127:
38:
135:
351:"I made several beds, some about three feet wide, (including the alleys) into, which I transplanted a single row of lucerne; others about three feet nine inches, into which I transplanted two rows and others about four feet three inches wide, in which I put three rows. The design of this variation was, to see by which of these three methods the same extent of ground would produce the greatest quantity of lucerne. I believe it will require five or six years to determine exactly which of them will be best; because, as the plants increase every year in bulk, their produce alters, and may perhaps not keep in proportion to their first years, though probably the difference would not be great."
415:, tells us, that he declined giving a description of Mr Tull's drill, because it was so complex, which, indeed, it was for lowing three rows; but, as it is now altered, is not so complicated as M. De Chateauvieux's drill, and is easily made a more general instrument for sowing upon ridges, or upon the level; and has this advantage beyond any of the foreign drills that I have seen, that, the two wheels which serve to turn the spindle, and deliver the seed, do, at the same time, mark the exact distances of the next rows to be drilled, upon level ground; so that a field, of any extent, may be planted with it, at the distances intended, with great exactness."
315:
338:"Lucern grows naturally with one large perpendicular, or tap-root, which penetrates very deep into the earth, and has few, if any, lateral roots. From similar experiments on other tap-rooted plants, I was induced to think, that this too, by transplanting it, and at the same time cutting off part of its tap-root, might be made to shoot out several horizontal roots, which, reaching into the loose mould of the alleys, and extending themselves there, would collect a greater quantity of nourishment for the plant, and consequently enable it to produce more abundant crops."
251:
356:"The plants in the single rows were six inches asunder, nor should they ever be nearer; and those in the double and triple rows, were eight or nine inches distant from each other. I must observe, that I likewise sowed lucerne with the drill, in beds, in which it has remained without transplanting. It is very fine; but not near so strong and flourishing as that which I transplanted. When lucerne is sown where it is to remain, it necessarily requires being thinned, and that operation takes up more time than transplanting it would do."
395:
283:"These cabbages were never watered, except once, which was at the time of planting them; and yet they were always crisp and firm, even in the hottest days. By this easy and expeditious culture, they attained all the perfection that could be desired; and surpassed those of the kitchen-garden, as much in goodness, as they did in bulk. Most of them weighed between fifteen and eighteen pounds, and the smallest between eight and ten. The weight of all the plants which grew on this bed, was 840 pounds."
567:
the plants, which throve well as long as the supply lasted: but in the end it was exhausted; and the wannest admirers and supporters of Tull's system, Du Hamel and De
Chateauvieux, besides many others, found to their cost, in practice, that pulverizing alone will not restore fertility. The system of drilling and horse-hoeing, when united with judicious manuring, has, however, been found a great improvement in agriculture."
278:"On the ninth of March 1752, the alleys were stirred with the plough. On the twenty-fifth of April, I gave them a second stirring with the cultivator. On the third of June they had a third stirring with the plough: and on the twentieth of July, I made my gardener hand-hoe them, for fear the plough should damage several stalks of wheat which grew on the next bed, and were bent, but not lodged."
263:"That I might be able to make a just comparison between the cabbages of this bed, and those of the kitchen garden, I planted a spot of ground in the latter, the same day, with the same sort of plants. This spot had been extremely well dug, and plentifully dunged by the gardener, who took all possible care of these plants during the summer, and weeded them as often as was necessary.
562:"The influence of the atmosphere on the soil, and the increased fertility produced by pulverizing and stirring heavy lands, has led to the notion adopted by Jethro Tull, that labour might entirely supersede the necessity of manure: hence the origin of the horse-hoeing husbandry, which at one time was so highly thought of as to be called, by way of distinction, the
307:, which arose in France, Germany and Britain in the 16th century from the Provençal luzerno ("glow worm"), due to its shiny seeds. In the 1750s M. de Chateauvieux had experimented extensively on producing lucerne in beds, cultivated according to new husbandry, over several years. Most of the 25-page article on lucerne in
290:
article comments that "the circumstance of the cabbages continuing firm and crisp in the hottest weather, is remarkable." Yet, the work reported that a similar experiment in
England upon cabbages had made the same observations, and it was explained as an effect of good and deep hoeing as predicted by
162:
from France on agricultural matters, and co-founded the "Société pour l'encouragement des Arts et de l'Agriculture" (Society for the
Encouragement of Arts and Agriculture) in 1763/1776. Among the many agricultural instruments he designed and improved was a seed drill invented in 1754. He corresponded
566:
husbandry. Fallows and manuring were both discarded as unnecessary; the seed was sown in rows with wide intervals, which were continually kept worked and stirred. At first the result was highly satisfactory; all the humus, by exposure to the air, was converted into soluble extract, and taken up by
182:
M. de
Chateauvieux married Susanne Saladin (1699-1774) on 22 September 1720, and they had four children. Among his grandsons was the Swiss author Charles Jean Marc Lullin de Châteauvieux (1752-1833), and his brother, the agronom Michel Lullin de Chateauvieux (1754 - 1802). Part of the family were
154:
to report on the notices of appeal of the old citizens (citoyens) and of the new citizens (bourgeois). He became trustee of the city council of Geneva three times in the period between 1740 and 1748. Between 1752 and 1777 he was premier of the syndic of the canton of Geneva seven times.
469:, may use it if it wants no repairs to great advantage comparatively with the common husbandry, as already set forth. But it must be very apparent that multitudes of new experiments are yet necessary to prove the New husbandry (supposing a drill plough invented as simple as possible)
407:"The gentlemen abroad who are now promoting the new husbandry, have gone into the practice of planting three rows upon every ridge, supporting that to be the best method; and the drill-ploughs invented by M. Du Hamel, and M. de Chateauvieux, are constructed to sow three rows. Mr
237:
the preceding year, when one half of it bore barley, and the other oats. I now made it into a bed, the middle of which was directly over the last year's furrow. I ploughed this bed on the twenty-fifth of
September, 1751, in the same manner as if it had been intended for
462:"The drill plough, which M. de Chateauvieux recommends to his readers, and which he used himself, is a most complicate machine, infinitely difficult to make, any where, and impossible to repair in a village, besides the first cost of it, being very considerable.
221:. M. de Chateauvieux successfully conducted several experiments to increase the crops. He reported the following findings in a letter to M. Duhamel, which was translated and published in the article on cabbages in
959:
A Course of
Experimental Agriculture: Containung an Exact Register of All the Business Transacted During Five Years on Near Three Hundred Acres of Various Soils... The Whole Stated in Near Two Thousand Original
20:
342:
The lucerne he had planted pushed out numbers of large lateral roots, and these branched out again into others, which according to him "may be multiplied without end by frequent culture of the alleys: for the
366:"The middle of the beds must be raised and arched as high as possible; and as the lucerne is to remain several years on the same ground, no pains should be spared to prepare the earth as well as can be."
199:, particularly cabbage, lucerne, and developed several agricultural implements. He corresponded about the outcomes of his work with Duhamel, who published his letters as articles in his
477:
Two years later Young (1771) explained that among his many experiments he did make a single cultivator based on M. de
Chateauvieux's instructions with some additional improvements.
167:(Treaty of land cultivation following the principles of the English Mr. Tull) in 6 volumes, 1750-56. M. de Chateauvieux also corresponded with other scientists of his time, such as
582:
Description d'un nouveau semoir inventé - invente par M. Lullin de
Chateauvieux, syndic et juge de police de la ville et de la republique de Geneve - avec figures en taille-douce..
419:
Balfour concluded that "from the practice of the gentlemen abroad, and other instances that might be given at home, it is evident, that they have not seen the additions that
1025:
435:, and other crops; and from these last parts of his work may be also seen, that the reports of his bad success, in repeated wheat-crops, are without any just foundation."
1015:
972:
495:
205:
One of his discoveries, according to Walter Harte (1764), was "the method of transplanting lucerne; and restoring old pasturage without laying them down in corn."
347:
has the fame effect on these horizontal roots as cutting has upon the.tap-root." About the method of transplanting the lucerne, M. de
Chateauvieux explained:
126:
37:
246:, which I watered to make them take root the better. The length of this bed was one hundred and sixty feet, and its breadth six feet seven inches."
334:
thrive best when cultivated in beds, his practice differed in many respects from theirs. In his experiments he had some explicit expectations:
503:
even listed M. de Châteauvieux in the subtitle of this work among the foremost authorities. Other people mentioned in this context were
134:
532:
369:"Lucerne should be sown in the spring, and in a rich mould, that the plants may be strong enough to transplant in September."
709:
Expériences et réflexions sur la culture des terres, advertisement in
Duhamel du Monceau's "Traité de la culture des terres,
465:
It must surely appear from these circumstances that all M. de Chateauvieux proves is, that a man when he has a drill plough
233:; though the spot I chose for my first trial had not received any for several years. It had indeed been well prepared by
589:
Expériences et réflexions sur la culture des terres, faites aux environs des Genève, dans les années 1754, 1755 et 1756.
268:"Instead of cabbaging, most of them ran up in height: upon which I plucked them up, and planted others in their stead."
1030:
391:
and other foreign essays on agriculture, mentioned the drill-ploughs invented by M. Duhamel and M. de Chateauvieux.
508:
524:
330:
Although M. de Chateauvieux agreed with M. Duhamel and other participants of the new husbandry, that lucerne and
158:
M. de Chateauvieux devoted much of his spare time to agricultural experiments, corresponded internationally with
704:
687:
598:
159:
1020:
458:
was far less positive. He criticised the design for his complex design and lack of maintainability, stating:
116:
954:
937:
548:
455:
540:
528:
420:
292:
43:
473:
to the old, where the latter is practised in a more advantageous manner, than about M. de Chateauvieux."
99:
and experimenter on agriculture, known for the design of many agricultural instruments. He was from the
900:
658:
544:
439:
408:
273:"I bestowed the same care and culture on my row of cabbages in the bed, as if they had been wheat."
438:
Beside the drill-plough, M. de Chateauvieux also developed a single cultivator, both described in
147:
151:
919:
447:
360:
This led to the design of a series of rules to be observed in transplanting lucerne into beds:
163:
about his work with Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau, who published some of these letters in his
146:
In 1714 M. de Chateauvieux started working as lawyer and became counsellor in 1738. During the
112:
941:
621:
314:
923:
168:
674:
1010:
1005:
120:
8:
255:
100:
250:
176:
745:
558:(1833) gave a summary of the so-called "horse-hoeing husbandry" or "new husbandry":
986:
905:
826:
692:
Expériences et réflexions sur la culture des terres, faites pendant l'année 1752.
344:
119:, was working as counselor and trustee. He took his studies in philosophy at the
640:
394:
372:"3. Plants two or three years old may be transplanted as well as younger ones."
184:
999:
536:
520:
504:
243:
115:
where his father Charles Lullin de Chateauvieux (1669-1761), descendant of a
812:
602:
Traité de la culture des terres suivant les principes de M. Tull, Anglois.
201:
Traité de la culture des terres suivant les principes de M. Tull, Anglois.
195:
M. de Chateauvieux successfully conducted several experiments to increase
165:
Traité de la culture des terres suivant les principes de M. Tull, Anglois.
987:
The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
801:
Annuaire de la noblesse de France et des maisons souveraines de l'Europe.
516:
42:
Portrait from 1815 by Jean-Alexandre Grand. From the collections of the
96:
791:
Centre international d'Ă©tude du XVIIIe Siecle, Ferney Voltaire. p. 46.
512:
486:
234:
424:
331:
323:
172:
130:
M. de Châteauvieux's letter published as article in Duhamel (1753)
304:
214:
427:, there are several very material improvements in the manner of
763:
L'Ă©conomie genevoise de la RĂ©forme Ă la fin de l'Ancien RĂ©gime.
735:
La mariage dans l'École romande du droit naturel au 18e siècle.
428:
218:
150:
of 1734, he, Pierre Mussard and Jean-Louis Du Pan commissioned
432:
423:
made to his Essay, in which, besides his different method of
239:
230:
643:
at Historische Lexikon der Schweiz. Accessed March 17, 2014.
16:
Genevan nobleman, agronomist and experimenter on agriculture
196:
973:
The Complete Farmer: Or, a General Dictionary of Husbandry
496:
The Complete Farmer: Or, a General Dictionary of Husbandry
311:(1777) was devoted to the outcomes of these experiments.
942:
Letters concerning the present state of the French nation
452:
Letters concerning the present state of the French nation
626:
Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne ou Histoire.
776:
Table de la Correspondance générale de J.-J. Rousseau
95:( 15 September 1695 - 19 March 1781) was a nobleman,
1026:
18th-century politicians from the Republic of Geneva
140:
Expériences et réflexions sur la culture des terres
1016:18th-century botanists from the Republic of Geneva
111:Michel Lullin de Chateauvieux was born in Geneva,
594:M. de Chateauvieux's letters were published in:
997:
910:Volume 5. p. 23-87; p. 129-133 & p. 148-153
831:Printed for W. Frederick in Bath, 1764. p. 193.
21:Michel Lullin de Chateauvieux (disambiguation)
924:The Critical Review, Or, Annals of Literature
724:. Librairie Droz, 1988. p. 34, 104, 106, 473
789:Correspondance littéraire, Tome VIII, 1761.
670:
668:
883:
881:
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862:
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858:
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843:
841:
839:
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653:
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634:
446:(1767). These works was later reviewed by
36:
485:In his days M. de Châteauvieux's work on
183:residents of "Le château de Choully", or
665:
662:, Confederation Series, volume 6, p. 240
571:
393:
313:
249:
133:
125:
878:
855:
834:
803:Bureau de la publication, 1863. p. 235.
646:
631:
998:
677:at gen-gen.ch. Accessed march 17, 2014
813:Lullin, Charles-Jean-Marc, 1752-1833
990:, Volume 1. C. Knight, 1833. p. 226
906:A New System of Practical Husbandry
444:A New System of Practical Husbandry
13:
411:also, the editor of M. Du Hamel's
242:. I planted on it a single row of
86:Design of Agricultural Instruments
14:
1042:
491:A Practical Treatise of Husbandry
641:Lullin, Michel (de Châteauvieux)
489:was often cited in du Monceau's
217:had been cultivated as food for
979:
965:
948:
931:
913:
894:
818:
806:
794:
781:
778:. Librairie Droz, 1953. p. 156.
768:
755:
659:The Papers of George Washington
587:Michel Lullin de Chateauvieux.
580:Michel Lullin de Chateauvieux.
387:(1767), with extracts from the
378:
761:Anne-Marie Piuz et al. (1990)
739:
727:
714:
705:Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau
697:
688:Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau
680:
622:Lullin de Châteauvieux, Michel
614:
599:Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau
208:
160:Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau
1:
675:Michel Lullin de Chateauvieux
608:
509:Louis François Henri de Menon
298:
93:Michel Lullin de Châteauvieux
30:Michel Lullin de Chateauvieux
722:Factums Judiciaires Genevois
628:Michaud Frères, 1820. p. 425
229:"I began by retrenching the
106:
7:
554:Over half a century later,
303:Lucerne is the name of the
10:
1047:
889:Select Essays on Husbandry
752:. Accessed March 17, 2014.
385:Select Essays on Husbandry
18:
480:
82:
74:
62:
50:
35:
28:
1031:18th-century agronomists
962:J. Exshaw, 1771. p. 448.
543:, Edward Lisle, Roque,
190:
152:Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui
928:Volume 40. 1775. p. 52
920:Tobias George Smollett
448:Tobias George Smollett
403:
327:
259:
254:Study of a Cabbage by
143:
131:
44:Bibliothèque de Genève
733:Alfred Dufour (1976)
572:Selected publications
397:
317:
253:
169:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
137:
129:
1021:Agricultural writers
556:The Penny Cyclopædia
213:In the 18th century
121:University of Geneva
78:University of Geneva
19:For other uses, see
873:The Complete Farmer
850:The Complete Farmer
827:Essays on husbandry
501:The Complete Farmer
400:The complete Farmer
309:The Complete Farmer
288:The Complete Farmer
223:The Complete Farmer
774:Pierre Paul Plan.
750:worldstatesmen.org
404:
328:
260:
144:
138:Advertisement for
132:
113:Republic of Geneva
101:Republic of Geneva
875:(1777) p. LUC-LUC
852:(1777) p. CAB-CAB
177:George Washington
90:
89:
54:15 September 1695
1038:
991:
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711:1757. p. 416-17.
701:
695:
684:
678:
672:
663:
655:
644:
638:
629:
618:
499:3rd ed. (1777).
431:and cultivating
398:Drill plough in
256:François Boucher
117:patrician family
40:
26:
25:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1037:
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976:. 3rd ed. 1777.
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936:
932:
918:
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891:(1767) p. 250-1
886:
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848:
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811:
807:
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732:
728:
720:Jacques Droin.
719:
715:
702:
698:
694:1753. p. 50-51.
685:
681:
673:
666:
656:
647:
639:
632:
619:
615:
611:
574:
483:
450:(1775). In his
389:Museum Rusticum
381:
301:
211:
193:
109:
75:Alma mater
70:
67:
58:
55:
46:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1013:
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978:
964:
947:
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893:
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854:
833:
824:Walter Harte.
817:
805:
793:
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767:
754:
738:
726:
713:
696:
679:
664:
645:
630:
612:
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604:6 vol. 1750-56
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285:
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248:
247:
244:white cabbages
210:
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192:
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185:Choully Castle
108:
105:
88:
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84:
83:Known for
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68:
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41:
33:
32:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1043:
1032:
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1009:
1007:
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989:
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982:
975:
974:
968:
961:
960:Experiments..
956:
951:
944:
943:
939:
934:
927:
925:
921:
916:
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907:
902:
897:
890:
887:J. Balfour's
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797:
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784:
777:
771:
764:
758:
751:
747:
746:Swiss_Cantons
742:
736:
730:
723:
717:
710:
706:
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693:
689:
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579:
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561:
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559:
557:
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546:
542:
538:
537:Philip Miller
534:
533:William Ellis
530:
526:
525:John Mortimer
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521:John Worlidge
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505:Carl Linnaeus
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383:J. Balfour's
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361:
355:
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349:
348:
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337:
336:
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326:et al. (1814)
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66:19 March 1781
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53:
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39:
34:
27:
22:
985:
981:
971:
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958:
955:Arthur Young
950:
945:1769. p. 266
940:
938:Arthur Young
933:
922:
915:
904:
896:
888:
872:
849:
825:
820:
808:
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796:
788:
787:F.M. Grimm.
783:
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770:
762:
757:
749:
741:
734:
729:
721:
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699:
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682:
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616:
601:
593:
588:
584:1754, 158 p.
581:
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549:Arthur Young
500:
494:
490:
484:
476:
470:
466:
456:Arthur Young
451:
443:
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418:
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388:
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379:Drill plough
359:
341:
329:
320:Flora Batava
319:
308:
302:
287:
286:
222:
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157:
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110:
92:
91:
1011:1781 deaths
1006:1695 births
815:at viaf.org
541:Thomas Hale
529:Jethro Tull
517:John Evelyn
318:Lucerne in
293:Jethro Tull
209:On cabbages
1000:Categories
901:John Mills
609:References
545:John Mills
440:John Mills
299:On lucerne
97:agronomist
513:Hugh Plat
493:, and in
487:husbandry
467:given him
413:Husbandry
402:, plate X
345:horse-hoe
235:ploughing
107:Biography
425:drilling
332:sainfoin
324:Jan Kops
225:(1777):
215:cabbages
173:Voltaire
576:Books:
454:(1769)
421:Mr Tull
305:alfalfa
765:p. 230
703:From:
686:From:
624:" in:
547:, and
481:Legacy
429:hoeing
258:, 1735
219:cattle
175:, and
142:, 1757
69:Geneva
57:Geneva
471:equal
433:wheat
409:Mills
240:wheat
197:crops
148:riots
231:dung
191:Work
63:Died
51:Born
903:'s
748:at
564:new
442:'s
123:.
1002::
957:.
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857:^
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707:.
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667:^
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551:.
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519:,
515:,
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