373:: In Roman agriculture the endeavour was "to attain the advantages incident to row-culture by ploughing in their seeds. A rude machine been used immemorially in India for sowing in rows. The first drill for this purpose introduced into Europe seems to have been the invention of a German, who made it known to the Spanish court in 1647." "It was first brought much into notice in this country by Tull, in 1731; but the practice did not come into any thing like general adoption till the commencement of the century." By then there were "several improved machines adapted to the sowing of corn, beans, and turnips."
410:, and were sold by order in 1784 to a Mr Blandy. Tull held about 130 acres (53 ha) of additional land by a different tenure. The old brew-house he dwelt in has been modernised, but remains largely intact – as late as 1840 it was said to be in very good condition. Of the outhouses, Tull's granary and his stables remain, although deteriorating. At the end of the granary, which Tull built, is an old well. When it was cleared out some years ago, there was found under the accumulated mud of nearly a century a three-pronged hoe, which is likely to have belonged to Tull and is now in the museum of the
224:
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renders the soil itself as more capable of supplying the plants with their food. Tull was the first who inculcated the advantages of hoeing cultivated soils. He correctly enough told the farmers of his time, that as fine hoed ground is not so long soaked by rain, so the dews never suffer it to become perfectly dry. This appears by the plants which flourish in this, whilst those in the hard ground are starved. In the driest weather good hoeing procures moisture to the roots of plants, though the ignorant and incurious fancy it lets in the drought.
367:: These implements were unknown until the 18th century. "Hoeing by manual labour had, in very early ages, been partially practised; for the earliest writers recommended particular attention to the cutting down and destroying of weeds. But to Jethro Tull, is indisputably due the honour of having first demonstrated the importance of frequent hoeing, not merely to extirpate weeds, but for the purpose of pulverizing the soil, by which process the gases and moisture of the atmosphere are enabled more freely to penetrate to the roots of the crop."
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40:
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never possibly be given to their roots, for they never receive so much of it as to surfeit the plant." Again, he declares elsewhere, "That which nourishes and augments a plant is the true food of it. Every plant is earth, and the growth and true increase of a plant is the addition of more earth." And in his chapter on the "Pasture of Plants", Tull told his readers with great gravity that "this pasturage is the inner or internal superficies
212:
his own horse-hoe husbandry to the practice followed by the vine-dressers of the south of Europe in constantly hoeing or otherwise stirring their ground. Finding that they did not approve of dunging their vineyards, Tull readily adduced the fact in favour of his own favourite theory: that manuring soil is an unnecessary operation. Returning to
England, in 1709 he took into his own hands the farm called Prosperous, at
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which thrived well as long as the supply lasted: but in the end the soil was exhausted; and the warmest admirers and supporters of Tull's system, Du Hamel and De
Chateauvieux, besides many others, found in practice that pulverising alone will not restore fertility. However, the system of drilling and horse-hoeing, when united with judicious manuring, has been found a great improvement in agriculture.
1168:
511:, mining Virgil for authoritative statements on agriculture and pouncing on apparently erroneous claims. Tull's rejection of a traditional mode of agronomy in favour of self-experimentation, and Switzer's defence of classical authority marked the beginnings of an intellectual discussion around the field of agricultural science.
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Tull's attack was not without consequences. Switzer leapt to Virgil's defence against what he saw as groundless and polemic attacks from Tull. He took offence at Tull's rejection not only of Virgil, but of any and all who practised husbandry in his style. Switzer criticized Tull for prescribing heavy
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When desirable to turn the machine, the harrow was to be lifted and the feeding would stop. The manner of delivering the seeds to the funnels in both the above drills was by notched barrels, and Tull was the first to use cavities in the surfaces of solid cylinders for the feeding. Nothing material in
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Tull invented some machinery for the purpose of carrying out his system of drill husbandry, about 1733. His first invention was a drill-plough to sow wheat and turnip seed in drills, three rows at a time. There were two boxes for the seed, and these, with the coulters, were placed one set behind the
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Tull also invented a turnip-drill somewhat similar to the other in general arrangement, but of lighter construction. The feeding spout was so arranged as to carry one half of the seed backwards after the earth had fallen into the channel; a harrow was pinned to the beam; and by this arrangement one
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Shallow and late ploughing of poor land: Tull disagrees vehemently, as hoeing to enrich the soil is at the crux of his "New
Husbandry", and encourages frequent and early ploughing. Lacking modern scientific understanding of soil nutrition, he incorrectly imagined that the act of dividing soil into
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Fallows and manuring were both discarded as unnecessary; the seed was sown in rows with wide intervals, which were continually kept worked and stirred. At first the result was highly satisfactory; all the humus, by exposure to the air, was converted into soluble extract and taken up by the plants,
211:
in the south of France. During his tour, Tull carefully compared the agriculture of France and Italy with that of his own country, and lost no chance to observe and note everything which supported his own views and discoveries. On more than one occasion, he alluded in his work to the similarity of
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That the four earths of which all cultivated soils are composed are all the necessary food or constituents of vegetables has, long since Tull wrote, been decided by accurate investigations of chemists. Of these, lime, either as a carbonate or an acetate or a sulphate, is by far the most generally
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of the earth; or, which is the same thing, it is the superficies of the pores, cavities, or interstices of the divided parts of the earth, which are of two sorts, natural and artificial. The mouths or lacteals of roots take their pabulum, being fine particles of earth, from the superficies of the
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The operation of hoeing is beneficial, not only as being destructive of weeds, but as loosening the surface of the soil, and rendering it more permeable to the gases and aqueous vapour of the atmosphere. Hoeing, therefore, not only protects the farmer's crops from being weakened by weeds, but it
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Tull considered soil to be the sole food of plants. "Too much nitre," Tull wrote, "corrodes a plant, too much water drowns it, too much air dries the roots of it, too much heat burns it; but too much earth a plant can never have, unless it be therein wholly buried: too much earth or too fine can
1120:
The horse-Hoing husbandry: or, an essay on the principles of tillage and vegetation. Wherein is shewn a method of introducing a sort of vineyard-culture into the corn-fields, in order to increase their product, and diminish the common expence; by the use of instruments described in cuts. By I.
326:
Tull wrote with enthusiasm and carried his admiration of the powers of the earth to support vegetation too far; he was deceived, in fact, by the effects of his finely pulverising system of tillage, and did not sufficiently attend to the fact that there are many other substances in the commonly
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The new horse-houghing husbandry, or, An essay on the principles of tillage and vegetation wherein is shewn, a method of introducing a sort of vineyard-culture into the corn-fields, to increase their product, and diminish the common expence, by the use of instruments lately invented by Jethro
281:(published in 1731), Tull described how the motivation for developing the seed-drill arose from conflict with his servants. He had struggled to enforce his new methods upon them, in part because they resisted the threat to their position as labourers and their skill with the plough.
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efficiently at the correct depth and spacing and then covered the seed so that it could grow. Before the introduction of the seed drill, the common practice was to plant seeds by broadcasting (evenly throwing) them across the ground by hand on the prepared soil and then lightly
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declares his certainty that "the
Husbandry of England in General is Virgilian." In a polemic chapter entitled "Remarks on the Bad Husbandry, that is so finely Express'd in Virgil's First Georgic," Tull derides it for several apparent deficiencies in farming techniques:
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present in plants; indeed, in one form or another, it is rarely absent from them. The presence of silica (flint) is almost equally general. Magnesia is less usually present, or, at least, it exists in smaller proportions; and the same remark applies to alumina (clay).
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A supplement to the essay on horse-hoing husbandry. Containing explanations and additions both in theory and practice. Wherein all the objections against that husbandry, which are come to the author's knowledge are consider'd and answer'd. By Jethro Tull,
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to enrich land: Tull derides Virgil's "unbecoming" foolishness for suggesting such a faulty method. Tull cites measurements of soil weight before and after stubble burning, noting that the decrease in soil weight must indicate loss of soil content and
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ploughing to all regardless of soil type and condition, and for his dogmatic dismissal of the value of dung. He compared Tull to a quack who claims one medicine can cure all manners of diseases. For two more volumes, Switzer fine-combs through
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smaller and smaller particles through pulverization was what gave nutrition to vegetable roots. Thus he promoted the enrichment of soil by frequent ploughing, which he reasoned would also encourage absorption of dew moisture in the land.
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in 37–30 BC, continued to hold great philosophical and cultural power in
Britain, serving not merely as poetry but as manuals of husbandry and even scientific treatises. The sheer number of English translations and editions of
255:, he is considered to be one of the early proponents of a scientific – and especially empirical – approach to agriculture. He helped transform agricultural practices by inventing or improving numerous implements.
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The influence of the atmosphere on the soil and the increased fertility produced by pulverising and stirring heavy lands led to the notion adopted by Tull that labour might entirely supersede the necessity of
457:, in 1734. He not only accused Tull of plagiarizing his technological inventions from others, namely the horse hoe and drill, but also attacked him for his criticism of farming techniques found in Virgil's
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cultivated soils of the farmer besides the earths, and that so far from their being always the chief constituents of the soil, they very often form the smallest portion of even a highly productive field.
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in the
American Southern Colonies. Tull's system taught that to ensure a sufficient number of plants, they did not just need to increase the quantity of seed, but to plant the seed at regular distances.
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He concludes with a declaration that his "New
Husbandry," at odds with many of his contemporaries and differing "in all respects, warrants calling it Anti-Virgilian."
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While supported by a number of powerful patrons, Tull's revolutionary claims regarding horse-hoeing husbandry and rejection of
Virgilian, "old" husbandry presented in
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The practical husbandman and planter: or, Observations on the ancient and modern husbandry, planting, gardening, &c ...By a society of husbandmen and planters
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Tull's work on agriculture initiated a new movement in 18th-century agriculture called "horse-hoeing husbandry" or "new husbandry". His system was supported by
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At a later period (1730–1740), Tull devoted all his energies to promote the introduction of this machine, "more especially as it admitted the use of the hoe."
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Sayre, Laura B. (1 January 2010). "The pre-history of soil science: Jethro Tull, the invention of the seed drill, and the foundations of modern agriculture".
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382:: hence the origin of the horse-hoeing husbandry, which at one time was so highly thought of as to be called, by way of distinction, the
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449:, a contemporary landscape gardener and leader of the Private Society of Husbandmen and Planters. Following the publication of
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De Bruyn, Frans (May 2017). "Eighteenth-Century
Editions of Virgil's Georgics: From Classical Poem to Agricultural Treatise".
414:. It may have been thrown by his men, who adopted new types of tool with reluctance and reportedly thwarted him in many ways.
411:
239:, Berkshire (now redundant), where he had been baptised. His modern gravestone bears the burial date 9 March 1740 using the
216:(then in Berkshire, now in Wiltshire). Here, resuming the agricultural efforts he had commenced earlier, he wrote his book
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Tilling of land with harrows and cross-ploughing: again Tull scoffs at a method of ploughing which diverged from his own.
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975:"Reading Virgil's Georgics as a Scientific Text: The Eighteenth-Century Debate between Jethro Tull and Stephen Switzer"
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578:. A Miscellany of Popular Antiquities in connection with the Calendar. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1879.
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other, so that two sorts of seed might be sown at the same time. A harrow to cover in the seed was attached behind.
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After Tull's death, his holdings of about 70 acres (28 ha) of freehold land in
Berkshire found their way into
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between 1690 and 1820 highlights its cultural significance in British society. In the preface to his translation,
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Agricultural biography: containing a notice of the life and writings of the British authors on agriculture
137:. Tull's methods were adopted by many landowners and helped to provide the basis for modern agriculture.
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In his travels, Tull found himself seeking more knowledge of agriculture. Influenced by the early
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in 1731, Switzer fiercely attacked Tull in the final two volumes of his own monthly publication,
750:, ed. Lewis M. Knapp and Paul-Gabriel Boucé, OUP, The World's Classics, 1984, p. 327, Note 2.
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in 1701 that economically sowed the seeds in neat rows, and later developed a horse-drawn
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621:. Chapter 1. "Jethro Tull: Founder of the principles of dry-farming." 1913. pp. 1–15
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791:. Adams, John, 1735–1826, former owner (4th ed.). London: Printed for A. Millar.
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Lumen: Selected Proceedings from the Canadian Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies
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The Horse-Hoeing Husbandry: Or, An Essay on the Principles of Tillage and Vegetation
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half of the seed would spring up sooner than the other, allowing part to escape the
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Tull died on 21 February 1741 at Prosperous Farm and is buried in the graveyard of
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and travelled to Europe in search of a cure. He spent a considerable period at
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Agricultural reforms and inventions, such as the seed drill and horse-drawn hoe
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722:"Victoria County History – Berkshire: Vol 4 pp228-234 – Parishes: Shalbourne"
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drew fire from a variety of critics. One of his most vehement dissenters was
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The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
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The works of Tull appeared between the years 1731 and 1739. A selection:
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The Cambridge history of science. Volume 4, Eighteenth-century science
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Tull made early advances in planting crops with his invention of the
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196:, Warwickshire. They settled on his father's farm at Howberry, near
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in England, and many others. It offered two major innovations:
263:
775:
Jethro Tull, The New Horse-Houghing Husbandry (1731), p. xiv.
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Rejection of Virgilian husbandry: debate with Stephen Switzer
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did the same. The farmhouse was rebuilt in the 19th century.
293:
Tull's Seed drill (Horse-hoeing husbandry, 4th edition, 1762)
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The farmer's encyclopædia, and dictionary of rural affairs.
421:, under the Coomb Hills about 4 miles (6 km) south of
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The Farmer's Encyclopædia, and Dictionary of Rural Affairs
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The Farmer's Encyclopædia, and Dictionary of Rural Affairs
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The Farmer's Encyclopædia, and Dictionary of Rural Affairs
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The Farmer's Encyclopædia, and Dictionary of Rural Affairs
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and his rejection of traditional, "Virgilian" husbandry.
200:, Oxfordshire, where they had one son and two daughters.
1034:. Studies from the History of Soil Science and Geology.
243:, which is equivalent to the modern date 20 March 1741.
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Soon after his call to the bar, Tull became ill with a
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pores or cavities, wherein their roots are included."
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Tull married Susanna Smith, daughter of John Smith of
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and was called to the bar on 11 December 1693 by the
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Jethro Tull: His Influence on Mechanized Agriculture
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310:the history of the drill then occurred until 1782.
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271:the soil to bury the seeds to the correct depth.
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595:Jethro Tull's Horse Hoeing Husbandry 5th edition
129:of the 18th century. He perfected a horse-drawn
1032:Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C
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720:Page, William; Ditchfield, P.H., eds. (1924).
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707:, by Cuthbert W. Johnson, 1844, pp. 1056–1057.
417:Tull's Prosperous Farm in the rural parish of
840:, by Cuthbert W. Johnson, 1844, pp. 428–429.
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470:, a didactic poem written by the Roman poet
113:(baptised 30 March 1674 – 21 February 1741,
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534:from John Adams's library, Internet Archive
393:Tull's book upon husbandry also influenced
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237:St Bartholomew's Church, Lower Basildon
229:St Bartholomew's Church, Lower Basildon
86:St Bartholomew's Church, Lower Basildon
16:English agricultural pioneer, 1674–1741
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628:, Osprey (The Great Innovators Series)
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973:Bruyn, Frans De (27 September 2004).
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412:Royal Agricultural Society of England
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592:Aaron Brachfeld, Mary Choate (2010)
455:The Practical Husbandman and Planter
1246:Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
1231:People of the Industrial Revolution
1153:. New York: Oxford UP. p. 327.
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262:(1701) – a mechanical seeder that
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1151:The Expedition of Humphry Clinker
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127:British Agricultural Revolution
19:For the British rock band, see
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1069:. Cambridge University Press.
1065:Porter, Roy (1 January 2003).
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764:The Implements of Agriculture.
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350:Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau
125:who helped to bring about the
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1179:By Cuthbert W. Johnson, 1844
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464:Throughout the 18th century,
354:Michel Lullin de Chateauvieux
165:on 30 March 1674, grew up in
863:Johnson, Cuthbert W. (1844)
618:Makers of Modern Agriculture
429:made a pilgrimage there and
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894:, Vol. 1, C. Knight, 1833.
877:Hurte's Essays on Husbandry
145:Tull was born, probably in
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1171:This article incorporates
509:The Horse-Hoeing Husbandry
443:The Horse-Hoeing Husbandry
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1149:Smollett, Tobias (1998).
1134:Switzer, Stephen (1733).
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637:Tull was referred to in
552:Donaldson, John (1854).
177:. He became a member of
1197:at berkshirehistory.com
927:Johnson (1844, p. 1060)
867:. "Agriculture", p. 41.
849:Johnson (1844, p. 626).
576:Chambers's Book of Days
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1241:People from Shalbourne
1173:public domain material
942:"Prosperous (1034015)"
906:Johnson (1844; p. 549)
806:"Drill Husbandry" in:
788:Horse-hoeing husbandry
728:. University of London
726:British History Online
615:Will MacDonald et al.
602:Jethro Tull I, II, III
530:Horse-hoeing husbandry
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279:Horse-hoeing Husbandry
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169:, and matriculated at
1251:Members of Gray's Inn
1118:Tull, Jethro (1731).
991:10.1353/elh.2004.0035
918:, Vol. xxiii, p. 173.
785:Tull, Jethro (1762).
684:registration required
624:G. E. Fussell (1973)
515:Selected publications
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227:Tull's gravestone at
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161:. He was baptised at
1266:Burials in Berkshire
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546:Works on Jethro Tull
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167:Bradfield, Berkshire
88:, Berkshire, England
76:, Berkshire, England
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760:James Allen Ransome
612:(1), pp. 26–35
147:Basildon, Berkshire
54:Basildon, Berkshire
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703:"Tull Jethro" in:
671:. 13 November 2008
600:N. Hidden (1989) "
493:Burning of stubble
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241:Old Style calendar
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205:pulmonary disorder
21:Jethro Tull (band)
1226:English inventors
1138:. pp. xi–xv.
1123:. pp. 27–70.
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606:Agric. Hist. Rev.
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67:(1741-02-21)
25:
1216:1741 deaths
1211:1674 births
1195:Jethro Tull
1189:Jethro Tull
1162:Attribution
1000:10393/32258
558:. pp.
402:Tull's farm
386:husbandry.
352:in France,
209:Montpellier
111:Jethro Tull
93:Nationality
32:Jethro Tull
1205:Categories
953:20 January
732:19 January
675:15 January
651:References
496:nutrition.
423:Hungerford
419:Shalbourne
358:John Mills
304:turnip fly
260:seed drill
214:Shalbourne
187:Gray's Inn
179:Staple Inn
131:seed drill
74:Shalbourne
1085:491069066
1017:201791276
1009:1080-6547
584:Libraries
580:Digitised
269:harrowing
141:Biography
123:Berkshire
115:New Style
56:, England
1102:: 151–3.
822:, p. 13.
477:Georgics
467:Georgics
459:Georgics
408:Chancery
220:(1731).
183:benchers
163:Basildon
159:Basildon
1040:Bibcode
896:p. 226.
766:p. 100.
762:(1843)
586:of the
582:at the
96:English
1175:from:
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527:1731;
472:Virgil
380:manure
344:Legacy
175:degree
1013:S2CID
539:Esq.,
525:Tull.
264:sowed
121:from
1081:OCLC
1071:ISBN
1005:ISSN
955:2020
734:2020
677:2018
566:The
562:–50.
541:1736
247:Work
62:Died
50:1674
47:Born
1048:doi
995:hdl
987:doi
979:ELH
604:",
570:in
384:new
185:of
155:née
151:née
135:hoe
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