Methodology - Knowledge

1564:, one at a time, until the solution to the initial problem is found. An important advantage of the synthetic method is its clear and short logical exposition. One disadvantage is that it is usually not obvious in the beginning that the steps taken lead to the intended conclusion. This may then come as a surprise to the reader since it is not explained how the mathematician knew in the beginning which steps to take. The analytic method often reflects better how mathematicians actually make their discoveries. For this reason, it is often seen as the better method for teaching mathematics. It starts with the intended conclusion and tries to find another formula from which it can be deduced. It then goes on to apply the same process to this new formula until it has traced back all the way to already proven theorems. The difference between the two methods concerns primarily how mathematicians think and present their 906:

between hierarchical approaches, which consider one task at a time in a hierarchical manner, and concurrent approaches, which consider them all simultaneously. Methodologies are a little more specific. They are general strategies needed to realize an approach and may be understood as guidelines for how to make choices. Often the term "framework" is used as a synonym. A method is a still more specific way of practically implementing the approach. Methodologies provide the guidelines that help researchers decide which method to follow. The method itself may be understood as a sequence of techniques. A technique is a step taken that can be observed and measured. Each technique has some immediate result. The whole sequence of steps is termed a "procedure". A similar but less complex characterization is sometimes found in the field of

771:. In this regard, methodology comes after formulating a research question and helps the researchers decide what methods to use in the process. For example, methodology should assist the researcher in deciding why one method of sampling is preferable to another in a particular case or which form of data analysis is likely to bring the best results. Methodology achieves this by explaining, evaluating and justifying methods. Just as there are different methods, there are also different methodologies. Different methodologies provide different approaches to how methods are evaluated and explained and may thus make different suggestions on what method to use in a particular case. 1237:, but various closely related aims have also been proposed, like understanding, explanation, or predictive success. Strictly speaking, there is no one single scientific method. In this regard, the expression "scientific method" refers not to one specific procedure but to different general or abstract methodological aspects characteristic of all the aforementioned fields. Important features are that the problem is formulated in a clear manner and that the evidence presented for or against a theory is public, reliable, and replicable. The last point is important so that other researchers are able to repeat the experiments to 1109:, for example, criticized the focus on methodology during his time while making significant contributions to it himself. Spirkin believes that one important reason for this development is that contemporary society faces many global problems. These problems cannot be solved by a single researcher or a single discipline but are in need of collaborative efforts from many fields. Such interdisciplinary undertakings profit a lot from methodological advances, both concerning the ability to understand the methods of the respective fields and in relation to developing more homogeneous methods equally used by all of them. 1021:

with the goal of formulating new hypotheses. This is especially relevant when the existing knowledge of the subject is inadequate. Important advantages of quantitative methods include precision and reliability. However, they have often difficulties in studying very complex phenomena that are commonly of interest to the social sciences. Additional problems can arise when the data is misinterpreted to defend conclusions that are not directly supported by the measurements themselves. In recent decades, many researchers in the social sciences have started combining both methodologies. This is known as

1359:

members express and discuss their personal views. An important advantage of focus groups is that they can provide insight into how ideas and understanding operate in a cultural context. However, it is usually difficult to use these insights to discern more general patterns true for a wider public. One advantage of focus groups is that they can help the researcher identify a wide range of distinct perspectives on the issue in a short time. The group interaction may also help clarify and expand interesting contributions. One disadvantage is due to the moderator's personality and

1005:. For qualitative research, the sample size is usually rather small, while quantitative research tends to focus on big groups and collecting a lot of data. After the collection, the data needs to be analyzed and interpreted to arrive at interesting conclusions that pertain directly to the research question. This way, the wealth of information obtained is summarized and thus made more accessible to others. Especially in the case of quantitative research, this often involves the application of some form of statistics to make sense of the numerous individual measurements. 58: 1294:. The core disagreement between these two approaches concerns their understanding of the confirmation of scientific theories. The inductive approach holds that a theory is confirmed or supported by all its positive instances, i.e. by all the observations that exemplify it. For example, the observations of many white swans confirm the universal hypothesis that "all swans are white". The hypothetico-deductive approach, on the other hand, focuses not on positive instances but on deductive consequences of the theory. This way, the researcher uses 1386:, or in a controlled setting such as a laboratory. Controlled settings carry with them the risk of distorting the results due to their artificiality. Their advantage lies in precisely controlling the relevant factors, which can help make the observations more reliable and repeatable. Non-participatory observation involves a distanced or external approach. In this case, the researcher focuses on describing and recording the observed phenomena without causing or changing them, in contrast to 1344:

the investigation in many ways. Depending on the type and depth of the interview, this method belongs either to quantitative or to qualitative research. The terms research conversation and muddy interview have been used to describe interviews conducted in informal settings which may not occur purely for the purposes of data collection. Some researcher employ the go-along method by conducting interviews while they and the participants navigate through and engage with their environment.

999:. It involves the selection of a subset of individuals or phenomena to be measured. Important in this regard is that the selected samples are representative of the whole population, i.e. that no significant biases were involved when choosing. If this is not the case, the data collected does not reflect what the population as a whole is like. This affects generalizations and predictions drawn from the biased data. The number of individuals selected is called the 1242:

aims at obtaining numerical data. This data is often described using mathematical formulas. The goal is usually to arrive at some universal generalizations that apply not just to the artificial situation of the experiment but to the world at large. Some data can only be acquired using advanced measurement instruments. In cases where the data is very complex, it is often necessary to employ sophisticated statistical techniques to draw conclusions from it.

1105:

methodology. This phenomenon can be interpreted in different ways. Some see it as a positive indication of the topic's theoretical and practical importance. Others interpret this interest in methodology as an excessive preoccupation that draws time and energy away from doing research on concrete subjects by applying the methods instead of researching them. This ambiguous attitude towards methodology is sometimes even exemplified in the same person.

1118:

focus on the quantitative approach, specifically when it is treated as the only viable approach. Nonetheless, there are also more fundamental criticisms of methodology in general. They are often based on the idea that there is little value to abstract discussions of methods and the reasons cited for and against them. In this regard, it may be argued that what matters is the correct employment of methods and not their meticulous study.

1444:. These methods structure how philosophers conduct their research, acquire knowledge, and select between competing theories. It concerns both descriptive issues of what methods have been used by philosophers in the past and normative issues of which methods should be used. Many philosophers emphasize that these methods differ significantly from the methods found in the natural sciences in that they usually do not rely on 1195: 1038:

Formal methodologies, on the other hand, are based on a variety of studies and try to arrive at more general principles applying to different fields. They may also give particular prominence to the analysis of the language of science and the formal structure of scientific explanation. A closely related classification distinguishes between philosophical, general scientific, and special scientific methods.

1668:. But in its widest sense, it encompasses all forms of education, both inside and outside schools. In this wide sense, pedagogy is concerned with "any conscious activity by one person designed to enhance learning in another". The teaching happening this way is a process taking place between two parties: teachers and learners. Pedagogy investigates how the teacher can help the learner undergo 1013:. The success of the natural sciences was often seen as an indication of the superiority of the quantitative methodology and used as an argument to apply this approach to other fields as well. However, this outlook has been put into question in the more recent methodological discourse. In this regard, it is often argued that the paradigm of the natural sciences is a one-sided development of 1753:. It consists of a number of basic concepts and general theories, that determine how the studied phenomena are to be conceptualized and which scientific methods are considered reliable for studying them. Various theorists emphasize similar aspects of methodologies, for example, that they shape the general outlook on the studied phenomena and help the researcher see them in a new light. 1137:, "e run, as a rule, worse, not better, if we think a lot about our feet". A less severe version of this criticism does not reject methodology per se but denies its importance and rejects an intense focus on it. In this regard, methodology has still a limited and subordinate utility but becomes a diversion or even counterproductive by hindering practice when given too much emphasis. 1307:) between whatever is being observed. It is up to the researcher to do all they can to disprove their own hypothesis through relevant methods or techniques, documented in a clear and replicable process. If they fail to do so, it can be concluded that the null hypothesis is false, which provides support for their own hypothesis about the relation between the observed phenomena. 1323:, interviews, focus groups, and the nominal group technique. Surveys belong to quantitative research and usually involve some form of questionnaire given to a large group of individuals. It is paramount that the questions are easily understandable by the participants since the answers might not have much value otherwise. Surveys normally restrict themselves to 775:

scheme based on views, beliefs, and values, that guides the choices researchers make". Ginny E. Garcia and Dudley L. Poston understand methodology either as a complex body of rules and postulates guiding research or as the analysis of such rules and procedures. As a body of rules and postulates, a methodology defines the subject of analysis as well as the

1489:. It studies concepts by breaking them down into their most fundamental constituents to clarify their meaning. Common sense philosophy uses common and widely accepted beliefs as a philosophical tool. They are used to draw interesting conclusions. This is often employed in a negative sense to discredit radical philosophical positions that go against 1101:

these techniques to improve them as well as to make it easier to use them and pass them on. In the field of research, for example, the goal of this process is to find reliable means to acquire knowledge in contrast to mere opinions acquired by unreliable means. In this regard, "methodology is a way of obtaining and building up ... knowledge".

1042:

acceptable for some forms of quantitative research, it fails for qualitative research. One argument for this position is based on the claim that research is not a technique but a craft that cannot be achieved by blindly following a method. In this regard, research depends on forms of creativity and improvisation to amount to good science.

1375:

issues. The initial responses are often given in written form by each participant without a prior conversation between them. In this manner, group effects potentially influencing the expressed opinions are minimized. In later steps, the different responses and comments may be discussed and compared to each other by the group as a whole.

1025:. A central motivation for this is that the two approaches can complement each other in various ways: some issues are ignored or too difficult to study with one methodology and are better approached with the other. In other cases, both approaches are applied to the same issue to produce more comprehensive and well-rounded results. 1422:. It is based on the assumption that many of the phenomena studied using the other approaches are mere distortions or surface illusions. It seeks to uncover deeper structures of the material world hidden behind these distortions. This approach is often guided by the goal of helping people effect social changes and improvements. 1452:. Which method one follows can have wide implications for how philosophical theories are constructed, what theses are defended, and what arguments are cited in favor or against. In this regard, many philosophical disagreements have their source in methodological disagreements. Historically, the discovery of new methods, like 1548:, various methods can be distinguished, such as synthetic, analytic, deductive, inductive, and heuristic methods. For example, the difference between synthetic and analytic methods is that the former start from the known and proceed to the unknown while the latter seek to find a path from the unknown to the known. 1397:

agree with this characterization, in contrast to interpretive and critical perspectives on the social sciences. According to William Neumann, positivism can be defined as "an organized method for combining deductive logic with precise empirical observations of individual behavior in order to discover

1374:

is similar to focus groups with a few important differences. The group often consists of experts in the field in question. The group size is similar but the interaction between the participants is more structured. The goal is to determine how much agreement there is among the experts on the different

1140:

Another line of criticism concerns more the general and abstract nature of methodology. It states that the discussion of methods is only useful in concrete and particular cases but not concerning abstract guidelines governing many or all cases. Some anti-methodologists reject methodology based on the

1117:

Most criticism of methodology is directed at one specific form or understanding of it. In such cases, one particular methodological theory is rejected but not methodology at large when understood as a field of research comprising many different theories. In this regard, many objections to methodology

1095:

Aleksandr Georgievich Spirkin argues that methodology, when understood in a wide sense, is of great importance since the world presents us with innumerable entities and relations between them. Methods are needed to simplify this complexity and find a way of mastering it. On the theoretical side, this

1020:

Which method is more appropriate often depends on the goal of the research. For example, quantitative methods usually excel for evaluating preconceived hypotheses that can be clearly formulated and measured. Qualitative methods, on the other hand, can be used to study complex individual issues, often

645:

Many discussions in methodology concern the question of whether the quantitative approach is superior, especially whether it is adequate when applied to the social domain. A few theorists reject methodology as a discipline in general. For example, some argue that it is useless since methods should be

1298:

before conducting an experiment to infer what observations they expect. These expectations are then compared to the observations they actually make. This approach often takes a negative form based on falsification. In this regard, positive instances do not confirm a hypothesis but negative instances

1100:

and solving problems. On the practical side, this concerns skills of influencing nature and dealing with each other. These different methods are usually passed down from one generation to the next. Spirkin holds that the interest in methodology on a more abstract level arose in attempts to formalize

1073:

philosophy. They start with certain particular observations. It is then argued that the observed phenomena can only exist if their conditions of possibility are fulfilled. This way, the researcher may draw general psychological or metaphysical conclusions based on the claim that the phenomenon would

1028:

Qualitative and quantitative research are often associated with different research paradigms and background assumptions. Qualitative researchers often use an interpretive or critical approach while quantitative researchers tend to prefer a positivistic approach. Important disagreements between these

905:

to distinguish the term "methodology" from the closely related terms "approach", "method", "procedure", and "technique". On their view, "approach" is the most general term. It can be defined as "a way or direction used to address a problem based on a set of assumptions". An example is the difference

892:

writing as well as whether research studies objective facts rather than constructing the phenomena it claims to study. In the latter sense, some methodologists have even claimed that the goal of science is less to represent a pre-existing reality and more to bring about some kind of social change in

716:

to be used under certain circumstances, usually expressable as a sequence of repeatable instructions. The goal of following the steps of a method is to bring about the result promised by it. In the context of inquiry, methods may be defined as systems of rules and procedures to discover regularities

1343:

constitute a middle ground: they include both predetermined questions and questions not planned in advance. Structured interviews make it easier to compare the responses of the different participants and to draw general conclusions. However, they also limit what may be discovered and thus constrain

1091:

are often seen as the driving force behind the success and prominence of the natural sciences. In some cases, the choice of methodology may have a severe impact on a research project. The reason is that very different and sometimes even opposite conclusions may follow from the same factual material

1041:

One type of methodological outlook is called "proceduralism". According to it, the goal of methodology is to boil down the research process to a simple set of rules or a recipe that automatically leads to good research if followed precisely. However, it has been argued that, while this ideal may be

1037:

Various other classifications have been proposed. One distinguishes between substantive and formal methodologies. Substantive methodologies tend to focus on one specific area of inquiry. The findings are initially restricted to this specific field but may be transferrable to other areas of inquiry.

994:

Quantitative methods dominate in the natural sciences but both methodologies are used in the social sciences. Some social scientists focus mostly on one method while others try to investigate the same phenomenon using a variety of different methods. It is central to both approaches how the group of

917:

discipline. The key difference in this regard is whether methodology just provides a value-neutral description of methods or what scientists actually do. Many methodologists practice their craft in a normative sense, meaning that they express clear opinions about the advantages and disadvantages of

810:

for and against them, and what the general goal of researching them is. So in this wider sense, methodology overlaps with philosophy by making these assumptions explicit and presenting arguments for and against them. According to C. S. Herrman, a good methodology clarifies the structure of the data

570:

from this sample, and interpreting the data. The study of methods concerns a detailed description and analysis of these processes. It includes evaluative aspects by comparing different methods. This way, it is assessed what advantages and disadvantages they have and for what research goals they may

1720:

The choice of which specific method is best to use depends on various factors, such as the subject matter and the learner's age. Interest and curiosity on the side of the student are among the key factors of learning success. This means that one important aspect of the chosen teaching method is to

1679:

Various influential pedagogical theories have been proposed. Mental-discipline theories were already common in ancient Greek and state that the main goal of teaching is to train intellectual capacities. They are usually based on a certain ideal of the capacities, attitudes, and values possessed by

774:

According to Aleksandr Georgievich Spirkin, " methodology is a system of principles and general ways of organising and structuring theoretical and practical activity, and also the theory of this system". Helen Kara defines methodology as "a contextual framework for research, a coherent and logical

1241:

or disconfirm the initial study. For this reason, various factors and variables of the situation often have to be controlled to avoid distorting influences and to ensure that subsequent measurements by other researchers yield the same results. The scientific method is a quantitative approach that

1082:

It has been argued that a proper understanding of methodology is important for various issues in the field of research. They include both the problem of conducting efficient and reliable research as well as being able to validate knowledge claims by others. Method is often seen as one of the main

973:

Qualitative research is characterized in various ways in the academic literature but there are very few precise definitions of the term. It is often used in contrast to quantitative research for forms of study that do not quantify their subject matter numerically. However, the distinction between

791:

Some theorists prefer an even wider understanding of methodology that involves not just the description, comparison, and evaluation of methods but includes additionally more general philosophical issues. One reason for this wider approach is that discussions of when to use which method often take

1358:

similar people. Researchers can use this method to collect data based on the interactions and responses of the participants. The interview often starts by asking the participants about their opinions on the topic under investigation, which may, in turn, lead to a free exchange in which the group

990:

with a participant from a new experimental therapy to assess its potential benefits and drawbacks. It is also used to improve quantitative research, such as informing data collection materials and questionnaire design. Qualitative research is frequently employed in fields where the pre-existing

654:

of researchers. Methodologists often respond to these objections by claiming that a good methodology helps researchers arrive at reliable theories in an efficient way. The choice of method often matters since the same factual material can lead to different conclusions depending on one's method.

1684:

identifies five essential components of teaching: preparation, presentation, association, generalization, and application. They correspond to different phases of the educational process: getting ready for it, showing new ideas, bringing these ideas in relation to known ideas, understanding the

1104:

Various theorists have observed that the interest in methodology has risen significantly in the 20th century. This increased interest is reflected not just in academic publications on the subject but also in the institutionalized establishment of training programs focusing specifically on

885:. This means that there is no overarching framework to assess the conflicting theoretical and methodological assumptions. This critique puts into question various presumptions of the quantitative approach associated with scientific progress based on the steady accumulation of data. 958:. It is based on precise numerical measurements, which are then used to arrive at exact general laws. This precision is also reflected in the goal of making predictions that can later be verified by other researchers. Examples of quantitative research include physicists at the 1173:. He is quite critical of methodologists based on the claim that they usually act as advocates of one particular method usually associated with quantitative research. An often-cited quotation in this regard is that "ethodology is too important to be left to methodologists". 760:. It also includes evaluative aspects: forms of data collection, measurement strategies, and ways to analyze data are compared and their advantages and disadvantages relative to different research goals and situations are assessed. In this regard, methodology provides the 1472:

to construct a comprehensive philosophical system based on them. Phenomenology gives particular importance to how things appear to be. It consists in suspending one's judgments about whether these things actually exist in the external world. This technique is known as

1254:

designed for this specific hypothesis. The actual results of the experiment are then compared to the expected results based on one's hypothesis. The findings may then be interpreted and published, either as a confirmation or disconfirmation of the initial hypothesis.

1177:

has rejected this negative outlook on methodology. He holds that Becker's criticism can be avoided by understanding methodology as an inclusive inquiry into all kinds of methods and not as a mere doctrine for converting non-believers to one's preferred method.

738:

and of how to go about the data collection itself, like surveys, interviews, or observation. There are also numerous methods of how the collected data can be analyzed using statistics or other ways of interpreting it to extract interesting conclusions.

1680:

educated people. According to naturalistic theories, there is an inborn natural tendency in children to develop in a certain way. For them, pedagogy is about how to help this process happen by ensuring that the required external conditions are set up.

1622:. Inferential statistics, on the other hand, uses this data based on a sample to draw inferences about the population at large. That can take the form of making generalizations and predictions or by assessing the probability of a concrete hypothesis. 1165:

However, these criticisms of methodology in general are not always accepted. Many methodologists defend their craft by pointing out how the efficiency and reliability of research can be improved through a proper understanding of methodology.

1282:

actively "puts questions to nature". While the distinction is usually clear in the paradigmatic cases, there are also many intermediate cases where it is not obvious whether they should be characterized as observation or as experimentation.

1725:. Many forms of education also include regular assessment of the learner's progress, for example, in the form of tests. This helps to ensure that the teaching process is successful and to make adjustments to the chosen method if necessary. 1008:

Many discussions in the history of methodology center around the quantitative methods used by the natural sciences. A central question in this regard is to what extent they can be applied to other fields, like the social sciences and

621:

and gives less prominence to exact numerical measurements. It aims more at an in-depth understanding of the meaning of the studied phenomena and less at universal and predictive laws. Common methods found in the social sciences are

811:

to be analyzed and helps the researchers see the phenomena in a new light. In this regard, a methodology is similar to a paradigm. A similar view is defended by Spirkin, who holds that a central aspect of every methodology is the

1610:. Descriptive statistics restricts itself to the data at hand. It tries to summarize the most salient features and present them in insightful ways. This can happen, for example, by visualizing its distribution or by calculating 675:

while methodologies are more general research strategies that determine how to conduct a research project. In this sense, methodologies include various theoretical commitments about the intended outcomes of the investigation.

1463:

A great variety of methods has been employed throughout the history of philosophy. Methodological skepticism gives special importance to the role of systematic doubt. This way, philosophers try to discover absolutely certain

792:

various background assumptions for granted, for example, concerning the goal and nature of research. These assumptions can at times play an important role concerning which method to choose and how to follow it. For example,

733:

or to techniques of verifying and falsifying pre-existing knowledge claims. This encompasses various issues pertaining both to the collection of data and their analysis. Concerning the collection, it involves the problem of

1266:. This distinction is based on the idea that experimentation involves some form of manipulation or intervention. This way, the studied phenomena are actively created or shaped. For example, a biologist inserting viral 1153:

to be provocative and insightful, which is prohibited by a strictly codified approach. Chamberlain uses the neologism "methodolatry" to refer to this alleged overemphasis on methodology. Similar arguments are given in

1245:

The scientific method is often broken down into several steps. In a typical case, the procedure starts with regular observation and the collection of information. These findings then lead the scientist to formulate a

751:

of the principles of methods, rules, and postulates employed by a discipline". This study or analysis involves uncovering assumptions and practices associated with the different methods and a detailed description of

1278:. The scientific revolution in the 16th and 17th century affected a paradigm change that gave a much more central role to experimentation in the scientific methodology. This is sometimes expressed by stating that 1410:, for example, argues that the method of the natural sciences is inadequate for the social sciences. Instead, more importance is placed on meaning and how people create and maintain their social worlds. The 974:

these two types is not always obvious and various theorists have argued that it should be understood as a continuum and not as a dichotomy. A lot of qualitative research is concerned with some form of human

982:, in which case it tends to focus on a few individuals and their in-depth understanding of the meaning of the studied phenomena. Examples of the qualitative method are a market researcher conducting a 1186:

Part of the importance of methodology is reflected in the number of fields to which it is relevant. They include the natural sciences and the social sciences as well as philosophy and mathematics.

764:, knowledge, and practical guidance needed to conduct scientific research in an efficient manner. It acts as a guideline for various decisions researchers need to take in the scientific process. 779:

tools used by the analysis and the limits of the analysis. Research projects are usually governed by a structured procedure known as the research process. The goal of this process is given by a

1270:

into a bacterium is engaged in a form of experimentation. Pure observation, on the other hand, involves studying independent entities in a passive manner. This is the case, for example, when

747:

However, many theorists emphasize the differences between the terms "method" and "methodology". In this regard, methodology may be defined as "the study or description of methods" or as "the

806:

that determines which questions are asked and what counts as good science. This concerns philosophical disagreements both about how to conceptualize the phenomena studied, what constitutes

888:

Other discussions of abstract theoretical issues in the philosophy of science are also sometimes included. This can involve questions like how and whether scientific research differs from

1393:

An important methodological debate in the field of social sciences concerns the question of whether they deal with hard, objective, and value-neutral facts, as the natural sciences do.

1299:

disconfirm it. Positive indications that the hypothesis is true are only given indirectly if many attempts to find counterexamples have failed. A cornerstone of this approach is the

1049:

from many particular observations to arrive at general conclusions, often in the form of universal laws. Deductive methods, also referred to as axiomatic methods, are often found in

991:

knowledge is inadequate. This way, it is possible to get a first impression of the field and potential theories, thus paving the way for investigating the issue in further studies.

1133:

that work best when the agent focuses only on employing them. In this regard, reflection may interfere with the process and lead to avoidable mistakes. According to an example by

1017:, which is not equally well suited to all areas of inquiry. The divide between quantitative and qualitative methods in the social sciences is one consequence of this criticism. 638:. They differ from each other concerning their sample size, the types of questions asked, and the general setting. In recent decades, many social scientists have started using 684:

The term "methodology" is sometimes used as a synonym for the term "method". A method is a way of reaching some predefined goal. It is a planned and structured procedure for

1029:

approaches concern the role of objectivity and hard empirical data as well as the research goal of predictive success rather than in-depth understanding or social change.

712:

method. The term "technique" is often used as a synonym both in the academic and the everyday discourse. Methods usually involve a clearly defined series of decisions and

4594: 3764: 2538:"How biological background assumptions influence scientific risk evaluation of stacked genetically modified plants: an analysis of research hypotheses and argumentations" 667:

The term "methodology" is associated with a variety of meanings. In its most common usage, it refers either to a method, to the field of inquiry studying methods, or to

1129:

Some even hold that methodological reflection is not just a waste of time but actually has negative side effects. Such an argument may be defended by analogy to other

4851: 671:

discussions of background assumptions involved in these processes. Some researchers distinguish methods from methodologies by holding that methods are modes of

2491: 1764:

with a finite number of steps. Each step has to be precisely defined so it can be carried out in an unambiguous manner for each application. For example, the

2407:"Research Methodology in Philosophy within an Interdisciplinary and Commercialised African Context: Guarding Against Undue Influence from the Social Sciences" 3419: 1367:

settings, cultural and linguistic adaptations and group composition considerations are important to encourage greater participation in the group discussion.

1339:, which are closer to a free-flow conversation and require more improvisation on the side of the interviewer for finding interesting and relevant questions. 4868: 201: 1586:. It plays a central role in many forms of quantitative research that have to deal with the data of many observations and measurements. In such cases, 1145:

to do their work effectively. But this freedom may be constrained and stifled by "inflexible and inappropriate guidelines". For example, according to

1122:, for example, compared methodologists to "people who clean their glasses so thoroughly that they never have time to look through them". According to 5003: 464: 614:. Further steps are to test the hypothesis using an experiment, to compare the measurements to the expected results, and to publish the findings. 1689:

focus primarily on how learning takes place and formulate the proper methods of teaching based on these insights. One of them is apperception or

1045:

Other types include inductive, deductive, and transcendental methods. Inductive methods are common in the empirical sciences and proceed through

4544: 1512:, which involve imagining situations to assess their possible consequences in order to confirm or refute philosophical theories. The method of 5246: 767:

Methodology can be understood as the middle ground between concrete particular methods and the abstract and general issues discussed by the

6187: 5782: 5406: 5106: 4935: 3155:

Sha, Mandy (2020-04-30). "Cross-cultural comparisons of focus groups as a research method (Chapter 8)". In Sha, Mandy; Gabel, Tim (eds.).

533: 1331:. They contrast in this regard to interviews, which put more emphasis on the individual participant and often involve open questions. 910:, where the teaching process may be described through a three-level conceptualization based on "approach", "method", and "technique". 558:

discussion of associated background assumptions. A method is a structured procedure for bringing about a certain goal, like acquiring

1713:, in which the learner's behavior is shaped by presenting them with a stimulus with the goal of evoking and solidifying the desired 882: 579:

for or against them. When understood in the widest sense, methodology also includes the discussion of these more abstract issues.

2386: 1602:

the data to arrive at practically useful conclusions. There are numerous methods of data analysis. They are usually divided into

798: 491: 7206: 474: 161: 2835:"Review of near-shore satellite derived bathymetry: Classification and account of five decades of coastal bathymetry research" 938:

Theorists often distinguish various general types or approaches to methodology. The most influential classification contrasts

6220: 6173: 6095: 5978: 5802: 5256: 5164: 5124: 5013: 4986: 4699: 4577: 4520: 4063: 3901: 3874: 3801: 3774: 3716: 3689: 3662: 3514: 3347: 3176: 3131: 3051: 2885: 2638: 2520: 2449: 2346: 2310: 2186: 2002: 1970: 1851: 6569: 4612:"It ain't just what you do and the way that you do it: why discourse matters in higher education communities of practice" 8743: 6039: 2204:, W. A. Neilson, T. A. Knott, P. W. Carhart (eds.), G. & C. Merriam Company, Springfield, MA, 1950. 1497:

has a very similar method: it approaches philosophical questions by looking at how the corresponding terms are used in

6057: 5599: 3928: 3437: 3086: 1319:, where both quantitative and qualitative approaches are used. They employ various forms of data collection, such as 3328:

Baynes, Kenneth (22 December 2016). "Interpretivism and Critical Theory". In McIntyre, Lee; Rosenberg, Alex (eds.).

5424:"Common Sense and Philosophical Methodology: Some Metaphilosophical Reflections on Analytic Philosophy and Deleuze" 8483: 3454: 688:. In this regard, methods stand in contrast to free and unstructured approaches to problem-solving. For example, 469: 4717:"Issues in the Analysis of Focus Groups: Generalisability, Quantifiability, Treatment of Context and Quotations" 4689: 571:

be used. These descriptions and evaluations depend on philosophical background assumptions. Examples are how to

7706: 7402: 913:

One question concerning the definition of methodology is whether it should be understood as a descriptive or a

834:

is often associated with an emphasis on empirical data collection and a more distanced and objective attitude.

526: 17: 4328: 9276: 9065: 496: 149: 5965:. Intelligent Systems Reference Library. Vol. 176. Springer International Publishing. pp. 63–131. 1516:

tries to form a coherent perspective by examining and reevaluating all the relevant beliefs and intuitions.

1806: 1494: 1291: 826:

issues in cases where they have important implications for the proper research methodology. For example, a

454: 3678:

Spirkin, Aleksandr Georgievich (1990). "XVI.2. The Dialectics of World Development in the Present Epoch".

8393: 6680: 3530:

Stevenson, Michael; Witschge, Tamara (2020). "Methods we live by: Proceduralism, process, and pedagogy".

1714: 1686: 902: 5033: 1520:

focus on the practical consequences of philosophical theories to assess whether they are true or false.

9340: 9257: 7475: 6903: 6724: 5423: 1457: 986:

in order to learn how people react to a new product or a medical researcher performing an unstructured

31: 2788:"Distinguishing approach, methodology, method, procedure and technique in process systems engineering" 1335:

are planned in advance and have a fixed set of questions given to each individual. They contrast with

7928: 7281: 7099: 6908: 6665: 5906:

Mishra, Prabhaker; Pandey, ChandraMani; Singh, Uttam; Keshri, Amit; Sabaretnam, Mayilvaganan (2019).

4137: 3156: 1791: 1453: 1431: 1387: 1340: 519: 481: 268: 4804: 4379: 7631: 7552: 7482: 6923: 6836: 6651: 6609: 6562: 3329: 1698: 1062: 6443:

Howell, K. E. (2013) Introduction to the Philosophy of Methodology. London, UK: Sage Publications.

4353: 1238: 9369: 9325: 8971: 7798: 7626: 7487: 4559: 4080: 2209: 1903:

Herrman, C. S. (2009). "Fundamentals of Methodology - Part I: Definitions and First Principles".

1776:. It is based on simple steps like comparing the two numbers and subtracting one from the other. 1769: 1521: 1371: 635: 436: 6153: 5958: 5181: 4021:"Observation Versus Experiment: An Adequate Framework for Analysing Scientific Experimentation?" 9412: 9070: 8753: 8617: 7874: 7602: 7542: 7512: 7221: 7089: 7082: 7077: 6613: 6449:

Action Research for Business, Nonprofit, and Public Administration - A Tool for Complex Times .

5303:"Philosophical methods under scrutiny: introduction to the special issue philosophical methods" 5302: 2787: 1722: 1710: 1607: 1603: 1513: 1402:

laws that can be used to predict general patterns of human activity". This view is rejected by

1336: 1022: 705: 689: 639: 311: 258: 5755: 5522: 5471: 5059: 4746:"Not just another focus group: making the case for the nominal group technique in criminology" 4426: 1958: 1870: 9320: 9144: 8961: 8674: 8132: 7988: 7661: 7656: 7345: 7254: 7171: 7154: 7134: 6985: 6843: 6821: 6623: 6477: 5624: 4805:"Focus Group meets Nominal Group Technique: an effective combination for student evaluation?" 4688:

Kusenbach, Margarethe (29 January 2016). "The Go-Along Method". In Schwanhäußer, Anja (ed.).

3706: 3043:

Challenging the qualitative-quantitative divide: explorations in case-focused causal analysis

2875: 2508: 2334: 2300: 1990: 1839: 1796: 1088: 996: 967: 959: 939: 881:. According to Kuhn, an important factor in such debates is that the different paradigms are 854: 846: 827: 768: 735: 583: 486: 459: 365: 196: 136: 6316: 5794: 5144: 5116: 1705:. Learning is a form of developing the mind by helping it establish the right associations. 1126:, the practice of methodology often degenerates into a "fetishism of method and technique". 842:

and tend, therefore, to include more subjective tendencies in the research process as well.

9485: 9232: 9159: 8592: 8540: 8334: 8112: 7788: 7753: 7592: 7176: 7159: 7040: 7015: 6913: 6764: 6734: 6719: 2601: 1332: 1169:

A criticism of more specific forms of methodology is found in the works of the sociologist

987: 943: 858: 627: 587: 424: 166: 124: 8941: 6084:

Murphy, Patricia (2 September 2003). "1. Defining Pedagogy". In Gipps, Caroline V. (ed.).

4052:

González, Wenceslao J. (2010). "1. Recent approaches on Observation and Experimentation".

2385:

Spirkin, Aleksandr Georgievich (1983). "1. Philosophy As A World-View And A Methodology".

2202:

Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, Second Edition, Unabridged

1685:

general principle behind their instances, and putting what one has learned into practice.

1274:

observe the orbits of astronomical objects far away. Observation played the main role in

1250:

describing and explaining the observed phenomena. The next step consists in conducting an

1061:

or first principles and use deduction to infer interesting conclusions from these axioms.

8: 9125: 9050: 8738: 8587: 8550: 8149: 8117: 8005: 7815: 7701: 7597: 7532: 7470: 7432: 7338: 7286: 7259: 7050: 7030: 6898: 6883: 6744: 6628: 6555: 6367: 5548: 2745: 1765: 1595: 1486: 1482: 1469: 1468:

that are indubitable. The geometric method starts from such first principles and employs

1328: 1295: 1287: 1084: 1046: 963: 850: 713: 655:

Interest in methodology has risen in the 20th century due to the increased importance of

563: 114: 6417: 4959: 3988: 2205: 2024: 9436: 9335: 8488: 8361: 8269: 8190: 7810: 7572: 7557: 7119: 7104: 7025: 7010: 6512: 6485: 6179: 5984: 5934: 5907: 5854: 5736: 5667: 5605: 5387: 5379: 5332: 5087: 4916: 4832: 4785: 4670: 4631: 4538: 4486: 4453: 4407: 4251: 4212: 4173: 3957: 3845: 3582: 3547: 3482: 3400: 3305: 3280: 3261: 3212: 3017: 2984: 2856: 2815: 2765: 2726: 2718: 2671: 2572: 2537: 1811: 1619: 1611: 1568:. The two are equivalent in the sense that the same proof may be presented either way. 1565: 1533: 1529: 1509: 1394: 1320: 757: 697: 623: 392: 316: 129: 6209:

Anderson, Philip M. (2005). "3. The Meaning of Pedagogy". In Kincheloe, Joe L. (ed.).

5591: 9446: 9402: 9383: 8833: 8773: 8471: 8344: 8339: 7933: 7733: 7723: 7676: 7350: 7164: 7020: 6955: 6848: 6749: 6638: 6633: 6618: 6517: 6290: 6265: 6216: 6183: 6169: 6091: 6053: 5988: 5974: 5939: 5846: 5798: 5728: 5609: 5595: 5453: 5448: 5439: 5391: 5371: 5324: 5252: 5201: 5160: 5120: 5091: 5079: 5009: 4982: 4908: 4836: 4824: 4789: 4777: 4695: 4674: 4650: 4635: 4611: 4573: 4526: 4516: 4491: 4473: 4411: 4399: 4255: 4216: 4177: 4059: 3934: 3924: 3897: 3870: 3837: 3797: 3770: 3712: 3685: 3658: 3586: 3551: 3510: 3486: 3474: 3433: 3404: 3392: 3343: 3310: 3253: 3172: 3127: 3092: 3082: 3057: 3047: 3022: 3004: 2945: 2881: 2860: 2819: 2807: 2730: 2710: 2634: 2577: 2559: 2516: 2455: 2445: 2342: 2306: 2234: 2182: 1998: 1966: 1847: 1801: 1649: 1525: 1498: 1445: 1230: 1146: 907: 780: 656: 603: 562:

or verifying knowledge claims. This normally involves various steps, like choosing a

509: 417: 402: 360: 343: 278: 263: 79: 74: 41: 5336: 3849: 3735:

Sociologogically imagined: The decentering of C. Wright Mills, the postmodern cowboy

3265: 602:

about future events. The dominant methodology in the natural sciences is called the

9354: 9134: 9008: 8908: 8888: 8783: 8763: 8728: 8022: 7940: 7781: 7758: 7696: 7502: 7497: 7460: 7211: 7144: 7109: 7055: 6938: 6888: 6816: 6754: 6507: 6497: 6161: 6045: 6015: 5966: 5929: 5919: 5838: 5790: 5720: 5663: 5587: 5443: 5435: 5363: 5314: 5193: 5152: 5112: 5071: 4900: 4816: 4767: 4757: 4729: 4724: 4716: 4662: 4623: 4565: 4481: 4465: 4391: 4302: 4247: 4243: 4204: 4165: 4132: 4124: 4032: 3829: 3574: 3539: 3466: 3425: 3418:

Glaser, Barney G.; Strauss, Anselm L. (1999). "From Substantive to Formal Theory".

3384: 3335: 3300: 3292: 3243: 3204: 3162: 3119: 3112:"The Multidimensional Model of Research Methodology: An Integrated Set of Continua" 3012: 2996: 2935: 2846: 2799: 2757: 2702: 2663: 2567: 2549: 2418: 2230: 2150: 1908: 1757: 1327:

in order to avoid various problems that come with the interpretation of answers to

1170: 955: 380: 348: 338: 306: 119: 84: 5105:

Cappelen, Herman; Gendler, Tamar Szabó; Hawthorne, John (19 May 2016). "Preface".

4820: 4627: 4558:

Adams, William C. (14 October 2015). "19. Conducting Semi-Structured Interviews".

3167: 3078:

Qualitative-quantitative research methodology: exploring the interactive continuum

2769: 918:

different methods. In this regard, methodology is not just about what researchers

646:

used rather than studied. Others hold that it is harmful because it restricts the

9291: 9281: 9242: 9218: 9194: 9179: 9139: 9100: 9095: 9013: 8978: 8838: 8560: 8503: 8493: 8410: 8289: 8260: 8255: 8197: 7748: 7691: 7686: 7666: 7617: 7517: 7455: 7397: 7392: 7377: 7216: 7191: 7067: 6990: 6945: 6853: 6502: 6236: 6210: 6085: 5890: 5873: 4976: 4053: 3891: 3864: 3791: 3679: 3652: 3635: 3618: 3601: 3504: 3503:

Spirkin, Aleksandr Georgievich (1990). "I.3. Philosophy as General Methodology".

2628: 2176: 2110: 2048: 1761: 1661: 1641: 1465: 1411: 1351: 1324: 1300: 1275: 1263: 1206: 1155: 1123: 1070: 874: 753: 685: 672: 591: 567: 387: 326: 243: 238: 233: 228: 67: 57: 7547: 6432:

Herrman, C. S. (2009). "Fundamentals of Methodology", a series of papers On the

6165: 5970: 3733: 3565:

Lee, Justin (June 2014). "Genre-Appropriate Judgments of Qualitative Research".

2964: 1552:

textbooks often proceed using the synthetic method. They start by listing known

838:, on the other hand, hold that external reality is not fully independent of the 9451: 9379: 9266: 9184: 9075: 8918: 8853: 8818: 8808: 8398: 8166: 7859: 7849: 7636: 7607: 7562: 7201: 7129: 7094: 6918: 6831: 6759: 6739: 6729: 6535: 6473:, Third Edition. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi, Singapore: Sage Publications 6342: 5319: 4889:"Integrating Positivist and Interpretive Approaches to Organizational Research" 4569: 3833: 3820:

Chamberlain, Kerry (May 2000). "Methodolatry and Qualitative Health Research".

2851: 2834: 2803: 2507:

Garcia-Alexander, Ginny; Woo, Hyeyoung; Carlson, Matthew J. (3 November 2017).

2221:

Baskerville, R. (1991). "Risk Analysis as a Source of Professional Knowledge".

1690: 1648:: it investigates the methods and practices that can be applied to fulfill the 1599: 1591: 1437: 1403: 1364: 1363:, which may influence the opinions stated by the participants. When applied to 1316: 1279: 1199: 1159: 1050: 995:

individuals used for the data collection is selected. This process is known as

979: 618: 412: 355: 253: 206: 186: 156: 8988: 6127: 5197: 5075: 4762: 4745: 4169: 4037: 3543: 3369: 3296: 3111: 3000: 2706: 2554: 2154: 2023:

Mehrten, Arnd (2010). "Methode/Methodologie". In Sandkühler, Hans Jörg (ed.).

830:

perspective considering the observed phenomena as an external and independent

554:

methods. However, the term can also refer to the methods themselves or to the

9479: 9432: 9398: 9300: 9252: 8898: 8883: 8828: 8622: 8577: 8565: 8459: 8454: 8388: 8368: 8139: 8012: 7983: 7681: 7651: 7582: 7567: 7418: 7231: 7226: 7196: 7072: 7035: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6811: 6699: 6647: 5850: 5732: 5457: 5375: 5328: 5205: 5083: 4912: 4828: 4781: 4666: 4530: 4477: 4403: 4055:

New Methodological Perspectives on Observation and Experimentation in Science

3578: 3478: 3470: 3123: 3061: 3008: 2940: 2923: 2811: 2714: 2563: 2459: 1681: 1673: 1587: 1419: 1119: 878: 693: 668: 555: 407: 397: 6004:"A Statistical Primer: Understanding Descriptive and Inferential Statistics" 5352:"The Problem of Necessary and Sufficient Conditions and Conceptual Analysis" 5156: 4469: 4128: 3429: 3096: 966:

conducting an online survey to determine the correlation between income and

9393: 9349: 9209: 9174: 9130: 9115: 8966: 8778: 8768: 8434: 8237: 8217: 8107: 8087: 7793: 7718: 7713: 7671: 7537: 7414: 7249: 6995: 6858: 6774: 6694: 6600: 6521: 5943: 5924: 4772: 4495: 3938: 3841: 3396: 3314: 3257: 3248: 3231: 3195:

Machlup, Fritz (January 1961). "Are the Social Sciences Really Inferior?".

3026: 2581: 1709:

is a more externally oriented learning theory. It identifies learning with

1490: 1134: 862: 849:, philosophical debates in methodology include the distinction between the 819: 729:. In this sense, methodology can refer to procedures used to arrive at new 631: 248: 6448: 6049: 6038:

Watkins, Chris; Mortimore, Peter (1999). "1: Pedagogy: What do we Know?".

4510: 4395: 3388: 3339: 3041: 2949: 2746:"Pragmatism vs interpretivism in qualitative information systems research" 2439: 2423: 2406: 1582:

Statistics investigates the analysis, interpretation, and presentation of

9407: 9388: 9315: 9286: 9214: 9204: 9154: 9031: 8903: 8873: 8823: 8748: 8702: 8682: 8636: 8582: 8414: 8405: 8299: 8161: 8102: 8097: 8034: 7968: 7950: 7869: 7822: 7646: 7522: 7357: 7149: 6928: 6826: 6709: 6675: 6643: 5842: 5575: 4904: 3081:. Benz, Carolyn R. Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press. 3076: 2761: 2411:

Thought and Practice: A Journal of the Philosophical Association of Kenya

1912: 1706: 1702: 1545: 1449: 1379: 1347: 1259: 1174: 1001: 983: 823: 793: 709: 607: 595: 375: 321: 176: 6411:

Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches

5963:

Introduction to Probabilistic and Statistical Methods with Examples in R

5858: 5826: 5383: 5351: 3918: 2874:

Richards, Jack C.; Dudeney, Gavin; Rodgers, Theodore S. (9 April 2001).

2444:. Gergen, Kenneth J., Gergen, Mary M. Bristol: Policy Press. p. 4. 1354:. They constitute a form of group interview involving a small number of 1286:

A central discussion in this field concerns the distinction between the

1194: 701: 9374: 9364: 9359: 9262: 9169: 9087: 9027: 9023: 8956: 8868: 8863: 8848: 8793: 8733: 8641: 8545: 8535: 8525: 8510: 8314: 8304: 8178: 8173: 8062: 8039: 7901: 7879: 7738: 7577: 7492: 7465: 7447: 7387: 7362: 7296: 7276: 7181: 7139: 7124: 7114: 7000: 6950: 6893: 6419:

Understanding Research: Coping with the Quantitative-Qualitative Divide

6404:

Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions

5740: 5708: 5367: 4920: 4888: 3216: 2722: 2690: 2675: 1669: 1577: 1553: 1517: 1478: 1441: 1355: 1271: 1251: 1247: 1222: 1150: 975: 866: 812: 651: 611: 599: 429: 333: 301: 273: 191: 181: 171: 6087:

Equity in the Classroom: Towards Effective Pedagogy for Girls and Boys

5651: 4231: 9422: 9345: 9296: 9149: 9110: 9018: 8913: 8893: 8858: 8813: 8788: 8758: 8723: 8692: 8597: 8530: 8439: 8419: 8383: 8373: 8329: 8222: 8127: 8067: 8053: 8048: 8000: 7995: 7973: 7963: 7911: 7906: 7844: 7768: 7743: 7728: 7527: 7062: 7045: 6878: 6578: 5301:

Eder, Anna-Maria A.; Lawler, Insa; van Riel, Raphael (1 March 2020).

3455:"Developing substantive theories into formal theories via disruption" 1750: 1741: 1701:

between ideas and experiences. On this view, the mind is initially a

1653: 1645: 1561: 1505: 1415: 1407: 1399: 1304: 1234: 1218: 1210: 1106: 914: 889: 861:, many basic assumptions are tied to philosophical positions such as 730: 559: 370: 6437: 6020: 6003: 5724: 5579: 4192: 4153: 4112: 4020: 3208: 2667: 2088: 2087:

Hatfield, Gary (1996). "Scientific method". In Craig, Edward (ed.).

1474: 783:, which determines what kind of information one intends to acquire. 9427: 9330: 9271: 9237: 9228: 9199: 9189: 9164: 9120: 9060: 8983: 8951: 8946: 8933: 8923: 8878: 8843: 8803: 8715: 8687: 8612: 8602: 8498: 8351: 8279: 8274: 8247: 8227: 8212: 8156: 8092: 7958: 7916: 7805: 7621: 7612: 7372: 7291: 7271: 7266: 7186: 7005: 6980: 6975: 6714: 6689: 6670: 6476:

Soeters, Joseph; Shields, Patricia and Rietjens, Sebastiaan. 2014.

6459:

Department of Education, Federal Urdu University, Karachi, Pakistan

4208: 2833:

Ashphaq, Mohammad; Srivastava, Pankaj K; Mitra, D (December 2021).

2441:

Creative research methods in the social sciences: a practical guide

1785: 1735: 1631: 1549: 1382:. Observation can take place either in a natural setting, i.e. the 1054: 835: 807: 803: 748: 576: 551: 296: 94: 89: 49: 3453:

Rosenbaum, Mark Scott; Russell-Bennett, Rebekah (1 January 2019).

3116:

Sage Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social & Behavioral Research

1664:. Its main focus is on teaching methods in the context of regular 9456: 9441: 9417: 9105: 9045: 9035: 9003: 8998: 8798: 8697: 8466: 8444: 8424: 8356: 8319: 8309: 8202: 8185: 8122: 8077: 8058: 8043: 8029: 7978: 7889: 7832: 7641: 7437: 7367: 7333: 7328: 7314: 7304: 7300: 7241: 6933: 6704: 6660: 6541: 4427:"Karl Popper: 4. Basic Statements, Falsifiability and Convention" 2630:

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions: 50th Anniversary Edition

1773: 1746: 1637: 1226: 1214: 1142: 1089:

developments of experimental methods in the 16th and 17th century

1066: 1010: 870: 831: 776: 726: 722: 647: 572: 5908:"Selection of appropriate statistical methods for data analysis" 5682: 5497: 5273: 5220: 4380:"Interpretation and the Hypothetico-Deductive Method: A Dilemma" 4273: 3370:"Introduction to positivism, interpretivism and critical theory" 9310: 9305: 9223: 9055: 9040: 8627: 8555: 8429: 8378: 8294: 8284: 8144: 8072: 7884: 7854: 7839: 7587: 7427: 7409: 7318: 7309: 6769: 6604: 4803:

Varga-Atkins, Tünde; McIsaac, Jaye; Willis, Ian (4 July 2017).

1665: 1097: 1014: 718: 1721:

ensure that these motivational forces are maintained, through

1524:

is a recently developed approach that uses the methodology of

9247: 8993: 8607: 8520: 8515: 8017: 7923: 7894: 7827: 7776: 7422: 5584:

Thought Experiments in Methodological and Historical Contexts

4193:"Beyond Bootstrapping: A New Account of Evidential Relevance" 3952: 3950: 3948: 3634:

Mittelstraß, Jürgen, ed. (2005). "Methode, transzendentale".

3285:

KZFSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie

2141:

Bryman, Alan (22 August 2008). "Of methods and methodology".

1657: 1557: 1481:

independent of assumptions about their causes. The method of

1130: 1087:. This is especially true for the natural sciences where the 1058: 761: 642:, which combines quantitative and qualitative methodologies. 6547: 6466:(3rd edition). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. 6315:

Angius, Nicola; Primiero, Giuseppe; Turner, Raymond (2021).

5713:

The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods

3763:

Overgaard, Søren; D'Oro, Giuseppina (2017). "Introduction".

3708:

Qualitative Analysis Using NVivo: The Five-Level QDA® Method

1460:, has had important impacts on the philosophical discourse. 1378:

Most of these forms of data collection involve some type of

1233:. Its main cognitive aim is usually seen as the creation of 8631: 8478: 8324: 8265: 8232: 8207: 8082: 7507: 7382: 7323: 6803: 6685: 6656: 6471:

Qualitative Research: Issues of Theory, Method and Practice

4958:

Sandkühler, Hans Jörg, ed. (2010). "Methode/Methodologie".

3705:

Woolf, Nicholas H.; Silver, Christina (20 September 2017).

2963:

OECD (20 March 2013). "3 Measuring subjective well-being".

2490:

Garcia, Ginny E.; Poston, Dudley L. (2008). "Methodology".

1694: 1615: 1583: 839: 5889:

Mittelstraß, Jürgen, ed. (2005). "Methode, synthetische".

3945: 2506: 1760:, an algorithm is a procedure or methodology to reach the 1315:

Significantly more methodological variety is found in the

786: 598:. Its goal is usually to find universal laws used to make 8572: 8449: 5872:

Mittelstraß, Jürgen, ed. (2005). "Methode, analytische".

4802: 4648: 1267: 6229: 5104: 3452: 3279:

Schoonenboom, Judith; Johnson, R. Burke (October 2017).

659:

work and the obstacles hindering efficient cooperation.

5905: 4512:

The philosophy of social science : an introduction

3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3617:

Mittelstraß, Jürgen, ed. (2005). "Methode, deduktive".

3600:

Mittelstraß, Jürgen, ed. (2005). "Methode, induktive".

3331:

The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Social Science

2175:

Schwandt, Thomas A. (19 December 2014). "Methodology".

1768:

is an algorithm that solves the problem of finding the

700:

is a method of determining the age of organic objects,

590:. Quantitative research is the main methodology of the 6259: 6257: 5034:"Chris Daly: An Introduction to Philosophical Methods" 4113:"Experiment, Observation and the Confirmation of Laws" 3790:

Ryle, Gilbert (16 June 2009). "23 Ordinary language".

2873: 2832: 2513:

Social Foundations of Behavior for the Health Sciences

6160:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 13–21. 5747: 4454:"What is Scientific Research and How Can it be Done?" 3232:"Mixed methods research: expanding the evidence base" 2104: 2102: 2100: 954:

Quantitative research is closely associated with the

818:

The discussion of background assumptions can include

6446:

Ndira, E. Alana, Slater, T. and Bucknam, A. (2011).

6399:. Seventh Edition. Boston MA: Pearson Education Inc. 6397:

Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences

6314: 5616: 5398: 5182:"Methodological scepticism, metaphysics and meaning" 4154:"Confirmation of Scientific Hypotheses as Relations" 3766:

The Cambridge Companion to Philosophical Methodology

3745: 2654:

Tawney, G. A. (May 1913). "Methodological Realism".

2143:

Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management

1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1788: – Set of distinct concepts or thought patterns 901:

Viknesh Andiappan and Yoke Kin Wan use the field of

6317:"The Philosophy of Computer Science: 3. Algorithms" 6254: 5064:

Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research

4809:

Innovations in Education and Teaching International

3278: 617:Qualitative research is more characteristic of the 6464:Qualitative research & evaluation methods 5300: 4975:Daly, Christopher (20 July 2010). "Introduction". 4458:Turkish Journal of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation 3815: 3813: 3762: 3281:"How to Construct a Mixed Methods Research Design" 2966:OECD Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Well-being 2786:Andiappan, Viknesh; Wan, Yoke Kin (1 April 2020). 2536:Rocca, Elena; Andersen, Fredrik (14 August 2017). 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2097: 1733:Methodology has several related concepts, such as 962:measuring the mass of newly created particles and 6041:Understanding Pedagogy and its Impact on Learning 5892:Enzyklopädie Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie 5875:Enzyklopädie Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie 5464: 5408:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition 4870:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 3637:Enzyklopädie Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie 3620:Enzyklopädie Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie 3603:Enzyklopädie Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie 3529: 3158:The Essential Role of Language in Survey Research 2493:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2112:Enzyklopädie Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie 2109:Mittelstraß, Jürgen, ed. (2005). "Methodologie". 2050:Enzyklopädie Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie 1865: 1863: 1824: 1485:came to particular prominence with the advent of 1303:, which assumes that there is no connection (see 1258:Two central aspects of the scientific method are 9477: 6486:"Why Most Published Research Findings Are False" 6478:Handbook of Research Methods in Military Studies 6037: 5108:The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical Methodology 4968: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4564:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 492–505. 3074: 2928:International Journal for Quality in Health Care 2781: 2779: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 1995:An Introduction to the Philosophy of Methodology 1963:An Introduction to the Philosophy of Methodology 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1844:An Introduction to the Philosophy of Methodology 1504:Many methods in philosophy rely on some form of 1350:are a qualitative research method often used in 6413:. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. 6406:. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. 6323:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 6033: 6031: 6008:Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 5762:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 5631:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 5555:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 5245:Nadler, Steven (2006). "The geometric method". 5138: 5136: 4433:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 4309:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 4087:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 3995:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 3986: 3810: 2608:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 2380: 2378: 2333:Mills, Jane; Birks, Melanie (20 January 2014). 2214: 2195: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2082: 2080: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 949: 6429:. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications. 6079: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6069: 5674: 5251:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–51. 5186:International Journal of Philosophical Studies 5149:The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophical Methods 5060:"How To Think About Philosophical Methodology" 4995: 4508: 4451: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3856: 3793:Collected Essays 1929 - 1968: Collected Papers 3498: 3496: 3190: 3188: 2917: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2241: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 1984: 1982: 1860: 1440:field of inquiry studying the methods used in 802:that sciences operate within a framework or a 6563: 6202: 6158:Principles and Pedagogies in Jewish Education 5547:Brown, James Robert; Fehige, Yiftach (2019). 4944: 4743: 3916: 3769:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–10. 3446: 3417: 3230:Shorten, Allison; Smith, Joanna (July 2017). 2985:"What is Qualitative in Qualitative Research" 2978: 2976: 2922:Powell, Richard A.; Single, Helen M. (1996). 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2776: 2535: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2033: 2018: 2016: 2014: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 857:interpretation of the scientific method. For 582:Methodologies are traditionally divided into 527: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6028: 5753: 5489: 5265: 5133: 4452:Çaparlar, Ceyda Özhan; Dönmez, Aslı (2016). 4418: 3229: 3118:, SagePublications, Inc., pp. 215–236, 2921: 2867: 2785: 2489: 2400: 2398: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2161: 2047:Mittelstraß, Jürgen, ed. (2005). "Methode". 1919: 6066: 5888: 5871: 5546: 5179: 5027: 5025: 4616:Higher Education Research & Development 3975: 3890:Becker, Howard Saul. "1.1 On methodology". 3819: 3704: 3633: 3616: 3599: 3493: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3185: 2982: 2877:Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching 2792:Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 2595: 2593: 2591: 2355: 2220: 2108: 2057: 2046: 1979: 1644:. In this regard, it is the methodology of 896: 575:the studied phenomena and what constitutes 6570: 6556: 6544:, research methodology forum and resources 5818: 5652:"Reflective Equilibrium and Justification" 5580:"On the Very Idea of a Thought Experiment" 5001: 4957: 4882: 4880: 4543:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4232:"The Objective Confirmation of Hypotheses" 3862: 3411: 2983:Aspers, Patrik; Corte, Ugo (1 June 2019). 2973: 2894: 2466: 2339:Qualitative Methodology: A Practical Guide 2332: 2298: 2178:The SAGE Dictionary of Qualitative Inquiry 2119: 2011: 1889: 1508:. They are used, for example, to evaluate 686:solving a theoretical or practical problem 534: 520: 56: 6511: 6501: 6483: 6104: 6019: 5933: 5923: 5573: 5447: 5318: 4771: 4761: 4728: 4687: 4485: 4267: 4265: 4158:Journal for General Philosophy of Science 4138:1983/79e68032-e432-47de-adb5-e7ca3ff2841d 4136: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4078: 4036: 4025:Journal for General Philosophy of Science 3923:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3698: 3654:Methodology of Social Sciences: Max Weber 3644: 3304: 3247: 3166: 3016: 2939: 2850: 2571: 2553: 2422: 2395: 2319: 1652:. These aims include the transmission of 6208: 5959:"Descriptive and Inferential Statistics" 5774: 5421: 5296: 5294: 5151:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 1–30. 5098: 5031: 5022: 4978:An Introduction to Philosophical Methods 4609: 4561:Handbook of Practical Program Evaluation 4424: 4296: 4294: 4051: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3987:Hepburn, Brian; Andersen, Hanne (2021). 3532:NECSUS European Journal of Media Studies 3356: 2839:Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science 2743: 2588: 2174: 2086: 1636:Pedagogy can be defined as the study or 1193: 1057:. They start from a set of self-evident 465:Library and information science software 6321:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5780: 5760:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5700: 5643: 5629:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5622: 5553:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5495: 5349: 4934:McKeon, R. "Methodology (Philosophy)". 4877: 4431:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4307:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4229: 4085:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4079:Boyd, Nora Mills; Bogen, James (2021). 3993:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3677: 3502: 3194: 2750:European Journal of Information Systems 2606:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2384: 2299:Hammersley, Martyn (14 December 2010). 2022: 1902: 799:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 787:As discussion of background assumptions 14: 9478: 6151: 6083: 5956: 5781:Plakias, Alexandra (3 February 2015). 5754:Knobe, Joshua; Nichols, Shaun (2017). 5706: 5649: 5567: 5540: 5244: 5218: 5180:Malachowski, Alan (1 September 1993). 5145:"Introduction and Historical Overview" 4927: 4714: 4262: 4190: 4110: 4099: 3741:. Texas A&M University. p. 5. 3327: 3109: 3039: 2653: 2140: 1991:"1. Introduction: Problems Identified" 1988: 1956: 1837: 1181: 893:favor of repressed groups in society. 742: 460:Geographic information system software 8662: 6791: 6589: 6551: 6001: 5824: 5795:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935314.013.17 5291: 5117:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199668779.013.34 4744:Vander Laenen, Freya (4 March 2015). 4557: 4377: 4371: 4300: 4291: 4151: 4145: 4018: 4007: 3650: 3150: 3148: 2688: 2404: 1989:Howell, Kerry E. (13 November 2012). 1957:Howell, Kerry E. (13 November 2012). 1838:Howell, Kerry E. (13 November 2012). 1536:and justifying philosophical claims. 1414:in social science is associated with 1198:The methodology underlying a type of 6538:, usage note on the word Methodology 5680: 5404: 5142: 5057: 4974: 4649:Lena Lippke; Lene Tanggaard (2014). 4592: 3789: 3731: 3651:Finch, Henry A. (31 December 2011). 3367: 2962: 2626: 2599: 2437: 2090:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6212:Classroom Teaching: An Introduction 5687:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5502:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5405:Audi, Robert (2006). "Philosophy". 5278:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5248:Spinoza's 'Ethics': An Introduction 5225:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5058:Nado, Jennifer (1 September 2017). 5032:Ichikawa, Jonathan (3 April 2011). 4886: 4278:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4081:"Theory and Observation in Science" 3564: 3154: 1728: 1676:of the subject matter in question. 1398:and confirm a set of probabilistic 1189: 24: 6389: 6263: 5668:10.1111/j.2041-6962.1984.tb00354.x 4933: 4715:Vicsek, Lilla (19 November 2014). 4651:"Leaning in to "Muddy" Interviews" 4271: 3889: 3145: 1310: 25: 9497: 6590: 6529: 6425:Guba, E. and Lincoln, Y. (1989). 6422:. London and New York: Routledge. 5592:10.1163/ej.9789004201767.i-233.35 5274:"Phenomenological Reduction, The" 5271: 3567:Philosophy of the Social Sciences 2627:Kuhn, Thomas S. (18 April 2012). 2542:Life Sciences, Society and Policy 1723:intrinsic or extrinsic motivation 1715:response pattern to this stimulus 1436:Philosophical methodology is the 1292:hypothetico-deductive methodology 1092:based on the chosen methodology. 6360: 6335: 6308: 6283: 6190:from the original on 12 May 2022 6145: 6125: 6002:Byrne, Gillian (14 March 2007). 5995: 5950: 5899: 5882: 5865: 5515: 5440:10.1111/j.1467-9191.2010.00361.x 5422:REYNOLDS, JACK (4 August 2010). 5415: 5343: 5038:Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews 4694:. Birkhäuser. pp. 154–158. 3421:The Discovery of Grounded Theory 1959:"13. Methods of Data Collection" 1875:The American Heritage Dictionary 1205:The dominant methodology in the 6469:Silverman, David (Ed). (2011). 6434:Social Science Research Network 5238: 5212: 5173: 5051: 4860: 4850:"Non-Participant Observation". 4843: 4796: 4737: 4708: 4681: 4642: 4603: 4593:Marshall, Gordon. "Interview". 4586: 4551: 4502: 4445: 4378:Folde, Christian (2016-03-01). 4346: 4321: 4223: 4184: 4072: 4045: 3910: 3883: 3783: 3725: 3671: 3627: 3610: 3593: 3558: 3523: 3321: 3272: 3223: 3161:. RTI Press. pp. 221–230. 3103: 3068: 3033: 2956: 2826: 2737: 2682: 2647: 2633:. University of Chicago Press. 2620: 2529: 2500: 2431: 5656:Southern Journal of Philosophy 5498:"Ordinary Language Philosophy" 4354:"hypothetico-deductive method" 4329:"hypothetico-deductive method" 4248:10.1080/00455091.1981.10716311 4236:Canadian Journal of Philosophy 3334:. Routledge Handbooks Online. 2880:. Cambridge University Press. 2744:Goldkuhl, Göran (March 2012). 1539: 1149:, a good interpretation needs 1096:concerns ways of forming true 662: 13: 1: 9066:Traditional African religions 6577: 5912:Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia 5827:"The Teaching of Mathematics" 4821:10.1080/14703297.2015.1058721 4628:10.1080/07294360.2015.1011087 3459:Journal of Services Marketing 3368:Ryan, Gemma (16 March 2018). 3168:10.3768/rtipress.bk.0023.2004 2405:Oduor, Rmj (10 August 2010). 1817: 1749:, a paradigm is a conceptual 1571: 1425: 1077: 1074:not be observable otherwise. 8663: 6503:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124 6455:Joubish, Farooq Dr. (2009). 6427:Fourth Generation Evaluation 5523:"ordinary language analysis" 5472:"philosophy of common sense" 5350:SHAFFER, MICHAEL J. (2015). 5002:Williamson, Timothy (2020). 4867:"Observation, Participant". 4730:10.46743/2160-3715/2010.1143 3822:Journal of Health Psychology 2509:"2. Social Research Methods" 2335:"3. Methodology and Methods" 2235:10.1016/0167-4048(91)90094-T 1807:Software development process 1495:Ordinary language philosophy 1141:claim that researchers need 1112: 950:Quantitative and qualitative 704:is a method of cooking, and 679: 594:. It uses precise numerical 7: 8394:Food and drink prohibitions 6792: 6462:Patton, M. Q. (2002). 6166:10.1007/978-3-030-83925-3_3 5971:10.1007/978-3-030-45799-0_2 5008:. Oxford University Press. 1779: 1625: 903:process systems engineering 10: 9502: 5957:Stapor, Katarzyna (2020). 5320:10.1007/s11229-018-02051-2 4570:10.1002/9781119171386.ch19 4425:Thornton, Stephen (2021). 4384:Journal of Literary Theory 3896:. Transaction Publishers. 3834:10.1177/135910530000500306 3681:Fundamentals of Philosophy 3657:. Transaction Publishers. 3506:Fundamentals of Philosophy 2852:10.1016/j.joes.2021.02.006 2804:10.1007/s10098-020-01819-w 2302:Methodology: Who Needs It? 1629: 1575: 1429: 1341:Semi-structured interviews 546:In its most common sense, 29: 9084: 8932: 8711: 8673: 8669: 8658: 8246: 7949: 7767: 7446: 7282:Cross-cultural psychology 7240: 7100:Manipulation (psychology) 6966: 6802: 6798: 6787: 6596: 6585: 6484:Ioannidis, J. P. (2005). 5783:"Experimental Philosophy" 5756:"Experimental Philosophy" 5707:Bawden, H. Heath (1904). 5198:10.1080/09672559308570774 5076:10.1007/s40961-017-0116-8 4937:New Catholic Encyclopedia 4853:A Dictionary of Sociology 4763:10.1186/s40163-014-0016-z 4596:A Dictionary of Sociology 4170:10.1007/s10838-006-1065-0 4038:10.1007/s10838-016-9335-y 3863:Feyerabend, Paul (1993). 3711:. Routledge. p. 32. 3297:10.1007/s11577-017-0454-1 3197:Southern Economic Journal 3075:Newman, Isadore. (1998). 3001:10.1007/s11133-019-9413-7 2707:10.1017/S0031819100051287 2555:10.1186/s40504-017-0057-7 2206:"Methodology Usage Notes" 2155:10.1108/17465640810900568 1792:Philosophical methodology 1477:and can be used to study 1454:methodological skepticism 1432:Philosophical methodology 1388:participatory observation 1032: 610:and the formulation of a 606:. It includes steps like 487:Qualitative data analysis 27:Study of research methods 7632:Mass psychogenic illness 7483:Collective effervescence 6924:Self-fulfilling prophecy 6610:Collective consciousness 6452:Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 5825:Young, J. W. A. (1968). 5625:"Reflective Equilibrium" 5623:Daniels, Norman (2020). 4961:Enzyklopädie Philosophie 4667:10.1177/1077800413510869 4301:Crupi, Vincenzo (2021). 4230:Stemmer, Nathan (1981). 4191:Culler, Madison (1995). 3796:. Taylor & Francis. 3579:10.1177/0048393113479142 3471:10.1108/JSM-04-2019-0158 3124:10.4135/9781506335193.n9 2689:Smart, J. J. C. (1986). 2656:The Philosophical Review 2600:Bird, Alexander (2018). 2223:Computers & Security 2026:Enzyklopädie Philosophie 1693:, which understands the 968:self-assessed well-being 933: 897:Related terms and issues 30:Not to be confused with 8972:Eastern Orthodox Church 7513:Culture-bound syndromes 7488:Collective intelligence 6416:Franklin, M.I. (2012). 5831:The Mathematics Teacher 5787:Oxford Handbooks Online 5650:Little, Daniel (1984). 5428:The Philosophical Forum 5157:10.1057/9781137344557_1 4509:Hollis, Martin (2014). 4470:10.5152/TJAR.2016.34711 4358:Encyclopedia Britannica 3684:. Progress Publishers. 3544:10.25969/mediarep/15344 3509:. Progress Publishers. 3430:10.4324/9780203793206-5 3110:Niglas, Katrin (2010), 2388:Dialectical Materialism 1905:SSRN Electronic Journal 1770:greatest common divisor 1522:Experimental philosophy 1458:phenomenological method 1372:nominal group technique 1337:unstructured interviews 944:qualitative methodology 636:nominal group technique 9413:Social constructionism 9071:Unitarian Universalism 7875:Observational learning 7603:In-group and out-group 7543:False consensus effect 7222:Suppression of dissent 7120:Moral entrepreneurship 7090:Ideological repression 7078:Historical revisionism 6614:Collective unconscious 6395:Berg, Bruce L., 2009, 6154:"What is "Education"?" 6152:Chazan, Barry (2022). 5925:10.4103/aca.ACA_248_18 4887:Lee, Allen S. (1991). 4721:The Qualitative Report 3917:Lakatos, Imre (1978). 3249:10.1136/eb-2017-102699 3236:Evidence Based Nursing 3040:Cooper, Barry (2012). 2941:10.1093/intqhc/8.5.499 2391:. Progress Publishers. 1711:classical conditioning 1697:primarily in terms of 1608:inferential statistics 1604:descriptive statistics 1560:and proceed by taking 1514:reflective equilibrium 1202: 1063:Transcendental methods 1023:mixed-methods research 964:positive psychologists 706:project-based learning 690:descriptive statistics 640:mixed-methods research 366:Inferential statistics 312:Descriptive statistics 259:Human subject research 8962:Chinese folk religion 7662:Political correctness 7657:Pluralistic ignorance 7346:Identity (philosophy) 7172:Religious persecution 7155:Psychological warfare 7135:Political engineering 6986:Argumentum ad populum 6844:Collective narcissism 6822:Attitude polarization 6409:Creswell, J. (2003). 6402:Creswell, J. (1998). 6368:"Euclidean algorithm" 6050:10.4135/9781446219454 5709:"What is Pragmatism?" 5549:"Thought Experiments" 5449:10536/DRO/DU:30061043 4396:10.1515/jlt-2016-0003 4197:Philosophy of Science 4152:Dogan, Aysel (2005). 4129:10.1093/analys/anr014 4019:Malik, Saira (2017). 3389:10.7748/nr.2018.e1466 3340:10.4324/9781315410098 2989:Qualitative Sociology 2691:"Realism v. Idealism" 2424:10.4314/tp.v2i1.59969 2181:. SAGE Publications. 1797:Political methodology 1762:solution of a problem 1656:as well as fostering 1333:Structured interviews 1197: 960:Large Hadron Collider 855:hypothetico-deductive 847:quantitative approach 769:philosophy of science 150:Philosophical schools 9326:Naturalism (Western) 9321:Naturalism (Chinese) 9233:Renaissance humanism 7789:Conceptual framework 7754:System justification 7593:Hysterical contagion 7177:Religious uniformity 7160:Religious conversion 7016:Cognitive dissonance 6914:Selective perception 6765:Theory of everything 6735:Primal world beliefs 6720:Philosophical theory 6480:New York: Routledge. 6457:Educational Research 5843:10.5951/MT.61.3.0287 5496:Parker-Ryan, Sally. 5221:"Geometrical Method" 5219:Goldenbaum, Ursula. 5143:Daly, Chris (2015). 4905:10.1287/orsc.2.4.342 4893:Organization Science 3920:Philosophical papers 3732:Kerr, Keith (2007). 2762:10.1057/ejis.2011.54 2438:Kara, Helen (2015). 1913:10.2139/ssrn.1373976 1745:. In the context of 1412:critical methodology 922:but about what they 859:qualitative research 815:that comes with it. 588:qualitative research 475:Reference management 425:Scientific modelling 167:Critical rationalism 8739:Christian democracy 7702:Social facilitation 7598:Information cascade 7533:Emotional contagion 7471:Collective behavior 7433:Symbolic boundaries 7287:Cultural psychology 7031:Cultural dissonance 6904:Observer-expectancy 6899:Observational error 6884:In-group favoritism 6629:Conventional wisdom 6264:Kimble, Gregory A. 5681:McDermid, Douglas. 4981:. Broadview Press. 4655:Qualitative Inquiry 4111:Okasha, S. (2011). 3989:"Scientific Method" 3958:"scientific method" 3424:. pp. 79–100. 1766:Euclidean algorithm 1672:that promote their 1510:thought experiments 1487:analytic philosophy 1483:conceptual analysis 1470:deductive reasoning 1450:measuring equipment 1182:In different fields 1085:scientific progress 1047:inductive reasoning 743:As study of methods 455:Argument technology 9437:Post-structuralism 8191:natural philosophy 7573:Group polarization 7558:Group cohesiveness 7207:Social engineering 7105:Media manipulation 7026:Crowd manipulation 7011:Circular reporting 6929:Clever Hans effect 6909:Selective exposure 6372:www.britannica.com 6347:www.britannica.com 6295:www.britannica.com 6270:www.britannica.com 6241:www.britannica.com 6132:www.britannica.com 5586:. Brill: 165–191. 5574:Goffi, Jean-Yves; 5527:www.britannica.com 5476:www.britannica.com 5368:10.1111/meta.12158 3962:www.britannica.com 2969:. OECD Publishing. 1812:Survey methodology 1691:association theory 1620:standard deviation 1534:empirical evidence 1530:cognitive sciences 1203: 988:in-depth interview 926:or how to perform 758:hypothesis testing 698:radiocarbon dating 449:Tools and software 393:Secondary research 317:Discourse analysis 9473: 9472: 9469: 9468: 9465: 9464: 9447:Transcendentalism 9403:Neo-scholasticism 9384:Neopythagoreanism 8834:Industrialisation 8774:Constitutionalism 8654: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8472:political freedom 7989:mind–body problem 7782:tacit assumptions 7734:Spontaneous order 7724:Social psychology 7677:Self-organization 7021:Critical thinking 6783: 6782: 6750:School of thought 6639:Cultural movement 6619:Conceptual system 6266:"Learning theory" 6222:978-0-8204-7858-6 6175:978-3-030-83925-3 6097:978-1-135-71682-0 5980:978-3-030-45799-0 5804:978-0-19-993531-4 5258:978-0-521-83620-3 5166:978-1-137-34455-7 5126:978-0-19-966877-9 5015:978-0-19-184724-0 4988:978-1-55111-934-2 4701:978-3-0356-0735-2 4610:Ryan, J. (2015). 4579:978-1-119-17138-6 4522:978-1-139-07679-1 4065:978-84-9745-530-5 3903:978-1-4128-3470-4 3893:Sociological Work 3876:978-0-86091-646-8 3803:978-0-203-87530-8 3776:978-1-107-54736-0 3718:978-1-351-72286-5 3691:978-5-01-002582-3 3664:978-1-4128-4383-6 3516:978-5-01-002582-3 3349:978-1-138-82575-8 3178:978-1-934831-24-3 3133:978-1-4129-7266-6 3053:978-1-4411-0063-4 3046:. A&C Black. 2887:978-0-521-80365-6 2640:978-0-226-45814-4 2522:978-3-319-64950-4 2451:978-1-4473-1627-5 2348:978-1-4739-0445-3 2312:978-1-4462-1012-3 2188:978-1-4833-2149-3 2004:978-1-4462-9062-0 1972:978-1-4462-9062-0 1853:978-1-4462-9062-0 1802:Scientific method 1687:Learning theories 1650:aims of education 1562:inferential steps 1526:social psychology 1499:ordinary language 1448:obtained through 1446:experimental data 1438:metaphilosophical 1231:scientific method 1147:Kerry Chamberlain 908:language teaching 781:research question 657:interdisciplinary 604:scientific method 544: 543: 510:Philosophy portal 418:Systematic review 403:Literature review 361:Historical method 344:Social experiment 279:Scientific method 264:Narrative inquiry 115:Interdisciplinary 109:Research strategy 80:Research question 75:Research proposal 16:(Redirected from 9493: 9135:New Confucianism 9009:Korean shamanism 8979:Ethnic religions 8909:Social democracy 8784:Environmentalism 8764:Communitarianism 8729:Authoritarianism 8671: 8670: 8660: 8659: 8290:Codes of conduct 7941:World disclosure 7929:consensus theory 7697:Social exclusion 7503:Crowd psychology 7498:Consensus theory 7461:Bandwagon effect 7398:Rites of passage 7212:Social influence 7145:Propaganda model 7110:Media regulation 6939:wishful thinking 6889:Magical thinking 6800: 6799: 6789: 6788: 6652:World folk-epics 6587: 6586: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6549: 6548: 6525: 6515: 6505: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6291:"Thomas S. Kuhn" 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6261: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6233: 6227: 6226: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6123: 6102: 6101: 6081: 6064: 6063: 6035: 6026: 6025: 6023: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5937: 5927: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5451: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5362:(4/5): 555–563. 5347: 5341: 5340: 5322: 5298: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5140: 5131: 5130: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5029: 5020: 5019: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4955: 4942: 4941: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4884: 4875: 4874: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4775: 4765: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4691:Sensing the City 4685: 4679: 4678: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4622:(5): 1001–1013. 4607: 4601: 4600: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4542: 4534: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4489: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4333:Oxford Reference 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4298: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4272:DiFate, Victor. 4269: 4260: 4259: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4108: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4016: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3984: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3954: 3943: 3942: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3817: 3808: 3807: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3760: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3500: 3491: 3490: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3377:Nurse Researcher 3374: 3365: 3354: 3353: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3308: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3251: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3192: 3183: 3182: 3170: 3152: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3020: 2980: 2971: 2970: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2943: 2919: 2892: 2891: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2854: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2783: 2774: 2773: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2701:(237): 295–312. 2686: 2680: 2679: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2597: 2586: 2585: 2575: 2557: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2487: 2464: 2463: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2402: 2393: 2392: 2382: 2353: 2352: 2330: 2317: 2316: 2296: 2239: 2238: 2218: 2212: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2172: 2159: 2158: 2138: 2117: 2116: 2106: 2095: 2094: 2084: 2055: 2054: 2044: 2031: 2030: 2020: 2009: 2008: 1986: 1977: 1976: 1954: 1917: 1916: 1900: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1867: 1858: 1857: 1835: 1758:computer science 1729:Related concepts 1662:character traits 1642:teaching methods 1544:In the field of 1466:first principles 1325:closed questions 1229:) is called the 1207:natural sciences 1190:Natural sciences 1171:Howard S. Becker 956:natural sciences 754:research designs 592:natural sciences 550:is the study of 536: 529: 522: 482:Science software 381:Cultural mapping 349:Quasi-experiment 339:Field experiment 307:Content analysis 202:Critical realism 120:Multimethodology 60: 37: 36: 21: 9501: 9500: 9496: 9495: 9494: 9492: 9491: 9490: 9476: 9475: 9474: 9461: 9292:Megarian school 9243:Illuminationism 9219:New historicism 9195:Foundationalism 9180:Eretrian school 9140:Critical theory 9101:Aristotelianism 9096:Agriculturalism 9086: 9080: 9014:Modern paganism 8928: 8839:Intellectualism 8713: 8707: 8665: 8646: 8494:Meaning of life 8399:unclean animals 8256:Aesthetic taste 8242: 8198:Problem of evil 8140:National mythoi 7945: 7763: 7759:Viral phenomena 7749:Swarm behaviour 7692:Social emotions 7687:Social behavior 7667:Pseudoconsensus 7618:Majoritarianism 7518:Deindividuation 7456:Abilene paradox 7442: 7378:Myth and ritual 7236: 7217:Social progress 7192:Self-censorship 7068:Excommunication 6991:Attitude change 6968: 6962: 6794: 6779: 6730:Presuppositions 6592: 6581: 6576: 6532: 6392: 6390:Further reading 6387: 6386: 6376: 6374: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6351: 6349: 6341: 6340: 6336: 6326: 6324: 6313: 6309: 6299: 6297: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6274: 6272: 6262: 6255: 6245: 6243: 6237:"Herbartianism" 6235: 6234: 6230: 6223: 6207: 6203: 6193: 6191: 6176: 6150: 6146: 6136: 6134: 6126:Peel, Edwin A. 6124: 6105: 6098: 6082: 6067: 6060: 6036: 6029: 6021:10.18438/B8FW2H 6000: 5996: 5981: 5955: 5951: 5904: 5900: 5887: 5883: 5870: 5866: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5779: 5775: 5765: 5763: 5752: 5748: 5725:10.2307/2011902 5719:(16): 421–427. 5705: 5701: 5691: 5689: 5679: 5675: 5648: 5644: 5634: 5632: 5621: 5617: 5602: 5572: 5568: 5558: 5556: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5529: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5494: 5490: 5480: 5478: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5420: 5416: 5403: 5399: 5348: 5344: 5299: 5292: 5282: 5280: 5270: 5266: 5259: 5243: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5217: 5213: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5103: 5099: 5056: 5052: 5042: 5040: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5005:1. Introduction 5000: 4996: 4989: 4973: 4969: 4956: 4945: 4932: 4928: 4885: 4878: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4801: 4797: 4773:1854/LU-5877565 4742: 4738: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4686: 4682: 4647: 4643: 4608: 4604: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4556: 4552: 4536: 4535: 4523: 4507: 4503: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4423: 4419: 4376: 4372: 4362: 4360: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4337: 4335: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4299: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4270: 4263: 4228: 4224: 4189: 4185: 4150: 4146: 4109: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4050: 4046: 4017: 4008: 3998: 3996: 3985: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3956: 3955: 3946: 3931: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3861: 3857: 3818: 3811: 3804: 3788: 3784: 3777: 3761: 3746: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3649: 3645: 3632: 3628: 3615: 3611: 3598: 3594: 3563: 3559: 3528: 3524: 3517: 3501: 3494: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3416: 3412: 3372: 3366: 3357: 3350: 3326: 3322: 3291:(S2): 107–131. 3277: 3273: 3228: 3224: 3209:10.2307/1055084 3193: 3186: 3179: 3153: 3146: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3108: 3104: 3089: 3073: 3069: 3054: 3038: 3034: 2981: 2974: 2961: 2957: 2920: 2895: 2888: 2872: 2868: 2831: 2827: 2784: 2777: 2742: 2738: 2687: 2683: 2668:10.2307/2178175 2652: 2648: 2641: 2625: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2598: 2589: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2505: 2501: 2488: 2467: 2452: 2436: 2432: 2403: 2396: 2383: 2356: 2349: 2331: 2320: 2313: 2297: 2242: 2219: 2215: 2210:Merriam–Webster 2200: 2196: 2189: 2173: 2162: 2139: 2120: 2107: 2098: 2085: 2058: 2045: 2034: 2021: 2012: 2005: 1987: 1980: 1973: 1955: 1920: 1901: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1877:. HarperCollins 1869: 1868: 1861: 1854: 1836: 1825: 1820: 1782: 1731: 1634: 1628: 1580: 1574: 1542: 1434: 1428: 1404:interpretivists 1356:demographically 1352:market research 1317:social sciences 1313: 1311:Social sciences 1301:null hypothesis 1276:ancient science 1264:experimentation 1192: 1184: 1156:Paul Feyerabend 1124:C. Wright Mills 1115: 1080: 1051:formal sciences 1035: 952: 936: 899: 883:incommensurable 875:critical theory 789: 745: 692:is a method of 682: 673:data collection 665: 619:social sciences 568:collecting data 540: 504: 503: 450: 442: 441: 388:Phenomenography 327:Autoethnography 292: 284: 283: 244:Grounded theory 239:Critical theory 234:Art methodology 229:Action research 224: 214: 213: 152: 142: 141: 110: 102: 101: 70: 68:Research design 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9499: 9489: 9488: 9471: 9470: 9467: 9466: 9463: 9462: 9460: 9459: 9454: 9452:Utilitarianism 9449: 9444: 9439: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9380:Pythagoreanism 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9267:Neo-Kantianism 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9226: 9221: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9185:Existentialism 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9092: 9090: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9078: 9076:Zoroastrianism 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8975: 8974: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8938: 8936: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8926: 8921: 8919:Utilitarianism 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8854:Libertarianism 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8819:Green politics 8816: 8811: 8809:Fundamentalism 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8720: 8718: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8679: 8677: 8667: 8666: 8656: 8655: 8652: 8651: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8625: 8623:Unspoken rules 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8569: 8568: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8507: 8506: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8457: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8408: 8403: 8402: 8401: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8365: 8364: 8354: 8349: 8348: 8347: 8342: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8263: 8258: 8252: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8194: 8193: 8183: 8182: 8181: 8171: 8170: 8169: 8159: 8154: 8153: 8152: 8142: 8137: 8136: 8135: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8026: 8025: 8015: 8010: 8009: 8008: 7998: 7993: 7992: 7991: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7955: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7931: 7921: 7920: 7919: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7898: 7897: 7892: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7860:Meta-knowledge 7857: 7852: 7850:Meaning-making 7847: 7842: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7825: 7820: 7819: 7818: 7813: 7803: 7802: 7801: 7791: 7786: 7785: 7784: 7773: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7637:Milieu control 7634: 7629: 7624: 7615: 7610: 7608:Invisible hand 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7563:Group dynamics 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7452: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7412: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7312: 7307: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7246: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7202:Social control 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7168: 7167: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7130:Polite fiction 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7095:Indoctrination 7092: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7053: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6972: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6958: 6948: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6934:placebo effect 6931: 6921: 6919:Self-deception 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6808: 6806: 6796: 6795: 6785: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6760:Social reality 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6740:Reality tunnel 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6654: 6648:National epics 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6607: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6583: 6582: 6575: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6542:Researcherbook 6539: 6536:Freedictionary 6531: 6530:External links 6528: 6527: 6526: 6481: 6474: 6467: 6460: 6453: 6444: 6441: 6430: 6423: 6414: 6407: 6400: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6359: 6334: 6307: 6282: 6253: 6228: 6221: 6215:. Peter Lang. 6201: 6174: 6144: 6103: 6096: 6065: 6058: 6027: 5994: 5979: 5949: 5918:(3): 297–301. 5898: 5881: 5864: 5837:(3): 287–295. 5817: 5803: 5773: 5746: 5699: 5673: 5662:(3): 373–387. 5642: 5615: 5600: 5566: 5539: 5514: 5488: 5463: 5434:(3): 231–258. 5414: 5397: 5356:Metaphilosophy 5342: 5313:(3): 915–923. 5290: 5264: 5257: 5237: 5211: 5192:(2): 302–312. 5172: 5165: 5132: 5125: 5097: 5070:(3): 447–463. 5050: 5021: 5014: 4994: 4987: 4967: 4943: 4926: 4899:(4): 342–365. 4876: 4859: 4842: 4815:(4): 289–300. 4795: 4736: 4707: 4700: 4680: 4661:(2): 136–143. 4641: 4602: 4585: 4578: 4550: 4521: 4515:. Cambridge . 4501: 4464:(4): 212–218. 4444: 4417: 4370: 4345: 4320: 4303:"Confirmation" 4290: 4261: 4242:(3): 395–404. 4222: 4209:10.1086/289886 4203:(4): 561–579. 4183: 4164:(2): 243–259. 4144: 4123:(2): 222–232. 4098: 4071: 4064: 4044: 4006: 3974: 3944: 3929: 3909: 3902: 3882: 3875: 3866:Against Method 3855: 3828:(3): 285–296. 3809: 3802: 3782: 3775: 3744: 3724: 3717: 3697: 3690: 3670: 3663: 3643: 3626: 3609: 3592: 3573:(3): 316–348. 3557: 3538:(2): 117–138. 3522: 3515: 3492: 3465:(5): 572–575. 3445: 3438: 3410: 3355: 3348: 3320: 3271: 3222: 3203:(3): 173–184. 3184: 3177: 3144: 3132: 3102: 3087: 3067: 3052: 3032: 2995:(2): 139–160. 2972: 2955: 2934:(5): 499–504. 2924:"Focus Groups" 2893: 2886: 2866: 2845:(4): 340–359. 2825: 2798:(3): 547–555. 2775: 2756:(2): 135–146. 2736: 2681: 2662:(3): 284–303. 2646: 2639: 2619: 2587: 2528: 2521: 2499: 2465: 2450: 2430: 2394: 2354: 2347: 2318: 2311: 2240: 2229:(8): 749–764. 2213: 2194: 2187: 2160: 2149:(2): 159–168. 2118: 2096: 2056: 2032: 2010: 2003: 1978: 1971: 1918: 1888: 1859: 1852: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1781: 1778: 1730: 1727: 1630:Main article: 1627: 1624: 1576:Main article: 1573: 1570: 1541: 1538: 1532:for gathering 1430:Main article: 1427: 1424: 1365:cross-cultural 1329:open questions 1312: 1309: 1280:modern science 1200:DNA sequencing 1191: 1188: 1183: 1180: 1160:Against Method 1114: 1111: 1079: 1076: 1065:are common in 1034: 1031: 951: 948: 935: 932: 898: 895: 796:argues in his 788: 785: 744: 741: 681: 678: 664: 661: 542: 541: 539: 538: 531: 524: 516: 513: 512: 506: 505: 502: 501: 500: 499: 494: 489: 479: 478: 477: 472: 462: 457: 451: 448: 447: 444: 443: 440: 439: 434: 433: 432: 422: 421: 420: 415: 413:Scoping review 410: 405: 400: 390: 385: 384: 383: 373: 368: 363: 358: 356:Field research 353: 352: 351: 346: 341: 331: 330: 329: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 293: 290: 289: 286: 285: 282: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 254:Historiography 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 225: 220: 219: 216: 215: 212: 211: 210: 209: 207:Subtle realism 204: 194: 189: 187:Postpositivism 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 162:Constructivism 159: 157:Antipositivism 153: 148: 147: 144: 143: 140: 139: 134: 133: 132: 122: 117: 111: 108: 107: 104: 103: 100: 99: 98: 97: 92: 82: 77: 71: 66: 65: 62: 61: 53: 52: 46: 45: 26: 18:Methodological 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9498: 9487: 9484: 9483: 9481: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9434: 9433:Structuralism 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9400: 9399:Scholasticism 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9341:Phenomenology 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9301:Postmodernism 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9253:Individualism 9251: 9249: 9248:ʿIlm al-Kalām 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9089: 9083: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8973: 8970: 8969: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8931: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8899:Republicanism 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8884:Progressivism 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8829:Individualism 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8710: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8661: 8657: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8578:Social stigma 8576: 8574: 8571: 8567: 8564: 8563: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8465: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8455:jurisprudence 8453: 8452: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8389:Family values 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8369:Entertainment 8367: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8245: 8239: 8238:Unobservables 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8187: 8184: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8175: 8172: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8151: 8150:philosophical 8148: 8147: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8134: 8131: 8130: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8013:Creation myth 8011: 8007: 8004: 8003: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7984:Consciousness 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7942: 7939: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7922: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7808: 7807: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7778: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7766: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7682:Social action 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7652:Peer pressure 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7583:Herd behavior 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7568:Group emotion 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7445: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7420: 7419:Social status 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7233: 7232:Woozle effect 7230: 7228: 7227:Systemic bias 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7197:Social change 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7073:Fearmongering 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7036:Deprogramming 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6965: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6874:Filter bubble 6872: 6870: 6869:Ethnocentrism 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6790: 6786: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6725:Point of view 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6700:Metanarrative 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6601:Basic beliefs 6599: 6598: 6595: 6591:Related terms 6588: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6568: 6566: 6561: 6559: 6554: 6553: 6550: 6543: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6523: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6490:PLOS Medicine 6487: 6482: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6468: 6465: 6461: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6393: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6322: 6318: 6311: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6271: 6267: 6260: 6258: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6224: 6218: 6214: 6213: 6205: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6133: 6129: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6099: 6093: 6090:. Routledge. 6089: 6088: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6061: 6059:9781853964534 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6042: 6034: 6032: 6022: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5953: 5945: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5894: 5893: 5885: 5877: 5876: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5806: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5777: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5688: 5684: 5677: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5646: 5630: 5626: 5619: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5601:9789004201774 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5410: 5409: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5297: 5295: 5279: 5275: 5272:Cogan, John. 5268: 5260: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5241: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5176: 5168: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5139: 5137: 5128: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5039: 5035: 5028: 5026: 5017: 5011: 5007: 5006: 4998: 4990: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4971: 4963: 4962: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4939: 4938: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4881: 4872: 4871: 4863: 4855: 4854: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4750:Crime Science 4747: 4740: 4731: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4703: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4606: 4598: 4597: 4589: 4581: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4554: 4546: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4432: 4428: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4295: 4279: 4275: 4268: 4266: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4067: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4048: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4013: 4011: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3930:0-521-21644-3 3926: 3922: 3921: 3913: 3905: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3886: 3878: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3814: 3805: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3786: 3778: 3772: 3768: 3767: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3737: 3736: 3728: 3720: 3714: 3710: 3709: 3701: 3693: 3687: 3683: 3682: 3674: 3666: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3647: 3639: 3638: 3630: 3622: 3621: 3613: 3605: 3604: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3518: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3499: 3497: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3441: 3439:9780203793206 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3422: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3189: 3180: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3151: 3149: 3135: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3088:0-585-17889-5 3084: 3080: 3079: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2977: 2968: 2967: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2889: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2782: 2780: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2642: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2623: 2607: 2603: 2602:"Thomas Kuhn" 2596: 2594: 2592: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2524: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2495: 2494: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2434: 2425: 2420: 2417:(1): 87–118. 2416: 2412: 2408: 2401: 2399: 2390: 2389: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2350: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2314: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2217: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2190: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2114: 2113: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2092: 2091: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2052: 2051: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2028: 2027: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2006: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1985: 1983: 1974: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1876: 1872: 1871:"methodology" 1866: 1864: 1855: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1823: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1726: 1724: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1682:Herbartianism 1677: 1675: 1674:understanding 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1633: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1588:data analysis 1585: 1579: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1423: 1421: 1420:Sigmund Freud 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1361:group effects 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1201: 1196: 1187: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1120:Sigmund Freud 1110: 1108: 1102: 1099: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1006: 1004: 1003: 998: 992: 989: 985: 981: 977: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 947: 945: 941: 931: 929: 925: 921: 916: 911: 909: 904: 894: 891: 886: 884: 880: 879:postmodernism 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 843: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 816: 814: 809: 805: 801: 800: 795: 784: 782: 778: 772: 770: 765: 763: 759: 755: 750: 740: 737: 732: 728: 724: 720: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 694:data analysis 691: 687: 677: 674: 670: 669:philosophical 660: 658: 653: 649: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 580: 578: 574: 573:conceptualize 569: 565: 561: 557: 556:philosophical 553: 549: 537: 532: 530: 525: 523: 518: 517: 515: 514: 511: 508: 507: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 484: 483: 480: 476: 473: 471: 470:Bibliometrics 468: 467: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 452: 446: 445: 438: 435: 431: 428: 427: 426: 423: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 408:Meta-analysis 406: 404: 401: 399: 398:Bibliometrics 396: 395: 394: 391: 389: 386: 382: 379: 378: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 336: 335: 332: 328: 325: 324: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 294: 288: 287: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 269:Phenomenology 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 226: 223: 218: 217: 208: 205: 203: 200: 199: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 154: 151: 146: 145: 138: 135: 131: 128: 127: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 112: 106: 105: 96: 93: 91: 88: 87: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 72: 69: 64: 63: 59: 55: 54: 51: 48: 47: 43: 39: 38: 33: 19: 9394:Reductionism 9370:Pre-Socratic 9350:Neoplatonism 9210:Hermeneutics 9175:Epicureanism 9131:Confucianism 9126:Collectivism 9116:Cartesianism 8967:Christianity 8779:Distributism 8769:Conservatism 8744:Collectivism 8712:Economic and 8637:Works of art 8593:Sublime, The 8484:Magnificence 8435:Human rights 8162:Origin myths 8108:Intelligence 8088:Idios kosmos 7864: 7823:Explanations 7794:Epistemology 7719:Social proof 7714:Social group 7672:Scapegoating 7553:Group action 7548:Folie à deux 7538:Entitativity 7415:Social class 7358:Institutions 7250:Anthropology 7115:Missionaries 7041:Echo chamber 6996:Brainwashing 6951:Stereotyping 6859:Cryptomnesia 6849:Confirmation 6775:Value system 6695:Mental model 6493: 6489: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6447: 6433: 6426: 6418: 6410: 6403: 6396: 6375:. Retrieved 6371: 6362: 6350:. Retrieved 6346: 6337: 6325:. Retrieved 6320: 6310: 6298:. Retrieved 6294: 6285: 6273:. Retrieved 6269: 6244:. Retrieved 6240: 6231: 6211: 6204: 6192:. Retrieved 6157: 6147: 6135:. Retrieved 6131: 6086: 6040: 6014:(1): 32–47. 6011: 6007: 5997: 5962: 5952: 5915: 5911: 5901: 5891: 5884: 5874: 5867: 5834: 5830: 5820: 5808:. Retrieved 5786: 5776: 5764:. Retrieved 5759: 5749: 5716: 5712: 5702: 5690:. Retrieved 5686: 5683:"Pragmatism" 5676: 5659: 5655: 5645: 5633:. Retrieved 5628: 5618: 5583: 5576:Roux, Sophie 5569: 5557:. Retrieved 5552: 5542: 5530:. Retrieved 5526: 5517: 5505:. Retrieved 5501: 5491: 5479:. Retrieved 5475: 5466: 5431: 5427: 5417: 5411:. Macmillan. 5407: 5400: 5359: 5355: 5345: 5310: 5306: 5281:. Retrieved 5277: 5267: 5247: 5240: 5228:. Retrieved 5224: 5214: 5189: 5185: 5175: 5148: 5107: 5100: 5067: 5063: 5053: 5041:. Retrieved 5037: 5004: 4997: 4977: 4970: 4960: 4936: 4929: 4896: 4892: 4869: 4862: 4852: 4845: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4720: 4710: 4690: 4683: 4658: 4654: 4644: 4619: 4615: 4605: 4595: 4588: 4560: 4553: 4511: 4504: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4435:. Retrieved 4430: 4420: 4390:(1): 58–82. 4387: 4383: 4373: 4361:. Retrieved 4357: 4348: 4336:. Retrieved 4332: 4323: 4311:. Retrieved 4306: 4281:. Retrieved 4277: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4161: 4157: 4147: 4120: 4116: 4089:. Retrieved 4084: 4074: 4058:. Netbiblo. 4054: 4047: 4031:(1): 71–95. 4028: 4024: 3997:. Retrieved 3992: 3965:. Retrieved 3961: 3919: 3912: 3892: 3885: 3865: 3858: 3825: 3821: 3792: 3785: 3765: 3734: 3727: 3707: 3700: 3680: 3673: 3653: 3646: 3636: 3629: 3619: 3612: 3602: 3595: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3505: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3420: 3413: 3383:(4): 14–20. 3380: 3376: 3330: 3323: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3242:(3): 74–75. 3239: 3235: 3225: 3200: 3196: 3157: 3137:, retrieved 3115: 3105: 3077: 3070: 3042: 3035: 2992: 2988: 2965: 2958: 2931: 2927: 2876: 2869: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2795: 2791: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2698: 2694: 2684: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2629: 2622: 2610:. Retrieved 2605: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2515:. Springer. 2512: 2502: 2492: 2440: 2433: 2414: 2410: 2387: 2338: 2301: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2201: 2197: 2177: 2146: 2142: 2111: 2093:. Routledge. 2089: 2049: 2025: 1994: 1962: 1904: 1879:. Retrieved 1874: 1843: 1755: 1740: 1734: 1732: 1719: 1699:associations 1678: 1635: 1614:such as the 1581: 1543: 1503: 1491:common sense 1462: 1435: 1392: 1383: 1377: 1369: 1360: 1348:Focus groups 1346: 1314: 1285: 1257: 1244: 1204: 1185: 1168: 1164: 1139: 1135:Gilbert Ryle 1128: 1116: 1103: 1094: 1081: 1071:post-Kantian 1044: 1040: 1036: 1027: 1019: 1007: 1000: 993: 972: 953: 940:quantitative 937: 927: 923: 919: 912: 900: 887: 863:hermeneutics 844: 820:metaphysical 817: 797: 790: 773: 766: 746: 683: 666: 644: 632:focus groups 616: 596:measurements 584:quantitative 581: 547: 545: 249:Hermeneutics 221: 137:Quantitative 9486:Methodology 9408:Sentientism 9389:Rationalism 9336:Peripatetic 9316:Natural law 9287:Materialism 9215:Historicism 9205:Hegelianism 9155:Determinism 9032:Agnosticism 8904:Sentientism 8874:Nationalism 8824:Imperialism 8754:Communalism 8749:Colonialism 8703:Weltschmerz 8683:Misanthropy 8583:Stewardship 8511:Obligations 8415:Culpability 8406:Golden Rule 8300:Common good 8218:Supernature 8174:Otherworlds 8133:comparative 8103:Information 8098:Incarnation 8035:Eschatology 7969:Anima mundi 7951:Metaphysics 7870:Observation 7865:Methodology 7647:Moral panic 7627:Mass action 7523:Doublethink 7466:Collectives 7388:Pilgrimages 7277:Coronations 7182:Revolutions 7150:Proselytism 7083:negationism 6969:maintenance 6817:Attentional 6676:Life stance 6644:Epic poetry 6634:Conventions 6496:(8): e124. 6343:"Algorithm" 5692:22 February 5635:28 February 5532:28 February 5507:28 February 5481:27 February 5283:27 February 5230:17 February 5043:22 February 2208:, entry at 1881:20 February 1707:Behaviorism 1703:blank slate 1670:experiences 1590:is used to 1554:definitions 1546:mathematics 1540:Mathematics 1518:Pragmatists 1479:appearances 1395:Positivists 1380:observation 1272:astronomers 1260:observation 1175:Alan Bryman 1083:factors of 1002:sample size 984:focus group 924:ought to do 920:actually do 824:ontological 794:Thomas Kuhn 710:educational 663:Definitions 608:observation 600:predictions 548:methodology 322:Ethnography 222:Methodology 177:Fallibilism 125:Qualitative 95:Referencing 9375:Pyrrhonism 9365:Pragmatism 9360:Positivism 9263:Kantianism 9170:Empiricism 9088:philosophy 9085:Schools of 9028:Irreligion 9024:Secularity 8957:Cheondoism 8889:Radicalism 8869:Monarchism 8864:Militarism 8849:Liberalism 8794:Fanaticism 8734:Capitalism 8716:ideologies 8714:political 8642:Wrongdoing 8546:Repentance 8536:Punishment 8531:Principles 8526:Praxeology 8315:Creativity 8305:Conscience 8266:Almsgiving 8179:axes mundi 8063:Nonfiction 8040:Everything 7902:Revelation 7890:fallacious 7880:Perception 7816:scientific 7739:Status quo 7578:Groupshift 7493:Conformity 7448:Groupthink 7363:Liminality 7297:Employment 7272:Ceremonies 7140:Propaganda 7125:Persuasion 7001:Censorship 6967:Change and 6946:Status quo 6854:Congruence 6128:"pedagogy" 5895:. Metzler. 5878:. Metzler. 5559:29 October 4274:"Evidence" 3640:. Metzler. 3623:. Metzler. 3606:. Metzler. 3139:2020-10-28 2695:Philosophy 2115:. Metzler. 2053:. Metzler. 1818:References 1578:Statistics 1572:Statistics 1442:philosophy 1426:Philosophy 1252:experiment 1248:hypothesis 1223:geoscience 1151:creativity 1078:Importance 1053:, such as 976:experience 930:research. 867:pragmatism 813:world view 777:conceptual 652:creativity 634:, and the 628:interviews 612:hypothesis 497:Statistics 492:Simulation 430:Simulation 371:Interviews 334:Experiment 302:Case study 274:Pragmatism 192:Pragmatism 182:Positivism 172:Empiricism 9423:Spinozism 9355:Pluralism 9346:Platonism 9297:Modernism 9282:Logicians 9150:Cyrenaics 9111:Averroism 9051:Spiritism 9019:Rastafari 8934:Religions 8914:Socialism 8894:Reformism 8859:Masculism 8814:Globalism 8789:Extremism 8759:Communism 8724:Anarchism 8698:Reclusion 8693:Pessimism 8675:Attitudes 8598:Suffering 8561:Sexuality 8551:Reverence 8541:Qualities 8460:religious 8440:Judgement 8420:Happiness 8384:Étiquette 8374:Eroticism 8362:Aesthetic 8345:religious 8340:emotional 8330:Economics 8261:Aesthetic 8223:Teleology 8167:political 8128:Mythology 8093:Illusions 8068:Free will 8054:Existence 8049:Evolution 8023:existence 8006:religious 8001:Cosmology 7996:Cosmogony 7974:Causality 7964:Afterlife 7912:Tradition 7907:Testimony 7885:Reasoning 7845:Intuition 7811:anecdotal 7769:Knowledge 7744:Stigmergy 7729:Sociology 7528:Emergence 7267:Calendars 7063:Euphemism 7051:religious 7046:Education 6879:Homophily 6832:Cognitive 6681:Lifestyle 6579:Worldview 6377:21 August 6352:21 August 6327:21 August 6300:21 August 6275:20 August 6246:20 August 6184:239896844 6137:15 August 5989:219519804 5851:0025-5769 5733:0160-9335 5610:260640180 5458:0031-806X 5392:148551744 5376:0026-1068 5329:1573-0964 5206:0967-2559 5092:171569977 5084:2363-9962 4964:. Meiner. 4913:1047-7039 4837:142680233 4829:1470-3297 4790:195583226 4782:2193-7680 4675:144894764 4636:143918006 4539:cite book 4531:782950418 4478:2149-0937 4412:147343629 4404:1862-8990 4256:148236513 4217:121195603 4178:120030170 3869:. Verso. 3587:144760415 3552:234945328 3487:199325682 3479:0887-6045 3405:207540799 3062:793207861 3009:1573-7837 2861:233835386 2820:211074515 2812:1618-9558 2731:170501178 2715:0031-8191 2564:2195-7819 2548:(1): 11. 2460:908273802 2029:. Meiner. 1840:"Preface" 1751:worldview 1742:algorithm 1654:knowledge 1646:education 1596:transform 1506:intuition 1416:Karl Marx 1408:Max Weber 1305:causality 1296:deduction 1288:inductive 1235:knowledge 1219:chemistry 1211:astronomy 1158:'s book " 1113:Criticism 1107:Max Weber 915:normative 890:fictional 851:inductive 836:Idealists 731:knowledge 680:As method 560:knowledge 130:Art-based 32:Methodism 9480:Category 9428:Stoicism 9331:Nihilism 9277:Legalism 9272:Kokugaku 9238:Idealism 9229:Humanism 9200:Hedonism 9190:Fatalism 9165:Eleatics 9145:Cynicism 9061:Tenrikyo 8984:Hinduism 8952:Caodaism 8947:Buddhism 8924:Veganism 8879:Pacifism 8844:Islamism 8804:Feminism 8688:Optimism 8664:Examples 8613:Theodicy 8603:Sympathy 8499:Morality 8357:Emotions 8352:Elegance 8280:Autonomy 8275:Altruism 8228:Theology 8157:Ontology 8123:Miracles 7979:Concepts 7959:Ætiology 7934:criteria 7917:folklore 7806:Evidence 7622:Mob rule 7613:Lynching 7373:Marriage 7351:cultural 7329:Holidays 7315:Funerals 7310:Families 7292:Doctrine 7255:cultural 7187:Rhetoric 7006:Charisma 6981:Argument 6976:Activism 6864:Cultural 6812:Academic 6745:Schemata 6715:Paradigm 6690:Memeplex 6671:Ideology 6661:factoids 6522:16060722 6436:(SSRN), 6188:Archived 5944:31274493 5859:27957829 5578:(2011). 5384:26602327 5337:54631297 5307:Synthese 4756:(1): 5. 4496:27909596 4117:Analysis 3850:10224789 3842:22049137 3397:29546962 3315:28989188 3266:42235471 3258:28615184 3097:44962443 3027:31105362 2582:28804806 2341:. SAGE. 2305:. SAGE. 1997:. SAGE. 1965:. SAGE. 1846:. SAGE. 1786:Paradigm 1780:See also 1774:integers 1736:paradigm 1632:Pedagogy 1626:Pedagogy 1550:Geometry 1528:and the 1456:and the 1290:and the 1055:geometry 997:sampling 980:behavior 853:and the 845:For the 808:evidence 804:paradigm 749:analysis 736:sampling 702:sautéing 577:evidence 552:research 297:Analysis 90:Argument 50:Research 42:a series 40:Part of 9457:Yangism 9442:Thomism 9418:Sophism 9160:Dualism 9121:Cārvāka 9106:Atomism 9046:Sikhism 9036:Atheism 9004:Judaism 8999:Jainism 8989:Hòa Hảo 8799:Fascism 8628:Virtues 8467:Liberty 8445:Justice 8425:Harmony 8335:Ecstasy 8320:Disgust 8310:Consent 8270:Charity 8203:Reality 8186:Physics 8078:History 8059:Fiction 8044:Nothing 8030:Destiny 8018:Deities 7833:fideism 7799:outline 7642:Mobbing 7438:Worship 7428:Symbols 7410:Rituals 7403:secular 7368:Liturgy 7334:Hygiene 7305:Slavery 7301:Serfdom 7242:Culture 6793:Aspects 6705:Mindset 6666:Framing 6624:Context 6605:Beliefs 6513:1182327 5935:6639881 5810:1 March 5766:1 March 5741:2011902 4921:2635169 4487:5019873 4437:18 July 4363:15 June 4338:15 June 4313:13 June 4283:11 June 4091:21 June 3999:23 July 3967:17 July 3939:2896185 3306:5602001 3217:1055084 3018:6494783 2950:9117204 2723:3750295 2676:2178175 2612:16 July 2573:5554775 1772:of two 1747:science 1666:schools 1638:science 1618:or the 1612:indices 1592:cleanse 1321:surveys 1239:confirm 1227:physics 1215:biology 1143:freedom 1098:beliefs 1067:Kantian 1011:history 871:Marxism 832:reality 828:realist 727:thought 723:society 714:actions 648:freedom 624:surveys 376:Mapping 291:Methods 197:Realism 85:Writing 9311:Monism 9306:Mohism 9258:Ionian 9224:Holism 9056:Taoism 9041:Shinto 8942:Baháʼí 8588:Styles 8566:ethics 8556:Rights 8504:public 8489:Maxims 8430:Honour 8379:Ethics 8295:Comedy 8285:Beauty 8213:Spirit 8145:Nature 8118:Matter 8073:Future 7855:Memory 7840:Gnosis 7777:Axioms 7707:animal 7588:Holism 7476:animal 7339:ritual 7319:Burial 7260:social 7165:forced 7056:values 6956:ethnic 6827:Belief 6804:Biases 6770:Umwelt 6520: 6510: 6438:online 6219: 6194:13 May 6182: 6172: 6094: 6056: 5987: 5977: 5942: 5932: 5857: 5849: 5801: 5739: 5731: 5608: 5598: 5456: 5390: 5382: 5374: 5335: 5327: 5255: 5204: 5163: 5123: 5090: 5082: 5012: 4985: 4919: 4911: 4835: 4827: 4788: 4780: 4698: 4673: 4634: 4576: 4529: 4519: 4494: 4484: 4476: 4410: 4402: 4254: 4215: 4176: 4062: 3937: 3927: 3900: 3873: 3848: 3840: 3800: 3773: 3715: 3688: 3661: 3585: 3550: 3513: 3485: 3477: 3436: 3403: 3395: 3346: 3313: 3303: 3264: 3256: 3215: 3175: 3130: 3095: 3085: 3060: 3050: 3025: 3015: 3007: 2948: 2884: 2859: 2818: 2810: 2770:426843 2768: 2729: 2721: 2713: 2674: 2637: 2580: 2570: 2562: 2519: 2458: 2448: 2345: 2309: 2185: 2001: 1969: 1850: 1658:skills 1598:, and 1566:proofs 1558:axioms 1475:epoché 1400:causal 1225:, and 1209:(like 1131:skills 1059:axioms 1033:Others 1015:reason 877:, and 762:skills 725:, and 719:nature 708:is an 564:sample 437:Survey 8994:Islam 8632:Vices 8618:Trust 8608:Taboo 8521:Piety 8516:Peace 8411:Guilt 8248:Value 8208:Souls 8113:Magic 8083:Ideas 7924:Truth 7895:logic 7828:Faith 7508:Cults 7423:Caste 7383:Oaths 7324:Games 6894:Media 6710:Norms 6686:Memes 6657:Facts 6180:S2CID 5985:S2CID 5855:JSTOR 5737:JSTOR 5606:S2CID 5388:S2CID 5380:JSTOR 5333:S2CID 5088:S2CID 4917:JSTOR 4833:S2CID 4786:S2CID 4671:S2CID 4632:S2CID 4408:S2CID 4252:S2CID 4213:S2CID 4174:S2CID 3846:S2CID 3739:(PDF) 3583:S2CID 3548:S2CID 3483:S2CID 3401:S2CID 3373:(PDF) 3262:S2CID 3213:JSTOR 2857:S2CID 2816:S2CID 2766:S2CID 2727:S2CID 2719:JSTOR 2672:JSTOR 1600:model 1384:field 934:Types 8630:and 8479:Love 8325:Duty 8233:Time 7393:Play 6837:list 6659:and 6518:PMID 6379:2022 6354:2022 6329:2022 6302:2022 6277:2022 6248:2022 6217:ISBN 6196:2022 6170:ISBN 6139:2022 6092:ISBN 6054:ISBN 5975:ISBN 5940:PMID 5847:ISSN 5812:2022 5799:ISBN 5768:2022 5729:ISSN 5694:2022 5637:2022 5596:ISBN 5561:2021 5534:2022 5509:2022 5483:2022 5454:ISSN 5372:ISSN 5325:ISSN 5285:2022 5253:ISBN 5232:2022 5202:ISSN 5161:ISBN 5121:ISBN 5080:ISSN 5045:2022 5010:ISBN 4983:ISBN 4909:ISSN 4825:ISSN 4778:ISSN 4696:ISBN 4574:ISBN 4545:link 4527:OCLC 4517:ISBN 4492:PMID 4474:ISSN 4439:2022 4400:ISSN 4365:2021 4340:2021 4315:2021 4285:2021 4093:2021 4060:ISBN 4001:2022 3969:2022 3935:OCLC 3925:ISBN 3898:ISBN 3871:ISBN 3838:PMID 3798:ISBN 3771:ISBN 3713:ISBN 3686:ISBN 3659:ISBN 3511:ISBN 3475:ISSN 3434:ISBN 3393:PMID 3344:ISBN 3311:PMID 3254:PMID 3173:ISBN 3128:ISBN 3093:OCLC 3083:ISBN 3058:OCLC 3048:ISBN 3023:PMID 3005:ISSN 2946:PMID 2882:ISBN 2808:ISSN 2711:ISSN 2635:ISBN 2614:2022 2578:PMID 2560:ISSN 2517:ISBN 2456:OCLC 2446:ISBN 2343:ISBN 2307:ISBN 2183:ISBN 1999:ISBN 1967:ISBN 1883:2022 1848:ISBN 1739:and 1695:mind 1660:and 1616:mean 1606:and 1584:data 1556:and 1418:and 1370:The 1262:and 1069:and 942:and 928:good 840:mind 822:and 756:and 650:and 586:and 8573:Sin 8450:Law 6755:Set 6508:PMC 6498:doi 6162:doi 6046:doi 6016:doi 5967:doi 5930:PMC 5920:doi 5839:doi 5791:doi 5721:doi 5664:doi 5588:doi 5444:hdl 5436:doi 5364:doi 5315:doi 5311:197 5194:doi 5153:doi 5113:doi 5072:doi 4901:doi 4817:doi 4768:hdl 4758:doi 4725:doi 4663:doi 4624:doi 4566:doi 4482:PMC 4466:doi 4392:doi 4244:doi 4205:doi 4166:doi 4133:hdl 4125:doi 4033:doi 3830:doi 3575:doi 3540:doi 3467:doi 3426:doi 3385:doi 3336:doi 3301:PMC 3293:doi 3244:doi 3205:doi 3163:doi 3120:doi 3013:PMC 2997:doi 2936:doi 2847:doi 2800:doi 2758:doi 2703:doi 2664:doi 2568:PMC 2550:doi 2419:doi 2231:doi 2151:doi 1909:doi 1756:In 1640:of 1268:DNA 1162:". 978:or 717:of 9482:: 9435:/ 9401:/ 9382:/ 9348:/ 9299:/ 9265:/ 9231:/ 9217:/ 9133:/ 9034:/ 9030:/ 9026:/ 8413:/ 8268:/ 8061:/ 8042:/ 7620:/ 7421:/ 7417:/ 7317:/ 7303:/ 7299:/ 6688:/ 6650:/ 6646:/ 6612:/ 6603:/ 6516:. 6506:. 6492:. 6488:. 6370:. 6345:. 6319:. 6293:. 6268:. 6256:^ 6239:. 6186:. 6178:. 6168:. 6156:. 6130:. 6106:^ 6068:^ 6052:. 6044:. 6030:^ 6010:. 6006:. 5983:. 5973:. 5961:. 5938:. 5928:. 5916:22 5914:. 5910:. 5853:. 5845:. 5835:61 5833:. 5829:. 5797:. 5789:. 5785:. 5758:. 5735:. 5727:. 5715:. 5711:. 5685:. 5660:22 5658:. 5654:. 5627:. 5604:. 5594:. 5582:. 5551:. 5525:. 5500:. 5474:. 5452:. 5442:. 5432:41 5430:. 5426:. 5386:. 5378:. 5370:. 5360:46 5358:. 5354:. 5331:. 5323:. 5309:. 5305:. 5293:^ 5276:. 5223:. 5200:. 5188:. 5184:. 5159:. 5147:. 5135:^ 5119:. 5111:. 5086:. 5078:. 5068:34 5066:. 5062:. 5036:. 5024:^ 4946:^ 4915:. 4907:. 4895:. 4891:. 4879:^ 4831:. 4823:. 4813:54 4811:. 4807:. 4784:. 4776:. 4766:. 4752:. 4748:. 4723:. 4719:. 4669:. 4659:20 4657:. 4653:. 4630:. 4620:34 4618:. 4614:. 4572:. 4541:}} 4537:{{ 4525:. 4490:. 4480:. 4472:. 4462:44 4460:. 4456:. 4429:. 4406:. 4398:. 4388:10 4386:. 4382:. 4356:. 4331:. 4305:. 4293:^ 4276:. 4264:^ 4250:. 4240:11 4238:. 4234:. 4211:. 4201:62 4199:. 4195:. 4172:. 4162:36 4160:. 4156:. 4131:. 4121:71 4119:. 4115:. 4101:^ 4083:. 4029:48 4027:. 4023:. 4009:^ 3991:. 3977:^ 3960:. 3947:^ 3933:. 3844:. 3836:. 3824:. 3812:^ 3747:^ 3581:. 3571:44 3569:. 3546:. 3534:. 3495:^ 3481:. 3473:. 3463:33 3461:. 3457:. 3432:. 3399:. 3391:. 3381:25 3379:. 3375:. 3358:^ 3342:. 3309:. 3299:. 3289:69 3287:. 3283:. 3260:. 3252:. 3240:20 3238:. 3234:. 3211:. 3201:27 3199:. 3187:^ 3171:. 3147:^ 3126:, 3114:, 3091:. 3056:. 3021:. 3011:. 3003:. 2993:42 2991:. 2987:. 2975:^ 2944:. 2930:. 2926:. 2896:^ 2855:. 2841:. 2837:. 2814:. 2806:. 2796:22 2794:. 2790:. 2778:^ 2764:. 2754:21 2752:. 2748:. 2725:. 2717:. 2709:. 2699:61 2697:. 2693:. 2670:. 2660:22 2658:. 2604:. 2590:^ 2576:. 2566:. 2558:. 2546:13 2544:. 2540:. 2511:. 2468:^ 2454:. 2413:. 2409:. 2397:^ 2357:^ 2337:. 2321:^ 2243:^ 2227:10 2225:. 2163:^ 2145:. 2121:^ 2099:^ 2059:^ 2035:^ 2013:^ 1993:. 1981:^ 1961:. 1921:^ 1907:. 1891:^ 1873:. 1862:^ 1842:. 1826:^ 1717:. 1594:, 1501:. 1493:. 1406:. 1390:. 1221:, 1217:, 1213:, 970:. 946:. 873:, 869:, 865:, 721:, 696:, 630:, 626:, 566:, 44:on 6571:e 6564:t 6557:v 6524:. 6500:: 6494:2 6440:. 6381:. 6356:. 6331:. 6304:. 6279:. 6250:. 6225:. 6198:. 6164:: 6141:. 6100:. 6062:. 6048:: 6024:. 6018:: 6012:2 5991:. 5969:: 5946:. 5922:: 5861:. 5841:: 5814:. 5793:: 5770:. 5743:. 5723:: 5717:1 5696:. 5670:. 5666:: 5639:. 5612:. 5590:: 5563:. 5536:. 5511:. 5485:. 5460:. 5446:: 5438:: 5394:. 5366:: 5339:. 5317:: 5287:. 5261:. 5234:. 5208:. 5196:: 5190:1 5169:. 5155:: 5129:. 5115:: 5094:. 5074:: 5047:. 5018:. 4991:. 4940:. 4923:. 4903:: 4897:2 4873:. 4856:. 4839:. 4819:: 4792:. 4770:: 4760:: 4754:4 4733:. 4727:: 4704:. 4677:. 4665:: 4638:. 4626:: 4599:. 4582:. 4568:: 4547:) 4533:. 4498:. 4468:: 4441:. 4414:. 4394:: 4367:. 4342:. 4317:. 4287:. 4258:. 4246:: 4219:. 4207:: 4180:. 4168:: 4141:. 4135:: 4127:: 4095:. 4068:. 4041:. 4035:: 4003:. 3971:. 3941:. 3906:. 3879:. 3852:. 3832:: 3826:5 3806:. 3779:. 3721:. 3694:. 3667:. 3589:. 3577:: 3554:. 3542:: 3536:9 3519:. 3489:. 3469:: 3442:. 3428:: 3407:. 3387:: 3352:. 3338:: 3317:. 3295:: 3268:. 3246:: 3219:. 3207:: 3181:. 3165:: 3122:: 3099:. 3064:. 3029:. 2999:: 2952:. 2938:: 2932:8 2890:. 2863:. 2849:: 2843:6 2822:. 2802:: 2772:. 2760:: 2733:. 2705:: 2678:. 2666:: 2643:. 2616:. 2584:. 2552:: 2525:. 2496:. 2462:. 2427:. 2421:: 2415:2 2351:. 2315:. 2237:. 2233:: 2191:. 2157:. 2153:: 2147:3 2007:. 1975:. 1915:. 1911:: 1885:. 1856:. 535:e 528:t 521:v 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index