124:) and therefore cheaper than the traditional glassware in a laboratory, thus enabling the expansion of the laboratory experiences of students in large classes and to introduce laboratory work into institutions too poorly equipped for standard-type work. Pioneering development in this area was carried out by Egerton C. Grey (1928), Mahmoud K. El-Marsafy (1989) in Egypt, Stephen Thompson in the US and others. A further application of these ideas was the devising by Bradley of the Radmaste kits in South Africa, designed to make effective chemical experiments possible in developing countries in schools that lack the technical services (electricity, running water) taken for granted in many places. The other strand is the introduction of this approach into synthetic work, mainly in organic chemistry. Here the crucial breakthrough was achieved by Mayo, Pike and Butcher and by Williamson who demonstrated that inexperienced students were able to carry out organic syntheses on a few tens of milligrams, a skill previously thought to require years of training and experience. These approaches were accompanied by the introduction of some specialised equipment, which was subsequently simplified by Breuer without great loss of versatility.
107:. While much of traditional chemistry teaching centers on multi-gramme preparations, milligrammes of substances are sufficient for microscale chemistry. In universities, modern and expensive lab glassware is used and modern methods for detection and characterization of the produced substances are very common. In schools and in many countries of the Southern hemisphere, small-scale working takes place with low-cost and even no-cost material. There has always been a place for small-scale working in
1673:
1697:
1709:
1685:
33:
133:
has become a major presence on the educational scene in the US, it is used to a lesser extent in the UK and it is used in many countries in institutions with staff who are enthusiastic about it. For example, in India, small scale chemistry/ microscale chemistry is now implemented in a few universities and colleges.
132:
called 'The
Microscale Laboratory' that has been running for many years. Scaling down experiments, when combined with modern projection technology, opened up the possibility of carrying out lecture demonstrations of the most hazardous kind in total safety. The approach has been adopted worldwide. It
119:
There are two main strands of the modern approach. One is based on the idea that many of the experiments associated with general chemistry (acids and bases, oxidation and reduction, electrochemistry, etc.) can be carried out in equipment much simpler (injection bottles, dropper bottles, syringes,
127:
There is a great deal of published material available to help in the introduction of such a scheme, providing advice on choice of equipment, techniques and preparative experiments and the flow of such material is continuing through a column in the
734:
399:
54:
768:
869:
874:
47:
671:
852:
742:
896:
391:
639:
610:
735:
https://edu.rsc.org/rsc-education-news/entries-open-for-international-symposium-on-microscale-chemistry-2021/4013475.article
908:
847:
761:
502:
1713:
1592:
754:
17:
1035:
789:
1735:
82:
1312:
799:
1689:
1238:
1209:
1189:
1142:
827:
1582:
1498:
1137:
558:
1520:
1431:
1394:
1278:
1204:
1025:
1008:
951:
111:
analysis, but the new developments can encompass much of chemistry a student is likely to meet.
1438:
1426:
1317:
1182:
956:
822:
1587:
1484:
1469:
1399:
1322:
1154:
1104:
1013:
938:
837:
1577:
1532:
1307:
1127:
1057:
814:
794:
268:
Jorge Ibanez, Arturo
Fregoso, Carmen Doria, Rosa Maria Mainero, Margarita Hernandez, et al.
108:
88:
8:
1600:
1554:
1479:
1452:
1350:
1332:
1285:
1223:
1119:
1099:
968:
963:
864:
675:
1740:
1677:
1643:
1505:
1474:
1355:
1297:
995:
978:
973:
928:
891:
881:
842:
711:
599:
104:
1696:
1658:
1623:
1606:
1544:
1462:
1457:
1385:
1370:
1340:
1261:
1228:
1199:
1194:
1169:
1159:
1079:
1067:
946:
859:
635:
628:
606:
1701:
1618:
1273:
1132:
1109:
1062:
1003:
573:
1559:
1515:
1510:
1404:
1380:
1214:
1177:
1030:
1020:
903:
121:
92:
1443:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1366:
1362:
1345:
1302:
1233:
1094:
1089:
1074:
886:
804:
532:
321:
661:
The text of the book is available in electronical format free from the author.
53:
You can help
Knowledge by formatting it if you know how. Please also consider
1729:
1648:
1537:
1493:
1218:
1052:
1047:
1040:
918:
461:
577:
1525:
1375:
1290:
1266:
1256:
1248:
1149:
1084:
983:
832:
466:
923:
278:
Aleksander
Kazubski, Dominika StrutyÅska, Åukasz Sporny, Piotr WrĆ³blewski
746:
1549:
510:
100:
314:
1611:
913:
778:
398:
18. ā 20. May 2005 at
Universidad Iberoamericana ā Ciudad de Mexico
390:
13. ā 15. December 2001 at Hong Kong
Baptist University ā Hong Kong
273:
1633:
1653:
327:
96:
1628:
384:
May 2000 at
Universidad Iberoamericana ā Ciudad de Mexico
1638:
443:
North-west
University, Potchefstroom South Africa, 2019
596:
441:
712:"10th International Microscale Chemistry Conference"
435:
429:
8th International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry
423:
7th International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry
417:
6th International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry
411:
5th International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry
405:
4th International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry
396:
3rd International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry
388:
2nd International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry
382:
1st International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry
698:Armchair Chemistry. A programmed Laboratory Manual
627:
598:
157:Reduced reliance on intensive ventilation systems
151:Lower costs for chemical substances and equipment
1727:
450:International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry.
762:
630:Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments
716:chemistrysymposium2019.registerevents.co.za
166:More time for evaluation and communication.
769:
755:
625:
500:
776:
597:Mayo, D W; R M Pike; S S Butcher (1986).
142:Saves time for preparation and clear away
103:levels, working with small quantities of
55:changing this notice to be more specific
605:. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
556:
363:Govt. Victoria College, Palakkad,Kerala
14:
1728:
657:Microscale Practical Organic Chemistry
654:
559:"Hands-on practical chemistry for all"
503:"Microscale Chemistry Experimentation"
750:
695:
537:National Small-Scale Chemistry Centre
490:. Cambridge: W Heffer & Sons Ltd.
371:Bob Worley, CLEAPSS, Chis LLoyd SSERC
324:National Small Scale Chemistry Center
317:National Microscale Chemistry Center
1684:
530:
488:Practical Chemistry by Micro-Methods
485:
26:
1708:
700:. New Jersey: Princeton University.
24:
25:
1752:
1707:
1695:
1683:
1672:
1671:
509:. M.K.El-Marsafy. Archived from
31:
704:
689:
664:
648:
634:. Lexington, Mass: D C Heath.
619:
590:
550:
524:
494:
479:
452:On-line, United Kingdom, 2021
376:
216:Michael Tausch, John McCaskill
13:
1:
1036:Interface and colloid science
790:Glossary of chemical formulae
741:Obendrauf, V.; Demonstration
601:Microscale Organic Laboratory
472:
136:
130:Journal of Chemical Education
7:
1313:Bioorganometallic chemistry
800:List of inorganic compounds
539:. Colorado State University
455:
160:Pleasant working atmosphere
145:Reduces waste at the source
10:
1757:
1239:Dynamic covalent chemistry
1210:Enantioselective synthesis
1190:Physical organic chemistry
1143:Organolanthanide chemistry
431:Mexico City, Mexico, 2015
419:Kuwait City, Kuwait, 2011
413:Manila, Philippines, 2010
330:Microscale Gas Chemistry;
170:
114:
1667:
1570:
1331:
1247:
1168:
1118:
994:
937:
828:Electroanalytical methods
813:
785:
204:Angela Koehler-Kruetzfeld
1583:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1499:Supramolecular chemistry
1138:Organometallic chemistry
626:Williamson, K L (1989).
501:El-Marsafy, M K (1989).
486:Grey, Egerton C (1928).
1521:Combinatorial chemistry
1432:Food physical chemistry
1395:Environmental chemistry
1279:Bioorthogonal chemistry
1205:Retrosynthetic analysis
1026:Chemical thermodynamics
1009:Spectroelectrochemistry
952:Computational chemistry
659:. Lancaster University.
578:10.1351/pac199971050817
533:"Small-Scale Chemistry"
407:Bangkok, Thailand 2009
212:Waltraud Habelitz-Tkotz
1593:of element discoveries
1439:Agricultural chemistry
1427:Carbohydrate chemistry
1318:Bioinorganic chemistry
1183:Alkane stereochemistry
1128:Coordination chemistry
957:Mathematical chemistry
823:Instrumental chemistry
425:Berlin, Germany, 2013
226:, Gregor von Borstel,
163:Shorter reaction times
84:Chemie im MikromaĆstab
77:(often referred to as
1588:Timeline of chemistry
1485:Post-mortem chemistry
1470:Clandestine chemistry
1400:Atmospheric chemistry
1323:Biophysical chemistry
1155:Solid-state chemistry
1105:Equilibrium chemistry
1014:Photoelectrochemistry
672:"MicroMiniSympo06Web"
557:Bradley, J D (1999).
196:Mahmoud K. El-Marsafy
79:small-scale chemistry
1578:History of chemistry
1533:Chemical engineering
1308:Bioorganic chemistry
1058:Structural chemistry
795:List of biomolecules
655:Breuer, S W (1996).
437:Sendai, Japan, 2017
224:Bernd-Heinrich Brand
154:Smaller storage area
75:Microscale chemistry
1736:Chemistry education
1601:The central science
1555:Ceramic engineering
1480:Forensic toxicology
1453:Chemistry education
1351:Radiation chemistry
1333:Interdisciplinarity
1286:Medicinal chemistry
1224:Fullerene chemistry
1100:Microwave chemistry
969:Molecular mechanics
964:Molecular modelling
696:Aleya, H N (1974).
105:chemical substances
1644:Chemical substance
1506:Chemical synthesis
1475:Forensic chemistry
1356:Actinide chemistry
1298:Clinical chemistry
979:Molecular geometry
974:Molecular dynamics
929:Elemental analysis
882:Separation process
355:Abdulaziz Alnajjar
337:Kenneth M. Doxsee
1723:
1722:
1659:Quantum mechanics
1624:Chemical compound
1607:Chemical reaction
1545:Materials science
1463:General chemistry
1458:Amateur chemistry
1386:Photogeochemistry
1371:Stellar chemistry
1341:Nuclear chemistry
1262:Molecular biology
1229:Polymer chemistry
1200:Organic synthesis
1195:Organic reactions
1160:Ceramic chemistry
1150:Cluster chemistry
1080:Chemical kinetics
1068:Molecular physics
947:Quantum chemistry
860:Mass spectrometry
641:978-0-669-19429-6
612:978-0-471-82448-0
347:Supawan Tantyanon
305:Christer Gruvberg
260:Metodija Najdoski
89:analytical method
72:
71:
16:(Redirected from
1748:
1711:
1710:
1699:
1687:
1686:
1675:
1674:
1619:Chemical element
1274:Chemical biology
1133:Magnetochemistry
1110:Mechanochemistry
1063:Chemical physics
1004:Electrochemistry
909:Characterization
771:
764:
757:
748:
747:
726:
725:
723:
722:
708:
702:
701:
693:
687:
686:
684:
683:
674:. Archived from
668:
662:
660:
652:
646:
645:
633:
623:
617:
616:
604:
594:
588:
587:
585:
584:
563:
554:
548:
547:
545:
544:
528:
522:
521:
519:
518:
498:
492:
491:
483:
244:Mordechai Livneh
228:Stephan Mattusek
180:Viktor Obendrauf
122:plastic pipettes
67:
64:
58:
43:
35:
34:
27:
21:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1663:
1566:
1560:Polymer science
1516:Click chemistry
1511:Green chemistry
1405:Ocean chemistry
1381:Biogeochemistry
1327:
1243:
1215:Total synthesis
1178:Stereochemistry
1164:
1114:
1031:Surface science
1021:Thermochemistry
990:
933:
904:Crystallography
809:
781:
775:
737:
730:
729:
720:
718:
710:
709:
705:
694:
690:
681:
679:
670:
669:
665:
653:
649:
642:
624:
620:
613:
595:
591:
582:
580:
566:Pure Appl. Chem
561:
555:
551:
542:
540:
529:
525:
516:
514:
499:
495:
484:
480:
475:
458:
379:
173:
139:
117:
95:widely used at
93:teaching method
68:
62:
59:
52:
46:may need to be
41:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1754:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1444:Soil chemistry
1436:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1422:Food chemistry
1419:
1417:Carbochemistry
1414:
1412:Clay chemistry
1409:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1373:
1367:Astrochemistry
1363:Cosmochemistry
1360:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1346:Radiochemistry
1337:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1303:Neurochemistry
1300:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1234:Petrochemistry
1231:
1226:
1221:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1174:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1095:Spin chemistry
1092:
1090:Photochemistry
1087:
1082:
1077:
1075:Femtochemistry
1072:
1071:
1070:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1000:
998:
992:
991:
989:
988:
987:
986:
976:
971:
966:
961:
960:
959:
949:
943:
941:
935:
934:
932:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
900:
899:
894:
887:Chromatography
884:
879:
878:
877:
872:
867:
857:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
830:
825:
819:
817:
811:
810:
808:
807:
805:Periodic table
802:
797:
792:
786:
783:
782:
774:
773:
766:
759:
751:
745:
744:
732:
728:
727:
703:
688:
663:
647:
640:
618:
611:
589:
572:(5): 817ā823.
549:
523:
493:
477:
476:
474:
471:
470:
469:
464:
457:
454:
378:
375:
374:
373:
368:United Kingdom
365:
357:
349:
341:
340:
339:
334:
325:
319:
307:
299:
288:
280:
270:
262:
254:
246:
238:
230:
198:
190:
188:Zhou Ning-Huai
182:
172:
169:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
138:
135:
116:
113:
70:
69:
39:
37:
30:
18:Microchemistry
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1753:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1716:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1649:Chemical bond
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1538:Stoichiometry
1536:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1494:Nanochemistry
1492:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:Semisynthesis
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1053:Sonochemistry
1051:
1049:
1048:Cryochemistry
1046:
1042:
1041:Micromeritics
1039:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
985:
982:
981:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
958:
955:
954:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
942:
940:
936:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
919:Wet chemistry
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
888:
885:
883:
880:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
861:
858:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
818:
816:
812:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
784:
780:
772:
767:
765:
760:
758:
753:
752:
749:
743:
740:
739:
738:
736:
717:
713:
707:
699:
692:
678:on 2016-03-14
677:
673:
667:
658:
651:
643:
637:
632:
631:
622:
614:
608:
603:
602:
593:
579:
575:
571:
567:
560:
553:
538:
534:
531:Thompson, S.
527:
513:on 2007-09-26
512:
508:
504:
497:
489:
482:
478:
468:
465:
463:
462:Microanalysis
460:
459:
453:
451:
448:
444:
442:
438:
436:
432:
430:
426:
424:
420:
418:
414:
412:
408:
406:
402:
400:
397:
393:
392:
389:
385:
383:
372:
369:
366:
364:
361:
358:
356:
353:
350:
348:
345:
342:
338:
335:
333:
332:Bruce Mattson
329:
326:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
312:
311:
308:
306:
303:
300:
298:
295:
292:
289:
287:
286:M. Elisa Maia
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
271:
269:
266:
263:
261:
258:
255:
253:
250:
247:
245:
242:
239:
237:
236:Winghong Chan
234:
231:
229:
225:
221:
220:Theodor Grofe
217:
213:
209:
208:Peter Schwarz
205:
202:
199:
197:
194:
191:
189:
186:
183:
181:
178:
175:
174:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
134:
131:
125:
123:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:
81:, in German:
80:
76:
66:
56:
51:
49:
38:
29:
28:
19:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1526:Biosynthesis
1376:Geochemistry
1291:Pharmacology
1267:Cell biology
1257:Biochemistry
1085:Spectroscopy
984:VSEPR theory
833:Spectroscopy
777:Branches of
731:
719:. Retrieved
715:
706:
697:
691:
680:. Retrieved
676:the original
666:
656:
650:
629:
621:
600:
592:
581:. Retrieved
569:
565:
552:
541:. Retrieved
536:
526:
515:. Retrieved
511:the original
506:
496:
487:
481:
467:Microreactor
449:
446:
445:
440:
439:
434:
433:
428:
427:
422:
421:
416:
415:
410:
409:
404:
403:
395:
394:
387:
386:
381:
380:
370:
367:
362:
359:
354:
351:
346:
343:
336:
331:
316:
309:
304:
301:
297:Marie DuToit
296:
294:John Bradley
293:
291:South Africa
290:
285:
282:
277:
272:
267:
264:
259:
256:
252:Kazuko Ogino
251:
248:
243:
240:
235:
232:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
200:
195:
192:
187:
184:
179:
176:
129:
126:
120:wellplates,
118:
83:
78:
74:
73:
60:
45:
40:This article
1714:WikiProject
939:Theoretical
924:Calorimetry
377:Conferences
148:More safety
109:qualitative
91:and also a
63:August 2014
44:or section
1730:Categories
1550:Metallurgy
1249:Biological
815:Analytical
721:2019-07-01
682:2006-12-30
583:2006-12-30
543:2006-12-30
517:2006-12-30
473:References
137:Advantages
101:university
1741:Chemistry
1612:Catalysis
1120:Inorganic
914:Titration
779:chemistry
257:Macedonia
233:Hong Kong
48:formatted
1678:Category
1634:Molecule
1571:See also
996:Physical
507:MicrEcol
456:See also
344:Thailand
283:Portugal
87:) is an
1690:Commons
1654:Alchemy
1170:Organic
401:"""]]]
201:Germany
177:Austria
171:Centres
115:History
99:and at
1702:Portal
848:UV-Vis
638:
609:
352:Kuwait
302:Sweden
274:Poland
265:Mexico
241:Israel
97:school
42:
875:MALDI
843:Raman
562:(PDF)
360:India
249:Japan
193:Egypt
185:China
1629:Atom
897:HPLC
733:11.
636:ISBN
607:ISBN
447:11th
1639:Ion
870:ICP
853:NMR
574:doi
328:USA
322:USA
310:USA
1732::
1369:/
1365:/
1217:/
892:GC
865:EI
838:IR
714:.
570:71
568:.
564:.
535:.
505:.
222:,
218:,
214:,
210:,
206:,
1603:"
1599:"
770:e
763:t
756:v
724:.
685:.
644:.
615:.
586:.
576::
546:.
520:.
65:)
61:(
57:.
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.