1458:
130:
581:, which is a benchmark for relative dating of associated artifacts such as tools and weapons. On the basis of style and technique, Evans divided his Cretan Bronze Age pottery finds into three main periods which he called Early, Middle and Late Minoan. These were sub-divided into phases and some of those into sub-phases. The Helladic and Cycladic schemes were devised later and have similar sub-divisions. Evans' system has stood the test of time remarkably well but his labels do not provide firm dates because change is never constant and some styles were retained in use much longer than others. In fact it is partly this lack of dates that has been the strength of Evans’s system; several of the dates Evans believed have certainly changed, and others remain under discussion, though within fairly narrow ranges, but the scheme just adjusts for such changes. Some pottery can be dated with reasonable precision by reference to Egyptian artifacts whose dates are more certain.
1777:, which gave the building its name. The structure dates to the Early Helladic II period (2500–2300 BC) and is sometimes interpreted as the dwelling of an elite member of the community, a proto-palace, or an administrative center. Alternatively, it has also been considered to be a communal structure or the common property of the townspeople. The exact functions of the building remain unknown due to a lack of small finds indicating the specific uses of the building. The house had a stairway leading to a second story, and was protected by a tiled roof. Debris found at the site contained thousands of terracotta tiles having fallen from the roof. Although such roofs were also found in the Early Helladic site of Akovitika, and later in the Mycenaean towns of
1220:
639:, that a broadly similar way of life was spread over mainland Greece, the Cyclades and Crete as the Neolithic (New Stone) Age was superseded by the Bronze Age before 3000 BC. Evidence increases through Bronze Age strata with social and economic development seen to develop more quickly. Unlike the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilisations, the Aegean peoples were illiterate through the third millennium and so, in the absence of useful written artifacts, any attempt at chronology must be based on the dating of material objects. Pottery was by far the most widespread in terms of everyday use and also the most resistant to destruction even when broken, as the pieces, or "
1266:
beneath the rim on Middle
Helladic pottery have been found to be inspired by Cycladic pottery motifs. Spiraliforme can also be traced back to Crete, as well as Griffon motifs. However, patterns like lozenges and pendent-style triangles on matt-painted pottery is a continuation of stylistic motifs from the Early Helladic period, and the addition of vertical fringed lines on pottery is an advancement that took place during the Middle Helladic period itself. With the majority of designs and motifs on Middle Helladic pottery being Cycladic in influence it can be assumed that the Middle Helladic culture and the Cycladic culture interacted with one another heavily.
1270:
Cist graves and shaft graves are interesting because they are two styles of burial that originate from the Middle
Helladic period itself, and it is believed that migrants who moved to Greece during this period influenced the creation of these new burial styles. Cist graves are deep and rectangular with a tumulus, or mound of earth, placed over top and came about during the beginning of the Middle Helladic period. Shaft graves are larger and deeper than cist graves (measuring on average 6 meters long, 4 meters wide, and 4 meters deep) and came about during the end of the Middle Helladic period. Additionally, infants are buried in special jars,
1201:
as apsidal houses, terracotta anchors, shaft-hole hammer-axes, ritual tumuli, and intramural burials precede the EHIII period in Greece and are in actuality attributed to indigenous developments (i.e. terracotta anchors from
Boeotia; ritual tumuli from Ayia Sophia in Neolithic Thessaly), as well as continuous contacts during the EHII–MH period between mainland Greece and various areas such as western Asia Minor, the Cyclades, Albania, and Dalmatia. Changes in climate also appear to have contributed to the significant cultural transformations that occurred in Greece between the EHII period and the EHIII period (c. 2200 BCE).
1173:
652:
818:
1805:
40:
1151:" c. 3200–2650 BC, is characterized by the presence of unslipped and burnished or red slipped and burnished pottery at Korakou and other sites (metal objects, however, were extremely rare during this period). In terms of ceramics and settlement patterns, there is considerable continuity between the EHI period and the preceding Final Neolithic period (or FN); changes in settlement location during the EHI period are attributed to alterations in economic practices.
1274:, that generally measure around 30 inches (76 cm) tall. Based on the archaeological evidence, at Middle Helladic burial ceremonies bodies are placed in graves on their sides with their knees bent (women are placed on their left sides, and men on their right), then those present at the ceremony drink from cups that they then leave at the tomb. Burial customs also included leaving valued items with the bodies like pottery, silver, or bronze.
482:
1349:
624:, Helladic, and Minoan refer to location of origin. Thus, Middle Minoan objects might be found in the Cyclades, but they are not on that account Middle Cycladic, just as an Early Helladic pot found in Crete is not Early Minoan. The scheme tends to be less applicable in areas on the periphery of the Aegean, such as the Levant or North Africa. Pottery there might imitate Aegean cultural models and yet be locally manufactured.
1551:
1282:
faction. Houses were one story tall, built in a "U" shape, and made of clay. Generally houses would feature a porch, with up to three rooms, an inner chamber that would contain a hearth, and spaces for storage and cooking. A larger, free standing house has been identified as a possible home to a chief or leader of the community, and features a separate a storage facility as well as a courtyard with a hearth.
857:
841:
825:
1750:
1722:
1254:; the theory, however, is outdated as excavations at Lerna in the 1950s revealed the development of pottery styles to have been continuous (i.e. the fine gray burnished pottery of the EHIII Tiryns culture was the direct progenitor of Minyan ware). In general, painted pottery decors are rectilinear and abstract until Middle Helladic III, when Cycladic and
1290:
engaged more frequently in heavy physical labor than women did. More often than women, men also had higher level of lesions caused by infectious diseases, meaning they had greater exposure to foreign pathogens through direct contact with outside groups and people. This makes it appear as though there is division in labor between the genders.
1489:) and Korakou. Furumark divided the LH in phases A and B, but Furumark's LHIB has been reassigned to LHIIA by Oliver Dickinson. Some recent C-14 dates from the Tsoungiza site north of Mycenae indicate LHI there was dated to between 1675/1650 and 1600/1550 BC, which is earlier than the assigned pottery dates by about 100 years. The
2530:, p. 47: "Lerna in the Argolid region was probably the most important and the wealthiest of all Early Helladic II sites. Founded in the Neoiithic period (represented by Levels I and II on the site), it was abandoned at the end of this period and was subsequently reoccupied at the beginning of Early Helldaic II (Level III)."
1501:
lustrous-painted motifs", which "include small neat types of simple linked spiral such as varieties of hook-spiral or wave-spiral (with or without small dots in the field), forms of the hatched loop and double-axe, and accessorial rows of small dots and single or double wavy lines"; also, the "ripple
1733:
During the
Helladic period, a number of major advances were developed including fortified urban settlements with monumental buildings such as corridor houses, which may prove the existence of complex societies organized by an elite or at least achieving corporate, proto-city state form. One of these
1518:
began before the end of LMIB, and sees a lessening of Cretan influences. Pure LHIIB assemblages are rare and originate from Tiryns, Asine and
Korakou. C-14 dates from Tsoungiza indicate LHII was dated to between 1600/1550 and 1435/1405 BC, the start of which is earlier than the assigned pottery date
1289:
By studying the remains at sites like Lerna it was evident that men tended to eat more protein than women, and women tended to partake more in softer, more processed foods. Stress marks were identified on the skeletons of people of both genders, but men had them to a higher degree, denoting that men
1285:
People of the Middle
Helladic period grew crops like wheat (which would be ground into flour for baking), barley, flax, peas, chickpeas, lentils, and beans in addition to watching over animals like sheep, goats, swine, oxen, horses, and dogs. Middle Helladic people would spin thread to be woven into
1261:
Pottery is the most abundant object found from the Middle
Helladic period, and it is matt-painted pottery that begins to appear during this period as a new style of ceramic works. While Minyan pottery is made on a wheel that produces sharp designs and shapes, matt-painted pottery is sculpted by hand
1200:
period c.2200–2000 BC (or EHIII); however, this is no longer maintained given the lack of uniformity in the destruction of EHII sites and the presence of EHII–EHIII/MH continuity in settlements such as
Lithares, Phlius, Manika, etc. Furthermore, the presence of "new/intrusive" cultural elements such
1163:
c.2650–2200 BC, occurred rapidly and without disruption where multiple socio-cultural innovations were developed such as metallurgy (i.e. bronze-working), a hierarchical social organization, and monumental architecture and fortifications. Changes in settlement during the EHII period were accompanied
1496:
Not found at Thera, but extant in late LHI from
Messenia, and therefore likely commencing after the eruption, is a material culture known as "Peloponnesian LHI". This is characterised by "tall funnel-like Keftiu cups of Type III"; "small closed shapes such as squat jugs decorated with hatched loops
1281:
Communities during the Middle
Helladic period, specifically Lerna, had irregular layouts with no specific pattern, and houses were tightly packed together. It is theorized that the arrangement of houses may have been based on living close to extended family or close to members of a similar group or
1265:
Matt-painted pottery, from the Middle Helladic period demonstrates many stylistic motifs that can be traced back to the Early Helladic Period and even other Aegean cultures. Patterns like oblique lines, zigzags, lozenges, running dogs, spiraliforme, and circles and triangles alternating one another
671:
The Early, Middle and Late scheme can be applied at different levels. Rather than use such cumbersome terms as Early Early, archaeologists follow Evans' convention of I, II, III for the second level, A, B, C for the third level, 1, 2, 3 for the fourth level and A, B, C for the fifth. Not all levels
1269:
There are four types of graves that are found at sites from the Middle Helladic period; pit graves, tholos graves, cist graves, and shaft graves. A pit grave is self explanatory, as it is simply a pit in the ground, while tholos styled graves are characterized as being more of a chamber like tomb.
1277:
At the Middle Helladic site Lerna, there are over 200 graves that have been excavated. While roughly a third of these graves are extramural burials (bodies are buried outside of the community), intramural burials (bodies are buried within the community) make up two thirds of the graves found
643:", survive. Given the different styles and techniques used over a long period of time, the surviving pots and shards can be classified according to age. As stratified deposits prove which of similar objects from other sites are contemporary, they can therefore be equated chronologically.
2501:, p. 107: "Taken together, the Mainland Early Helladic Corridor Houses, Anatolian Troy, the Northeast Aegean fortified villages, and perhaps also Manika, may well evidence complex societies, either organized by an elite, or at least achieving corporate, proto-city state form."
1858:. During the phase Aegina III 2400–2300 BC, which corresponds to the transition phase Lefkandi I-Kastri, the evidence of the economic structure and administrative and social organization of the community become more clear. The "White House" (
1297:. Settlements draw more closely together and tend to be sited on hilltops. Middle Helladic sites are located throughout the Peloponnese and central Greece (including sites in the interior of Aetolia such as Thermon) as far north as the
2150:, pp. 36, 43 (Endnote #22): "A corridor house is a large, two-story building consisting of two or more large rooms flanked by narrow corridors on the sides. Some of those corridors held staircases, others were used for storage."
566:. Archaeological evidence has shown that, broadly, civilisation developed concurrently across the whole region and so the three schemes complement each other chronologically. They are grouped together as "Aegean" in terms such as
2126:, p. 49: "The second half of the Early Helladic period is characterized by monumental architecture and fortifications, a hierarchical social organization, widespread metallurgy and lively contacts with other parts of the Aegean."
810:
of the Helladic period over time. Note that there are several problems with estimating the sizes of individual settlements, and the highest estimates for a given settlements, in a given period, may be several times the lowest.
129:
1614:
pottery marks a Mycenaean expansion covering most of the Eastern Mediterranean. There are many new shapes. The motifs of the painted pottery continue from LHIIIA:1 but show a great deal of standardization. In Egypt, the
1558:
LHIII and LMIII are contemporary. Toward LMIIIB, non-Helladic ware from the Aegean ceases to be homogeneous; insofar as LMIIIB differs from Helladic, it should at most be considered a "sub-Minoan" variant of LHIIIB.
1598:
as well. C-14 dates from Tsoungiza indicate LHIIIA:1 should be more nearly 1435/1406 to 1390/1370 BC, slightly earlier than the pottery phase, but by less than 50 years. LHIIIA:1 ware has also been found in
2372:
Perdicoyianni-Paléologou, Hélène (2013). Voutsaki, Sofia; Maria Valamoti, Soultana (eds.). "Diet, Economy and Society in the Ancient Greek World: Towards a Better Integration of Archaeology and Science".
1493:
also occurred during LHI (and LCI and LMIA), variously dated within the 1650–1625 BC span. Alex Knodell (2021), based on Manning (2010), dates Late Helladic I between 1700/1675 and 1635/1600 BC.
2460:
1742:, dated to the Early Helladic period II (2800–2200 BC). The settlement covered an area of 70–80 hectares, was inhabited by 6,000–15,000 people, and was one of the largest settlements of the
1286:
fabrics on a loom, and the clothes they made were both fastened and often decorated with pins. The people would also adorn themselves in necklaces and bracelets made of stone and shells.
1845:(unknown in size and population); and Kolonna (or Aegina), a densely populated settlement with impressive fortifications, monumental stone buildings and sophisticated town planning.
1235:), c. 2000–1550 BC, was a period of cultural retrogression, which first manifested in the preceding EHIII period. The MH period is characterized by the wide-scale emergence of
3153:
Shear, Ione Mylonas (January 2000). "Excavations on the Acropolis of Midea: Results of the Greek–Swedish Excavations under the Direction of Katie Demakopoulou and Paul Åström".
3038:
Musgrave, Jonathan H.; Evans, Suzanne P. (1981). "By Strangers Honor'd: A Statistical Study of Ancient Crania from Crete, Mainland Crete, Cyprus, Israel, and Egypt".
1457:
1089:, as well as using rudimentary bronze-working techniques first developed in Anatolia with which they had cultural contacts. The EH period corresponds in time to the
2046:, Table 1. Population estimates for Aegean sites in EB II, p. 57; MacSweeney dates the Early Bronze II period (or EB II) to circa 2800–2200 BC (see p. 53).
1514:
is mainly based on the material from Kourakou East Alley. Domestic and Palatial shapes are distinguished. There are strong links between LHIIA and LMIB.
588:
when most settlements were small villages which subsisted by means of agriculture, farming and hunting. The gradual development of skills such as bronze
1658:
assemblages are sparse, as painted pottery is rare in tombs and many settlements of this period ended by destruction, leaving few complete pots behind.
672:
are present at every site. If additional levels are required, another Early, Middle or Late can be appended. The Helladic chronology is subdivided as:
1519:
by about 100 years, but the end of which nearly corresponds to the pottery phase. In Egypt, both periods of LHII correspond with the beginning of its
1329:
flourished, under new influences from Minoan Crete and the Cyclades. Those who made LH pottery sometimes inscribed their work with a syllabic script,
3224:
Thinking the Bronze Age: Life and Death in Early Helladic Greece (Boreas: Uppsala Studies in Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Civilizations 29)
1834:
1631:, which sank in the 14th century BC. Again, Tsoungiza dates are earlier, 1390/1370 to 1360/1325 BC; but LHIIIA:2 ware also exists in a burn layer of
3329:
1251:
3298:
Xirotiris, Nicholas I. (Spring–Summer 1980). "The Indo-Europeans in Greece: An Anthropological Approach to the Population of Bronze Age Greece".
3090:
2955:
Thera and the Aegean World III. Volume Three: Chronology – Proceedings of the Third International Congress, Santorini, Greece, 3–9 September 1989
1701:
yielded stratified material revealing significant regional variation in LHIIIC, especially in the later phases. Late LHIIIC pottery is found in
1341:
ware and LHIII overtakes it. LHIII is further subdivided into LHIIIA, LHIIIB, and LHIIIC. The table below provides the approximate dates of the
453:
1135:
was introduced in EHII. The infiltration of Anatolian cultural models (i.e. "Lefkandi I") was not accompanied by widespread site destruction.
608:
was then the dominant state in Greece. At the end of the Bronze Age (c. 1050 BC), Aegean culture went into a long period of decline, termed a
1769:
region, which was perhaps the most important and wealthiest of Early Helladic sites. The settlement has a monumental building known as the
1773:, a "corridor house", notable for several architectural features that were advanced for its time, such as its roof being covered by baked
3442:
3377:
510:
1881:
and perhaps a political center in the Middle Helladic period where it achieved state-level after the Minoans but before the Mycenaeans.
394:
1643:
in 1312 BC. The transition period between IIIA and IIIB begins after 1320 BC, but not long after (Cemal Pulak thinks before 1295 BC).
2907:
French, D.M. (1973). "Migrations and 'Minyan' pottery in western Anatolia and the Aegean". In Crossland, R.A.; Birchall, Ann (eds.).
793:
600:
brought about the transition from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. The Late Helladic (c. 1550 – c. 1050 BC) is sometimes called the
1650:
by Furumark was mainly based on grave finds and the settlement material from Zygouries. It has been divided into two sub-phases by
1243:; a group of monochrome burnished pottery from Middle Helladic sites was conventionally dubbed "Minyan" ware by Troy's discoverer
1661:
LHIIIB pottery is associated in the Greek mainland palaces with the Linear B archives. (Linear B had been in use in Crete since
1125:) and are marked by pottery showing influences from western Anatolia and the introduction of the fast-spinning version of the
3256:
3235:
3079:
2927:
2897:
2876:
2787:
2761:
2738:
1669:
following Mursili's eclipse; in Egypt with the 19th Dynasty, also known as the Ramessides; and in northern Mesopotamia with
1681:, whose ruins contain the last of that pottery. The Tsoungiza date for the end of LHIIIB is 1200/1190 BC. The beginning of
1819:, which covered an area of 5.9 hectares sustaining 1,180–1,770 people, and had a large tiled two-storeyed "round house" (
325:
1689:. The LHIIIC has been divided into LHIIIC:1 and LHIIIC:2 by Furumark, based on materials from tombs in Mycenae, Asine,
817:
3467:
3185:
2440:
2394:
789:
448:
428:
2697:
1833:. Other sites include Ayia Irini, which covered an area of 1 hectare and had a population of perhaps up to 1,250;
3370:
3155:
3001:
503:
17:
1219:
3737:
3537:
390:
433:
1502:
pattern" on "Keftiu" cups. These local innovations continued into the LHIIA styles throughout the mainland.
3587:
3091:"The Early Helladic Graves of Manika: Contribution to the Socioeconomic Conditions of the Early Bronze Age"
1188:", a corridor house. The nature of the destruction of EHII sites was at first attributed to an invasion of
872:
3105:
2661:
1587:
3706:
3676:
3482:
1849:
1539:
3333:
3637:
3363:
2953:
Lolos, Y.G. (1990). "On the Late Helladic I of Akrotiri, Thera". In Hardy, D.A.; Renfrew, A.C. (eds.).
496:
468:
109:
1665:
II.) Pulak's proposed LHIIIA/B boundary would make LHIIIB contemporary in Anatolia with the resurgent
3522:
3432:
386:
356:
3222:
2675:
2015:
1998:
1984:
376:
344:
3671:
1294:
410:
361:
270:
1097:. Important EH sites are clustered on the Aegean shores of the mainland in Boeotia and Argolid (
3067:
2216:
2999:
Mellaart, James (January 1958). "The End of the Early Bronze Age in Anatolia and the Aegean".
1172:
1848:
Already before 2500–2400 BC, Kolonna experienced remarkable economic growth and had its own
3622:
3552:
1798:
1640:
1524:
443:
381:
351:
8:
3742:
3547:
3477:
3437:
3417:
1875:
1651:
1255:
1244:
1064:
571:
547:
458:
312:
188:
159:
2662:"Tiryns. Reconstructed Groundplan of the Circular Building (Rundbau). Early Helladic II"
1600:
3701:
3696:
3447:
3286:
3205:
3172:
3141:
3133:
3026:
3018:
2851:
2843:
2814:
2750:
2345:
2302:
1786:
1770:
1754:
1628:
1185:
261:
3348:
3116:
Shaw, Joseph W. (1987). "The Early Helladic II Corridor House: Development and Form".
2423:
Whittaker, Helene (2014b), "Catalogue of Middle Helladic and Early Mycenaean Tumuli",
664:
3612:
3607:
3562:
3512:
3457:
3452:
3422:
3252:
3231:
3209:
3145:
3075:
3030:
2923:
2893:
2872:
2855:
2783:
2757:
2734:
2436:
2400:
2390:
2337:
2294:
1890:
1864:; 165 square metres) constitutes the monumental community building that succeeds the
1706:
1353:
1126:
1078:
535:
366:
319:
118:
50:
3266:
1542:. Alex Knodell considers Late Helladic II to be between 1635/1600 and 1420/1410 BC.
651:
3686:
3681:
3627:
3592:
3557:
3542:
3492:
3472:
3462:
3427:
3412:
3278:
3197:
3164:
3125:
3010:
2985:
2975:
2938:
2835:
2806:
2797:
Caskey, John L. (July–September 1960). "The Early Helladic Period in the Argolid".
2428:
2382:
2329:
2286:
1910:
1326:
1316:
1298:
1239:, which may be directly related to the people whom ancient Greek historians called
1148:
601:
585:
559:
463:
293:
252:
204:
172:
139:
86:
2730:
The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th Century A.D.
1566:
pottery was defined by the material from the Ramp house at Mycenae, the palace at
1305:
and Lerna V are the only Middle Helladic sites to have been thoroughly excavated.
1184:
The Early Helladic II period came to an end at Lerna with the destruction of the "
1159:
The transition from Early Helladic I to the Early Helladic II period (or EHII) or
3617:
3532:
3517:
3502:
3246:
3063:
3052:
2917:
2887:
2864:
2728:
2432:
1900:
1838:
1567:
1177:
1160:
1106:
911:
609:
555:
400:
371:
286:
234:
96:
3527:
3213:
3691:
3661:
3632:
3567:
2775:
1871:
1735:
1490:
1462:
1345:
phases (LH) on the Greek mainland, based on Knodell (2021) and Manning (2010):
1334:
1258:
influences inspired a variety of curvilinear and even representational motifs.
1197:
1098:
1019:
983:
863:
831:
799:
331:
243:
227:
68:
3201:
1081:
is generally characterized by the Neolithic agricultural population importing
880:
showing major sites that were occupied in the Helladic period (clickable map).
3731:
3666:
3602:
3597:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3497:
2404:
2341:
2298:
2016:"The Bronze Age on the Greek Mainland: Early Bronze Age – Early Helladic III"
1804:
1782:
1693:, and Rhodes. In the 1960s, the excavations of the citadel at Mycenae and of
1620:
1520:
1498:
1342:
597:
486:
1999:"The Bronze Age on the Greek Mainland: Early Bronze Age – Early Helladic II"
554:, the cultural and geographical scope of Helladic chronology is confined to
3396:
1985:"The Bronze Age on the Greek Mainland: Early Bronze Age – Early Helladic I"
1535:
1474:
593:
539:
299:
2964:"Social Complexity and Population: A Study in the Early Bronze Age Aegean"
2386:
3487:
1870:, which had the same function. Kolonna may constitute the Aegean's first
1662:
1338:
1337:. LH is divided into LHI, LHII, and LHIII; of which LHI and LHII overlap
1236:
1214:
1090:
1068:
632:
531:
527:
405:
39:
2217:"The Bronze Age on the Greek Mainland: Middle Bronze Age – Introduction"
1829:. It may have served as a palace or temple or perhaps it was a communal
550:
within a historical framework. Whereas Minoan chronology is specific to
3647:
3404:
3386:
3320:
2865:"Changing Social Relations in the Mediterranean Copper and Bronze Ages"
2771:
2306:
1915:
1905:
1743:
1710:
1690:
1636:
1627:; it also has the barest beginnings of LHIIIB. LHIIIA:2 ware is in the
1531:
589:
567:
563:
543:
146:
3290:
3176:
3137:
3074:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–46.
3022:
2990:
2847:
2818:
2349:
1624:
1250:
Gray Minyan ware was first identified as the pottery introduced by a
438:
2320:
Buck, Robert J. (July 1964). "Middle Helladic Mattpainted Pottery".
2290:
1874:
as it appears to be the earliest ranked society in the area outside
1570:(now dated to LHIIIA:2 or LHIIIB by most researchers) and Triada at
1164:
with alterations in agricultural practices (i.e. oxen-driven plow).
3718:
3507:
3282:
3168:
3129:
3014:
2839:
2810:
2333:
1895:
1842:
1794:
1694:
1666:
1604:
1579:
1482:
1330:
1302:
1122:
803:
621:
3269:(January–March 1990). "Archaic Roof Tiles the First Generations".
2518:, p. 57 (Table 1. Population estimates for Aegean sites in EB II).
2462:
Societies in Transition in Early Greece: An Archaeological History
1348:
3186:"An Essay on the 'Emergence of Civilization' in the Aegean World"
2698:"The Bronze Age on the Greek Mainland: Early Bronze Age – Aegina"
1837:
covering 8 hectares with an estimated population of 1,600–2,400;
1830:
1826:
1766:
1726:
1686:
1674:
1670:
1632:
1595:
1583:
1550:
1528:
1486:
1240:
1210:
1131:
656:
636:
605:
578:
76:
2980:
2963:
2939:"Aegean Dendrochronology Project December 1996 Progress Report"
2916:
Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (2012) .
1816:
1808:
1739:
1698:
1678:
1654:, based on the finds from Mycenae and the West wall at Tiryns.
1616:
1591:
1575:
1571:
1189:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1086:
1082:
1038:
877:
847:
660:
72:
1729:, citadel ruins from the Late Helladic period 14th century BC.
558:
during the same timespan (c. 3200 – c. 1050 BC). Similarly, a
3355:
2676:"An Analysis of the Late Bronze Age Site of Ayia Irini, Keos"
1878:
1762:
1478:
1102:
1094:
964:
640:
551:
2871:. Oxford and Malden: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 77–101.
1774:
1702:
807:
2915:
2649:
1677:. The end of LHIIIB is associated with the destruction of
577:
The systems derive primarily from changes in the style of
2826:
Caskey, John L. (1968). "Lerna in the Early Bronze Age".
2465:. Oakland: University of California Press. Table 1, p. 7.
2091:, "The transition to the Early Bronze Age", pp. 238–240;
1778:
1749:
1721:
1685:, therefore, is now commonly set into the reign of Queen
2371:
1713:
settlements of Ashdod, Ashkelon, Ekron, Gath, and Gaza.
1841:
covering 20 hectares with a population of 4,000–6,000;
3351:. Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World. 1999–2000.
2700:. Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World. 1999–2000.
2219:. Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World. 1999–2000.
2018:. Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World. 1999–2000.
2001:. Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World. 1999–2000.
1987:. Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World. 1999–2000.
1811:, ruins from the Late Helladic period 14th century BC.
1293:
The Middle Helladic period corresponds in time to the
3040:
Journal of Mediterranean Anthropology and Archaeology
783:
612:
by some historians, as a result of invasion and war.
3184:van Andels, Tjeerd H.; Runnels, Curtis N. (1988).
2749:
2277:Buck, R. J. (1966). "The Middle Helladic Period".
3183:
2922:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2088:
584:Helladic society and culture have antecedents in
27:Dating system used in archaeology and art history
3729:
3332:. Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College. Archived from
3248:Religion and Society in Middle Bronze Age Greece
3072:The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age
2427:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 211–256,
2425:Religion and Society in Middle Bronze Age Greece
1619:site contains LHIIIA:1 ware during the reign of
1574:. There is material from Asine, Athens (wells),
2511:
2509:
2507:
2911:. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Press. pp. 51–57.
1481:and the settlements of Voroulia and Nichoria (
3371:
3037:
2692:
2690:
2688:
1167:
635:has found evidence, primarily in the form of
504:
3319:Horejs, Barbara; Pavúk, Peter, eds. (2007).
3251:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
2867:. In Blake, Emma; Knapp, A. Bernard (eds.).
2782:(Fourth ed.). London: MacMillan Press.
2565:
2563:
2550:
2548:
2504:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1825:) with a diameter of 28 m on the upper
1820:
1635:which likely occurred early in the reign of
1545:
3318:
3230:. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.
2957:. London: Thera Foundation. pp. 51–56.
2869:The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory
2010:
2008:
1278:including towns being built around a cist.
1154:
3378:
3364:
3244:
2961:
2770:
2685:
2515:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2422:
2123:
2043:
1971:
1959:
1505:
562:system is used for artifacts found in the
511:
497:
38:
3297:
2989:
2979:
2892:. Partille, Sweden: Paul Aströms Förlag.
2560:
2545:
2103:
2101:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2022:
1623:and LHIIIA:2 ware during that of his son
1138:
794:List of largest cities throughout history
663:, Late Helladic III C1, c. 1200–1100 BC (
3265:
3050:
2998:
2968:Papers from the Institute of Archaeology
2936:
2726:
2650:Hornblower, Spawforth & Eidinow 2012
2633:
2581:
2569:
2554:
2498:
2486:
2229:
2005:
1803:
1789:in the 7th century BC. The walls of the
1753:Remains of stairway in the proto-palace
1748:
1720:
1716:
1549:
1456:
1452:
1347:
1218:
1171:
650:
3220:
3088:
2862:
2710:
2673:
2645:
2448:
2072:
2060:
1554:Ivory head, Late Helladic 1250–1180 BC.
1204:
798:These are the estimated populations of
14:
3730:
3349:"The Bronze Age on the Greek Mainland"
3330:"Prehistoric Archeology of the Aegean"
3061:
3054:A Study of Early Helladic Architecture
2948:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University: 1–7.
2906:
2885:
2825:
2796:
2597:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2209:
2203:
2191:
2187:
2175:
2171:
2159:
2147:
2135:
2119:
2107:
2098:
2092:
2084:
2049:
1955:
1058:
3359:
3321:"The Aegeo-Balkan Prehistory Project"
3152:
2952:
2747:
2621:
2527:
2474:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1497:('rackets') or simplified spirals"; "
1310:
3115:
2609:
2585:
2539:
2533:
2319:
2276:
1815:Other fortified settlements include
1223:Matt-painted Middle Helladic pottery
1147:period (or EHI), also known as the "
526:is a relative dating system used in
3323:. The Aegeo-Balkan Prehistory Team.
2909:Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean
2889:The Twilight of the Early Helladics
2733:Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons.
24:
3327:
3312:
2411:
2356:
2255:
1965:
1932:
1709:. It was also made locally in the
1639:and therefore some years prior to
784:Settlements of the Helladic period
570:and, rather more controversially,
25:
3754:
3341:
1192:and/or Indo-Europeans during the
1129:. The large "longhouse" called a
3300:Journal of Indo-European Studies
3064:"The Early Bronze Age in Greece"
3051:Overbeck, John Clarence (1963).
2752:The Trojans and their Neighbours
1852:"Corridor House", the so-called
1356:, Late Helladic 16th century BC.
1325:period (or LH) is the time when
1180:Early Helladic III 2150–2000 BC.
855:
839:
823:
816:
790:Historical urban community sizes
646:
480:
128:
3156:American Journal of Archaeology
3118:American Journal of Archaeology
3002:American Journal of Archaeology
2919:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
2828:American Journal of Archaeology
2704:
2667:
2655:
2639:
2627:
2615:
2603:
2591:
2575:
2521:
2492:
2480:
2468:
2381:(1). Leuven: Peeters: 151–157.
2313:
2235:
2223:
2197:
2181:
2165:
2153:
2141:
2129:
2113:
1333:, which has been deciphered as
3538:Liaoning bronze dagger culture
3385:
2078:
2066:
1991:
1977:
1562:The uniform and widely spread
1473:is known from the fill of the
856:
840:
824:
13:
1:
2089:van Andels & Runnels 1988
1921:
1785:, they only became common in
1113:) or coastal islands such as
627:
209:
193:
177:
3588:South-Western Iberian Bronze
3089:Sampson, Adamantios (1987).
2946:Cornell Tree-Ring Laboratory
2937:Kuniholm, Peter Ian (1998).
2433:10.1017/cbo9781107279261.007
1926:
1586:', rubbish sealed under the
1465:, Mycenaean armour, 1400 BC.
1262:and has dull paint applied.
615:
7:
3245:Whittaker, Helène (2014a).
3057:. University of Cincinnati.
2962:MacSweeney, Naoise (2004).
2756:. New York, NY: Routledge.
1884:
1252:Middle Bronze Age migration
1176:Remains of a building from
10:
3759:
3638:Wilburton-Wallington Phase
2886:Forsén, Jeannette (1992).
2719:
2674:Weisman, Stefanie (2008).
1314:
1208:
1168:Early Helladic III (EHIII)
1062:
787:
542:for the categorisation of
3715:
3646:
3523:Indus Valley Civilisation
3433:Armorican Tumulus culture
3403:
3393:
3202:10.1017/S0003598X00073968
2681:. Institute of Fine Arts.
1866:
1854:
1705:VIIa and a few pieces in
1546:Late Helladic III (LHIII)
1538:(r. 1479–1425 BC) of the
300:Frankish and Latin states
92:
82:
64:
56:
46:
37:
2863:Chapman, Robert (2005).
1155:Early Helladic II (EHII)
377:Second Hellenic Republic
3483:Deverel–Rimbury culture
3221:Weiberg, Erika (2007).
3104:: 19–28. Archived from
3068:Shelmerdine, Cynthia W.
3062:Pullen, Daniel (2008).
2727:Bintliff, John (2012).
1761:Another settlement was
1523:"Imperial" period, the
1510:The description of the
1506:Late Helladic II (LHII)
1295:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
411:Third Hellenic Republic
391:Collaborationist regime
362:First Hellenic Republic
326:Venetian Ionian Islands
60:c. 3200 BC – c. 1050 BC
2748:Bryce, Trevor (2006).
2459:Knodell, Alex (2021).
1972:Bury & Meiggs 1975
1960:Bury & Meiggs 1975
1860:
1821:
1812:
1793:were constructed with
1758:
1730:
1646:The definition of the
1555:
1466:
1357:
1224:
1181:
1139:Early Helladic I (EHI)
886:Table 1: 3700–2600 BC
668:
538:scheme devised by Sir
3738:Helladic civilization
2387:10.3138/mous.15.1.151
1807:
1752:
1724:
1717:Fortified settlements
1553:
1485:), Ayios Stephanos, (
1460:
1453:Late Helladic I (LHI)
1351:
1315:Further information:
1222:
1209:Further information:
1175:
1063:Further information:
654:
534:. It complements the
3553:Mumun pottery period
2652:, "Tiryns", p. 1486.
1525:New Kingdom of Egypt
1205:Middle Helladic (MH)
873:class=notpageimage|
726:Middle Helladic III
596:and construction of
382:4th of August Regime
352:Septinsular Republic
3548:Minoan civilization
3478:Deer stones culture
3438:Atlantic Bronze Age
3418:Aegean civilization
3216:on 14 October 2013.
2780:A History of Greece
2624:, pp. 133–134.
2252:, pp. 285–303.
2194:, pp. 253–257.
2178:, pp. 251–253.
2162:, pp. 285–303.
1673:'s ascendancy over
1652:Elizabeth B. French
1590:of the Treasury of
1245:Heinrich Schliemann
1065:Aegean civilization
1059:Early Helladic (EH)
887:
774:Late Helladic IIIC
766:Late Helladic IIIB
758:Late Helladic IIIA
718:Middle Helladic II
702:Early Helladic III
572:Aegean civilization
560:Cycladic chronology
548:Minoan civilization
546:artefacts from the
524:Helladic chronology
357:War of Independence
313:Early modern Greece
167:Helladic chronology
34:
3697:Leyla-Tepe culture
3654:and Transcaucasia)
3468:Chinese Bronze Age
3448:Bronze Age Britain
3336:on 1 January 2009.
3328:Rutter, Jeremy B.
2248:, pp. 51–57;
2122:, pp. 24–26;
1867:"Haus am Felsrand"
1855:"Haus am Felsrand"
1813:
1791:House of the Tiles
1787:Greek architecture
1771:House of the Tiles
1759:
1755:House of the Tiles
1731:
1629:Uluburun shipwreck
1556:
1540:Eighteenth Dynasty
1467:
1358:
1311:Late Helladic (LH)
1301:valley. Malthi in
1225:
1194:Early Helladic III
1186:House of the Tiles
1182:
1077:period (or EH) of
885:
710:Middle Helladic I
694:Early Helladic II
669:
655:Stirrup vase with
262:Hellenistic Greece
32:
3725:
3724:
3608:Terramare culture
3563:Nordic Bronze Age
3513:Hallstatt culture
3458:Canegrate culture
3453:Bronze Age Europe
3423:Andronovo culture
3258:978-1-10-704987-1
3237:978-91-554-6782-1
3081:978-0-521-81444-7
2929:978-0-19-954556-8
2899:978-91-7081-031-2
2878:978-1-40-513724-9
2789:978-0-333-15492-2
2763:978-0-41-534955-0
2740:978-1-40-515419-2
2542:, pp. 59–79.
2477:, pp. 51–56.
2138:, pp. 27–28.
2110:, pp. 21–22.
1891:History of Greece
1641:Mursili's eclipse
1450:
1449:
1366:Approximate date
1354:Mask of Agamemnon
1079:Bronze Age Greece
1056:
1055:
781:
780:
750:Late Helladic II
742:Late Helladic IB
734:Late Helladic IA
686:Early Helladic I
681:Approximate date
536:Minoan chronology
521:
520:
487:Greece portal
367:Kingdom of Greece
275:
266:
257:
248:
239:
216:
200:
184:
102:
101:
16:(Redirected from
3750:
3655:
3628:Urnfield culture
3593:Srubnaya culture
3558:Mycenaean Greece
3543:Lusatian culture
3493:Ewart Park Phase
3473:Cycladic culture
3463:Catacomb culture
3428:Apennine culture
3413:Abashevo culture
3380:
3373:
3366:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3337:
3324:
3307:
3294:
3262:
3241:
3229:
3217:
3212:. Archived from
3196:(235): 234–247.
3180:
3149:
3112:
3111:on 4 March 2016.
3110:
3095:
3085:
3058:
3047:
3034:
2995:
2993:
2983:
2958:
2949:
2943:
2933:
2912:
2903:
2882:
2859:
2822:
2793:
2767:
2755:
2744:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2694:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2558:
2552:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2457:
2446:
2445:
2420:
2409:
2408:
2369:
2354:
2353:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2274:
2253:
2239:
2233:
2232:, pp. 9–33.
2227:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2185:
2179:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2096:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2047:
2041:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1911:Eutresis culture
1869:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1824:
1795:sun-dried bricks
1734:settlements was
1582:and the 'Atreus
1443:Proto-Geometric
1427:LHIIIC (Middle)
1360:
1359:
1327:Mycenaean Greece
1317:Mycenaean Greece
1299:Spercheios River
1149:Eutresis culture
1145:Early Helladic I
891:City/settlement
888:
884:
859:
858:
843:
842:
827:
826:
820:
675:
674:
620:The three terms
586:Neolithic Greece
513:
506:
499:
485:
484:
483:
423:History by topic
294:Byzantine Greece
273:
264:
255:
253:Classical Greece
246:
238:(1100 BC–750 BC)
237:
214:
213: 1750–1050
211:
207:
198:
197: 3100–1100
195:
191:
182:
181: 3100–1000
179:
175:
160:Greek Bronze Age
140:Neolithic Greece
132:
122:
104:
103:
87:Neolithic Greece
42:
35:
31:
21:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3711:
3707:Khojaly–Gadabay
3677:Shulaveri-Shomu
3653:
3652:(North Caucasus
3651:
3650:
3642:
3623:Únětice culture
3618:Tumulus culture
3533:Karasuk culture
3518:Helladic period
3508:Argaric culture
3503:Glazkov culture
3399:
3389:
3384:
3347:
3344:
3315:
3313:Further reading
3310:
3306:(1–2): 201–210.
3267:Wikander, Örjan
3259:
3238:
3227:
3108:
3093:
3082:
2941:
2930:
2900:
2879:
2790:
2776:Meiggs, Russell
2764:
2741:
2722:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2696:
2695:
2686:
2678:
2672:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2516:MacSweeney 2004
2514:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2489:, pp. 3–4.
2485:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2458:
2449:
2443:
2421:
2412:
2397:
2370:
2357:
2318:
2314:
2291:10.2307/1086478
2275:
2256:
2240:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2186:
2182:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2124:Whittaker 2014a
2118:
2114:
2106:
2099:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2050:
2044:MacSweeney 2004
2042:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1901:Mycenaean Greek
1887:
1757:, 2500–2300 BC.
1719:
1548:
1508:
1455:
1419:LHIIIC (Early)
1319:
1313:
1229:Middle Helladic
1227:In Greece, the
1217:
1207:
1178:Olympia, Greece
1170:
1161:Korakou culture
1157:
1141:
1071:
1061:
912:Agios Dimitrios
883:
882:
881:
875:
869:
868:
867:
866:
860:
852:
851:
850:
844:
836:
835:
834:
828:
796:
786:
649:
630:
618:
556:mainland Greece
517:
481:
479:
474:
473:
424:
416:
415:
387:Axis occupation
372:National Schism
347:
337:
336:
328:
322:
315:
305:
304:
296:
289:
287:Medieval Greece
279:
278:
274:(146 BC–330 AD)
267:
258:
256:(500 BC–323 BC)
249:
247:(800 BC–480 BC)
240:
235:Greek Dark Ages
230:
220:
219:
212:
201:
196:
185:
180:
169:
162:
152:
151:
142:
120:
113:
97:Greek Dark Ages
33:Helladic period
28:
23:
22:
18:Middle Helladic
15:
12:
11:
5:
3756:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3723:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3692:Maykop culture
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3633:Wessex culture
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3568:Okunev culture
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3383:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3343:
3342:External links
3340:
3339:
3338:
3325:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3295:
3283:10.2307/148143
3277:(1): 285–290.
3263:
3257:
3242:
3236:
3218:
3181:
3169:10.2307/506802
3163:(1): 133–134.
3150:
3130:10.2307/505457
3113:
3086:
3080:
3059:
3048:
3035:
3015:10.2307/500459
2996:
2959:
2950:
2934:
2928:
2913:
2904:
2898:
2883:
2877:
2860:
2840:10.2307/503823
2834:(4): 313–316.
2823:
2811:10.2307/147199
2805:(3): 285–303.
2794:
2788:
2768:
2762:
2745:
2739:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2703:
2684:
2666:
2654:
2648:, p. 92;
2638:
2636:, p. 285.
2626:
2614:
2602:
2600:, p. 314.
2590:
2574:
2559:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2503:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2447:
2441:
2410:
2395:
2355:
2334:10.2307/147085
2328:(3): 231–313.
2312:
2285:(3): 193–209.
2254:
2244:, p. 40;
2234:
2222:
2208:
2196:
2190:, p. 36;
2180:
2174:, p. 36;
2164:
2152:
2140:
2128:
2112:
2097:
2087:, p. 20;
2077:
2065:
2048:
2021:
2004:
1990:
1976:
1964:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1850:administrative
1718:
1715:
1547:
1544:
1507:
1504:
1491:Thera eruption
1463:Dendra panoply
1454:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:LHIIIC (Late)
1432:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1312:
1309:
1206:
1203:
1198:Tiryns culture
1169:
1166:
1156:
1153:
1140:
1137:
1127:potter's wheel
1117:(Kolonna) and
1075:Early Helladic
1060:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
992:
990:
988:
986:
980:
979:
976:
973:
971:
969:
967:
961:
960:
957:
954:
952:
950:
948:
944:
943:
940:
937:
935:
933:
931:
927:
926:
923:
920:
918:
916:
914:
908:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
871:
870:
862:
861:
854:
853:
846:
845:
838:
837:
830:
829:
822:
821:
815:
814:
813:
785:
782:
779:
778:
775:
771:
770:
767:
763:
762:
759:
755:
754:
751:
747:
746:
743:
739:
738:
735:
731:
730:
727:
723:
722:
719:
715:
714:
711:
707:
706:
703:
699:
698:
695:
691:
690:
687:
683:
682:
679:
648:
645:
629:
626:
617:
614:
598:fortifications
564:Aegean islands
519:
518:
516:
515:
508:
501:
493:
490:
489:
476:
475:
472:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
414:
413:
408:
406:Military Junta
403:
398:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
348:
343:
342:
339:
338:
335:
334:
332:Ottoman Greece
329:
323:
320:Venetian Crete
316:
311:
310:
307:
306:
303:
302:
297:
290:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
268:
265:(323 BC–31 BC)
259:
250:
244:Archaic Greece
241:
231:
228:Ancient Greece
226:
225:
222:
221:
218:
217:
202:
186:
170:
163:
158:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
143:
138:
137:
134:
133:
125:
124:
115:
114:
107:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3755:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3598:Tagar culture
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:Samus culture
3581:
3579:
3578:Penard Period
3576:
3574:
3573:Ordos culture
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3498:Ezero culture
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3369:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3003:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2713:, p. 93.
2712:
2707:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2658:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2635:
2634:Wikander 1990
2630:
2623:
2618:
2612:, p. 72.
2611:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2588:, p. 59.
2587:
2584:, p. 5;
2583:
2582:Overbeck 1963
2578:
2571:
2570:Overbeck 1963
2566:
2564:
2556:
2555:Overbeck 1963
2551:
2549:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2524:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2500:
2499:Bintliff 2012
2495:
2488:
2487:Kuniholm 1998
2483:
2476:
2471:
2464:
2463:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2444:
2442:9781107279261
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2396:9789042927247
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2231:
2230:Mellaart 1958
2226:
2218:
2212:
2206:, p. 36.
2205:
2200:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2156:
2149:
2144:
2137:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2095:, p. 53.
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2063:, p. 19.
2062:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1994:
1986:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1862:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1738:, located in
1737:
1728:
1723:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:Amenhotep III
1618:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1578:(Menelaion),
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1552:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1500:
1499:dark-on-light
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1459:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:1100–1040 BC
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:1170–1100 BC
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:1210–1160 BC
1421:
1418:
1417:
1414:1330–1200 BC
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:1390–1315 BC
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:1420–1370 BC
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:1480–1410 BC
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:1635–1470 BC
1381:
1378:
1377:
1374:1700–1600 BC
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1343:Late Helladic
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:Late Helladic
1318:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1174:
1165:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1066:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:6,000–15,000
996:
994:6,000–15,000
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
982:
981:
977:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
963:
962:
958:
955:
953:
951:
949:
946:
945:
941:
938:
936:
934:
932:
929:
928:
924:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
910:
909:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
889:
879:
874:
865:
849:
833:
819:
812:
809:
805:
801:
795:
791:
777:1200–1050 BC
776:
773:
772:
769:1300–1200 BC
768:
765:
764:
761:1400–1300 BC
760:
757:
756:
753:1450–1400 BC
752:
749:
748:
745:1500–1450 BC
744:
741:
740:
737:1550–1500 BC
736:
733:
732:
729:1700–1550 BC
728:
725:
724:
721:1900–1700 BC
720:
717:
716:
713:2000–1900 BC
712:
709:
708:
705:2200–2000 BC
704:
701:
700:
697:2650–2200 BC
696:
693:
692:
689:3200–2650 BC
688:
685:
684:
680:
677:
676:
673:
666:
662:
658:
653:
647:Periodisation
644:
642:
638:
634:
625:
623:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
592:, monumental
591:
587:
582:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
514:
509:
507:
502:
500:
495:
494:
492:
491:
488:
478:
477:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
420:
419:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
396:
392:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
346:
345:Modern Greece
341:
340:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
317:
314:
309:
308:
301:
298:
295:
292:
291:
288:
283:
282:
272:
269:
263:
260:
254:
251:
245:
242:
236:
233:
232:
229:
224:
223:
206:
203:
190:
187:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
156:
155:
148:
145:
144:
141:
136:
135:
131:
127:
126:
123:
117:
116:
111:
106:
105:
98:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3397:Chalcolithic
3334:the original
3303:
3299:
3274:
3270:
3247:
3223:
3214:the original
3193:
3189:
3160:
3154:
3124:(1): 59–79.
3121:
3117:
3106:the original
3101:
3097:
3071:
3053:
3043:
3039:
3006:
3000:
2971:
2967:
2954:
2945:
2918:
2908:
2888:
2868:
2831:
2827:
2802:
2798:
2779:
2751:
2729:
2711:Chapman 2005
2706:
2669:
2657:
2646:Chapman 2005
2641:
2629:
2617:
2605:
2593:
2577:
2572:, p. 6.
2557:, p. 5.
2535:
2523:
2494:
2482:
2470:
2461:
2424:
2378:
2374:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2282:
2278:
2237:
2225:
2211:
2199:
2183:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2131:
2115:
2080:
2073:Weiberg 2007
2068:
2061:Sampson 1987
1993:
1979:
1974:, p. 5.
1967:
1962:, p. 6.
1861:Weisses Haus
1847:
1814:
1790:
1760:
1732:
1682:
1660:
1655:
1647:
1645:
1611:
1609:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1536:Thutmose III
1515:
1511:
1509:
1495:
1475:Shaft Graves
1470:
1468:
1446:1070–900 BC
1322:
1320:
1307:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1249:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1193:
1183:
1158:
1144:
1142:
1130:
1105:, Pefkakia,
1074:
1072:
1052:1,180–1,770
1049:1,180–1,770
1033:4,000–6,000
1030:4,000–6,000
959:1,600–2,400
956:1,600–2,400
797:
670:
631:
619:
604:Age because
594:architecture
583:
576:
540:Arthur Evans
523:
522:
449:Constitution
271:Roman Greece
166:
29:
3672:Kura–Araxes
3603:Tarim Basin
3488:Elp culture
3009:(1): 9–33.
2981:10.5334/256
2772:Bury, J. B.
2598:Caskey 1968
2250:Caskey 1960
2246:French 1973
2242:Pullen 2008
2204:Pullen 2008
2192:Forsén 1992
2188:Pullen 2008
2176:Forsén 1992
2172:Pullen 2008
2160:Caskey 1960
2148:Pullen 2008
2136:Pullen 2008
2120:Pullen 2008
2108:Pullen 2008
2093:French 1973
2085:Pullen 2008
1746:in Greece.
1663:Late Minoan
1601:Maşat Höyük
1471:LHI pottery
1339:Late Minoan
1237:Minyan ware
1231:period (or
1215:Minyan ware
1091:Old Kingdom
1069:Proto-Greek
633:Archaeology
532:art history
528:archaeology
429:Agriculture
395:Free Greece
119:History of
93:Followed by
83:Preceded by
65:Major sites
3743:Chronology
3732:Categories
3702:Jar-Burial
3648:Bronze Age
3528:Late Jomon
3405:Bronze Age
3387:Bronze Age
2991:2381/27925
2622:Shear 2000
2528:Bryce 2006
2475:Lolos 1990
1922:References
1916:Bronze Age
1906:Pelasgians
1744:Bronze Age
1711:Philistine
1691:Kephalonia
1637:Mursili II
1607:Anatolia.
1532:Hatshepsut
930:Askitario
788:See also:
628:Background
590:metallurgy
568:Aegean art
544:Bronze Age
147:Pelasgians
51:Bronze Age
3613:Trzciniec
3210:163438965
3190:Antiquity
3146:191391828
3046:: 50–107.
3031:193089026
2974:: 52–65.
2856:192941761
2610:Shaw 1987
2586:Shaw 1987
2540:Shaw 1987
2405:1496-9343
2342:0018-098X
2299:0031-8299
1927:Citations
1797:on stone
1725:Model of
1625:Akhenaten
947:Eutresis
616:Etymology
602:Mycenaean
459:Ethnonyms
401:Civil War
3719:Iron Age
3687:Trialeti
3682:Colchian
3271:Hesperia
2799:Hesperia
2778:(1975).
2375:Mouseion
2322:Hesperia
1896:Linear B
1885:See also
1843:Lefkandi
1835:Eutresis
1695:Lefkandi
1667:Hittites
1656:LHIIIB:2
1612:LHIIIA:2
1580:Nichoria
1564:LHIIIA:1
1529:pharaohs
1483:Messenia
1403:LHIIIA2
1395:LHIIIA1
1331:Linear B
1303:Messenia
1123:Lefkandi
1014:600–900
1011:600–900
1002:Raphina
978:200–700
975:200–700
925:120–180
922:120–180
906:2600 BC
903:2800 BC
900:3100 BC
897:3400 BC
894:3700 BC
804:villages
622:Cycladic
610:Dark Age
469:Military
464:Language
434:Alphabet
205:Mycenean
173:Cycladic
110:a series
108:Part of
3098:Aegaeum
3070:(ed.).
2720:Sources
2307:1086478
2279:Phoenix
1831:granary
1827:citadel
1822:Rundbau
1767:Argolid
1765:in the
1727:Mycenae
1687:Twosret
1675:Mitanni
1671:Assyria
1633:Miletus
1605:Hittite
1596:Mycenae
1584:Bothros
1527:, from
1487:Laconia
1411:LHIIIB
1363:Period
1241:Minyans
1211:Minyans
1132:megaron
942:90–135
939:90–135
876:Map of
800:hamlets
678:Period
659:decor,
657:octopus
637:pottery
606:Mycenae
579:pottery
454:Economy
77:Mycenae
3662:Kurgan
3291:148143
3289:
3255:
3234:
3208:
3177:506802
3175:
3144:
3138:505457
3136:
3078:
3029:
3023:500459
3021:
2926:
2896:
2875:
2854:
2848:503823
2846:
2819:147199
2817:
2786:
2760:
2737:
2439:
2403:
2393:
2350:147085
2348:
2340:
2305:
2297:
1876:Minoan
1839:Thebes
1817:Tiryns
1809:Tiryns
1799:socles
1740:Euboea
1736:Manika
1707:Tarsus
1699:Euboea
1683:LHIIIC
1679:Ugarit
1648:LHIIIB
1617:Amarna
1592:Atreus
1588:Dromos
1576:Sparta
1572:Rhodes
1568:Thebes
1521:Theban
1387:LHIIB
1379:LHIIA
1272:pithoi
1256:Minoan
1190:Greeks
1119:Euboea
1115:Aegina
1111:Tiryns
1107:Thebes
1099:Manika
1087:copper
1083:bronze
1039:Tiryns
1020:Thebes
984:Manika
878:Greece
864:Manika
848:Tiryns
832:Thebes
806:, and
665:Louvre
661:Rhodes
641:sherds
444:Church
189:Minoan
121:Greece
112:on the
73:Tiryns
69:Thebes
47:Period
3667:Koban
3287:JSTOR
3228:(PDF)
3206:S2CID
3173:JSTOR
3142:S2CID
3134:JSTOR
3109:(PDF)
3094:(PDF)
3066:. In
3027:S2CID
3019:JSTOR
2942:(PDF)
2852:S2CID
2844:JSTOR
2815:JSTOR
2679:(PDF)
2346:JSTOR
2303:JSTOR
1879:Crete
1872:state
1783:Midea
1775:tiles
1763:Lerna
1516:LHIIB
1512:LHIIA
1479:Lerna
1352:Gold
1335:Greek
1103:Lerna
1095:Egypt
965:Lerna
808:towns
552:Crete
57:Dates
3443:BMAC
3253:ISBN
3232:ISBN
3076:ISBN
2924:ISBN
2894:ISBN
2873:ISBN
2784:ISBN
2758:ISBN
2735:ISBN
2437:ISBN
2401:ISSN
2391:ISBN
2338:ISSN
2295:ISSN
1781:and
1703:Troy
1610:The
1469:The
1461:The
1371:LHI
1321:The
1213:and
1143:The
1085:and
1073:The
1067:and
792:and
530:and
3279:doi
3198:doi
3165:doi
3161:104
3126:doi
3011:doi
2986:hdl
2976:doi
2836:doi
2807:doi
2429:doi
2383:doi
2330:doi
2287:doi
1779:Gla
1697:in
1603:in
1594:at
1534:to
1477:of
1196:or
1093:in
439:Art
215:BC)
199:BC)
183:BC)
3734::
3717:↓
3395:↑
3302:.
3285:.
3275:59
3273:.
3204:.
3194:62
3192:.
3188:.
3171:.
3159:.
3140:.
3132:.
3122:91
3120:.
3100:.
3096:.
3042:.
3025:.
3017:.
3007:62
3005:.
2984:.
2972:15
2970:.
2966:.
2944:.
2850:.
2842:.
2832:72
2830:.
2813:.
2803:29
2801:.
2774:;
2687:^
2562:^
2547:^
2506:^
2450:^
2435:,
2413:^
2399:.
2389:.
2379:15
2377:.
2358:^
2344:.
2336:.
2326:33
2324:.
2301:.
2293:.
2283:20
2281:.
2257:^
2100:^
2051:^
2024:^
2007:^
1934:^
1801:.
1247:.
1233:MH
1109:,
1101:,
802:,
667:).
574:.
393:,
210:c.
194:c.
178:c.
75:,
71:,
3379:e
3372:t
3365:v
3304:8
3293:.
3281::
3261:.
3240:.
3200::
3179:.
3167::
3148:.
3128::
3102:1
3084:.
3044:1
3033:.
3013::
2994:.
2988::
2978::
2932:.
2902:.
2881:.
2858:.
2838::
2821:.
2809::
2792:.
2766:.
2743:.
2664:.
2431::
2407:.
2385::
2352:.
2332::
2309:.
2289::
2075:.
1121:(
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208:(
192:(
176:(
20:)
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