361:(Capital of Mauritania) for a professional formation of cities administrator in which he would be promoted to City Administrator. In Nouakchott, Messaoud heard that there was another national competition for the Public Administration Certificate that was more efficient than City administrator. Messaoud decided to do the two competitions at the same time, but he needed the permission of the interior minister. The interior minister contacted Messaoud and told him that he could not do the two competitions at the same time because he did think that Messaoud would not succeed due to the fact that Messaoud was a Haratine. Messaoud told the minister that he could do it and the minister decided that if Messaoud failed the public administration certificate he would no longer work in the government; the minister requested a signed letter from Messaoud. Messaoud agreed to the contract and knew that he was taking a huge risk. Four months later, Messaoud was the third of his promotion for the public administration certificate and the first of the professional formation for city administrator. After the results of the competition, Messaoud was promoted Assistant of the Governor of Nouakchott in charge of administrative cases. Three months later, Messaoud was promoted Executive Administrator of Rosso (in the south of Mauritania).
353:. A few months later, Mauritania gained its Independence from France in November 1960. The colonial administration became administrated by the Beydhan or the Black-Africans (Fulani, Soninke, and Wolof). Messaoud came under the direction of the Beydhan because they were directing the now ancient colonial administration. In 1962 he was transferred to Boghe and Aleg in the south of the country until 1968. Then, Messaoud moved to Aioun El Atrouss from 1968 to 1969. He also was transferred to Tichit in 1969 to 1970; Messaoud suffered difficulties because he was Haratine who was working in the Administrations run by the Beydhan who made things difficult for him because he was too young. From 1964 to 1965 he did an internship to promote his level to redactor of Administration, in which he was the major. Five years later he was transferred to Maghama in Gorgol, in which he was under the direction of his internship classmate who was a Beydhan. After a long fight for the right to have a good position, the Government sent him as a chief of district of Temessoumitt in the department of Moundjeria which was not very populated and was without water. After being informed of the conflict between Messaoud and his boss, the government decided to transfer him to Ouadane in
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school. It was an obligation to send at least one child in each family. The Ahel Taleb
Ethmane family preferred to send one of their slave's sons who were Messaoud Ould Boulkheir. Messaoud's mother complained and refused, but a woman of the city, who had been to French school, advised her that it was a good idea to send him to school. Messaoud became the first of the Ahel Taleb Ethmane family to go to school. Messaoud left the community to go to the city (Nema) to study; he was living with his community correspondent in Nema who a woman from another community who was unkind to him.
380:. EL HOR was growing and becoming very powerful that is why in 1989 it became officially recognize, with Messaoud as leader. They were part of the municipal election in 1989. The Government created a lot of problems for the EL HOR party by arresting its leaders, that is why in 1991 Messaoud created the FUDC (United democratic forces for change). He participated in the creation of UFD (United democratic forces) in 1992 which regrouped all political leaders (Beydhan, Haratine, and Black-Africans) but Messaoud left the party because the leader was a Beydhan.
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group "El HOR," which stands for group for the
Emancipation of Haratine, in 1978. Because many Haratines joined the party, the formation of this party benefited the Haratines in Mauritania much. The party was protecting the right of the Haratine by creating small unit of agents in the organization who would stop the trade and the mistreating of the Haratines by the Beydhanes. EL-HOR created a "revolution" in the country which leads in 1981 to the official abolition of slavery in
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her cousins who ignored her when her family was in a difficult situation. One night, the queen of the community sent her cousin to the
Messaoud Ould Boulkheir family tent to destroy it and to beat her mother. The queen's cousins had burned the Messaoud's tent, destroying everything, took her jewelries and beat Messaoud's mother and left her for dead. They left the place with much blood and fire.
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455:, in which Abdallahi was ousted, Boulkheir said on August 10, 2008, that he still recognized Abdallahi as President and rejected the military junta's plans to hold a new election. The APP took part in a four-party alliance opposing the coup, called the National Front for the Defense of Democracy (FNDD), along with Abdallahi's party, the
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The
National Assembly opened for its first regular session since the coup on November 10, 2008 (it had previously held a special session). Remaining in opposition to the coup, which was supported by a parliamentary majority, Boulkheir boycotted the session. On April 8, 2009, Boulkheir participated in
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In 1958, he was a benevolent secretary of the "Cercle of Nema" (colonial administration). Messaoud was in charge of registering mailings and typing the non-confidential mails. In
December 1959, there was a national competition to recruit secretaries of administration. However, the minimum age for the
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to complain. Generally, the colonial administration does not take any part of the problems of the slaves with their masters. After the colonial administrator saw her covered with blood and harmed, they decided to help her. The colonial administration asked for the restitution and reimbursement of all
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in the southwest of
Mauritania. Messaoud did not study there for a long time because with the freedom of the secondary school, he was missing many classes to profit of what he did not get in his primary school. He failed his first secondary year and in 1960 he was dismissed from the school. Messaoud
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Messaoud Ould
Boulkheir started his primary school in 1950. At that time every family was obligated to send one of their sons or daughters to school. Messaoud was sent to a French school because the Ahel Taleb Ethmane family (the masters of the Messaoud family) did not want to send their children to
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In
October 2008, Boulkheir called for a solution to the situation that would involve Abdallahi returning to the Presidency for only the limited period necessary to organize an early Presidential election. Boulkheir's proposal would also involve the formation of a government of national unity during
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Messaoud's mother had taken care of the family until the older sister of her master married the Chief of the Ahel Taleb
Community. Messaoud's mother thought that the queen of the community would help her. In contrast to what she thought, the queen of the community was jealous of her and was helping
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Messaoud began campaigning against slavery and for the emancipation of the
Haratine in Mauritania in 1962. Messaoud met other Haratines at ENA (National School of Administration) who wished to fight for their freedom while studying for his Public Administration certificate. They formed the secret
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At the same time that he was dismissed Messaoud lost his only older sister who was struck under their tent. His older sister had been taking care of the family after the death of Messaoud's parents. She left her two young daughters (three and one years old). After these events, Messaoud was alone
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without anybody; he realized that his only solution was to fight for his right or to perish. Messaoud is a former slave who wants to affront the Beydhan in the society; this was the most difficult thing for Messaoud. Messaoud's favorite hobbies were to read and to listen to the radio.
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of the things the master's had destroyed and taken and to freed Messaoud's mother and her family. They suggested that Messaoud's mother stay in the city of Nema to avoid this kind of attack. But she refused because she wanted to live in her community and to be respected there.
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On September 2, 2007, Boulkheir said that the APP would not join a new party being formed to support Abdallahi; according to Boulkheir, this initiative would harm pluralism and be a "move back" to a single-party dominant system.
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Messaoud Ould Boulkheir obtained his primary studies certificate in 1956. He started his secondary studies in 1957 at the "College Xavier Coppolani" (Secondary school) in
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in the desert. Ouadane was better than Temessoumitt because the region was more populated. In April 1975, Messaoud was contacted by the Interior Minister, to come to
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Afrique Press (2002, January 01).Et de deux le gouvernement décide la dissolution du parti d’opposition Action pour le Changement. Retrieved March 23, 2006 from,
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The Messaoud family became one of the first Haratine family in Mauritania to become free and to live equally in the same community as their ancient masters the
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a city populated by the Beydhan in majority. In July 1960, Messaoud arrived at Atar; he met the commandant of the colonial administrator who was at that time
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competition was eighteen years old. Messaoud participated with the help of the commandant of the colonial administration of Nema as he was not old enough.
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Afrique Press (2002, January 02). Mauritanie. Evénement de 1989, Le premier ministre accuse un groupe de l’opposition. Retrieved March 25, 2006 from
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In 1995, he created his own party called AC (action for changes) which regrouped Haratine into a majority. Messaoud ended by creating the
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AHME (October 2003). Interview de Messaoud Ould Boulkheir a L’occasion des elections presidentielles 2003. Retrieved March 24, 2006 from
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Messaoud Ould Boulkheir was born in 1943; the date is unclear because at that time the birth registration service was unknown. Like most
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After surviving this event, Messaoud's mother went directly with her dress covered with blood, to the French colonial administration in
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of November 7, 2003, taking the fourth place with about 5% of the vote. On November 8, together with the opposition candidates
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at that time, his family subsisted on agriculture, including cattle farming and picking fruit, while his father also hunted.
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Panapress (2004, July 27).Messaoud ould boulkheir déçu par le ‘syndicat des chefs d’état’. Retrieved March 23, 2006 from
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In 1984, Messaoud was the first Haratine who entered in the Mauritanian Government as Minister of Rural Development.
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698:"Le conseil constitutionnel proclame les résultats du premier tour de l'élection présidentielles du 11 mars 2007"
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425:. In the election, held on March 11, he placed fourth, receiving 9.79% of the vote. On March 19, he backed
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In 1981, Messaoud was nominated the Governor of Gorgol and Guidimakha (regions) for four years.
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437:. Abdallahi won the election, and on April 26, 2007, Boulkheir was elected as President of the
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assumed his dismiss but he is sure that if he was a Beydhan, he would not have been dismissed.
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522:"Mauritanie : dix choses à savoir sur Messaoud Ould Boulkheir – Jeune Afrique"
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http://www.afrique-press.com/archive/OUEST/mauritanie/mauritaniepol/243disolution
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675:"M. Messaoud Ould Boulkheir annonce sa candidature à l'élection présidentielle"
784:"L'Alliance Populaire Progressiste est contre le retour à l'ère du Parti-Etat"
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652:"Messoud Ould Boulkheir, candidat à la présidentielle mauritanienne de mars"
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until 1967 when he was 24 years old, and he resumed the practice of Islam.
714:"Debate between Mauritanian presidential candidates to be held on Friday"
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http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/mauritaniepol/242evenements
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http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre053379&dte=27/07/2004
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745:"L'Assemblée nationale élit M. Messaoud Ould Boulkheir, son président"
848:"Le président de l'Assemblée nationale propose une sortie de crise"
733:"How Sidi Ould Abdellahi won the Mauritanian presidential election"
608:"MAURITANIA: Opposition leader arrested after president re-elected"
810:"Mauritanian general defends coup despite international pressure"
407:, he alleged "fraud" and urged the people to reject the results.
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In 1960, Messaoud Ould Boulkheir was admitted and transferred to
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761:"Ould Belkheir refuse d'intégrer le nouveau parti présidentiel"
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for the second round, despite the fact that he was part of the
865:"Mauritanian Parliament Meets Without Pro-Democracy Chairman"
661:, African Press Agency (lemauritanien.com), January 20, 2007
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community. Messaoud also contributed towards the end of the
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684:, Agence Mauritanienne d'Information, January 20, 2007
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On January 20, 2007, following the ouster of President
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People's Progressive Alliance (Mauritania) politicians
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700:, Agence Mauritanienne d'Information, March 15, 2007
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441:, receiving 91 votes from the 93 deputies present.
770:, Panapress (afriquenligne.fr), September 3, 2007
467:an FNDD protest in Nouakchott against the planned
922:Presidents of the National Assembly (Mauritania)
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896:"Mauritania junta leader flags presidential bid"
877:"Opposition MPs boycott Mauritanian parliament"
829:"Hundreds attend anti-coup rally in Mauritania"
628:"Coup ousts West-leaning leader of Mauritania"
433:along with the other second round candidate,
431:Coalition of the Forces for Democratic Change
457:National Pact for Democracy and Development
421:, Boulkheir announced his candidacy in the
312:After these events, Messaoud abandoned his
850:, AFP (Jeuneafrique.com), October 9, 2008
300:. Messaoud's mother died in October 1953.
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73:Learn how and when to remove this message
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237:; born 1943) is a political figure from
133:27 April 2007 – 27 January 2014
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735:, African Press Agency, March 27, 2007.
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387:(APP), his current political party.
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341:Administrative career and positions
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371:Political parties and achievements
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121:President of the National Assembly
45:tone or style may not reflect the
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395:Boulkheir was a candidate in the
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264:from April 2007 to January 2014.
723:, Maghrebia.com, March 20, 2007.
423:March 2007 presidential election
55:guide to writing better articles
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252:Boulkheir is President of the
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598:, African Elections Database.
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385:People's Progressive Alliance
254:People's Progressive Alliance
205:People's Progressive Alliance
401:Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla
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412:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya
174:1943 (age 80–81)
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427:Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi
19:In this Mauritanian name,
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617:, IRIN, November 9, 2003.
247:1989 events in Mauritania
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589:Elections in Mauritania
227:Messaoud Ould Boulkheir
89:Messaoud Ould Boulkheir
838:, AFP, August 8, 2008.
747:, AMI, April 26, 2007
16:Mauritanian politician
796:), September 3, 2007
497:"Fenetre association"
450:August 2008 military
416:August 2005 military
397:presidential election
391:Presidential campaign
905:, AFP, 8 April 2009.
268:Family and childhood
241:and a leader in the
181:Colony of Mauritania
156:Mohamed Ould Boilil
901:2009-04-12 at the
882:2011-05-20 at the
834:2008-08-12 at the
815:2008-08-18 at the
766:2007-09-27 at the
719:2008-01-03 at the
680:2007-09-28 at the
657:2007-08-20 at the
613:2007-09-29 at the
594:2011-05-14 at the
576:2007-10-06 at the
235:مسعود ولد بو الخير
185:French West Africa
97:مسعود ولد بو الخير
25:patronymic surname
439:National Assembly
435:Ahmed Ould Daddah
405:Ahmed Ould Daddah
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144:Rachid Ould Saleh
110:Boulkheir in 2021
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452:coup d'état
418:coup d'état
191:Citizenship
139:Preceded by
916:Categories
638:2023-11-14
532:2023-11-14
507:2006-04-27
475:References
378:Mauritania
359:Nouakchott
239:Mauritania
215:Nouakchott
195:Mauritania
258:President
211:Residence
129:In office
63:June 2024
899:Archived
880:Archived
832:Archived
813:Archived
764:Archived
717:Archived
678:Archived
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632:NBC News
611:Archived
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279:Haratine
243:Haratine
414:in the
298:Beydhan
260:of the
788:Xinhua
351:French
231:Arabic
355:Adrar
321:Rosso
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