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casualties. Many French soldiers were heard begging to surrender while they were scalped alive. Several French officers were taken alive, three of whom were burnt at the stake, one of whom had his hands and feet cut off before being killed by having his face struck with a tomahawk, and four of whom were let go as a warning to the rest of the French. When French forces allied to the
Americans attempted to scout out the location a few days later, they saw that the path was blocked by the heads of several French soldiers impaled on pikes. After seeing this, they turned back. These events occurred in and around what is today
683:, in 1801–02 and 1809–09 to meet with President Jefferson. At the request of Little Turtle and other chiefs, Jefferson provided agricultural equipment and livestock to the Miamis and Potawatomis in an effort to encourage the tribes to adopt farming. Despite these efforts, among others, most of the attempts at assimilation failed, a contributing factor to the federal government seeking further land cession treaties and the eventual removal of the territory's Native American inhabitants from the Northwest Territory.
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610:. Little Turtle continued to advocate for peace and accommodation instead of conflicts. He also began to adapt United States cultural habits, including acquisition of his own land, but remained adamant in his opposition to the consumption of alcohol. Little Turtle made multiple trips east to meet with three U.S. presidents, although he refused to travel with Blue Jacket. He accepted annuity payments, other rewards, and African American slaves in exchange for his cooperation.
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520:, reaching Fort Hamilton on November 3. The warriors intended to make an attack near the U.S. settlements on the anniversary of St. Clair's Defeat. The warriors captured two prisoners and learned that a large convoy of packhorses had left for Fort Jefferson and was due back in the area within a matter of days. Little Turtle moved north and found the convoy of nearly 100 horses and 100 Kentucky militia under the command of Major
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738:(Pacanne's nephew), Owl, and Metocina refused to relinquish any more land to the U.S. government. Harrison was forced to recognize the Mississinewa chiefs as the true representatives of the Miamis, not Little Turtle, and to declare that Little Turtle was not a Miami. Although Little Turtle was among the signers of the Treaty of Fort Wayne, afterwards he was "forcibly retired from Miami affairs." Shawnee war chief
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2325:"Allen County Fort Wayne Historical Society, 1960: presentation of the deed of property at 634 Lawton Place, Fort Wayne IN, containing the grave of Little Turtle. (l to r) William t. white, John H. Craig, Fred B. Shoaff and Mary Catherine Smeltzly. Miss Smeltzly purchased the property and deeded it to the city. Shoaff, as president of the park board, accepted the deed"
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camp and its provisions. All the horses were killed, wounded, or driven off; only 23 were later recovered. Adair considered the battle to be a "triumph" for Little Turtle; James
Wilkinson, at that time a lieutenant colonel in command of the U.S. Army at Fort Washington, believed that the loss of the horses made these advanced forts indefensible.
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objects originally placed in his grave- including the sword from
President Washington, the pistols from Kosciusko, and other artifacts- were distributed to collectors and later gathered for public display. The objects were placed in the collection of the Allen County-Fort Wayne Historical Society, and were eventually displayed at the
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443:, it had few professional soldiers to send into battle, a weakness that Little Turtle and other native leaders fully exploited.) In October 1790 Little Turtle and Blue Jacket won two victories against Harmar's men. These successes encouraged further resistance. In addition, previously reluctant leaders among the
550:, a white man who was born in Kentucky and lived among the Miami for eight years after his capture in 1784, also sensed the defeat of the Indian alliance and switched his alliance to the Americans. Wells served as a scout for General Wayne's troops, and later as an Indian Agent for the U.S government.
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In 1959 Fort Wayne residents Mary
Catherine Smeltzly and her sister, Eleanor Smeltzly, purchased Little Turtle's burial site with the intention of honoring his peacemaking efforts by donating the property to the city as a public park. A bronze plaque attached to a granite boulder erected on the site
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Although Indian resistance to the
Americans diminished after the Treaty of Greenville was signed, Indian raids continued to threaten settlements along the frontier until 1815. For the remainder of his life, Little Turtle was a committed peacekeeper, causing some to consider him an "accommodationist"
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just three miles south of Little Turtle's village, Little Turtle received permission to lead an attack. On
November 5, 1780, Little Turtle attacked La Balme, killing La Balme and forty of his men, taking the rest prisoner. The battle was a complete rout, and Little Turtle's army suffered almost no
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In 1912 Little Turtle's grave was accidentally disturbed and his remains were disinterred when the burial site was discovered by workmen during a cellar excavation for a home on Lawton Place in Fort Wayne. Although the plans for the house were altered and Little Turtle's remains were reinterred the
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ordered the destruction of all Miami villages within a two-day march of Fort Wayne, an order that may have been in retaliation for the negotiations in 1809. Harrison's forces also destroyed the village where Little Turtle resided, but spared Little Turtle's home, which the U.S. government had built
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Father, nothing can be done to advantage unless the Great
Council of the Sixteen Fires, now assembled, will prohibit any person from selling spirituous liquors among their red brothers. The introduction of this poison has been prohibited in our camps but not in our towns, where many of our hunters,
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encamped outside Fort St. Clair. Little Turtle and his warriors attacked at dawn on
November 4, just as Adair recalled his sentries. The militia fled into the fort, suffering six killed and four missing, while another five were wounded. Little Turtle's force lost two warriors, but captured Adair's
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on
November 4, 1791. The battle remains the U.S. Army's worst defeat by American Indians, with 623 federal soldiers killed and another 258 wounded. The Indian confederacy lost an estimated 100 men. Both Little Turtle and Blue Jacket claimed overall command of the combined native forces in the
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and gave a speech before signing the treaty. He encouraged his people "to adopt
American ways" and was hopeful that the treaty would begin to improve relations between the Americans and Native Americans. His wife died in camp the next day. Her funeral and burial included American soldiers as
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When Little Turtle was unable to persuade the leaders of the tribal confederacy to negotiate peace, he stepped down as the intertribal war chief. Little Turtle is said to have ceded command to Blue Jacket, although he retained leadership of his own group of Miami tribesmen. Little Turtle's
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The exact names of Little Turtle's parents have been long debated. Historian Andrew Cayton named Mishikinakwa (The Turtle) as his father and an unnamed Mohican refugee as his mother; however, Little Turtle biographer Harvey Carter indicated that Little Turtle's father was Cinquenackqua.
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There is little documentary evidence for most of Little Turtle's life. The exact year and place of his birth are uncertain, but sources generally indicate that he was born in 1747 or 1752, the years prior to or following the period that his parents lived in the Miami village of
220:. His native name in historic records includes many variations, including Michikinikwa, Meshekunnoghquoh, Michikinakoua, Michikiniqua, Me-She-Kin-No-Quah, Meshecunnaquan, and Mischecanocquah. The word names a species of terrapin, probably the Midland
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in a third expedition in the Northwest Territory against the Indian confederacy. To avoid another defeat Wayne rigorously trained 3,500 U.S. troops and carefully planned his campaign. The American forces successfully repulsed an exploratory
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with an estimated 1,000 warriors in June 1794. Afterwards, Little Turtle counseled his tribesmen to pursue negotiations and peace rather than suffering a defeat in battle, remarking that Wayne was " the chief that never sleeps."
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for this poison, dispose of, not only their furs, etc., but also their blankets and guns, and return to their families destitute...Owing to the introduction of this fatal poison, we have become less numerous and happy.
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French Imperial remnants on the middle ground: The strange case of August de la Balme and Charles Beaubien - Birzer, Bradley J. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society; Springfield Vol. 93, Iss. 2, (Summer
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for some time. He was honored with a military-style funeral with full military honors at Fort Wayne. Little Turtle was buried in his ancestral burial ground near Spy Run. Wells was killed one month later at the
292:) through his demonstration of military prowess in battle. Although he was war chief of the leading division of the tribe, Little Turtle was never the head chief of the Miami, which was a hereditary position.
351:. The victory brought an end to the campaign and established Little Turtle's reputation as a war leader. Through the 1780s, Little Turtle continued to lead raids against colonial American settlements in
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of American troops under the command of General Harmar, but his forces lacked sufficient training and were poorly supplied. (Because the United States had mostly disbanded its military after the
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Little Turtle has been described as nearly six feet tall. He disdained drunkenness and presented himself as a serious man. Little Turtle was fond of wearing silver on his ears and clothing.
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with the goal of keeping the Ohio River as a boundary between Indian lands and the United States. Little Turtle emerged as one of the war leaders of the confederacy, which also included the
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After the defeat of the Western Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 and signing the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, Little Turtle refused an alliance with the Shawnee chief
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Sugden also argues that Blue Jacket was the preeminent native leader, and the notion that Little Turtle commanded the confederacy was a myth perpetuated by Turtle and his son-in-law,
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THIS PLOT OF GROUND, THE LAST RESTING PLACE OF CHIEF LITTLE TURTLE, IS DEDICATED TO THE CHILDREN OF AMERICA AND MADE A PUBLIC PARK IN 1959 THROUGH THE GENEROSITY OF
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Historians Leroy Eid gives 1752 as the date of birth, while Harvey Carter argues that 1747 "is fairly definite". See Carter, p. 45. Also: Eid, "Little Turtle," in
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Notes on Old Cahokia: Part Two: Fort Bowman (1778–1780) Charles E. Peterson Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society Vol. 42, No. 2 (Jun., 1949), pp. 199
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Notes on Old Cahokia: Part Two: Fort Bowman (1778–1780) Charles E. Peterson Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society Vol. 42, No. 2 (Jun., 1949), pp. 194
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along with instructions to use them on "the first man who ever comes to subjugate you." In 1797–98, during a second trip east, Little Turtle met with President
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746:(The Prophet), condemned the treaty and began talks with the British about forming an alliance. That alliance was attacked by the United States at the 1811
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Gaff, Alan D. (2004). Bayonets in the Wilderness. Anthony Waynes Legion in the Old Northwest. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3585-9.
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Historian John Sugden states that Little Turtle is generally credited with overall command of the confederated Army that defeated St. Clair. See: See
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Dye, D. H.; Keel, M. F. (2012). "The Portrayal of Native American Violence and Warfare: Who Speaks for the Past?". In Chacon, R.; Mendoza, R. (eds.).
184:," although he later signed several treaties ceding land, which caused him to lose his leader status during the battles which became a prelude to the
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722:, came to Fort Wayne to renegotiate treaty terms. Working with Little Turtle and his son-in-law, William Wells, Harrison succeeded in obtaining the
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Native Americans living in the territory resisted the encroaching American settlements and violence escalated in the area. Native tribes formed the
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in August 1794 near the Maumee River. After the battle the Miamis abandoned Kekionga and relocated to other villages along the Eel,
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Jefferson and members of Congress were impressed with Little Turtle's arguments, and on 30 March 1802, Congress passed the revised
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was dedicated in 1960. In 1994 the memorial was improved with additional markers and a trust was established for its maintenance.
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also corresponded with Little Turtle to encourage the introduction of American agriculture to Miami society, although it was
188:. In the 1790s, Mihšihkinaahkwa led a confederation of native warriors to several major victories against U.S. forces in the
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in 1813, destroying the power of the Native American confederacy. As a result, many of Native Americans moved farther west.
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Little Turtle's legacy was one of initial resistance and cooperation to preserve the lives and future of his people.
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to the U.S. government. (The United States considered this region to be theirs by right of conquest.) Through the
711:. This and other federal laws restricting the sale of alcohol to Native Americans remained in effect until 1953.
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1586:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press and the Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 27.
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Little Turtle was more highly regarded by the United States than Blue Jacket. He was recommended to President
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in late 1790. In an effort to end the border war with native tribes in the area, the U.S. government sent an
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577:(1795), a turning point in their resistance to American expansion. Little Turtle travelled with his wife to
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representatives and other tribes who cooperated. Other tribal leaders who opposed Little Turtle, including
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who believed that his people would have to adapt to the Americans' way of life if they hoped to endure.
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3039:, Document H12066–12076 (November 16, 1999), includes description of Little Turtle, pp. H12069–H12070.
2079:"Martin, Jill E., "The Greatest Evil:" Interpretations Of Indian Prohibition Laws, 1832-1953" (2003).
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Defiance College in Defiance, OH honors Chief Little Turtle with a statue outside the Pilgrim Library.
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Little Turtle retired to a Miami village twenty miles northeast of Fort Wayne, Indiana. Following the
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military leaders. Historian Wiley Sword calls him "perhaps the most capable Indian leader then in the
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338:), as part of his campaign to attack the British in Detroit. When La Balme stopped to camp along the
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690:, Little Turtle made a personal plea to President Jefferson to prohibit the sale and consumption of
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2799:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press and the Indiana Historical Society Press.
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to work with tribes in Fort Wayne to establish a model farm. Little Turtle also made two trips to
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In November 1792, following the decision of a grand council of tribal leaders at the mouth of the
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In August 1791, Little Turtle's daughter was among the women and children who were captured in a
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Little Turtle is generally credited with leading a coalition force of about 1,000 warriors that
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A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875,
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ME-SHE-KI-NO-QUAH CHIEF OF THE MIAMI INDIANS TEACHER OF HIS PEOPLE FRIEND OF THE UNITED STATES
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for his use. The United States defeated the British and their Native American allies at the
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missionaries who demonstrate farming methods to native tribes in the White River area and an
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American State Papers, Senate, 7th Congress, 1st Session, Indian Affairs: Volume 1: p. 655
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in 1803. The Northwest Territory initially comprised most of the present-day state of
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Robert M. Taylor Jr., Errol Wayne Stevens, Mary Ann Ponder, and Paul Brockman (1989).
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Following the Indian confederacy's defeat at Fallen Timbers, their leaders signed the
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Historian Andrew Cayton indicates that Little Turtle was born near Blue Lake. See:
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HIS ENDEAVORS TOWARD PEACE SHOULD SERVE AS AN INSPIRATION FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS.
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Little Turtle helped to lead Native Americans against federal forces led by General
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Taylor Jr., Robert M.; Errol Wayne Stevens; Mary Ann Ponder; Paul Brockman (1989).
2770:. United States Army Military History Institute. September 15, 2011. Archived from
1355:. United States Army Military History Institute. September 15, 2011. Archived from
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by General James Wilkinson, and in November 1796, Little Turtle met with President
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A Topographical Description of the State of Ohio, Indiana Territory, and Louisiana
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A Topographical Description of the State of Ohio, Indiana Territory, and Louisiana
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President Washington's Indian War. The Struggle for the Old Northwest, 1790–1795
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President Washington's Indian War: The Struggle for the Old Northwest, 1790–1795
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512:, Little Turtle led a force of 200 Miami and Shawnee past the U.S. outposts of
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237:. Some historians give 1752 as his probable date of birth; others prefer 1747.
224:. There is no diminutive on this name in the original Miami-Illinois language.
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The Indian confederacy, numbering around 1,000 warriors, was defeated at the
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Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
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The Thomas Jefferson Papers Series 1. General Correspondence. 1651–1827
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The Thomas Jefferson Papers Series 1. General Correspondence. 1651–1827
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The Thomas Jefferson Papers Series 1. General Correspondence. 1651–1827
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Address of Little Turtle to President Thomas Jefferson, 4 January 1802
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Centennial History of Cincinnati and Representative Citizens, Volume 1
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In 1809, Little Turtle suffered a break with other Miami leaders when
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UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE ALLEN COUNTY-FORT WAYNE HISTORICAL SOCIETY
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Lithograph of Little Turtle, reputedly based upon a lost portrait by
3008:. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society: 105–49
2164:. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society: 136–37
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2704:. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. pp. 233–35.
2593:. Vol. 13. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 753–4.
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1222:. Vol. 13. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 753–4.
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Little Turtle died on July 14, 1812, at the home of his son-in-law
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424:. The war with the United States that followed became known as the
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A small memorial stone placed at Little Turtle's gravesite reads:
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The Life and Times of Little Turtle: First Sagamore of the Wabash
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1259:. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana Historical Society. p. 38.
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The Life and Times of Little Turtle: First Sagamore of the Wabash
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1688:, and uncritically repeated by historians. See Sugden, pp. 4–6.
1294:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 146.
1196:. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 233.
790:, not far from Kekionga. Little Turtle had been suffering from
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Mottin de la Balme, cavalier des deux mondes et de la liberté
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The U.S. government further subdivided the land north of the
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Little Turtle, Ohio, a town founded by Roger Lippman in 1968.
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The Miami Indians of Indiana: A Persistent People. 1654–1994
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Centennial History of Cincinnati and Representative Citizens
1668:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. pp.
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The Miami Indians of Indiana: A Persistent People. 1654–1994
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2012:"Thomas Jefferson's letter to Chief Little Turtle (page 3)"
1989:"Thomas Jefferson's letter to Chief Little Turtle (page 2)"
1966:"Thomas Jefferson's letter to Chief Little Turtle (page 1)"
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1092:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. pp.
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2782:. The Supreme Court of Ohio & The Ohio Judicial System
1333:. The Supreme Court of Ohio & The Ohio Judicial System
1141:. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p.
488:
360:
2245:. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. p. 12.
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Little Turtle Elementary School, Columbia City, Indiana.
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694:. On 14 January 1802 he delivered a speech to President
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Little Turtle, from U.S. Army Military History Institute
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2542:
Costa, David J. (1992). "Miami Illinois Animal Names".
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192:, sometimes called "Little Turtle's War", particularly
3033:"Northwest Territory of the Great Lakes Heritage Area"
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Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State
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Gugin, Linda C., and James E. St. Clair, eds. (2015).
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Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State
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David J. Costa (1992). "Miami Illinois Animal Names".
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A neighborhood that includes a private golf course in
227:
2882:. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana Historical Society.
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Rafert, Stewart, "Little Turtle (Mishikinakwa)" In
629:. One account of the trip states that on his way to
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Miami vacillated between the British and Americans.
200:, who lost 900 men in the most decisive loss by the
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in 1791, wherein the confederation defeated General
2922:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
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2589:Garraty, John A., and Mark C. Carnes, eds. (1999).
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1192:Linda C. Gugin and James E. St. Clair, ed. (2015).
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637:, to meet the president, Little Turtle met General
27:
Chief of the Miami people (c. 1747 – July 14, 1812)
2941:. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
2747:"Lebanon Mason Monroe (LM&M) Railroad History"
2527:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
2481:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
2474:
2424:"Lebanon Mason Monroe (LM&M) Railroad History"
1559:The Ethics of Anthropology and Amerindian Research
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318:. After raising a force of forty-to-fifty men at
244:Little Turtle was born in what became present-day
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1870:
1868:
505:victory, causing tension within the Confederacy.
310:in action against a French force allied with the
306:Little Turtle earned this designation during the
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3117:History of Native Americans in the United States
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1739:
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1218:John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, ed. (1999).
252:). Little Turtle lived at Turtletown, along the
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359:Miami supported the rebel Americans, while the
2687:. Vol. 1. Biographical Publishing Company
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458:of a Miami village along the Eel River led by
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2555:Cutler, Jervis, and Charles Le Raye (1971) .
2202:. Biographical Publishing Company. p. 40
1734:
962:ELEANOR SMELTZLY AND MARY CATHERINE SMELTZLY
3794:Native Americans of the Northwest Indian War
3002:Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly
2960:. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society.
2579:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2265:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2158:Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly
2122:
2120:
2034:
1929:
1927:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1858:
1856:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1526:, and a narrow strip of land in present-day
641:, who presented him with a matching pair of
474:), headed toward the Maumee-Wabash portage.
3789:Native Americans in the American Revolution
3451:Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands
2329:Allen County Public Library Digital Library
2236:
2234:
2142:
1917:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
1900:
1877:
1833:
1831:
1661:
1532:Jervis Cutler and Charles Le Raye (1971) .
1313:
1311:
1236:
1132:
553:
216:, the phonetic spelling of his name in the
212:Little Turtle is an English translation of
3074:
3060:
1530:that was northwest of Fort Recovery. See:
1115:
1113:
602:Silhouette of Little Turtle by Robert Wyer
586:, American music, and a three-gun salute.
42:
3584:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
2737:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2634:
2626:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2559:. New York: Arnot Press. pp. 53–54.
2117:
1924:
1889:
1853:
1627:
1536:. New York: Arnot Press. pp. 53–54.
397:of 1787, the U.S. government established
2495:
2231:
2222:
1936:
1828:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1385:History of Old Vincennes and Knox County
1308:
1015:A street named "Little Turtle Court" in
597:
487:
271:
3599:Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum
2666:Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
2346:
2218:
2216:
1556:
1248:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1110:
14:
3756:
2915:
2877:
2856:Encyclopedia of North American Indians
2813:
2522:
2472:
2314:Gugin and St. Clair, eds., pp. 234–35.
2076:
2070:
1381:
1325:
1323:
817:
692:alcohol in Native American communities
366:
3113:Native Americans in the United States
3055:
2936:
2859:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp.
2500:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2498:The Indian World of George Washington
2279:Young, pp. 140–42. See also: Rafert,
1777:
1490:in 1800 and what became the state of
970:Indiana sites named for Little Turtle
477:
428:, also called "Little Turtle's War".
326:, in October 1780 La Balme plundered
3804:Native American temperance activists
2919:Blue Jacket: Warrior of the Shawnees
2544:Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics
2317:
2213:
1665:Blue Jacket: Warrior of the Shawnees
1178:
1168:Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics
1003:Ohio sites named after Little Turtle
314:, led by French military adventurer
295:
176:, who became one of the most famous
52:that was destroyed when the British
3814:Native American people from Indiana
3774:Indiana in the Northwest Indian War
3738:Native American place names in Ohio
2587:Eid, Leroy V., "Little Turtle". In
1498:, all of the present-day states of
1399:
1320:
1034:Turtlecreek Township, Warren County
781:
228:Early life and physical description
24:
2797:Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana
2780:"Little Turtle (1752 – July 1812)"
1794:Gugin and St. Clair, eds., p. 234.
1584:Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana
1331:"Little Turtle (1752 – July 1812)"
492:Native towns at the Glaize in 1792
280:Little Turtle was selected as the
25:
3830:
3021:
2998:"The Birthplace of Little Turtle"
2853:Hoxie, Frederick E., ed. (1996).
2658:
2154:"The Birthplace of Little Turtle"
809:Fort Wayne Old City Hall Building
3472:Prehistoric communities or sites
3083:
2681:Greve, Charles Theodore (1904).
2645:"The Golf Club at Little Turtle"
2403:"The Golf Club at Little Turtle"
1388:. S.J. Clarke Publishing Company
830:
204:against Native American forces.
3028:Maumee Valley Heritage Corridor
2958:Indiana: A New Historical Guide
2416:
2395:
2371:
2358:Fort Wayne Parks and Recreation
2308:
2295:
2286:
2273:
2243:Indiana: A New Historical Guide
2196:Charles Theodore Greve (1904).
2189:
2176:
2129:
2104:
2093:from the original on 2018-07-25
2055:
2046:
1958:
1949:
1840:
1819:
1810:
1797:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1691:
1654:
1645:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1575:
1550:
1476:
1467:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1363:
1345:
1282:
931:Fort Wayne Parks and Recreation
528:Between 1792 and 1794, General
322:and a similar number along the
2976:"Turtlecreek Township History"
2443:"Turtlecreek Township History"
1273:
1210:
1159:
1126:
1077:
1040:
950:CHIEF LITTLE TURTLE 1752-1812
937:
698:and members of the US Senate:
593:
267:
13:
1:
3819:18th-century Native Americans
3809:American temperance activists
2637:Sketchbook of Indiana History
2523:Cayton, Andrew R. L. (1996).
2473:Carter, Harvey Lewis (1987).
2466:
2440:(Archived version) See also:
2225:Sketchbook of Indiana History
2077:Martin, Jill (January 2003).
165:
3569:Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)
3484:Archaeological sites in Ohio
2303:The Miami Indians of Indiana
2281:The Miami Indians of Indiana
2112:The Miami Indians of Indiana
1944:The Miami Indians of Indiana
1848:The Miami Indians of Indiana
1805:The Miami Indians of Indiana
1772:The Miami Indians of Indiana
1518:and the western half of the
1290:Andrew R. L. Cayton (1996).
1121:The Miami Indians of Indiana
1084:Harvey Lewis Carter (1987).
989:Little Turtle Branch of the
975:Camp Chief Little Turtle (a
846:Municipal Park and Gravesite
168:1747 — July 14, 1812) was a
7:
3589:Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum
3291:Two Mile Square Reservation
3286:Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation
3037:Congressional Record––House
2591:American National Biography
2333:Allen County Public Library
1506:, fragments of present-day
1220:American National Biography
991:Allen County Public Library
724:Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809)
625:. On this trip he also met
621:, who presented him with a
534:Legion of the United States
500:near the headwaters of the
288:division of the Myaamiaki (
10:
3835:
3564:Flint Ridge State Memorial
3296:Upper Sandusky Reservation
2795:Madison, James H. (2014).
2496:Calloway, Colin G (2018).
2379:"Camp Chief Little Turtle"
908:0.13 acres (0.05 ha)
736:Jean Baptiste Richardville
481:
370:
308:American Revolutionary War
299:
3730:
3617:
3556:
3519:
3471:
3419:
3383:
3312:
3266:
3248:
3123:
3094:
2996:Young, Calvin M. (1914).
2814:Magnin, Frédéric (2005).
1582:James H. Madison (2014).
927:
912:
904:
865:
850:
842:
838:
829:
824:
709:Indian Nonintercourse Act
262:
145:
131:
121:
116:
103:
82:
77:
73:
65:
61:
41:
32:
3685:Battle of Fallen Timbers
3661:Treaty of Camp Charlotte
3574:Fort Hill State Memorial
3276:Blanchard's Fork Reserve
3089:Native Americans in Ohio
2878:Rafert, Stewart (1996).
2354:"Little Turtle Memorial"
2184:Miami Indians of Indiana
2152:Calvin M. Young (1914).
2137:Miami Indians of Indiana
1920:. New York: D. Appleton.
1070:
560:Battle of Fallen Timbers
554:Battle of Fallen Timbers
451:joined the confederacy.
406:Northwestern Confederacy
3784:Native American leaders
3743:Indian removals in Ohio
3604:SunWatch Indian Village
3594:New Indian Ridge Museum
3543:Thunderbird (mythology)
3304:Indian removals in Ohio
2081:Great Plains Quarterly,
1382:Greene, George (1911).
1255:Stewart Rafert (1996).
998:( plaza in Logansport )
801:Battle of Fort Dearborn
539:attack on Fort Recovery
377:Under the terms of the
349:Whitley County, Indiana
324:Kaskaskia–Cahokia Trail
246:Whitley County, Indiana
218:Miami-Illinois language
207:
159:
96:Whitley County, Indiana
54:burned Washington, D.C.
3679:Siege of Fort Recovery
3281:Moravian Indian Grants
2818:. Paris: L'Harmattan.
2774:on September 13, 2015.
2087:Great Plains Quarterly
1561:. New York: Springer.
1510:that were east of the
1359:on September 13, 2015.
996:Little Turtle Waterway
979:camping facility near
967:
889:41.09139°N 85.132306°W
825:Little Turtle Memorial
756:Tecumseh's Confederacy
716:William Henry Harrison
705:
603:
498:routed the U.S. forces
493:
466:was moving north from
391:Land Ordinance of 1784
379:Treaty of Paris (1783)
345:Columbia City, Indiana
277:
3655:Yellow Creek massacre
2937:Sword, Wiley (1985).
2916:Sugden, John (2000).
2659:Goltz, Herbert C. W.
2062:Library of Congress,
1911:"Little Turtle"
948:
700:
601:
491:
383:Appalachian Mountains
275:
190:Northwest Indian Wars
140:Northwest Indian Wars
3721:Treaty of St. Mary's
3715:Treaty of Fort Meigs
3709:Treaty of Brownstown
3697:Treaty of Grouseland
3691:Treaty of Greenville
3667:Northwest Indian War
3637:Raid on Pickawillany
3609:Zane Shawnee Caverns
3538:Petroglyphs in Ohio
3494:Petroglyphs in Ohio
3439:Glacial Kame culture
3420:Prehistoric cultures
3384:Historic communities
3258:Algonquian languages
2982:on November 16, 2010
2902:Ohio History Central
2898:"St. Clair's Defeat"
2838:Ohio History Central
2449:on November 16, 2010
2360:. City of Fort Wayne
2126:Madison, pp. 39, 43.
1721:Ohio History Central
1717:"St. Clair's Defeat"
1703:Ohio History Central
1662:John Sugden (2000).
1606:Madison, pp. 27, 29.
1514:, nearly all of the
1133:Wiley Sword (1985).
894:41.09139; -85.132306
776:Battle of the Thames
748:Battle of Tippecanoe
575:Treaty of Greenville
426:Northwest Indian War
373:Northwest Indian War
316:Augustin de La Balme
3456:Monongahela culture
3406:Muskingum (village)
3268:Former reservations
3240:Western Confederacy
3105:Northwest Territory
2043:Madison, pp. 36–37.
2022:. December 21, 1808
2020:Library of Congress
1999:. December 21, 1808
1997:Library of Congress
1976:. December 21, 1808
1974:Library of Congress
1615:Cayton, pp. 149–54.
1451:Cayton, pp. 147–48.
1405:Hogeland, pp. 88-89
1245:Cayton, pp. 145–46.
885: /
818:Honors and tributes
763:Siege of Fort Wayne
441:American Revolution
399:Northwest Territory
395:Northwest Ordinance
367:Little Turtle's War
250:Churubusco, Indiana
182:Northwest Territory
110:Fort Wayne, Indiana
3799:Burials in Indiana
3673:St. Clair's defeat
3649:Lord Dunmore's War
3548:Underwater panther
3464:(Late Prehistoric)
3462:Whittlesey culture
3435:(Late Prehistoric)
3396:Lenape settlements
3097:Prehistory of Ohio
2992:(Archived version)
2763:(Archived version)
2753:on August 28, 2008
2730:has generic name (
2619:has generic name (
2459:(Archived version)
2430:on August 28, 2008
1279:Carter, pp. 45–47.
854:634 Lawton Place,
718:, governor of the
639:Tadeusz Kościuszko
604:
494:
484:St. Clair's defeat
478:St. Clair's defeat
320:Vincennes, Indiana
278:
194:St. Clair's defeat
3751:
3750:
3703:Treaty of Detroit
3447:(Middle Woodland)
3401:Lower Shawneetown
3047:National Archives
2967:978-0-87195-048-2
2948:978-0-8061-2488-9
2929:978-0-8032-4288-3
2889:978-0-87195-111-3
2870:978-0-395-66921-1
2825:978-2-7475-9080-8
2806:978-0-253-01308-8
2711:978-0-87195-387-2
2600:978-0-19-512792-8
2566:978-0-405-02839-7
2534:978-0-253-33048-2
2488:978-0-252-01318-8
2252:978-0-87195-048-2
2227:. pp. 15–16.
1679:978-0-8032-4288-3
1593:978-0-253-01308-8
1568:978-1-4614-1065-2
1543:978-0-405-02839-7
1512:Mississippi River
1488:Indiana Territory
1301:978-0-253-33048-2
1266:978-0-87195-111-3
1229:978-0-19-512792-8
1203:978-0-87195-387-2
1152:978-0-8061-2488-9
1103:978-0-252-01318-8
935:
934:
742:and his brother,
720:Indiana Territory
619:George Washington
615:George Washington
387:Mississippi River
312:American patriots
302:La Balme's Defeat
296:La Balme's Defeat
286:Atchatchakangouen
149:
148:
136:La Balme's Defeat
88:Miami territory,
66:War chief of the
16:(Redirected from
3826:
3429:(Early Woodland)
3313:Historic figures
3088:
3087:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2978:. Archived from
2971:
2952:
2933:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2893:
2874:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2829:
2810:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2775:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2749:. Archived from
2742:
2735:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2715:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2640:
2631:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2604:
2584:
2578:
2570:
2551:
2538:
2525:Frontier Indiana
2519:
2492:
2480:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2445:. Archived from
2439:
2437:
2435:
2426:. Archived from
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2306:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2256:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2193:
2187:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2149:
2140:
2139:, pp. 48. 71-72.
2133:
2127:
2124:
2115:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2074:
2068:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1898:
1887:
1884:
1875:
1872:
1863:
1860:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1775:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1379:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1327:
1318:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1292:Frontier Indiana
1286:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1189:
1176:
1175:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1140:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1091:
1081:
928:Operated by
923:
921:
900:
899:
897:
896:
895:
890:
886:
883:
882:
881:
878:
834:
822:
821:
782:Death and legacy
696:Thomas Jefferson
681:Washington, D.C.
654:Thomas Jefferson
623:ceremonial sword
472:Cincinnati, Ohio
464:Arthur St. Clair
198:Arthur St. Clair
167:
117:Military service
99:
98:, United States)
90:Illinois Country
78:Personal details
46:
30:
29:
21:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3726:
3613:
3552:
3515:
3511:Wilderness Road
3467:
3458:(Late Woodland)
3415:
3391:Hell Town, Ohio
3379:
3308:
3262:
3244:
3125:Historic tribes
3119:
3101:History of Ohio
3090:
3082:
3080:
3024:
3011:
3009:
2985:
2983:
2974:
2968:
2949:
2930:
2906:
2904:
2896:
2890:
2871:
2842:
2840:
2832:
2826:
2807:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2768:"Little Turtle"
2766:
2756:
2754:
2745:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2690:
2688:
2671:
2669:
2661:"Michikinakoua"
2649:
2647:
2643:
2635:Funk, Arville.
2625:
2616:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2535:
2508:
2489:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2452:
2450:
2441:
2433:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2387:
2385:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2363:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2336:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2300:
2296:
2292:Sword, p. 335-6
2291:
2287:
2278:
2274:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2239:
2232:
2221:
2214:
2205:
2203:
2194:
2190:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2150:
2143:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2118:
2109:
2105:
2096:
2094:
2075:
2071:
2060:
2056:
2052:Cayton, p. 204.
2051:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2010:
2002:
2000:
1987:
1979:
1977:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1933:Cayton, p. 166.
1932:
1925:
1908:, eds. (1892).
1899:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1874:Madison, p. 36.
1873:
1866:
1862:Madison, p. 30.
1861:
1854:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1825:Cayton, p. 163.
1824:
1820:
1816:Madison, p. 37.
1815:
1811:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1778:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1680:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:Madison, p. 29.
1641:
1628:
1624:Cayton, p. 158.
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1522:of present-day
1520:Lower Peninsula
1516:Upper Peninsula
1481:
1477:
1473:Cayton, p. 160.
1472:
1468:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1389:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1353:"Little Turtle"
1351:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1190:
1179:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1131:
1127:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1043:
1005:
972:
940:
919:
917:
893:
891:
887:
884:
879:
876:
874:
872:
871:
820:
784:
627:Comte de Volney
596:
556:
486:
480:
468:Fort Washington
460:James Wilkinson
375:
369:
304:
298:
270:
265:
230:
214:mihšihkinaahkwa
210:
178:Native American
172:(chief) of the
161:Mihšihkinaahkwa
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3779:Miami people
3764:1740s births
3731:Other topics
3633:(1701, 1726)
3503:
3433:Fort Ancient
3411:Pickawillany
3355:
3350:Kakowatcheky
3344:Joseph Brant
3300:
3236:
3133:Chalahgawtha
3109:Ohio Country
3036:
3010:. Retrieved
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2984:. Retrieved
2980:the original
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2901:
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2841:. Retrieved
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2784:. Retrieved
2772:the original
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2335:. 2004-11-23
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1651:Eid, p. 754.
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1357:the original
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1030:Turtle Creek
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631:Philadelphia
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564:Mississinewa
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546:son-in-law,
544:
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502:Wabash River
495:
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290:Miami people
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235:Pickawillany
231:
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174:Miami people
160:
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132:Battles/wars
126:Miami people
68:Miami people
18:Michikinikwa
3769:1812 deaths
3669:(1785–1795)
3627:(1609-1701)
3625:Beaver Wars
3529:(sculpture)
3374:Tenskwatawa
3320:Blue Jacket
3209:Anishinaabe
3199:Anishinaabe
3149:Erie people
2786:November 9,
2757:November 2,
2650:November 9,
2550:(3): 19–44.
2434:November 2,
2408:November 9,
1337:November 9,
1174:(3): 19–44.
1041:Other sites
938:Burial site
892: /
880:85°7′56.3″W
867:Coordinates
767:War of 1812
765:during the
744:Tenskwatawa
686:A lifelong
675:, who sent
594:Later years
584:pallbearers
414:Blue Jacket
268:Early years
186:War of 1812
3758:Categories
3507:Ohio River
3499:Tower Site
3221:Piankeshaw
3159:Honniasont
2516:2017028686
2467:References
2388:2020-05-26
2364:2020-12-02
2339:2020-12-02
2206:2013-05-22
2097:2020-07-02
1986:See also:
1714:See also:
1484:Ohio River
1392:2021-10-24
877:41°05′29″N
856:Fort Wayne
796:rheumatism
769:, General
752:White Loon
728:Potawatomi
688:teetotaler
662:East Coast
652:President
647:John Adams
579:Greenville
522:John Adair
437:expedition
357:Piankashaw
336:Fort Wayne
122:Allegiance
56:, in 1814.
3527:Birdstone
3441:(Archaic)
3376:(Shawnee)
3370:(Shawnee)
3364:(Wyandot)
3362:Roundhead
3352:(Shawnee)
3334:(Shawnee)
3332:Cornstalk
3322:(Shawnee)
3250:Languages
3217:(Shawnee)
3191:speaking)
3185:Mosopelea
3181:speaking)
3179:Iroquoian
3166:(Wyandot)
3135:(Shawnee)
2720:cite book
2672:7 January
2609:cite book
2575:cite book
2305:, p. 201.
2283:, p. 201.
2261:cite book
1906:Fiske, J.
1508:Minnesota
1504:Wisconsin
1486:into the
1047:Lake Erie
977:Boy Scout
669:Baltimore
401:in 1787.
340:Eel River
328:Miamitown
282:war chief
254:Eel River
202:U.S. Army
86:1747/1752
3504:See also
3445:Hopewell
3368:Tecumseh
3346:(Mohawk)
3338:Egushawa
3328:(Lenape)
3301:See also
3237:See also
3153:Iroquois
3139:Delaware
3012:July 30,
2907:July 30,
2843:July 30,
2383:awaccclt
2301:Rafert,
2186:, p. 74.
2182:Rafert,
2168:July 30,
2135:Rafert,
2114:, p. 71.
2110:Rafert,
2091:Archived
2026:July 30,
2003:July 30,
1980:July 30,
1946:, p. 62.
1942:Rafert,
1850:, p. 55.
1846:Rafert,
1807:, p. 54.
1803:Rafert,
1774:, p. 53.
1770:Rafert,
1726:July 30,
1708:July 30,
1524:Michigan
1500:Illinois
1460:Carter,
1123:, p. 44.
1119:Rafert,
1055:Michigan
1010:Columbus
851:Location
771:Harrison
740:Tecumseh
673:Maryland
658:Moravian
608:Tecumseh
570:Rivers.
418:Delaware
416:and the
393:and the
385:and the
353:Kentucky
332:Kekionga
170:Sagamore
94:(modern
3557:Museums
3520:Culture
3358:(Miami)
3340:(Odawa)
3232:Wyandot
3227:Shawnee
3223:(Miami)
2986:June 8,
2691:May 22,
2453:June 8,
1496:Indiana
1464:, 72–5.
1061:border.
918: (
913:Created
860:Indiana
732:Pacanne
643:pistols
449:Wyandot
410:Shawnee
284:of the
3723:(1818)
3717:(1817)
3711:(1808)
3705:(1807)
3699:(1805)
3693:(1795)
3687:(1794)
3681:(1794)
3675:(1791)
3663:(1774)
3657:(1774)
3651:(1774)
3645:(1763)
3639:(1752)
3618:Events
3215:Pekowi
3195:Ojibwe
3189:Siouan
3143:Lenape
2964:
2945:
2926:
2886:
2867:
2861:342–44
2822:
2803:
2708:
2597:
2563:
2531:
2514:
2504:
2485:
2249:
2009:Also:
1676:
1670:118–20
1590:
1565:
1540:
1298:
1263:
1226:
1200:
1149:
1100:
981:Ashley
665:Quaker
568:Wabash
566:, and
445:Ottawa
420:under
412:under
263:Career
3427:Adena
3205:Odawa
3175:Mingo
3170:Miami
3164:Huron
2083:2432"
1433:2000)
1094:62–63
1071:Notes
3014:2018
2988:2009
2962:ISBN
2943:ISBN
2924:ISBN
2909:2018
2884:ISBN
2865:ISBN
2845:2018
2820:ISBN
2801:ISBN
2788:2015
2759:2008
2739:link
2732:help
2706:ISBN
2693:2013
2674:2007
2652:2015
2628:link
2621:help
2595:ISBN
2581:link
2561:ISBN
2529:ISBN
2512:LCCN
2502:ISBN
2483:ISBN
2455:2009
2436:2008
2410:2015
2267:link
2247:ISBN
2170:2018
2028:2018
2005:2018
1982:2018
1728:2018
1710:2018
1674:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1528:Ohio
1502:and
1492:Ohio
1339:2015
1296:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1224:ISBN
1198:ISBN
1147:ISBN
1098:ISBN
1059:Ohio
1057:and
1017:Ross
920:1960
916:1960
905:Area
843:Type
794:and
792:gout
516:and
456:raid
447:and
208:Name
104:Died
83:Born
3045:at
1143:107
1049:'s
1032:in
361:Wea
347:in
330:at
164:) (
3760::
3509:–
3115:–
3111:–
3107:–
3103:–
3099:–
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1995:.
1991:.
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1914:.
1904:;
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1779:^
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1180:^
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858:,
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2030:.
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154:(
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