: 18094: 18092: 18089: 18087: 18084: 18082: 18079: 18074: 18070: 18069: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18060: 18058: 18055: 18053: 18050: 18045: 18041: 18040: 18039: 18036: 18034: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18021: 18017: 18016: 18015: 18012: 18010: 18009:Christian law 18007: 18005: 18002: 17997: 17993: 17992: 17991: 17988: 17983: 17979: 17976: 17972: 17969: 17965: 17962: 17958: 17957: 17956: 17953: 17948: 17944: 17943: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17909: 17905: 17904: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17895: 17893: 17890: 17888: 17885: 17884: 17881: 17877: 17872: 17868: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17842:State atheism 17840: 17838: 17835: 17830: 17826: 17823: 17819: 17818: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17801:Secular state 17799: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17772: 17769: 17767: 17764: 17762: 17759: 17754: 17750: 17749: 17748: 17745: 17743: 17740: 17738: 17737:Religious law 17735: 17733: 17730: 17728: 17725: 17723: 17720: 17718: 17715: 17713: 17710: 17708: 17705: 17703: 17700: 17698: 17695: 17693: 17690: 17688: 17685: 17680: 17676: 17673: 17669: 17668: 17667: 17664: 17662: 17659: 17657: 17654: 17652: 17649: 17647: 17644: 17639: 17635: 17634: 17633: 17630: 17628: 17625: 17623: 17622:Caesaropapism 17620: 17615: 17611: 17610: 17609: 17606: 17605: 17602: 17595: 17591: 17587: 17580: 17575: 17573: 17568: 17566: 17561: 17560: 17557: 17545: 17542: 17540: 17537: 17535: 17532: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17520: 17517: 17515: 17514:Progressivism 17512: 17510: 17507: 17505: 17502: 17500: 17497: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17487: 17485: 17482: 17480: 17477: 17475: 17474:Individualism 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17448: 17445: 17443: 17440: 17438: 17435: 17434: 17433: 17430: 17428: 17425: 17423: 17420: 17416: 17413: 17412: 17411: 17408: 17407: 17405: 17401: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17377: 17373: 17370: 17368: 17365: 17364: 17363: 17362:Republicanism 17360: 17358: 17355: 17351: 17348: 17347: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17298: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17285: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17271: 17267: 17266:Social credit 17264: 17263: 17262: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17198: 17195: 17189: 17188:Revolutionary 17186: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17176: 17172: 17169: 17167: 17164: 17162: 17159: 17157: 17154: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17138: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17127: 17124: 17120: 17117: 17116: 17115: 17112: 17111: 17108: 17104: 17097: 17092: 17090: 17085: 17083: 17078: 17077: 17074: 17062: 17054: 17052: 17042: 17041: 17038: 17024: 17021: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16982: 16979: 16978: 16977: 16974: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16964:Post-Islamism 16962: 16960: 16957: 16956: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16934: 16933: 16930: 16929: 16927: 16923: 16917: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16898: 16896: 16894: 16890: 16884: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16862: 16861:Protestantism 16859: 16857: 16854: 16853: 16852: 16849: 16848: 16846: 16844: 16840: 16836: 16826: 16822: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16802: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16789: 16786: 16785: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16769: 16766: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16755: 16753: 16749: 16743: 16740: 16738: 16735: 16733: 16730: 16728: 16725: 16724: 16722: 16720: 16716: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16704:Ophthalmology 16702: 16700: 16697: 16695: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16685: 16682: 16680: 16677: 16675: 16672: 16671: 16669: 16667: 16663: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16649: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16618: 16616: 16614: 16610: 16606: 16602: 16594: 16590: 16576: 16573: 16569: 16568: 16564: 16563: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16545: 16542: 16541: 16540: 16537: 16535: 16534: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16522: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16510: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16468: 16464: 16462: 16461: 16457: 16453: 16452:Death penalty 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16439: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16427: 16423: 16422: 16420: 16418:Other aspects 16416: 16410: 16409: 16405: 16403: 16402: 16398: 16396: 16395: 16391: 16389: 16388: 16384: 16382: 16381: 16377: 16375: 16374: 16370: 16368: 16367: 16363: 16362: 16360: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16341: 16338: 16332: 16331: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16319: 16315: 16313: 16312: 16308: 16306: 16305: 16301: 16299: 16298: 16294: 16293: 16291: 16289: 16285: 16279: 16278: 16274: 16272: 16271: 16267: 16265: 16264: 16260: 16258: 16257: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16242: 16240: 16238: 16234: 16230: 16223: 16222:Jurisprudence 16220: 16218: 16215: 16214: 16210: 16206: 16196: 16193: 16191: 16188: 16186: 16183: 16181: 16178: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16170: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16121: 16119: 16116: 16114: 16111: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16095: 16093: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16079: 16076: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16058: 16055: 16054: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16036: 16033: 16029: 16026: 16025: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16005: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15987: 15983: 15979: 15975: 15972: 15971: 15970: 15967: 15966: 15964: 15962: 15961:Denominations 15958: 15952: 15951: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15927: 15926: 15924: 15922: 15918: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15882: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15874: 15870: 15869: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15860: 15858: 15857: 15853: 15851: 15850: 15846: 15844: 15841: 15839: 15836: 15834: 15831: 15829: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15820: 15818: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15804: 15801: 15795: 15794: 15790: 15788: 15787: 15783: 15781: 15780: 15776: 15774: 15773: 15769: 15767: 15766: 15762: 15761: 15759: 15757: 15753: 15747: 15746:Holiest sites 15744: 15742: 15741:Judgement Day 15739: 15737: 15736: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15713: 15710: 15709: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15702: 15698: 15694: 15691: 15690: 15689: 15686: 15685: 15683: 15681: 15677: 15673: 15669: 15668: 15662: 15657: 15650: 15645: 15643: 15638: 15636: 15631: 15630: 15627: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15606: 15605: 15602: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15575: 15574: 15572: 15568: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15543: 15541: 15537: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15507: 15505: 15501: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15484:War on terror 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15436: 15434: 15428: 15422: 15420: 15416: 15414: 15412: 15408: 15406: 15404: 15400: 15398: 15396: 15392: 15390: 15388: 15384: 15382: 15380: 15376: 15374: 15372: 15368: 15367: 15365: 15361: 15357: 15350: 15346: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15298: 15296: 15292: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15237: 15235: 15233:Major figures 15231: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15209: 15208: 15205: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15190: 15189: 15186: 15182: 15179: 15178: 15177: 15174: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15161: 15160: 15157: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15134: 15133: 15130: 15129: 15127: 15126: 15124: 15120: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15105: 15103: 15099: 15095: 15091: 15087: 15082: 15078: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15045: 15043: 15039: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15027:Ali al-Tamimi 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14979: 14977: 14975: 14974:Major figures 14971: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14949: 14948:Islamist Bloc 14946: 14945: 14944: 14943:Al-Nour Party 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14925: 14923: 14921: 14917: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14892: 14890: 14886: 14883: 14879: 14875: 14871: 14866: 14862: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14811:Navvab Safavi 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14796:Tariq Ramadan 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14741:Safwat Hegazi 14739: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14722: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14711:Muhammad Asad 14709: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14688: 14686: 14680: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14656: 14654: 14650: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14623:Welfare Party 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14535: 14533: 14531: 14527: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14510: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14478: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14468: 14466: 14462: 14459: 14455: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14438:Turkish model 14436: 14434: 14433: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14421:Post-Islamism 14419: 14417: 14414: 14410: 14407: 14406: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14384: 14383: 14382:Islamic state 14380: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14349: 14347: 14343: 14337: 14336:Shia Islamism 14334: 14330: 14327: 14326: 14325: 14322: 14318: 14315: 14314: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14304: 14302: 14300: 14296: 14292: 14288: 14281: 14276: 14274: 14269: 14267: 14262: 14261: 14258: 14251: 14246: 14242: 14240:at Wiktionary 14239: 14238: 14232: 14228: 14227: 14208: 14204: 14200: 14196: 14192: 14188: 14184: 14180: 14176: 14172: 14167: 14155: 14151: 14145: 14141: 14137: 14136: 14130: 14118: 14114: 14112:9781842776155 14108: 14104: 14100: 14099: 14093: 14081: 14077: 14073: 14069: 14065: 14061: 14057: 14053: 14049: 14045: 14040: 14028: 14024: 14020: 14016: 14012: 14008: 14004: 14000: 13996: 13992: 13987: 13983: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13965: 13961: 13957: 13952: 13940: 13936: 13932: 13928: 13923: 13911: 13907: 13903: 13899: 13895: 13891: 13887: 13883: 13878: 13866: 13862: 13858: 13854: 13850: 13846: 13842: 13838: 13834: 13830: 13825: 13821: 13815: 13811: 13806: 13794: 13790: 13786: 13782: 13778: 13774: 13770: 13766: 13762: 13758: 13754: 13750: 13745: 13744: 13734: 13732:9780691163642 13728: 13724: 13723: 13717: 13713: 13709: 13705: 13703:9780815633884 13699: 13695: 13691: 13690: 13684: 13672: 13668: 13666:9781501714856 13662: 13658: 13654: 13650: 13646: 13645: 13639: 13635: 13630: 13626: 13621: 13617: 13612: 13608: 13602: 13598: 13597: 13592: 13588: 13585: 13581: 13576: 13572: 13567: 13556: 13550: 13545: 13544: 13537: 13533: 13528: 13524: 13520: 13516: 13512: 13507: 13503: 13499: 13495: 13492: 13488: 13482: 13477: 13476: 13469: 13465: 13460: 13456: 13455: 13450: 13446: 13442: 13440:9781850439592 13436: 13431: 13430: 13424: 13420: 13416: 13411: 13399: 13395: 13394: 13388: 13376: 13372: 13368: 13364: 13358: 13354: 13350: 13346: 13345: 13339: 13335: 13331: 13327: 13326: 13299: 13295: 13289: 13273: 13269: 13265: 13259: 13243: 13239: 13235: 13228: 13221: 13215: 13199: 13195: 13191: 13184: 13182: 13165: 13161: 13157: 13150: 13134: 13130: 13129:The Economist 13126: 13120: 13104: 13100: 13096: 13089: 13087: 13085: 13083: 13073: 13068: 13064: 13060: 13056: 13049: 13047: 13030: 13026: 13022: 13018: 13014: 13010: 13006: 13002: 12995: 12979: 12975: 12971: 12965: 12958: 12953: 12946: 12943: 12938: 12931: 12928: 12923: 12907: 12903: 12897: 12881: 12877: 12876: 12871: 12865: 12857: 12853: 12849: 12842: 12835: 12829: 12822: 12818: 12813: 12812: 12803: 12801: 12793: 12782: 12776: 12772: 12767: 12766: 12757: 12750: 12744: 12737: 12731: 12724: 12718: 12702: 12698: 12692: 12685: 12679: 12663: 12659: 12655: 12648: 12646: 12629: 12625: 12621: 12614: 12598: 12594: 12590: 12583: 12576: 12570: 12563: 12557: 12551: 12546: 12539: 12533: 12517: 12513: 12507: 12491: 12487: 12483: 12476: 12469: 12463: 12456: 12450: 12443: 12437: 12430: 12424: 12422: 12414: 12408: 12400: 12396: 12392: 12386: 12370: 12366: 12362: 12355: 12349: 12345: 12342: 12337: 12321: 12317: 12310: 12308: 12300: 12294: 12288:Mayer, p. 110 12285: 12278: 12272: 12265: 12259: 12252: 12246: 12239: 12233: 12225: 12221: 12213: 12197: 12193: 12187: 12180: 12176: 12172: 12166: 12150: 12146: 12142: 12135: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12112: 12096: 12092: 12086: 12070: 12066: 12060: 12044: 12040: 12036: 12032: 12028: 12024: 12020: 12016: 12008: 11989: 11986:. p. 7. 11982: 11981: 11973: 11957: 11953: 11952: 11944: 11925: 11918: 11917: 11909: 11890: 11883: 11882: 11874: 11867: 11863: 11857: 11849: 11843: 11839: 11838: 11830: 11822: 11818: 11811: 11804: 11800: 11794: 11785: 11778: 11772: 11765: 11759: 11752: 11747: 11740: 11735: 11728: 11723: 11716: 11712: 11705: 11689: 11685: 11679: 11663: 11659: 11655: 11651: 11647: 11644:(3): 483–96. 11643: 11639: 11635: 11628: 11609: 11605: 11598: 11595:Anil Bhatti. 11591: 11575: 11571: 11565: 11557: 11551: 11535: 11529: 11527: 11525: 11515: 11510: 11506: 11502: 11498: 11491: 11483: 11477: 11473: 11466: 11458: 11452: 11448: 11441: 11433: 11427: 11423: 11416: 11409: 11407: 11400: 11393: 11388: 11380: 11379: 11371: 11364: 11359: 11352: 11347: 11340: 11335: 11328: 11323: 11316: 11310: 11303: 11297: 11290: 11285: 11277: 11271: 11267: 11260: 11253: 11247: 11240: 11234: 11225: 11218: 11214: 11208: 11199: 11189: 11182: 11180: 11173: 11171: 11163: 11157: 11150:. p. 83. 11149: 11142: 11126: 11122: 11116: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11085: 11069: 11065: 11064: 11059: 11055: 11049: 11042: 11037: 11035: 11025: 11017: 11013: 11007: 10991: 10987: 10986:The Telegraph 10982: 10974: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10943: 10927: 10923: 10918: 10910: 10908: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10868: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10838: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10807: 10791: 10787: 10781: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10750: 10734: 10730: 10724: 10716: 10712: 10706: 10699: 10693: 10686: 10680: 10673: 10667: 10660: 10654: 10648:, 19 May 2003 10647: 10641: 10634: 10628: 10621: 10619: 10612: 10605: 10603: 10596: 10589: 10583: 10576: 10570: 10563: 10557: 10550: 10544: 10537: 10531: 10524: 10519: 10512: 10506: 10499: 10497: 10490: 10483: 10477: 10470: 10464: 10457: 10451: 10444: 10438: 10432:(2000), p.224 10431: 10425: 10418: 10412: 10405: 10399: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10340: 10331: 10316: 10312: 10311: 10304: 10297: 10292: 10290: 10288: 10286: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10226: 10210: 10206: 10205: 10197: 10190: 10188: 10181: 10179: 10162: 10158: 10156:9781137313492 10152: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10139: 10131: 10115: 10111: 10105: 10103: 10086: 10082: 10075: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10016: 10009: 9996: 9992: 9988: 9981: 9965: 9961: 9959:0-8223-2464-4 9955: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9942:Fred Halliday 9937: 9930: 9924: 9915: 9908: 9902: 9896:, 2002, p.106 9895: 9889: 9887: 9879: 9877: 9870: 9863: 9861: 9854: 9847: 9845: 9838: 9829: 9822: 9820: 9813: 9806: 9804: 9797: 9790: 9788: 9781: 9774: 9772: 9765: 9758: 9756: 9749: 9742: 9736: 9729: 9727: 9720: 9718: 9710: 9708: 9701: 9699: 9697: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9665: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9634: 9618: 9614: 9613: 9612:The Economist 9608: 9602: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9572: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9541: 9539: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9507: 9492: 9486: 9482: 9481: 9473: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9451: 9445:, 2002, p.220 9444: 9438: 9431: 9425: 9418: 9412: 9410: 9408: 9400: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9378: 9373: 9366: 9350: 9346: 9340: 9334:. pp. 69–71." 9333: 9327: 9325: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9285: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9233: 9226: 9225:Looming Tower 9220: 9204: 9200: 9194: 9187: 9181: 9175:, 2002, p. 31 9174: 9168: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9137: 9135: 9123: 9119: 9118: 9110: 9103: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9057: 9050: 9045: 9029: 9025: 9019: 9017: 9008: 9002: 8998: 8997: 8989: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8958: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8927: 8920: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8894: 8887: 8868: 8861: 8854: 8846: 8844:9780670021185 8840: 8836: 8831: 8830: 8821: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8791: 8783: 8781:9780141030432 8777: 8773: 8768: 8767: 8758: 8756: 8739: 8735: 8734:December 1992 8731: 8725: 8718: 8712: 8705: 8701: 8695: 8688: 8686: 8679: 8672: 8670: 8663: 8656: 8654: 8647: 8631: 8627: 8622: 8614: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8583: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8539: 8532: 8526: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8496: 8489: 8483: 8467: 8463: 8462:Wilson Center 8459: 8453: 8446: 8440: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8410: 8403: 8399: 8393: 8391: 8371: 8367: 8360: 8354: 8345: 8336: 8327: 8318: 8309: 8300: 8291: 8284: 8278: 8271: 8265: 8263: 8254: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8221: 8205: 8201: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8188: 8180: 8178: 8171: 8164: 8158: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8132: 8125: 8119: 8117: 8096: 8089: 8083: 8079: 8073: 8066: 8060: 8053: 8047: 8045: 8037: 8031: 8024: 8018: 8016: 8008: 8002: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7965: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7948: 7942: 7935: 7933: 7926: 7919: 7913: 7906: 7900: 7893: 7887: 7880: 7874: 7865: 7858: 7852: 7845: 7839: 7832: 7827: 7820: 7814: 7798: 7794: 7788: 7779: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7748: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7681: 7674: 7669: 7662: 7655: 7650: 7648: 7640: 7634: 7627: 7621: 7614: 7610: 7604: 7597: 7591: 7584: 7581:, in Wright, 7580: 7574: 7566: 7559: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7525: 7518: 7513: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7482: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7457: 7442: 7436: 7432: 7431: 7423: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7400: 7393: 7387: 7385: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7341: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7310: 7294: 7290: 7283: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7253: 7251: 7242: 7236: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7220: 7213: 7211: 7204: 7202: 7193: 7189: 7183: 7167: 7163: 7156: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7126: 7110: 7107:(in Arabic). 7106: 7102: 7099:Nawal.Alali. 7095: 7079: 7076:(in Arabic). 7075: 7071: 7064: 7048: 7045:(in Arabic). 7044: 7040: 7033: 7017: 7013: 7007: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6937: 6921: 6917: 6910: 6908: 6900: 6887: 6883: 6881:9780195305135 6877: 6873: 6868: 6860: 6853: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6825: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6797: 6795: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6771: 6764: 6758: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6727: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6698: 6690: 6688: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6666: 6660: 6656: 6649: 6641: 6635: 6627: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6602: 6594: 6588: 6580: 6578:0-8014-3108-5 6574: 6570: 6563: 6555: 6549: 6541: 6539:0-8014-3108-5 6535: 6531: 6524: 6516: 6514:0-415-30173-4 6510: 6506: 6499: 6491: 6485: 6477: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6452: 6443: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6412: 6406: 6404: 6394: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6368: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6231: 6224: 6218: 6216: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6186: 6177: 6171: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6136: 6134: 6124: 6122: 6112: 6103: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6079: 6077: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6024: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5986: 5976: 5967: 5958: 5951: 5945: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5898: 5891: 5885: 5875: 5871: 5855: 5854:Islamofascism 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5759: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5744:anti-semitism 5739: 5723: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5678:AKP of Turkey 5675: 5671: 5661: 5659: 5653: 5648: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5510:In 1979, the 5505: 5504:Hezb-i Islami 5500: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5468: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5435: 5433: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5405: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5384:Day of Ashura 5381: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5339: 5335: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5284: 5281: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5259: 5253: 5244: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5200:Mohamed Morsi 5197: 5193: 5192:Al-Nour Party 5189: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5158: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5105: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5074: 5073: 5072:Dars-i Nizami 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5053:and later in 5052: 5047: 5042: 5036: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5015:Muhammad Asad 5012: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4971: 4970:British India 4967: 4963: 4959: 4958:British India 4955: 4950: 4944: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4864:Islamic state 4859: 4855: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4792: 4785:Early history 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4745:Muhammad Asad 4742: 4738: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4717:Ibn Taymiyyah 4715: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4580:Ronald Reagan 4578: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4541: 4540:Mohamed Morsi 4537: 4533: 4526: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4495: 4490: 4487: 4482: 4480: 4474: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4395: 4393: 4383: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4333:Navvab Safavi 4331: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4286: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4268:Usuli Shi'ism 4263: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4181:differs from 4180: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4152: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4135:Islamic State 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4101:(1991–2002), 4100: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4059:, Syria, 2014 4058: 4053: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4042:Islamic state 4039: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3989:Muhammad Qutb 3986: 3982: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3893: 3891: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3879: 3869: 3868: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3805: 3804: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3743: 3742: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3713: 3712: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3689:Islamic State 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3679:Ahrar al-Sham 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3631: 3630: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3581: 3580: 3573: 3572:Jihadist flag 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3509: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3468:House of Saud 3465: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411:of Yemen and 3410: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3390:Activist (or 3389: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3373:Ibn Taymiyyah 3370: 3366: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3341: 3329: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3315: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3293: 3292: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3247:Al-Nour Party 3245: 3244: 3241: 3236: 3235: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3154: 3149: 3148: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3097: 3096: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3020: 3015: 3014: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2956:Ahl al-Hadith 2954: 2953: 2950: 2945: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2909: 2908: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2891:(AKP) led by 2890: 2886: 2885:Turkish model 2880: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2869:Post-Islamism 2867:(also termed 2866: 2865: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2756:argues that " 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2602: 2600: 2595: 2594:post-colonial 2591: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2461:Islamic world 2458: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2445: 2444:Bernard Lewis 2441: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2422:civilization. 2420: 2419: 2418: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2348:British India 2345: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2293:in Egypt and 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2204: 2201: 2196: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2129:in existence 2128: 2123: 2121: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2092: 2079: 2075: 2072: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1949: 1947: 1946:grammatically 1943: 1939: 1936:) instead of 1935: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1826: 1824: 1823:Islamic State 1820: 1816: 1815:post-Islamist 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1785:revolutionary 1782: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1464: 1463: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1423:Proselytizing 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1331:Denominations 1329: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 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Tauris 8603:12 December 8419:alhewar.com 8137:Sonja Zekri 8082:Zeyno Baran 7609:Sacred Rage 7598:, pp. 64–66 7596:Sacred Rage 7583:Sacred Rage 7446:15 December 7357:(2): 1–20. 7225:Bassam Tibi 6955:27 December 6356:23 December 6009:Imam Husayn 6001:Islamic law 5990:Holocaust." 5879:scriptures. 5844:Dominionism 5670:Olivier Roy 5636:9/11 attack 5586:Gulf region 5542:assistance. 5396:Sayyid Qutb 5323:Sayyid Qutb 5303:Six-Day War 5301:during the 5293:Six-Day War 5258:Sayyid Qutb 5246:Sayyid Qutb 5078:Sayyid Qutb 5006:and Syria. 4981:nationalism 4807:Rashid Rida 4801:(1837–97), 4763:Islamic law 4668:Anwar Sadat 4608:nationalist 4590:During the 4584:White House 4479:petro-Islam 4457:Geopolitics 4443:westernized 4304:Sayyid Qutb 4166:, with the 4139:MENA region 4121:(2001) and 4103:Bosnian War 3950:Sayyid Qutb 3483:Petro-Islam 3456:founded by 3423:Sayyid Qutb 3415:of Bahrain. 3371:theologian 3351:maraboutism 3061:Al-Uthaymin 3046:Rashid Rida 3006:Al-Shawkani 2773:Arab Spring 2765:pan-Arabism 2754:Olivier Roy 2641:religiosity 2581:Olivier Roy 2558:Catholicism 2540:in Israel, 2360:Shaukat Ali 2356:World War I 2283:Rashid Rida 2181:Six-Day War 2078:Olivier Roy 2007:stylebook); 1998:Bassam Tibi 1952:Definitions 1948:incorrect. 1900:f. sing/pl: 1897:Islamiyyin; 1829:Terminology 1811:Arab Spring 1793:Sayyid Qutb 1722:pan-Islamic 1718:nationalism 1684:Sayyid Qutb 1654:pan-Islamic 1555:Laws of war 1218:Ahl al-Bayt 1103:Foundations 864:Bassam Tibi 859:Olivier Roy 752:Rashid Rida 737:Sayyid Qutb 523:Iqbal 1930s 470:MENA region 440:Millî Görüş 18869:Categories 18626:Rama Rajya 18593:Bangabhumi 18494:Poale Zion 18450:Jewish law 18267:by country 18261:Sharia law 17811:Secularity 17806:Secularism 17539:Syncretism 17529:Separatism 17489:Militarism 17459:Federalism 17345:Monarchism 17325:Liberalism 17216:Capitalism 17166:Right-wing 16906:Ex-Muslims 16801:Shu'ubiyya 16795:Psychology 16783:Literature 16773:Inventions 16719:Philosophy 16527:Leadership 16503:Honorifics 16158:Philosophy 16013:Isma'ilism 15978:Maturidism 15867:Caliphates 15838:Golden Age 15729:Revelation 15609:South Asia 15551:Gaza Strip 15503:Influences 15430:Historical 15395:Milestones 15387:Principles 15321:Mujahideen 15198:al-Shabaab 15193:Boko Haram 15181:Abu Sayyaf 15159:South Asia 15017:Zakir Naik 14900:Madkhalism 14888:Scholastic 14846:Zia-ul-Haq 14816:Omar Bongo 14481:in Britain 14399:Islamistan 14317:Khomeinism 14149:1860645526 13534:. Schiler. 13065:(2): 130. 12932:pp. 205–17 12488:. London. 12277:Milestones 12264:Milestones 12251:Milestones 12238:Milestones 11997:23 January 11962:23 January 11933:23 January 11898:23 January 11797:Esposito, 11580:25 October 11275:0195660498 11250:Mortimer, 11237:Mortimer, 11211:Mortimer, 11105:15 January 11074:9 November 10523:Commentary 10215:27 January 10167:27 January 10120:27 January 10091:27 January 9905:Khomeini, 9874:Khomeini, 9858:Khomeini, 9842:Khomeini, 9817:Khomeini, 9787:Khomeinism 9771:Khomeinism 9755:Khomeinism 9739:Ranstorp, 9726:Khomeinism 9591:4 December 9561:4 December 9527:9 December 9496:24 October 9355:24 October 9313:4 December 9157:4 December 9117:Parameters 9073:(2): 192. 8947:4 December 8810:4 December 8689:: p. 32-33 8572:4 December 8515:2 December 8445:Humanities 8429:4 December 8379:4 December 8237:(6): 397. 8210:27 January 7373:6 February 7330:15 January 7316:"Islamism" 7299:6 February 7188:"Islamism" 6996:17 January 6892:3 February 6867:"Islamism" 6845:1 February 6831:"Islamism" 6747:17 January 6716:2 December 6204:6 February 6148:(2): 258. 6051:"Islamism" 6033:"Islamism" 6007:where the 5861:References 5596:See also: 5520:mujahideen 5349:See also: 5256:See also: 5218:, Russia, 5180:Arab world 5059:Aurangabad 5039:See also: 4977:secularism 4947:See also: 4917:to update 4886:capitalism 4852:See also: 4799:al-Afghani 4634:mujahideen 4623:Eisenhower 4471:See also: 4404:Arab world 4179:Khomeinism 4160:Shia Islam 4019:mujahideen 3920:See also: 3694:Boko Haram 3669:Al-Shabaab 3525:Mujahideen 3175:Madkhalism 3076:Ibn Jibrin 2986:Ibn Muflih 2976:Al-Dhahabi 2971:Ibn Kathir 2815:See also: 2645:irreligion 2536:in India, 2362:, Maulana 2276:innovative 2211:See also: 2016:Britannica 1907:al-Ash'ari 1903:Islamiyyah 1890:Islamiyyun 1880:(m. sing.: 1851:In Re Ross 1839:Islamismus 1789:Islamizing 1781:grassroots 1639:secularism 1408:Philosophy 1145:(exegesis) 1082:Pilgrimage 1072:Almsgiving 854:Sam Harris 834:Farag Foda 614:Zia ul-Haq 475:South Asia 386:Madkhalism 361:Scholastic 319:Influences 133:Khomeinism 117:Ideologies 105:Secularism 18556:Hindu law 18504:Religious 18320:Criticism 17908:Papal ban 17852:Theocracy 17519:Reformism 17504:Pluralism 17464:Globalism 17454:Extremism 17389:Third Way 17384:Socialism 17367:Classical 17340:Masculism 17231:Communism 17211:Anarchism 17171:Far-right 17146:Left-wing 17023:Symbolism 16981:Incidents 16959:Criticism 16856:Mormonism 16758:Astrology 16684:Cosmology 16679:Astronomy 16621:Arabesque 16488:Etiquette 16447:Blasphemy 16237:Economics 16052:Ahmadiyya 15986:Mu'tazili 15974:Ash'arism 15607:Islam in 15577:Criticism 15539:by region 15122:Movements 14987:Al-Albani 14928:Al Asalah 14920:Political 14910:Wahhabism 14881:Movements 14836:Malcolm X 14558:Hezbollah 14457:Movements 14203:225510058 14195:1940-3461 14103:Zed Books 14076:161577379 14023:162623601 13982:236344952 13937:: 64–79. 13853:0021-0862 13789:143672216 13773:0026-3206 13712:931494838 13371:158388148 13059:Religions 12886:9 January 12786:5 October 12624:Brookings 12593:Brookings 12039:144873457 11658:144880260 11617:7 January 11193:Heinrichs 11131:18 August 10922:Telegraph 10886:0099-9660 10378:143672216 10256:2376-5739 10054:145583418 10046:0191-4537 9791:: p.25-26 9685:25 August 9654:25 August 9303:Brookings 9263:257933043 9087:144071957 8472:23 August 8253:2077-1444 8231:Religions 7727:153982399 7711:0707-5332 6634:cite book 6587:cite book 6548:cite book 6484:cite book 6302:1469-0764 6263:1469-0764 6162:145201910 6065:25 August 6019:Citations 5732:Criticism 5616:Ba'athist 5558:mujahidin 5488:Islamabad 5424:Hezbollah 5411:Hezbollah 5365:Ayatollah 5311:Ba'athism 5190:, Salafi 5011:reformist 5004:Palestine 4890:socialism 4823:Caliphate 4778:madrasahs 4727:Wahhabism 4659:with the 4604:communist 4577:President 4501:Wahhabism 4486:madrassas 4183:Wahhabism 4094:in 1996. 4046:Caliphate 3974:Jahiliyya 3970:Jahiliyya 3966:Jahiliyya 3962:Jahiliyya 3610:Wahhabism 3545:Inghimasi 3530:Istishhad 3450:Wahhabism 3444:Wahhabism 3438:Wahhabism 3431:Caliphate 3413:Al Asalah 3215:Wahhabism 3071:Al-Fawzan 3066:Al-Albani 2705:Palestine 2697:Hezbollah 2685:populists 2665:Indonesia 2624:Influence 2498:Communist 2376:Caliphate 2328:Salafiyya 2256:Mehmed VI 2142:communism 1777:reformist 1745:. Riḍā's 1725:Caliphate 1631:political 1627:religious 1528:terrorism 1480:Criticism 1433:Sexuality 1403:Mysticism 1373:Festivals 1353:Education 1348:Economics 1284:Academics 1240:Caliphate 1053:Practices 889:Modernism 817:in Europe 548:Qutb 1965 535:Asad 1961 499:Key texts 419:Political 401:Wahhabism 357:Movements 198:Caliphate 95:Economics 18875:Islamism 18859:Politics 18572:Hindutva 18551:Gandhism 18430:Kahanism 18333:Khilafat 18314:Islamism 17857:Theonomy 17692:Humanism 17672:Thealogy 17509:Populism 17499:Pacifism 17494:Nihilism 17484:Localism 17403:See also 17350:Royalism 17320:Islamism 17315:Hindutva 17300:Feminism 17156:Centrism 17141:Far-left 17131:Moderate 17126:Hardline 17061:Category 16954:Islamism 16937:Muhammad 16893:Apostasy 16868:Hinduism 16768:Feminism 16699:Medicine 16539:Military 16493:Gambling 16442:Apostasy 16437:Criminal 16349:Marriage 16318:Tayammum 16270:Murabaha 16143:Madrasas 16133:Holidays 16123:Clothing 16118:Children 16113:Calendar 16064:Quranism 16018:Alawites 15982:Atharism 15873:Rashidun 15712:In Islam 15707:Muhammad 15207:al-Qaeda 15101:Ideology 15090:Jihadism 14938:Al-Islah 14618:Al Wefaq 14518:in Syria 14513:in Egypt 14471:Deobandi 14345:Concepts 14324:Salafism 14307:Islamism 14287:Islamism 14250:Islamism 14237:Islamism 14207:Archived 14154:Archived 14117:Archived 14080:Archived 14068:43307315 14027:Archived 13939:Archived 13910:Archived 13865:Archived 13793:Archived 13781:23471080 13741:Journals 13671:Archived 13627:. Hurst. 13593:(2015). 13580:Islamism 13521:(1991). 13500:(2007). 13451:(2002). 13425:(2003). 13398:Archived 13375:Archived 13332:(1998). 13272:Archived 13242:Archived 13198:Archived 13164:Archived 13133:Archived 13103:Archived 13029:Archived 12978:Archived 12906:Archived 12880:Archived 12751:, p. 149 12738:, p. 155 12707:21 April 12682:Wright, 12662:Archived 12628:Archived 12597:Archived 12516:Archived 12490:Archived 12369:Archived 12344:Archived 12320:Archived 12202:21 April 12181:prologue 12149:Archived 12101:21 April 12075:21 April 12069:Archived 12043:Archived 11988:Archived 11956:Archived 11924:Archived 11889:Archived 11694:21 April 11688:Archived 11662:Archived 11550:cite web 11125:Archived 10990:Archived 10957:Archived 10926:Archived 10890:Archived 10821:Archived 10790:Archived 10764:Archived 10739:21 April 10646:Al-Hayat 10622:: p.54-5 10480:Keddie, 10469:Iranians 10467:Mackay, 10430:Khomeini 10415:Taheri, 10388:20 April 10382:Archived 10370:23471080 10321:22 April 10315:archived 10268:Archived 10209:Archived 10191:: p. 168 10161:Archived 10114:Archived 10085:Archived 10058:Archived 9970:22 March 9964:Archived 9944:(1999). 9679:Archived 9648:Archived 9617:Archived 9585:Archived 9555:Archived 9521:Archived 9392:15 April 9386:Archived 9349:Archived 9307:Archived 9267:Archived 9249:(2): 3. 9223:Wright, 9151:Archived 9028:Archived 8978:5 August 8972:Archived 8941:Archived 8867:Archived 8744:17 March 8738:Archived 8630:Archived 8597:Archived 8509:Archived 8466:Archived 8423:Archived 8370:Archived 8268:Fuller, 8181:: p. 109 8139:(2008). 8104:30 March 8063:Fuller, 7985:Archived 7803:21 April 7762:Archived 7731:Archived 7719:25762122 7637:Murphy, 7607:Wright, 7594:Wright, 7548:12 March 7542:Archived 7502:12 March 7496:Archived 7492:Newsweek 7367:Archived 7363:42909235 7324:Archived 7295:(164): 1 7227:(2012). 7166:Archived 7139:Archived 7109:Archived 7078:Archived 7047:Archived 7016:Archived 6987:Archived 6949:Archived 6886:Archived 6839:Archived 6741:Archived 6710:Archived 6350:Archived 6346:Newsweek 6314:Archived 6310:14540501 6198:Archived 6059:Archived 5931:and the 5914:and the 5812:See also 5784:Cold War 5768:Jihadism 5727:Response 5604:Gulf War 5598:Gulf War 5555:and the 5475:Khomeini 5230:and the 5168:Al-Banna 5055:Pakistan 4759:jihadist 4657:al-Fatah 4638:veterans 4627:holy war 4592:Cold War 4586:in 1983. 4513:infidels 4505:Salafism 4227:Muhammad 4223:unbelief 4187:Salafism 4170:he led, 4092:al-Qaeda 3946:Jihadist 3916:Jihadism 3654:Al-Qaeda 3606:Salafism 3596:Islamism 3540:Shahidka 3504:Jihadism 3403:include 3381:quietist 3272:al-Qaeda 3210:Hazimism 3165:Islamism 2915:a series 2912:Part of 2852:Muhammad 2715:and the 2713:al-Qaeda 2709:Jihadist 2661:Malaysia 2520:against 2518:Protests 2502:Cold War 2431:Crusades 2312:Al-Manar 2307:Islamism 2264:Istanbul 2223:Al-Manār 2156:Ideology 2112:quietist 1942:Islamist 1934:Islamian 1930:Islamawi 1877:Islamist 1862:Islamism 1843:Islamism 1835:Islamism 1755:Egyptian 1623:Islamism 1564:Glossary 1550:Jihadism 1523:Violence 1518:Islamism 1489:Muhammad 1475:Apostasy 1418:Politics 1368:Feminism 1363:Exorcism 1324:Diaspora 1309:Children 1304:Calendar 1232:Rashidun 1210:Muhammad 1205:Timeline 1166:Mathnawi 1028:Prophets 972:a series 970:Part of 461:Militant 381:Deobandi 257:Jihadism 173:Concepts 123:Islamism 100:Politics 65:Islamism 57:a series 55:Part of 18833:Portals 18636:Shuddhi 18499:Zionism 18486:Bundism 18408:Haredim 18348:Taliban 18226:Imamate 18073:In Utah 17534:Statism 17394:Zionism 17335:Marxism 17283:Fascism 17178:Radical 17008:Nursing 16969:Qutbism 16883:Sikhism 16878:Judaism 16873:Jainism 16709:Physics 16656:Pottery 16641:Gardens 16636:Carpets 16551:Slavery 16473:Divorce 16460:Dhabiĥa 16288:Hygiene 16263:Takaful 16245:Banking 16175:Science 16169:Qurbani 16138:Mosques 16098:Animals 16087:Culture 16035:Zaydism 16023:Alevism 15909:Ottoman 15899:Almohad 15894:Fatimid 15889:Córdoba 15884:Abbasid 15879:Umayyad 15812:Leaders 15807:History 15765:Shahada 15680:Beliefs 15546:Balkans 15326:Slavery 15294:Related 15217:in Iraq 15164:Taliban 15108:Qutbism 15041:Related 14992:Ibn Baz 14664:Taliban 14652:Related 14548:Ennahda 14352:Emirate 14312:Qutbism 14299:Outline 13906:4283111 13861:4310208 13560:2 April 13025:3699758 12496:2 March 12049:28 June 11540:2 March 10796:19 June 10606:: p. 53 10590:, p.365 10586:Kepel, 10500:: p. 27 10454:Kepel, 10001:17 June 9892:Kepel, 9880:: p.122 9623:29 June 9441:Kepel, 9428:Kepel, 9171:Kepel, 9092:9 March 8970:. Pew. 8876:2 April 8706:, 2013. 8673:: p. 31 8657:: p. 35 8636:23 July 8009:, 2011. 7991:6 March 7945:Kepel, 7916:Kepel, 7903:Kepel, 7272:29 June 6926:7 March 6691:: p. 24 5628:Algeria 5584:in the 5319:Maududi 5262:Qutbism 5216:Bahrain 5116:khilafa 5067:Deoband 4926:Khilafa 4915:Ijtihad 4901:Khalifa 4749:ijtihad 4688:History 4673:infitah 4600:leftist 4582:at the 4439:Jakarta 4431:Karachi 4412:Finland 4353:muzloun 4157:Twelver 4075:Hadiths 3942:Qutbism 3937:Qutbism 3931:Qutbism 3642:Taliban 3601:Qutbism 3427:Qutbism 3369:Hanbali 3360:ijtihad 3185:Qutbism 3056:Ibn Baz 2940:, Qatar 2849:prophet 2847:of the 2746:Wahhabi 2742:Salafis 2721:Taliban 2657:Tunisia 2548:in the 2411:Prophet 2358:led by 2336:Deoband 2234:by the 2198:As the 2146:fascism 2127:culture 1819:militia 1813:, many 1751:Arabist 1714:Zionism 1445:Slavery 1428:Science 1383:Madrasa 1378:Finance 1289:Animals 1277:society 1273:Culture 1245:Imamate 1225:Sahabah 1198:History 1168:(Poems) 1153:(creed) 1077:Fasting 1005:Oneness 998:Beliefs 366:Barelvi 274:aspects 237: ( 128:Qutbism 90:Culture 85:History 17372:Modern 17288:Nazism 16830: 16788:poetry 16598: 16483:Ethics 16467:Dhimmi 16426:Baligh 16387:Mahram 16344:Family 16324:Toilet 16304:Miswak 16057:Lahori 15998:Salafi 15944:Seerah 15939:Tafsir 15934:Hadith 15904:Sokoto 15849:Sahaba 15724:Angels 15701:Tawhid 15658:topics 15432:events 14426:Sharia 14213:5 June 14201: 14193: 14160:5 June 14146: 14123:5 June 14109: 14086:5 June 14074: 14066: 14033:5 June 14021: 14015:164663 14013: 13980: 13945:5 June 13916:5 June 13904: 13871:5 June 13859: 13851: 13816: 13787: 13779: 13771: 13729: 13710: 13700: 13663: 13603: 13551: 13483: 13437: 13369: 13359: 13304:8 June 13278:8 June 13248:26 May 13023: 12947:p. 207 12912:8 June 12777: 12668:22 May 12634:22 May 12603:22 May 12522:22 May 12375:22 May 12326:22 May 12266:, p.59 12253:, p.55 12177: 12037: 11844: 11656: 11478: 11453: 11428: 11410:: p.33 11408:, 1994 11272: 11181:, 1994 10996:9 June 10963:9 June 10932:9 June 10896:9 June 10884: 10857:9 June 10770:4 June 10620:, 1994 10604:, 1994 10498:, 1994 10428:Moin, 10376: 10368: 10274:5 June 10262: 10254: 10189:, 1994 10153: 10052: 10044: 9956: 9878:, 1981 9864:: p.89 9862:, 1981 9848:: p.48 9846:, 1981 9823:: p.34 9821:, 1981 9807:: p.36 9805:, 1994 9789:, 1993 9775:: p.47 9773:, 1993 9759:: p.31 9757:, 1993 9730:: p.30 9728:, 1993 9711:: p. 2 9709:, 1994 9487: 9399:usage. 9261: 9085: 9034:13 May 9003: 8841: 8778: 8687:, 1994 8671:, 1994 8655:, 1994 8251: 8179:, 1994 7936:: p.52 7934:, 1994 7725: 7717: 7709: 7437: 7361: 7237: 7214:: p. 4 7212:, 1994 7135:الشروق 6878: 6689:, 1994 6661: 6622: 6575: 6536: 6511: 6472: 6308: 6300: 6261: 6160: 5756:bid'ah 5752:Sunnah 5680:, and 5506:, 1986 5467:haraam 5299:Israel 5125:da'wah 5110:risala 5104:tawhid 5095:Arabic 4985:Muslim 4911:Sharia 4897:Caliph 4881:Sharia 4842:Arabic 4819:taqlid 4565:, and 4437:, and 4320:Sheikh 4066:bay'ah 3535:Shahid 3463:bay'ah 3454:Arabia 3392:haraki 3385:sharia 3365:Sunnah 3180:Manhaj 2864:sharia 2845:Sunnah 2769:Salafi 2653:Turkey 2550:Punjab 2427:Iberia 2407:Behead 2350:, the 2252:Ankara 2029:Belt). 1938:Islami 1921:Muslim 1883:Islami 1765:, the 1747:Salafi 1706:cleric 1700:Syrian 1649:sharia 1499:Hadith 1413:Poetry 1393:Mosque 1358:Ethics 1183:Sharia 1151:Aqidah 1143:Tafsir 1127:Hadith 1121:Sunnah 1065:Prayer 1016:Angels 287:Sharia 185:Takfir 18847:Islam 18750:Other 17447:Multi 17437:Inter 17310:Green 16942:Quran 16832:Other 16727:Early 16651:Music 16567:Kalam 16521:Jizya 16509:Hudud 16394:Nikah 16311:Najis 16297:Ghusl 16256:Sukuk 16185:Women 16153:Music 16128:Flags 16042:Ibadi 15969:Sunni 15929:Quran 15786:Zakat 15772:Salah 15735:Qadar 15693:Allah 15656:Islam 15556:Sudan 15363:Texts 15316:Jihad 15147:Hamas 14553:Hadas 14448:Ummah 14432:Shura 14199:S2CID 14072:S2CID 14064:JSTOR 14019:S2CID 14011:JSTOR 13978:S2CID 13902:JSTOR 13857:JSTOR 13799:4 May 13785:S2CID 13777:JSTOR 13677:4 May 13367:S2CID 13323:Books 13204:4 May 13170:4 May 13139:4 May 13021:JSTOR 12538:Jihad 12035:S2CID 11991:(PDF) 11984:(PDF) 11927:(PDF) 11920:(PDF) 11892:(PDF) 11885:(PDF) 11654:S2CID 11611:(PDF) 11600:(PDF) 11404:Roy, 11183:: p.3 11177:Roy, 10616:Roy, 10600:Roy, 10588:Jihad 10494:Roy, 10456:Jihad 10374:S2CID 10366:JSTOR 10260:JSTOR 10185:Roy, 10064:4 May 10050:S2CID 9894:Jihad 9801:Roy, 9705:Roy, 9551:Slate 9480:Jihad 9443:Jihad 9430:Jihad 9273:7 May 9259:S2CID 9173:Jihad 9125:(PDF) 9112:(PDF) 9083:S2CID 8915:(PDF) 8896:(PDF) 8870:(PDF) 8863:(PDF) 8683:Roy, 8667:Roy, 8651:Roy, 8373:(PDF) 8368:: 2. 8362:(PDF) 8175:Roy, 8098:(PDF) 8091:(PDF) 7947:Jihad 7930:Roy, 7918:Jihad 7905:Jihad 7879:Jihad 7768:7 May 7737:7 May 7723:S2CID 7715:JSTOR 7673:time. 7473:(PDF) 7359:JSTOR 7208:Roy, 7172:4 May 7145:4 May 7115:4 May 7084:4 May 7053:4 May 7022:4 May 6990:(PDF) 6985:(1). 6975:(PDF) 6816:(PDF) 6805:(PDF) 6685:Roy, 6306:S2CID 6158:S2CID 5890:Sunni 5866:Notes 5748:Quran 5698:Yemen 5690:Syria 5624:Egypt 5524:'alim 5458:Mecca 5420:SCIRI 5224:Egypt 5220:Syria 5129:Kafir 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