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558:. Immediate first aid measures for a bite can include removing any jewelry on a limb that has been bitten (in case of severe swelling) and wrapping the bite area moderately tightly in a wide cloth; however, the bitten limb should be moved as little as possible. Bite victims should be taken to the nearest hospital as soon as possible for more advanced lifesaving measures, such as application of
539:, meaning they have a pair of deeply grooved, semihollow, chisel-shaped, fixed fangs in the front of its upper jaw, through which venom is injected. Though it was previously thought that they to need to gnaw to inject venom, Coral snakes need only a quick bite to deliver a significant amount of venom. Many bites from coral snakes do not inject any venom at all (known as a dry bite).
579:, produced antivenin for the eastern coral snake, which can also be used for treatment of envenomation by the Texas coral snake. However, the last lot produced (Lot L67530) has an expiration date of January 31, 2020. As of July 2021, Pfizer indicates that antivenom is available and one source states that production has resumed.
515:) can be identified by the red rings contacting the yellow rings. A common mnemonic device is "red and yellow, kill a fellow. Red on black, friend of Jack". However, this mnemonic is not always accurate, due to the aforementioned color variations, and its usage is dangerous to both snakes and humans.
403:
The Texas coral snake has the traditional coloration associated with coral snakes: black, yellow, and red rings. These rings extend onto their belly. It is capable of growing to 48 in (122 cm) in total length (including tail), but most are closer to 24 in (61 cm). Males are typically
568:
Because of the low profits, the production of coral snake antivenin has been discontinued for several years. Prior to the availability of antivenin, the fatality rate of coral snake envenomations has been estimated at 10%, and death was primarily due to respiratory or cardiovascular failure as a
741:
The name microgalbineus is derived from a modern Latin adaptation of the original Greek word micro meaning small and tiny and galbineus, Latin for greenish yellow. The name microgalbineus alludes to the short yellowish bands of this subspecies.
1171:
446:. They spend most of their time hiding in leaf litter, under logs. They can be seen crawling on the surface, after heavy rains, when the nighttime temperatures rise above 78 °F (26 °C).
449:
When grabbed suddenly, or sometimes just when touched, they may thrash about, swing around, and bite. Sometimes they are calm, and then suddenly swing around and bite, for no apparent reason.
1666:
1240:
1145:
424:(lacking red pigment) specimens have been found in the wild. "Pastel" (pink, translucent cream, and very light blue) coloration has been noted, and completely black (
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428:) specimens, are known. The Texas coral snake is somewhat larger (longer and stouter) than the eastern coral snake (
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1339:
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1419:(1967). "A Check List of the New World Venomous Coral Snakes (Elapidae), with Descriptions of New Forms".
738:
The name maculatus (Latin for spotted) refers to the presence of some large black spots in the red bands.
1770:
1364:
692:
authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than
1330:
Catalogue of North
American Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part I.—Serpentes.
85:
883:
Peterson Field Guide to
Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition
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885:. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 plates, 207 Figures.
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means "soft of delicate". This is in reference to the graceful features of the snake.
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The Texas coral snake was once considered a subspecies of the eastern coral snake,
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A Guide to the
Rattlesnakes and other Venomous Serpents of the United States
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is found in both the U.S. and Mexico, whereas the other four subspecies are
781:
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Washington, District of
Columbia: Smithsonian Institution. xvi + 172 pp. (
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501:. In the United States only, all three species of venomous coral snakes (
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531:) foraging in a pine forest at night, Houston Co., Texas (18 May 2017)
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908:"Micrurus tener tener Texas Gulf-Coast Coralsnake | Herps of Arkansas"
565:
The Texas coral snake can deliver 10-12 mg of venom in a single bite.
1562:
1172:"Expiration Date Extension for North American Coral Snake Antivenin (
1146:"Snake bite but no antidote for dog, and dwindling supply for humans"
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Other nonvenomous snakes resemble the Texas coral snake as a form of
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was once considered to be a subspecies of the eastern coral snake (
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species. It is cannibalistic. It also occasionally eats small
756:, but more recent research has determined that it has enough
572:
461:
of the Texas coral snake consists of other snakes, primarily
413:
364:
147:
1272:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
993:
770:
409:
996:"A Photographic Record of a Rare Ophidian Predation Event"
1118:"Risk from coral-snake bites grows as antivenin dwindles"
1395:
et
Description sommaire de nouvelles espèces de Serpents
442:
All coral snakes are shy, secretive animals, typically
1176:) (Equine Origin) Lot L67530 through January 31, 2020"
1399:
Revue et
Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée, Paris
1233:"What is the treatment for coral snake envenomation?"
569:
result of paralysis induced by the neurotoxic venom.
1439:
Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada
1202:
equine origin) North
American Coral Snake Antivenin"
1348:
Proceedings of the
Biological Society of Washington
1346:(1942). "A New Subspecies of Mexican Coral Snake".
1231:Greene, Spencer (9 April 2021). Alcock, Joe (ed.).
933:"Reproduction and Growth of the Texas Coral Snake (
1116:
550:. Bite victims may experience potentially lethal
1732:
760:differences to be considered its own species.
1427:, new subspecies, pp. 27–28, Figure 10).
318:are recognized as being valid, including the
1084:
1082:
818:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64033A12738512.en
1371:. Tempe, Arizona: Tricolor Books. 129 pp.
434:), and has a somewhat larger venom yield.
220:
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40:
1441:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. (
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994:Tivador, Edward J.; et al. (2011).
522:
343:
306:. The species is native to the southern
1766:Fauna of the Southeastern United States
1393:Iconographie descriptive des Ophidiens
1096:. The University of Adelaide, Australia
14:
1733:
1230:
1050:"Cannibalism in the Texas Coral Snake"
1047:
984:
897:, pp. 434-435, Figure 196 + Plate 44).
352:The Texas coral snake ranges from the
310:and adjacent northeastern and central
1781:Taxa named by Charles Frédéric Girard
1776:Taxa named by Spencer Fullerton Baird
1470:
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1143:Roser, Mary Ann (22 September 2012).
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1456:eMedicine: Coral Snake Envenomations
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404:smaller than females. It has smooth
1741:IUCN Red List least concern species
804:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
339:
24:
1355:Micrurus fitzingeri microgalbineus
1315:
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359:south to northeastern and central
25:
1792:
1449:
1409:, new species, p. 521). (in
1270:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
1243:from the original on 1 March 2021
1212:from the original on 1 March 2021
1048:Curtis, Lawrence (15 July 1952).
542:Texas coral snake venom contains
1115:Breen, David (11 October 2013).
84:
1461:Houston Herp: Texas Coral Snake
1336:, new species, pp. 22–23).
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1178:. Food and Drug Administration
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1761:Reptiles of the United States
1094:Clinical Toxinology Resources
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420:(lacking black pigment) and
375:, and the Mexican states of
363:. It inhabits the states of
7:
1268:; Grayson, Michael (2011).
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437:
10:
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1751:Reptiles described in 1853
1425:Micrurus fulvius maculatus
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408:, a rounded head, and the
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1421:American Museum Novitates
1282:Micrurus tener fitzingeri
1151:Austin American Statesman
485:The Texas coral snake is
477:by coral snakes is rare.
473:, but the consumption of
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81:Scientific classification
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320:nominotypical subspecies
243:Baird & Girard, 1853
1756:Snakes of North America
1443:Micrurus fulvius tenere
1000:Southeastern Naturalist
935:Micrurus fulvius tenere
504:Micruroides euryxanthus
452:
721:The subspecific name,
532:
349:
248:Micrurus fulvius tener
1405:: 438–449, 514–527. (
811:: e.T64033A12738512.
573:Wyeth Pharmaceuticals
526:
348:USA coral snake range
347:
1445:, pp. 274–276).
1381:Micrurus tener tener
1299:The Reptile Database
1012:10.1656/058.010.0317
853:The Reptile Database
668:M. t. tamaulipensis
653:M. t. microgalbineus
324:Micrurus tener tener
791:Mendoza Quijano, F.
587:The six recognized
527:Texas Coral Snake (
51:Conservation status
1771:Reptiles of Mexico
1383:, pp. 89–90).
1357:, new subspecies).
1206:Pfizer Hospital US
533:
465:, and other small
350:
35:Texas coral snake
1728:
1727:
1649:Open Tree of Life
1472:Taxon identifiers
1377:978-0-9754641-3-7
1278:978-1-4214-0135-5
931:(1 August 1979).
891:978-0-544-12997-9
733:Leopold Fitzinger
725:, is in honor of
714:Their Latin name
618:M. t. fitzingeri
535:Coral snakes are
529:Micrurus t. tener
289:Texas coral snake
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67:
66:Least Concern
56:
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1689:Elaps tenere
1688:
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1442:
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1401:, Series 2,
1398:
1394:
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1334:Elaps tenere
1333:
1329:
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1298:
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1281:
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1257:
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1236:
1226:
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1205:
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1150:
1138:
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808:
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749:
740:
737:
722:
720:
715:
713:
700:M. t. tener
699:
698:
693:
683:
682:
672:Lavin-Murcio
667:
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617:
599:
592:
586:
571:
567:
564:
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534:
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508:
502:
496:
484:
481:Reproduction
463:earth snakes
457:The primary
456:
448:
441:
429:
402:
351:
331:
327:
326:The species
323:
288:
279:
278:
277:
264:
247:
239:Elaps tenere
238:
199:
197:
181:
180:
168:
29:
1610:NatureServe
1558:iNaturalist
1504:Wikispecies
1262:Beolens, Bo
1182:9 September
1156:9 September
1128:9 September
1071:2 September
1033:2 September
976:2 September
962:11244/19160
824:20 November
706:to Mexico.
601:M. t. tener
412:have round
399:Description
1735:Categories
1704:Q109522037
1431:Schmidt KP
1391:Plan d'une
1365:O'Connor B
1353:: 63–65. (
1304:2023-03-31
947:(3): 461.
914:2023-03-31
879:Collins JT
764:References
723:fitzingeri
661:H.M. Smith
657:B.C. Brown
589:subspecies
583:Subspecies
544:neurotoxin
426:melanistic
418:Albinistic
385:Guanajuato
377:Tamaulipas
316:subspecies
144:Suborder:
1389:(1858). "
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1060:(2): 27.
787:Lavin, P.
710:Etymology
690:trinomial
685:Nota bene
560:antivenom
552:paralysis
487:oviparous
467:fossorial
444:nocturnal
389:Querétaro
369:Louisiana
176:Species:
148:Serpentes
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1746:Micrurus
1698:Wikidata
1615:2.807719
1576:10366683
1495:Q1615145
1489:Wikidata
1437:(1941).
1435:Davis DD
1344:Smith HM
1340:Brown BC
1328:(1853).
1326:Girard C
1322:Baird SF
1241:Archived
1237:Medscape
1210:Archived
1100:28 March
1066:20171236
1028:84739734
1020:41262936
881:(2016).
875:Conant R
871:Powell R
845:Species
793:(2007).
746:Taxonomy
727:Austrian
694:Micrurus
593:M. tener
556:myolysis
548:myotoxin
438:Behavior
373:Arkansas
354:southern
304:Elapidae
285:commonly
230:Synonyms
169:Micrurus
158:Elapidae
154:Family:
138:Squamata
128:Reptilia
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1677:8051262
1628:1114301
1550:5226950
1417:Roze JA
1367:(2012)
1361:Hubbs B
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704:endemic
637:, 1887)
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493:Mimicry
475:rodents
471:lizards
393:Morelos
299:in the
293:species
291:, is a
258:Collins
214:, 1853)
164:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
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414:pupils
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314:. Six
312:Mexico
301:family
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1024:S2CID
1016:JSTOR
967:JSTOR
716:tener
676:Dixon
607:Baird
595:are:
519:Venom
365:Texas
208:Baird
1713:ITIS
1623:NCBI
1597:IUCN
1584:ITIS
1545:GBIF
1387:Jan
1373:ISBN
1274:ISBN
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887:ISBN
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809:2007
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