842:
519:. For a small company with a few PCs, this was annoying, but practical. But for large organizations with hundreds or even thousands of PCs, permanently matching each PC with its own floppy disk was logistically unlikely or impossible. Without the original, updated floppy disk, no changes could be made to the PC's cards. After this experience repeated itself thousands of times, business leaders realized their dream scenario for upgrade simplicity did not work in the corporate world, and they sought a better process.
515:(that came with the PC) to blend the new card into the original hardware automatically, rather than bringing in an expensively trained technician who could manually make all the needed changes. All choices for interrupts (an often perplexing problem) and other changes were accomplished automatically by the PC reading the old configuration from the floppy disk, which made necessary changes in software, then wrote the new configuration to the floppy disk. In practice, however, this meant that the user must keep that
32:
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212:
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142:
548:, each card could talk to another directly. This allowed performance that was independent of the CPU. One potential drawback of multi-master design was the possible collisions when more than one card would try to bus master, but Micro Channel included an arbitration feature to correct for these situations, and also allowed a master to use a
593:, which allowed all setup to take place in software. This feature is taken for granted now, but at the time setup was a huge chore for ISA systems. POS was a simple system that included device IDs in firmware, which the drivers in the computer were supposed to interpret. (This type of software-configuration system is known as
1256:
IBM doesn't advertise the PS/2 as a factory-floor machine, yet the PS/2's backplane bus structure, Micro
Channel, appeared in a factory-floor computer before the PS/2 itself came on the market. People who examined the IBM 7552 Gearbox, ostensibly a factory-hardened version of the AT, notice something
510:
Although MCA cards cost nearly double the price of comparable non-MCA cards, the marketing stressed that it was simple for any user to upgrade or add more cards to their PC, thus saving the considerable expense of a technician. In this critical area, Micro
Channel architecture's biggest advantage was
351:
It was thought that by creating a new standard, IBM would regain control of standards via the required licensing. As patents can take three years or more to be granted, however, only those relating to ISA could be licensed when Micro
Channel was announced. Patents on important Micro Channel features,
599:
today.) The feature did not really live up to its promise; the automatic configuration was fine when it worked, but it frequently did not - resulting in an unbootable computer - and resolving the problem by manual intervention was much more difficult than configuring an ISA system, not least because
497:
Micro
Channel cards also featured a unique, 16-bit software-readable ID, which formed the basis of an early plug and play system. The BIOS and/or OS can read IDs, compare against a list of known cards, and perform automatic system configuration to suit. This led to boot failures whereby an older
700:
Despite the fact that MCA was a huge technical improvement over ISA, it soon became clear that its introduction and marketing by IBM was poorly handled. IBM had strong patents on Micro
Channel architecture system features, and required Micro Channel system manufacturers to pay a licence fee - and
762:
that sought to consider and prioritize steps in the maturation of Micro
Channel, as well as to explore better approaches to disseminating technical information about Micro Channel to third parties. In 1992, it reached 92 members, including IBM. Even after IBM discontinued MCA systems in 1995, the
732:
For several years EISA and Micro
Channel battled it out in the server arena, but, in 1996, IBM effectively conceded defeat, when they themselves produced some EISA-bus servers. In 2001 IBM executive Robert Moffat said that of the company's mistakes in the PC market, "the most obvious one is Micro
540:
of throughput at 32-bit width, later models of RS/6000 machines increased the data rate to 20 MHz, and the throughput to 80 MB/s. Some higher throughput functions of the Micro
Channel bus were available to RS/6000 platform only, and were not initially supported on cards operating on an Intel
581:
All interrupt request signals were "public" on Micro
Channel architecture permitting any card on the bus to function as an I/O processor for direct service of I/O device interrupts. ISA had limited all such processing to just the system's CPU. Likewise, bus master request and grant signals were
577:
Arbitration enhancement ensures better system throughput since control is passed more efficiently. Advanced interrupt handling refers to the use of level-sensitive interrupts to handle system requests. Rather than a dedicated interrupt line, several lines can be shared to provide more possible
506:
Setup
Utility) on a regular basis. A fairly complete list of known IDs is available (see External links section). To accompany these reference disks were ADF files which were read by setup which in turn provided configuration information for the card. The ADF was a simple text file, containing
640:
range in 1987, with three out of four of the new machines featuring it. IBM had actually discreetly introduced the Micro Channel architecture in October 1986, half a year before the introduction of the IBM PS/2, as part of their "Gearbox" Industrial Computer 7552 series. These computers were
466:
The situation was never that simple, however, as both the 32-bit and 16-bit versions initially had a number of additional optional connectors for memory cards which resulted in a huge number of physically incompatible cards for bus attached memory. In time, memory moved to the CPU's
608:
settings, then find and set the new IRQ for a new device—if a suitable one was available—for ISA was no fun at all, and beyond many users... it is obvious why the attempt was made to move to software-arbitrated configuration, and why this was to later succeed in the form of
471:, thereby eliminating the problem. On the upside, signal quality was greatly improved as Micro Channel added ground and power pins and arranged the pins to minimize interference; a ground or a supply was thereby located within 3 pins of every signal.
631:
IBM will soon be as much a prisoner of its standards as its competitors are. Once enough IBM machines have been bought, IBM cannot make sudden changes in their basic design; what might be useful for shedding competitors would shake off even more
1257:
odd about the unit's bus: It had more bus lines than could be accounted for by the AT bus. The extra lines turned out to be the 16-bit Micro Channel. Nobody at IBM said anything about it at the time, because PS/2 hadn't yet been introduced.
527:
The basic data rate of the Micro Channel was increased from ISA's 8 MHz to 10 MHz. This may have been a modest increase in terms of clock rate, but the greater bus width, coupled with a dedicated bus controller that utilized
582:
public, such that bus attached devices could monitor latency to control internal buffering for I/O processors. These features were not adopted for PCI, requiring all I/O support to come uniquely from the system board processor.
793:
in order to allow legal use of the Micro Channel technology—by 1990 most MCA clones were not fully compatible with the Micro Channel architecture or expansion cards based on Micro Channel. By the time IBM was winding down the
478:. This extension was used for analog output from the video card, which was then routed through the system board to the system's own monitor output. The advantage of this was that Micro Channel system boards could have a basic
705:
market did not want to pay royalties to IBM in order to use this new technology, and stayed largely with the 16-bit AT bus, (embraced and renamed as ISA to avoid IBM's "AT" trademark) and manual configuration, although the
671:
was the first to ship a Micro Channel-based computer, the 5000 MC, but company head John Roach said "I'm surprised anybody at all would want it"; Tandy only sold the computer, he said, because there was some demand for it.
565:
Multiple bus-master support and improved arbitration mean that several such devices could coexist and share the system bus. Micro Channel bus-master-capable devices can even use the bus to talk directly to each other
356:
automatic configuration, were not granted to IBM until after PCI had replaced Micro Channel in the marketplace. The overall reception was tepid and the impact of Micro Channel in the worldwide PC market was minor.
511:
also its greatest disadvantage, and one of the major reasons for its demise. To add a new card (video, printer, memory, network, modem, etc.) the user simply plugged in the MCA card and inserted a customized
680:
and server platforms supporting it, including their own Micro Channel architecture-based logic componentry, including SCSI, graphics, networking, and audio. A small number of other manufacturers, including
604:
work and so did not provide the necessary information to set it up by hand, unlike ISA device documentation which by necessity provided full details (however having to physically remove and check all
789:'s 5000 MC in 1988. Despite expensive research and development costs on the part of third-party manufacturers of Micro Channel computers—in part due to the expensive licensing fees incurred by
1516:
729:(EISA). This offered similar performance benefits to Micro Channel, but with the twin advantage of being able to accept older ISA boards and being free from IBM's control.
627:
stated that the IBM PC standard's dominance of the personal computer market was not a problem because "it can help competition to flourish". The magazine predicted that
1282:
1354:
2585:
343:
processors in desktop machines, and could, in theory, save considerable money if a single well-documented bus could be used across their entire computer lineup.
1664:
494:' VGA modes, making use of the on-board graphics system when needed, and allowing a single system board connector for graphics that could be upgraded.
570:) at speeds faster than the system CPU, without any other system intervention. In theory, Micro Channel architecture systems could be expanded, like
2563:
1384:
3795:
455:
The Micro Channel was primarily a 32-bit bus, but the system also supported a 16-bit mode designed to lower the cost of connectors and logic in
1268:
777:
A number of non-PS/2 computers were manufactured between the late 1980s and early 1990s. Such third-party computers were also referred to as
1608:
1296:
1036:
Use of the ISA bus outside of machines employing the 80x86 CPU family was rare. Notable non-x86 hardware that used the ISA bus include the
2592:
1151:
2524:
Interfaces are listed by their speed in the (roughly) ascending order, so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest.
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388:
233:
1969:
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2497:
1524:
1322:
2126:
502:
would not recognize a newer card, causing an error at startup. In turn, this required IBM to release updated Reference Disks (The
435:
The Micro Channel architecture was designed by engineer Chet Heath. A lot of the Micro Channel cards that were developed used the
1989:
1428:
960:
726:
1796:
2633:
2556:
2177:
1848:
755:
749:
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line of personal computers (which in 1987 acted as the means of introducing Micro Channel to the general public) in 1992,
3780:
1883:
2230:
2069:
1999:
810:
Expansion cards for the Micro Channel bus typically targeted high-end graphic workstation or server requirements, with
3615:
2059:
982:
737:
410:
259:
195:
83:
241:
3656:
2157:
536:
could be reused for data, further increasing the effective width of the bus. While the 10 MHz rate allowed 40
2549:
335:
These limitations became more serious as the range of tasks and peripherals, and the number of manufacturers for
3707:
3641:
2884:
1949:
954:
392:
285:
237:
191:
135:
73:
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2501:
2152:
2121:
1668:
1049:
754:
In response to the rise of EISA, IBM and thirteen Micro Channel card and peripheral manufacturers formed the
1774:
2655:
2099:
490:
or other accelerator cards) could then share the same port. The add-on cards were then able to be free of '
1140:
532:
transfers, meant that effective throughput was up to five times higher than ISA. For faster transfers the
2899:
2894:
2889:
2425:
2364:
2219:
574:, with only the addition of intelligent masters, without periodic need to upgrade the central processor.
428:
3661:
2822:
1789:
483:
2394:
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3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3206:
2946:
2079:
988:
3620:
701:
actively pursued patents to block third parties from selling unlicensed implementations of it. The
676:
adopted Micro Channel comprehensively - they designed and built high-performance personal computer,
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2640:
2623:
1000:
222:
3676:
2715:
2705:
2532:
2507:
2399:
2054:
1616:
503:
381:
226:
3116:
3111:
1376:
3739:
3646:
3549:
2939:
2089:
1246:
Cleaveland, Peter (April 21, 1987). "Low-cost, flexible microcomputers get jobs in factories".
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550:
529:
436:
171:
110:
1163:
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2628:
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1934:
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717:
For servers the technical limitations of the old ISA were too great, and, in late 1988, the "
637:
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1562:
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1406:
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2852:
2847:
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2755:
2349:
2202:
2084:
600:
the documentation for the MCA device would tend to assume that the automatic configuration
325:
161:
1212:. Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center. p. 3 – via Ardent Tool.
1204:
8:
3582:
2261:
1816:
1123:
645:. They featured a hybrid 16-bit MCA and ISA bus, with certain ISA signal lines disabled.
3712:
2926:
1805:
1647:
936:
910:
900:
890:
877:
439:
P82C612 MCA interface controller; allowing MCA implementations to become a lot easier.
1585:
1432:
841:
272:
The development of Micro Channel was driven by both technical and business pressures.
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3754:
3702:
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930:
786:
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682:
668:
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IBM licensed the architecture to other companies for one to five percent of revenue.
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336:
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3341:
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1984:
1738:
1206:
Surface Computer System Architecture for the Advanced Unmanned Search System (AUSS)
558:. This was long enough to permit the maximum number of other devices on the bus to
331:
Undocumented bus interface standards that varied between systems and manufacturers.
168:
164:
3717:
3592:
2114:
1964:
1944:
1819:
799:
673:
175:
1111:
1019:
Formal introduction; it had been secretly introduced as part of IBM's "Gearbox"
2978:
2415:
2109:
2034:
1959:
1863:
1838:
1724:
1630:
976:
763:
consortium still held meetings and maintained a catalog of MCA devices online.
707:
1682:
186:
and other computers until the mid-1990s. Its name is commonly abbreviated as "
3774:
2827:
2487:
2374:
2266:
2214:
2197:
1979:
1878:
1868:
1843:
1804:
1334:
1045:
1020:
886:
883:
873:
870:
642:
623:
610:
595:
545:
491:
475:
353:
145:
Two, 16 bit MCA slots (top and middle). At the bottom is an MCA slot for an
3625:
3610:
3351:
3346:
2837:
2224:
2167:
2019:
1924:
1181:
718:
567:
3587:
2983:
2842:
2650:
2541:
2492:
2471:
2389:
2234:
2172:
2147:
2074:
1858:
1853:
1052:
994:
971:
711:
677:
559:
555:
533:
512:
31:
2311:
1254:(5). Reed Business Information Enterprise: 31 – via Gale OneFile.
636:
Micro Channel architecture was publicly introduced at the launch of the
134:
This article is about a computer bus. For small-sized liquid ducts, see
3759:
2832:
2790:
2345:
2044:
1833:
924:
815:
759:
661:
395: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
303:
1270:"...enormous numbers of remote IBM MicroChannel/370 (9371) systems..."
919:
Ultimedia Audio Adapter 7-6, only compatible with RS/6000 systems, or
562:
inbound data from over-runnable devices like tape and communications.
442:
3697:
2797:
2369:
2359:
2326:
2321:
2256:
2131:
1919:
1904:
1899:
1355:"IBM PC Server 520 -- New 166MHz SMP Models and Feature Enhancements"
1037:
802:
remained the one of a few remaining committed vendors of MCA clones.
578:
interrupts, addressing the ISA-bus interrupt line conflict problems.
571:
468:
296:
854:
Very few MCA sound cards were ever produced. Some examples include:
370:
288:(ISA) bus, had a number of technical design limitations, including:
211:
3749:
3692:
3671:
2993:
2879:
2874:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2710:
2700:
2667:
2618:
2379:
2316:
2049:
1909:
920:
827:
823:
819:
694:
657:
183:
146:
2512:
2466:
2450:
2276:
2094:
2039:
1974:
1929:
939:
833:
649:
423:
309:
Hardwired and complex configuration with no conflict resolution.
2662:
2445:
2336:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2104:
1994:
1954:
1914:
1596:(1). IDG Publications: 98–106 – via the Internet Archive.
722:
690:
653:
507:
information about the card's memory addressing and interrupts.
281:
2430:
2341:
3744:
2440:
2331:
2271:
2209:
2182:
2064:
2014:
1939:
1041:
966:
858:
456:
313:
1182:"IBM 7552 Industrial Computer Model 540 Announcement Letter"
141:
2435:
2420:
2281:
2192:
2187:
2029:
811:
795:
686:
585:
The final major Micro Channel architecture improvement was
537:
499:
460:
340:
190:", although not by IBM. In IBM products, it superseded the
1769:
1285:
Announcement Letter Number 190-141 dated September 5, 1990
1124:"82C611, 82C612 MicroCHIPS: Micro Channel Interface Parts"
2572:
2384:
2009:
2004:
916:
906:
896:
790:
785:. The first third-party Micro Channel–based computer was
487:
479:
179:
63:
554:. Micro Channel cards had complete control for up to 12
1537:
1323:"PERSONAL COMPUTERS; Tandy Tries to Keep Things Easy"
1216:
740:
had largely superseded Micro Channel, EISA, and VLB.
486:
graphics system on board, and higher-level graphics (
1538:
Abruzzese, George; David Chartock (April 25, 1988).
1368:
1583:
1540:"Tandy takes the wraps off MCA-compatible Model 80"
1417:(47). IDG Publications: 5 – via Google Books.
1504:(4). IDG Publications: 8 – via Google Books.
1225:"IBM uncloaks industrial micro as network gateway"
845:ChipChat 16 with software-controlled IRQ selection
194:bus and was itself subsequently superseded by the
1683:"M-Audio Capture and Playback Adapter/A (M-ACPA)"
697:adopted it, but only for part of their PC range.
339:, grew. IBM was already investigating the use of
3772:
1235:(33). IDG Publications – via Google Books.
1184:. Industrial Business Machines. November 3, 1987
1156:
837:Roland MPU-IMC; second revision with IRQ jumpers
2127:Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI)
1584:Goodwin, Michael; Karl Koessel (January 1990).
1383:(Interview). Interviewed by Michael J. Miller.
1294:
16:Parallel computer bus introduced by IBM in 1987
1731:
1481:(19). Ziff-Davis: 77 – via Google Books.
1174:
320:In addition, it suffered from other problems:
2557:
1790:
1314:
1288:
1141:RISC System/6000 POWERstation/POWERserver 580
474:Another connector extension was included for
1659:
1657:
1642:
1640:
1606:
1554:
1471:"PS/2 Clones: Time to "Hedge and Straddle"?"
1239:
1615:. New Statesman Media Group. Archived from
1196:
773:List of third-party Micro Channel computers
736:Within a few years of its arrival in 1992,
725:, announced a rival high-performance bus -
240:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2571:
2564:
2550:
1797:
1783:
1573:(31). Lebhar-Friedman: 1 – via Gale.
1550:(17). Lebhar-Friedman: 1 – via Gale.
1429:"Micro Channel Developers Association Inc"
1245:
30:
1665:"List of Creative Sound Blaster Products"
1654:
1637:
1508:
446:IBM 83X9648 16-bit network interface card
411:Learn how and when to remove this message
260:Learn how and when to remove this message
1560:
1491:
1404:
840:
832:
441:
422:
140:
1468:
1445:
1407:"MCA Group to Spread Information, Help"
1222:
961:Extended Industry Standard Architecture
766:
727:Extended Industry Standard Architecture
3796:Computer-related introductions in 1986
3773:
1739:"COMPUTERCRAFT - PS/2 FAQ Version 5.4"
1631:"AdLib Music Synthesis Card (for MCA)"
1374:
1048:workstations, and some members of the
312:Deep links to the architecture of the
2545:
1778:
1586:"Micro Channel Clones Flunk the Test"
1577:
1514:
1458:(8). 1105 Media: 17 – via Gale.
1320:
1248:Instrumentation & Control Systems
284:bus, which later became known as the
1494:"MCA Clones Expected to Benefit IBM"
1492:LaPlante, Alice (January 25, 1988).
1448:"MCA still receiving strong support"
1202:
756:Micro Channel Developers Association
750:Micro Channel Developers Association
648:The use of MCA in IBM spread to the
641:rack-mountable, ruggedized, modular
522:
393:adding citations to reliable sources
364:
238:adding citations to reliable sources
205:
1297:"Introducing the First PS/2 Clones"
517:same floppy disk matched to that PC
13:
3621:ThinkPad 240 with Transmeta Crusoe
1515:Lewis, Peter H. (August 2, 1988).
1469:Seymour, Jim (November 15, 1988).
1405:Scannell, Ed (November 19, 1990).
660:systems - smallest members of the
306:addresses, also fixed in hardware.
14:
3807:
2593:PC business acquisition by Lenovo
1763:
1607:Staff writer (October 20, 1992).
1561:McMullen, John (August 1, 1988).
1517:"Tandy Tries to Keep Things Easy"
1223:Wallace, Bob (October 20, 1986).
983:Peripheral Component Interconnect
3657:Professional Graphics Controller
2528:
2527:
1431:. OpenCorporates. Archived from
369:
210:
1745:
1717:
1703:
1689:
1675:
1623:
1600:
1531:
1485:
1462:
1439:
1421:
1398:
1387:from the original on 2001-11-06
1347:
1276:
1262:
380:needs additional citations for
346:
3708:Industry Standard Architecture
1648:"ChipChat Sound Card Homepage"
1609:"NCR Believe in Micro Channel"
1446:English, Erin (May 24, 1996).
1321:Lewis, Peter H. (1988-08-02).
1295:Lewis, Peter H. (1988-04-24).
1145:
1134:
1116:
1105:
1093:
1058:
1030:
1024:
1013:
955:Industry Standard Architecture
849:
710:(VLB) was briefly popular for
286:Industry Standard Architecture
136:Microchannel (microtechnology)
36:IBM XGA-2 32-bit graphics card
1:
2122:Intel Ultra Path Interconnect
1711:"Ultimedia Audio Adapter 7-6"
1523:. p. C10. Archived from
1375:Moffat, Robert (2001-09-04).
1203:Kono, M. E. (December 1992).
1086:
944:Piper Research SoundPiper 16
743:
459:-based machines like the IBM
275:
201:
2100:Intel QuickPath Interconnect
2090:Direct Media Interface (DMI)
1567:Computer & Software News
1544:Computer & Software News
616:
7:
1152:Infoworld March 5, 1990, p1
1102:, John C. Dvorak, 4/09/2001
1100:"IBM Wild Duck Flies South"
948:
861:MCA Music Synthesizer Card
450:
47:; 37 years ago
10:
3812:
3781:Motherboard expansion slot
3662:Multi-Color Graphics Array
3642:Monochrome Display Adapter
2586:Influence on the PC market
2085:Compute Express Link (CXL)
1563:"Tandy claims major gains"
770:
747:
591:Programmable Option Select
182:in 1987 which was used on
154:Micro Channel architecture
133:
25:Micro Channel architecture
3685:
3652:Enhanced Graphics Adapter
3634:
3603:
3575:
3542:
3484:
3406:
3360:
3292:
3264:
3205:
3155:
3135:
3095:
3045:
3010:
3001:
2992:
2919:
2910:
2867:
2693:
2611:
2602:
2580:
2521:
2480:
2459:
2408:
2322:IEEE-1284 (parallel port)
2244:
2237:logical device interface)
2140:
1892:
1826:
1164:"Can Anybody Tackle IBM?"
989:Accelerated Graphics Port
927:with a special procedure
360:
124:
116:
106:
98:
90:
79:
69:
59:
41:
29:
24:
1613:Computer Business Review
1377:"IBM's PC: Then and Now"
1192:– via Ardent Tool.
1006:
1001:List of device bit rates
805:
656:, and eventually to the
3677:Extended Graphics Array
328:and power distribution.
178:publicly introduced by
3647:Color Graphics Adapter
1884:List of bus bandwidths
1128:Chips and Technologies
846:
838:
634:
447:
437:Chips and Technologies
432:
150:
2947:PS/2 Note and PS/note
1619:on November 24, 2022.
899:Rexon/Tecmar M-ACPA,
844:
836:
629:
445:
426:
144:
117:Hotplugging interface
3791:Proprietary hardware
3667:Video Graphics Array
2327:IEEE-1394 (FireWire)
2065:PCI Extended (PCI-X)
1770:MCA Enthusiasts Page
1527:on January 30, 2018.
1357:. IBM. June 18, 1996
767:Third-party adoption
389:improve this article
302:A limited number of
299:, fixed in hardware.
295:A limited number of
234:improve this section
2706:Industrial Computer
2168:Parallel ATA (PATA)
427:CHIPS P82C612 in a
21:
3740:Music Feature Card
2575:personal computers
2075:PCI Express (PCIe)
1725:"Reply Sound Card"
1671:on April 24, 2018.
1521:The New York Times
1435:on August 2, 2022.
1327:The New York Times
1301:The New York Times
913:: 92G7463, 92G7464
903:: 95F1288, 34F2787
847:
839:
448:
433:
337:IBM PC-compatibles
198:bus architecture.
151:
125:External interface
19:
3768:
3767:
3703:IBM PC compatible
3571:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3258:
3257:
2915:
2863:
2862:
2539:
2538:
2525:
2252:Apple Desktop Bus
2229:PCI Express (via
2188:Serial ATA (SATA)
1874:Network on a chip
1283:Micro Channel 370
1050:Digital Equipment
867:ChipChat Sound-32
864:ChipChat Sound-16
787:Tandy Corporation
691:Research Machines
669:Tandy Corporation
621:In November 1983
523:Data transmission
421:
420:
413:
292:A slow bus speed.
270:
269:
262:
132:
131:
3803:
3616:Power Series 600
3262:
3261:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2609:
2608:
2595:
2588:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2531:
2530:
2523:
1985:HP Precision Bus
1799:
1792:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1667:. Archived from
1661:
1652:
1651:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1452:Midrange Systems
1443:
1437:
1436:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1160:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1120:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1080:
1062:
1056:
1034:
1028:
1017:
416:
409:
405:
402:
396:
373:
365:
265:
258:
254:
251:
245:
214:
206:
55:
53:
48:
34:
22:
18:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3681:
3630:
3599:
3583:Palm Top PC 110
3563:
3554:
3538:
3480:
3402:
3356:
3288:
3254:
3201:
3172:701 "Butterfly"
3151:
3131:
3091:
3041:
2988:
2906:
2859:
2689:
2604:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2576:
2570:
2540:
2535:
2526:
2517:
2476:
2455:
2404:
2317:IEEE-488 (GPIB)
2240:
2136:
2115:Infinity Fabric
1945:Europe Card Bus
1888:
1822:
1803:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1605:
1601:
1582:
1578:
1559:
1555:
1536:
1532:
1513:
1509:
1490:
1486:
1467:
1463:
1444:
1440:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1388:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1339:
1337:
1329:. p. C10.
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1263:
1244:
1240:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1135:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1063:
1059:
1035:
1031:
1018:
1014:
1009:
951:
852:
808:
800:NCR Corporation
775:
769:
752:
746:
674:NCR Corporation
619:
525:
453:
417:
406:
400:
397:
386:
374:
363:
349:
278:
266:
255:
249:
246:
231:
215:
204:
139:
51:
49:
46:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3809:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3715:
3713:IntelliStation
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3635:Video hardware
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3573:
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3496:
3490:
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3404:
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3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
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3298:
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3276:
3270:
3268:
3259:
3256:
3255:
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3252:
3247:
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3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
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3200:
3199:
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3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
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3143:
3141:
3133:
3132:
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3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2972:Model 425/425C
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2890:PS/2 portables
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2716:list of models
2708:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2634:list of models
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2606:
2605:and all-in-one
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2546:
2537:
2536:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2426:Intel HD Audio
2423:
2418:
2416:ADAT Lightpipe
2412:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2110:HyperTransport
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1864:Bus contention
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1839:Front-side bus
1836:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1820:computer buses
1802:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1764:External links
1762:
1759:
1758:
1744:
1730:
1716:
1702:
1688:
1674:
1653:
1636:
1622:
1599:
1576:
1553:
1530:
1507:
1484:
1461:
1438:
1420:
1397:
1367:
1346:
1313:
1287:
1275:
1261:
1238:
1215:
1195:
1173:
1155:
1144:
1133:
1115:
1104:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1057:
1029:
1021:industrial PCs
1011:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
998:
992:
986:
980:
977:VESA Local Bus
974:
969:
964:
958:
950:
947:
946:
945:
942:
934:
928:
923:systems under
914:
904:
894:
881:
868:
865:
862:
851:
848:
807:
804:
771:Main article:
768:
765:
748:Main article:
745:
742:
708:VESA Local Bus
643:industrial PCs
618:
615:
524:
521:
476:graphics cards
452:
449:
419:
418:
377:
375:
368:
362:
359:
348:
345:
333:
332:
329:
318:
317:
310:
307:
300:
293:
277:
274:
268:
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218:
216:
209:
203:
200:
130:
129:
126:
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121:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
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100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
43:
39:
38:
35:
27:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3808:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3735:Micro Channel
3733:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
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3684:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
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3658:
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3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
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3442:
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3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
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3413:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3398:
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3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
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3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3263:
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3251:
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3175:
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3170:
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3159:
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3144:
3142:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
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3049:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
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2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
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2928:
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2924:
2922:
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2913:
2909:
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2898:
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2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2866:
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2845:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:Single models
2610:
2607:
2601:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2534:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2488:Multidrop bus
2486:
2485:
2483:
2479:
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2407:
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2398:
2396:
2395:External PCIe
2393:
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2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:Parallel SCSI
2373:
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2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2267:Commodore bus
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:Fibre Channel
2213:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
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2159:
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2139:
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2112:
2111:
2108:
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2103:
2101:
2098:
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2088:
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2073:
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2031:
2028:
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2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
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2001:
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1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:Plug and play
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:Bus mastering
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1844:Back-side bus
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1807:
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1768:
1767:
1754:
1748:
1740:
1734:
1726:
1720:
1712:
1706:
1698:
1697:"Audiovation"
1692:
1684:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1632:
1626:
1618:
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1610:
1603:
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1499:
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1465:
1457:
1453:
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1442:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1356:
1350:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1229:Network World
1226:
1219:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1188:September 29,
1183:
1177:
1170:. 1983-11-26.
1169:
1168:The Economist
1165:
1159:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1046:Apollo/Domain
1043:
1039:
1033:
1026:
1023:in 1986 (see
1022:
1016:
1012:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
962:
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956:
953:
952:
943:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
922:
918:
915:
912:
909:Audiovation,
908:
905:
902:
898:
895:
892:
888:
887:Sound Blaster
885:
884:Creative Labs
882:
879:
875:
874:Sound Blaster
872:
871:Creative Labs
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
856:
855:
843:
835:
831:
830:connections.
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
803:
801:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
774:
764:
761:
758:. This was a
757:
751:
741:
739:
734:
730:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
704:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
675:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
639:
633:
628:
626:
625:
624:The Economist
614:
612:
607:
603:
598:
597:
596:plug and play
592:
588:
583:
579:
575:
573:
569:
563:
561:
557:
553:
552:
547:
546:bus mastering
542:
539:
535:
531:
520:
518:
514:
508:
505:
501:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
464:
462:
458:
444:
440:
438:
430:
425:
415:
412:
404:
394:
390:
384:
383:
378:This section
376:
372:
367:
366:
358:
355:
354:Plug and Play
344:
342:
338:
330:
327:
323:
322:
321:
315:
311:
308:
305:
301:
298:
294:
291:
290:
289:
287:
283:
273:
264:
261:
253:
243:
239:
235:
229:
228:
224:
219:This section
217:
213:
208:
207:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
170:
166:
163:
159:
158:Micro Channel
155:
148:
143:
137:
127:
123:
119:
115:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
91:Width in bits
89:
85:
82:
80:Superseded by
78:
75:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
44:
40:
33:
28:
23:
20:Micro Channel
3734:
3207:Power Series
3157:
3137:
3097:
3047:
3012:
2931:PS/2 Laptop
2920:pre-ThinkPad
2024:
2020:TURBOchannel
1810:
1753:"SoundPiper"
1747:
1733:
1719:
1705:
1691:
1677:
1669:the original
1625:
1617:the original
1612:
1602:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1525:the original
1520:
1510:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1433:the original
1423:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1389:. Retrieved
1380:
1370:
1359:. Retrieved
1349:
1338:. Retrieved
1326:
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1300:
1290:
1278:
1269:
1264:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1205:
1198:
1186:. Retrieved
1176:
1167:
1158:
1147:
1136:
1118:
1107:
1095:
1060:
1032:
1015:
853:
809:
782:
778:
776:
753:
735:
731:
719:Gang of Nine
716:
699:
666:
647:
635:
630:
622:
620:
601:
594:
590:
586:
584:
580:
576:
568:peer-to-peer
564:
556:milliseconds
549:
543:
526:
516:
509:
496:
473:
465:
454:
434:
407:
398:
387:Please help
382:verification
379:
350:
347:Market share
334:
319:
279:
271:
256:
247:
232:Please help
220:
187:
157:
153:
152:
42:Year created
2927:Convertible
2885:Portable PC
2843:ThinkCentre
2493:CoreConnect
2472:ExpressCard
2400:Thunderbolt
2390:Camera Link
2173:Bus and Tag
1859:Address bus
1854:Control bus
1849:Daisy chain
1475:PC Magazine
1381:PC Magazine
1273:About z/VSE
1053:AlphaServer
1025:§ Reception
995:PCI Express
972:Channel I/O
889:Pro 2 MCV,
850:Sound cards
779:PS/2 clones
678:workstation
534:address bus
513:floppy disk
316:chip family
162:proprietary
102:10 MHz
3775:Categories
3760:ThinkLight
3604:Prototypes
2979:PS/55 Note
2818:ValuePoint
2624:DataMaster
2346:ACCESS.bus
2245:Peripheral
2045:InfiniBand
2040:HP GSC bus
1834:System bus
1391:2020-04-02
1361:2010-01-31
1340:2020-03-11
1112:"Why MCA?"
1087:References
816:Token Ring
783:MCA clones
760:consortium
744:Consortium
733:Channel".
721:", led by
714:machines.
712:Intel '486
662:System/370
632:customers.
572:mainframes
551:burst-mode
541:platform.
530:burst mode
304:I/O device
297:interrupts
276:Technology
202:Background
160:bus, is a
70:Supersedes
60:Created by
3718:Keyboards
3698:IBM BASIC
3550:TransNote
2828:PC Series
2307:Lightning
2257:Atari SIO
2132:SpaceWire
1965:Zorro III
1905:S-100 bus
1900:SS-50 bus
1893:Standards
1813:standards
1806:Technical
1498:InfoWorld
1411:InfoWorld
1335:0362-4331
1306:6 January
1065:Models 50
1038:IBM RT PC
617:Reception
469:local bus
401:July 2024
326:grounding
250:July 2024
221:does not
174:computer
156:, or the
3786:IBM PS/2
3755:UltraBay
3693:IBM 5151
3672:IBM 8514
3626:WatchPad
3611:Leapfrog
3576:Handheld
3486:R series
3408:X series
3362:A series
3294:T series
3266:G series
2994:ThinkPad
2868:Portable
2853:M series
2848:A series
2838:NetVista
2813:EduQuest
2533:Category
2508:Wishbone
2481:Embedded
2460:Portable
2380:Profibus
2312:DMX512-A
2198:Parallel
2050:Ethernet
1960:Zorro II
1910:Multibus
1811:de facto
1590:PC World
1385:Archived
1077:Model 30
949:See also
828:IBM 3270
824:IBM 5250
820:Ethernet
703:PC clone
695:Olivetti
658:IBM 9370
451:Overview
352:such as
172:parallel
147:IBM 8514
111:Parallel
94:16 or 32
3750:SurePOS
3728:Model M
3723:Model F
3686:Related
3588:WorkPad
2984:PCradio
2940:CL57 SX
2683:3270 AT
2651:3270 PC
2603:Desktop
2513:SLIMbus
2467:PC Card
2451:TOSLINK
2141:Storage
2095:RapidIO
1975:FASTBUS
1930:STD Bus
1827:General
1079:was ISA
1044:, some
940:MPU-IMC
893::CT5330
880::CT5320
683:Apricot
664:range.
650:RS/6000
431:package
242:removed
227:sources
50: (
3543:Others
3160:series
3140:series
3100:series
3050:series
3015:series
2967:N51SLC
2935:L40 SX
2911:Laptop
2833:Aptiva
2781:70 486
2776:70 386
2741:30 286
2726:25 286
2694:Series
2678:AT/370
2656:XT 286
2646:XT/370
2446:S/PDIF
2337:1-Wire
2302:RS-485
2297:RS-423
2292:RS-422
2287:RS-232
2148:ST-506
2105:NVLink
1955:STEbus
1915:Unibus
1333:
1075:- the
997:(PCIe)
963:(EISA)
937:Roland
723:Compaq
693:, and
654:AS/400
589:, the
560:buffer
492:legacy
361:Design
282:IBM AT
169:32-bit
86:(1993)
3745:Mwave
3117:555BJ
3112:550BJ
2962:N51SX
2957:N45SL
2952:N33SX
2823:Ambra
2798:PS/55
2771:65 SX
2761:55 LS
2756:55 SX
2731:25 SX
2673:PC AT
2641:PC XT
2441:McASP
2409:Audio
2354:SMBus
2350:PMBus
2332:UNI/O
2272:HP-IL
2225:SATAe
2210:ESCON
2183:HIPPI
2015:NuBus
1970:CAMAC
1940:Q-Bus
1935:SMBus
1920:VAXBI
1817:wired
1210:(PDF)
1055:line.
1042:BeBox
1007:Notes
991:(AGP)
985:(PCI)
979:(VLB)
967:NuBus
957:(ISA)
933:SB16
931:Reply
876:MCV,
859:AdLib
806:Cards
602:would
544:With
457:Intel
324:Poor
314:80x86
149:card.
107:Style
99:Speed
3476:X61t
3471:X60t
3399:A31p
3396:A30p
3387:A22p
3384:A21p
3381:A20p
3378:A22e
3375:A22m
3372:A21m
3369:A20m
2880:5110
2875:5100
2808:PS/1
2803:PS/V
2751:50 Z
2711:PS/2
2701:5550
2668:PCjr
2619:5120
2498:AMBA
2436:MADI
2421:AES3
2282:MIDI
2235:NVMe
2231:AHCI
2193:SCSI
2178:DSSI
2153:ESDI
2030:SBus
1990:EISA
1925:MBus
1815:for
1808:and
1331:ISSN
1308:2015
1190:2021
1071:and
921:PS/2
826:and
812:SCSI
796:PS/2
687:Dell
638:PS/2
538:MB/s
504:CMOS
500:BIOS
484:MCGA
461:PS/2
429:PLCC
341:RISC
280:The
225:any
223:cite
184:PS/2
52:1987
45:1987
3593:Z50
3534:R61
3529:R60
3524:R52
3519:R51
3514:R50
3509:R40
3504:R32
3499:R31
3494:R30
3466:X60
3461:X41
3456:X40
3451:X32
3446:X31
3441:X30
3436:X24
3431:X23
3426:X22
3421:X21
3416:X20
3393:A31
3390:A30
3352:T61
3347:T60
3342:T43
3337:T42
3332:T41
3327:T40
3322:T30
3317:T23
3312:T22
3307:T21
3302:T20
3284:G50
3279:G41
3274:G40
3250:860
3245:851
3240:850
3235:823
3230:822
3225:821
3220:820
3215:800
3197:770
3192:765
3187:760
3182:755
3177:750
3167:700
3147:600
3127:570
3122:560
3107:500
3087:390
3082:380
3077:365
3072:360
3067:350
3062:310
3057:300
3037:240
3032:235
3027:230
3022:220
2900:P75
2895:P70
2573:IBM
2502:AXI
2431:I²S
2385:USB
2370:D²B
2365:SPI
2360:I3C
2342:I²C
2277:HIL
2262:DCB
2233:or
2220:SSA
2203:SAS
2163:SMD
2158:IPI
2080:AGP
2070:PXI
2060:PCI
2055:UPA
2035:VLB
2025:MCA
2010:VPX
2005:VXS
2000:VXI
1995:VME
1980:LPC
1950:ISA
917:IBM
911:SKU
907:IBM
901:SKU
897:IBM
891:SKU
878:SKU
791:IBM
781:or
738:PCI
613:.)
611:PnP
606:IRQ
587:POS
488:XGA
482:or
480:VGA
391:by
236:by
196:PCI
192:ISA
188:MCA
180:IBM
176:bus
167:or
165:16-
84:PCI
74:ISA
64:IBM
3777::
3158:xx
3138:xx
3098:xx
3048:xx
3013:xx
2786:80
2766:60
2746:50
2736:30
2721:25
2663:JX
2629:PC
2352:,
2348:,
1656:^
1639:^
1611:.
1592:.
1588:.
1569:.
1565:.
1546:.
1542:.
1519:.
1502:10
1500:.
1496:.
1477:.
1473:.
1454:.
1450:.
1415:12
1413:.
1409:.
1379:.
1325:.
1299:.
1252:61
1250:.
1231:.
1227:.
1166:.
1126:.
1073:80
1069:60
1067:,
1040:,
1027:).
925:NT
822:,
818:,
814:,
689:,
685:,
652:,
463:.
128:No
120:No
3156:7
3136:6
3096:5
3046:3
3011:2
2791:E
2565:e
2558:t
2551:v
2504:)
2500:(
2356:)
2344:(
1798:e
1791:t
1784:v
1755:.
1741:.
1727:.
1713:.
1699:.
1685:.
1650:.
1633:.
1594:8
1571:6
1548:6
1479:7
1456:9
1394:.
1364:.
1343:.
1310:.
1233:3
1130:.
566:(
414:)
408:(
403:)
399:(
385:.
263:)
257:(
252:)
248:(
244:.
230:.
138:.
54:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
