1969:
6640:
729:
1991:
1508:
709:
1681:
1933:
3186:
had four different migration patterns. One group confined itself to the western
Atlantic for a year. Another group also stayed mainly in the western Atlantic, but migrated to the Gulf of Mexico for spawning. A third group moved across the Atlantic Ocean and back again. The fourth group crossed to the eastern Atlantic and then moved into the Mediterranean Sea for spawning. The study indicates that, while there is some differentiation by spawning areas, there is essentially only one population of Atlantic bluefin tuna, intermixing groups that between them, use all of the north Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Mediterranean Sea.
2007:
3038:
7336:
1528:
429:
2290:
1619:
8774:
1488:
1949:
2961:
2308:
3602:
471:
453:
1472:
3622:
1634:
2625:
1650:
585:
409:
7497:
1666:
1337:
3586:
3022:
2469:
2772:
1724:
8489:
8471:
7362:
2795:
7350:
3008:
33:
9028:
2816:
624:
1712:
314:
2994:
2830:
3638:
1358:
1736:
2323:
2449:
2027:
2980:
8501:
6968:
748:
2167:
162:
2844:
3167:
2604:
3030:
2429:
689:
2177:
2508:
2275:
1418:. The fish inflates its swimbladder to move up. Given the high pressures in the mesopelagic zone, this requires significant energy. As the fish ascends, the air in the swimbladder must decrease to prevent the swimbladder from bursting. To return to the depths, the swimbladder is deflated. The migration takes them through the
1878:. When photophores are used, it is usually to entice prey or attract a mate. Because food is so scarce, bathypelagic predators are not selective in their feeding habits, but grab whatever comes close enough. They accomplish this by having a large mouth with sharp teeth for grabbing large prey and overlapping
1507:
2922:
Tuna in particular are of major importance to commercial fisheries. Although tuna migrate across oceans, trying to find them there is not the usual approach. Tuna tend to congregate in areas where food is abundant, along the boundaries of currents, around islands, near seamounts, and in some areas of
1600:
Mesopelagic fish do not constitute a major fishery as of 2024. Initial efforts in
Iceland, Norway, and the Soviet Union did not create a commercial industry. The European Union funded the MEESO project to study abundance and fishing technologies for key mesopelagic species. To date, fish that appeal
1607:
are an epipelagic/mesopelagic species that is carnivorous, eating other fish. Satellite tagging has shown that bigeye tuna often spend prolonged periods cruising deep below the surface during the daytime, sometimes making dives as deep as 500 metres (1,600 feet). These movements are thought to be in
677:
Partial residents occur in three groups: species that live in the zone only when they are juveniles (drifting with jellyfish and seaweeds); species that live in the zone only when they are adults (salmon, flying fish, dolphin, and whale sharks); and deep water species that make nightly migrations up
614:
Coastal epipelagic fish are among the most abundant in the world. They include forage fish as well as the predator fish that feed on them. Forage fish thrive in those inshore waters where high productivity results from the upwelling and shoreline run off of nutrients. Some are partial residents that
3185:
from an area off North
Carolina were studied with the help of special popup tags. When attached to a tuna, these tags monitored the movements of the tuna for about a year, then detached and floated to the surface where they transmitted their information to a satellite. The study found that the tuna
1380:
Sonar operators, using the sonar technology developed during World War II, were puzzled by what appeared to be a false sea floor 300–500 metres deep at day, and less deep at night. This turned out to be due to millions of marine organisms, most particularly small mesopelagic fish, with swimbladders
340:
In the shallower epipelagic waters, the mirrors must reflect a mixture of wavelengths, and the fish accordingly, has crystal stacks with a range of different spacings. A further complication for fish with bodies that are rounded in cross-section is that the mirrors would be ineffective if laid flat
2333:
At great depths, food scarcity and extreme pressure works to limit the survivability of fish. The deepest point of the ocean is about 11,000 metres (6.8 miles). Bathypelagic fishes are not normally found below 3,000 metres (1.9 miles). The greatest depth recorded for a benthic fish is 8,370 m
1990:
1858:
The swimbladders of deep sea fish are either absent or scarcely operational, and bathypelagic fish do not normally undertake vertical migrations. Filling bladders at such great pressures incurs huge energy costs. Some deep sea fishes have swimbladders that function while they are young and inhabit
2734:
at depths to 200 metres (660 feet). Important herring fisheries have existed in these areas for centuries. Herring of different sizes and growth rates belong to different populations, each of which have their own migration routes. When spawning, a female produces from 20,000 to 50,000 eggs. After
1813:
are also common. These fishes are small, many about 10 centimetres (3.9 inches) long, and not many longer than 25 cm (9.8 in). They spend most of their time waiting patiently in the water column for prey to appear or to be lured by their phosphors. What little energy is available in the
1596:
The 2010 Malaspina
Circumnavigation Expedition traveled 60,000 km, undertaking acoustic observations. It reported that mesopelagic biomass was 10 billion tonnes or more (10x prior estimates), comprising about 90 percent of all ocean fish biomass. Estimates of how much carbon these fish sequester
3110:
Ocean currents can shape how fish are distributed, both concentrating and dispersing them. Adjacent ocean currents can define distinct, if shifting, boundaries. These boundaries can even be visible, but usually their presence is marked by rapid changes in salinity, temperature, and turbidity.
2735:
spawning, the herrings are depleted of fat, and migrate back to feeding grounds rich in plankton. Around
Iceland, three separate populations of herring were fished traditionally. These stocks collapsed in the late 1960s, although two have since recovered. After the collapse, Iceland turned to
1814:
bathypelagic zone filters from above in the form of detritus, faecal material, and the occasional invertebrate or mesopelagic fish. About 20% of the food that has its origins in the epipelagic zone falls down to the mesopelagic zone, but only about 5% filters down to the bathypelagic zone.
1785:
and unspecialized diets, being willing to eat anything that comes along. They prefer to sit and wait for food rather than waste energy searching for it. The behaviour of bathypelagic fish can be contrasted with the behaviour of mesopelagic fish. Mesopelagic are often highly mobile, whereas
4068:
Frazier, J. G.; Fierstine, H. L.; Beavers, S. C.; Achaval, F.; Suganuma, H.; Pitman, R. L.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Prigioni, C. M. (1994). "Impalement of marine turtles (Reptitia, Chelonia: Cheloniidae and
Dermochelyidae) by billfishes (Osteichthyes, Perciformes: Istiophoridae and Xiphiidae)".
2885:, and coastal mackerel. Many of these fish hunt forage fish, but are in turn, hunted by yet larger pelagic fish. Nearly all fish are predator fish to some measure, and apart from the top predators, the distinction between predator fish and prey or forage fish, is somewhat artificial.
639:, who do live above the continental shelf. However, the two types are not mutually exclusive, since there are no firm boundaries between coastal and ocean regions, and many epipelagic fish move between coastal and oceanic waters, particularly in different stages in their life cycle.
2158:
Deep sea benthic fish can be divided into strictly benthic fish and benthopelagic fish. Usually, strictly benthic fish are negatively buoyant, while benthopelagic fish are neutrally buoyant. Strictly benthic fish stay in constant contact with the bottom. They either lie in wait as
2259:, common and widely distributed, feed on benthopelagic zooplankton. Yet they are strictly benthic fish, since they stay in contact with the bottom. Their fins have long rays they use to "stand" on the bottom while they face the current and grab zooplankton as it passes by.
1527:
491:
Epipelagic fish are fascinated by floating objects. They aggregate in considerable numbers around objects such as drifting flotsam, rafts, jellyfish, and floating seaweed. The objects appear to provide a "visual stimulus in an optical void". Floating objects may offer
1340:
Most mesopelagic fishes are small filter feeders that ascend at night to feed in the nutrient rich waters of the epipelagic zone. During the day, they return to the dark, cold, oxygen-deficient waters of the mesopelagic where they are relatively safe from predators.
728:
1968:
3284:
species that undertake migrations of significant, but variable distances across oceans for feeding, often on forage fish, or reproduction, and also have wide geographic distributions. Thus, these species are found both inside the 200-nautical-mile (370 km)
841:
The fish in the different pelagic and deep water benthic zones are physically structured, and behave, in ways that differ markedly from each other. Groups of coexisting species within each zone all seem to operate in similar ways, such as the small mesopelagic
2899:
Many large pelagic fish are oceanic nomadic species that undertake long offshore migrations. They feed on small pelagic forage fish, as well as medium-sized pelagic fish. At times, they follow their schooling prey, and many species form schools themselves.
860:
species, with spiny fins, are rare among deep sea fishes, which suggests that deep sea fish are ancient and so well adapted to their environment that invasions by more modern fishes have been unsuccessful. The few ray fins that do exist are mainly in the
788:), fecal matter, sand, soot, and other inorganic dust. The "snowflakes" grow over time and may reach several centimetres in diameter, travelling for weeks before reaching the ocean floor. However, most organic components of marine snow are consumed by
3057:
brings cold water that is rich in nutrients to the surface. These upwellings support blooms of phytoplankton, which in turn, produce zooplankton and support many of the world's main fisheries. If the upwelling fails, then fisheries in the area fail.
3144:
can interact with currents and upwellings in a manner that results in areas of high ocean productivity. Large eddies can form downcurrent or downwind from islands, concentrating plankton. Banks and reefs can intercept deep currents that upwell.
869:, which also are ancient forms. Most deep sea pelagic fishes belong to their own orders, suggesting a long evolution in deep sea environments. In contrast, deep water benthic species are in orders that include many related shallow water fishes.
1932:
555:. Yet farther out, to 500 m, was a dispersed group of various large adult tuna. The distribution and density of these groups was variable and overlapped. The FADs also were used by other fish, and the aggregations dispersed when it was dark.
708:
532:(FADs). FADs are anchored rafts or objects of any type, floating on the surface or just below it. Fishermen in the Pacific and Indian oceans set up floating FADs, assembled from all sorts of debris, around tropical islands, and then use
1680:
344:
Although the number of species is limited, epipelagic fishes are abundant. What they lack in diversity they make up for in numbers. Forage fish occur in huge numbers, and large fish that prey on them often are sought after as premier
2140:. Lateral lines detect low-frequency sounds, and some benthic fishes appear to have muscles that drum such sounds to attract mates. Smell is also important, as indicated by the rapidity with which benthic fish find traps baited with
2274:
3177:
Epipelagic fish generally move long distances between feeding and spawning areas, or as a response to changes in the ocean. Large ocean predators, such as salmon and tuna, can migrate thousands of kilometres, crossing oceans.
1618:
2764:
also have operated in the
Pacific, the Mediterranean, and the southeast Atlantic. The world annual catch of forage fish in recent years has been approximately 22 million tonnes, or one quarter of the world's total catch.
3578:
The northwest
Atlantic Ocean shark populations are estimated to have declined by 50% since the early 1970s. Oceanic sharks are vulnerable because they do not produce many young, and the young can take decades to mature.
2208:
They can be divided into flabby or robust body types. Flabby benthopelagic fishes are like bathopelagic fishes, they have a reduced body mass, and low metabolic rates, expending minimal energy as they lie and wait to
336:
that function as small mirrors. This may give an effect of transparency. At medium depths at sea, light comes from above, so a mirror that is oriented vertically makes animals such as fish invisible from the side.
1433:
that look upward. These give binocular vision and great sensitivity to small light signals. This adaptation gives improved terminal vision at the expense of lateral vision, and allows the predator to pick out
1396:, moving each night into the epipelagic zone, often following similar migrations of zooplankton, and returning to the depths for safety during the day. These vertical migrations occur over hundreds of meters.
1384:
Mesopelagic organisms migrate into shallower water at dusk to feed on plankton. The layer is deeper when the moon is out, and may move higher when the sky is dark. This phenomenon has come to be known as the
2289:
3275:
Essentially, highly migratory species coincide with the larger of the "large pelagic fish", discussed in the previous section, if cetaceans are added and some commercially unimportant fish, such as the
1948:
2006:
642:
Oceanic epipelagic fish can be true residents, partial residents, or accidental residents. True residents live their entire life in the open ocean. Only a few species are true residents, such as
1487:
1377:
zone. Pressure continues to increase, at the rate of one atmosphere every 10 metres, while nutrient concentrations fall, along with dissolved oxygen and the rate at which the water circulates.
611:. Since the continental shelf is usually less than 200 metres deep, it follows that coastal fish that are not demersal fish, are usually epipelagic fish, inhabiting the sunlit epipelagic zone.
2000:
has the largest teeth of any fish, proportionate to body size. Despite their ferocious appearance, bathypelagic fish are usually weakly muscled and too small to represent any threat to humans.
1731:
species, such as the "spark anglemouth" above, are also bathypelagic ambush predators that can swallow prey larger than themselves. They are among the most abundant of all vertebrate families.
1369:
Below the epipelagic zone, conditions change rapidly. Between 200 metres and approximately 1000 metres, light continues to fade until darkness is nearly complete. Temperatures fall through a
1521:
one-quarter as long as its body. The jaw has no floor and is attached only by a hinge and a modified tongue bone. Large fang-like teeth in the front are followed by many small barbed teeth.
796:, and other filter feeding animals within the first 1,000 metres of their journey, that is, within the epipelagic zone. In this way marine snow can be considered the foundation of deep-sea
688:
1719:
is a bathypelagic ambush predator, which attracts prey with a bioluminescent lure. It can ingest prey larger than itself, which it swallows with an inrush of water when it opens its mouth.
263:, so the zone supports less than 2% of the world's known fish species. Much of the zone lacks nutrients for supporting fish, so epipelagic fish tend to be found in coastal water above the
1471:
4041:
Josse, E. (2000). "Typologie et comportement des agrégations thonières autour de dispositifs de concentration de poissons à partir de prospections acoustiques en Polynésie française".
1817:
Bathypelagic fish are sedentary, adapted to outputting minimum energy in a habitat with very little food or available energy, not even sunlight, only bioluminescence. Their bodies are
391:. These attract the filter feeding plankton eaters, which in turn attract the higher predators. Tuna fishing tends to be optimum when water turbidity, measured by the maximum depth a
6799:
2960:
503:
Many coastal juveniles use seaweed for the shelter and the food that is available from invertebrates and other fish associated with it. Drifting seaweed, particularly the pelagic
188:
1907:
that digests the skin of his mouth and her body, fusing the pair to the point where the two circulatory systems join up. The male then atrophies into nothing more than a pair of
1774:
Conditions are somewhat uniform throughout these zones, the darkness is complete, the pressure is crushing, and temperatures, nutrients, and dissolved oxygen levels are all low.
9364:
7291:
2357:) can intercept deep sea currents and cause productive upwellings that support benthic fish. Undersea mountain ranges may separate underwater regions into different ecosystems.
674:. Most of these species migrate back and forth across open oceans, rarely venturing over continental shelves. Some true residents associate with drifting jellyfish or seaweeds.
2353:). Deep sea benthic fishes are more likely to associate with canyons or rock outcroppings among the plains, where invertebrate communities are established. Undersea mountains (
1465:
camouflages the silhouette of the fish. However, some of these predators have yellow lenses that filter the (red deficient) ambient light, leaving the bioluminescence visible.
82:
The marine pelagic environment is the largest aquatic habitat on Earth, occupying 1,370 million cubic kilometres (330 million cubic miles), and is the habitat for 11% of known
1365:. The sabertooth uses its telescopic, upward-pointing eyes to pick out prey silhouetted against the gloom above. Their recurved teeth prevent a captured fish from backing out.
1747:. When males mature into adults, they develop a massive liver and then their jaws fuse shut. They no longer eat, but continue to metabolise the energy stored in their liver.
9017:
1425:
Mesopelagic fish are adapted for an active life under low light conditions. Most of them are visual predators with large eyes. Some of the deeper water fish such as the
566:
who remain for long periods in the water also often attract a retinue of fish, with smaller fishes coming in close and larger fishes observing from a greater distance.
2896:, and the third population migrates southward along the west coast of Scotland and Ireland. The cruise speed of the mackerel is an impressive 10 kilometres per hour.
2307:
90:
have a mean depth of 4,000 metres (2.5 miles). About 98% of the total water volume is below 100 metres (330 ft), and 75% is below 1,000 metres (3,300 ft).
2716:
regions around the northeast
Atlantic, off the coast of Japan, and off the west coasts of Africa and the Americas. Forage fish are generally short-lived, and their
1649:
2125:
fishes are muscular with well developed organs. In this way they are closer to mesopelagic fishes than bathopelagic fishes. In other ways, they are more variable.
872:
Many species move daily between zones in vertical migrations. In the following table, they are listed in the middle or deeper zone where they regularly are found.
1453:
are dark, black or red. Since the longer, red, wavelengths of light do not reach the deep sea, red effectively functions the same as black. Migratory forms use
8758:
6794:
5643:
Chavez, F. P.; Ryan, John; Lluch-Cota, Salvador E.; Ñiquen c., Miguel (2003). "From
Anchovies to Sardines and Back: Multidecadal Change in the Pacific Ocean".
3085:, dependent on the anchoveta, died. Since the mid-1980s, the upwelling has resumed, and the Peruvian anchoveta catch levels have returned to the 1960s levels.
1855:
Despite their ferocious appearance, these beasts of the deep are mostly miniature fish with weak muscles, and are too small to represent any threat to humans.
761:
In the deep ocean, the waters extend far below the epipelagic zone and support very different types of pelagic fishes adapted to living in these deeper zones.
420:
seaweed provides food and shelter for small epipelagic fish. The small round spheres are floats filled with carbon dioxide which provide buoyancy to the algae.
1665:
1633:
682:). Accidental residents occur occasionally when adults and juveniles of species from other environments are carried accidentally into the zone by currents.
240:
the water is, but can extend to 200 m (660 ft) in clear water, coinciding with the epipelagic zone. The photic zone allows sufficient light for
310:
with large mouths, smooth bodies, and deeply forked tails. Many use vision to prey on zooplankton or smaller fish, while others filter feed on plankton.
5844:
Block, B. A.; Dewar, H; Blackwell, S. B.; Williams, T. D.; Prince, E. D.; Farwell, C. J.; Boustany, A; Teo, S. L.; Seitz, A; Walli, A; Fudge, D (2001).
635:
Oceanic fish (also called open ocean or offshore fish) live in the waters that are not above the continental shelf. Oceanic fish can be contrasted with
3601:
1399:
These fish have muscular bodies, ossified bones, scales, well developed gills and central nervous systems, and large hearts and kidneys. Mesopelagic
341:
on the skin, as they would fail to reflect horizontally. The overall mirror effect is achieved with many small reflectors, all oriented vertically.
8539:
4533:
1825:
structures. Since so much of the fish is water, they are not compressed by the great pressures at these depths. They often have extensible, hinged
737:
are partial residents of the ocean epipelagic zone During the day they hide in deep waters, but at night they migrate up to surface waters to feed.
500:
from predators. An abundance of drifting seaweed or jellyfish can result in significant increases in the survival rates of some juvenile species.
9374:
9000:
6824:
3194:
1942:
uses its mouth like a net by opening its large mouth and swimming at its prey. It has a luminescent organ at the tip of its tail to attract prey.
3297:
species, which means they mostly live in the open ocean and do not live near the sea floor, although they may spend part of their life cycle in
3529:
830:
because, rather than having an even distribution in open water, they occur in significantly higher abundances around structural oases, notably
9047:
3656:
shark has declined by 99% since the late 1970s. Its status on the red list is that it is globally endangered, meaning it is near extinction.
3173:
make long seasonal migrations. They appear to follow temperature gradients, and have been recorded travelling more than 4,500 km in one year.
528:. A simpler alternative is to leverage off the fascination fish have with floating objects. When fishermen use such objects, they are called
251:
A vast habitat for most pelagic fish, the epipelagic zone is well lit so visual predators can use their eyesight, is usually well mixed and
6316:
2226:
Robust benthopelagic fish are muscular swimmers that actively cruise the bottom searching for prey. They may live around features, such as
3126:. To complicate things, their distribution is further modified within the area defined by the two current systems by another current, the
9150:
8995:
8201:
7398:
6664:
5338:
6409:
5420:
5310:
4167:
3007:
2238:. Because these fish were once abundant, and because their robust bodies are good to eat, these fish have been harvested commercially.
5448:
7943:
4779:
6639:
5055:
4360:
9122:
4912:
Jumper, J.; Baird, R. C. (1991). "Location by Olfaction: A Model and Application to the Mating Problem in the Deep-Sea Hatchetfish
4406:(Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae), with Description of a New Species from the Temperate Southern Hemisphere and Indian Ocean".
3137:
in an area where the eggs and larvae drift downstream into suitable feeding areas, and eventually, drift into adult feeding areas.
5212:
4726:
3828:
9283:
6814:
6599:
5083:
2283:
resting on bottom. Hagfish coat themselves and any dead fish they find with noxious slime, making them inedible to other species.
1833:. The central nervous system is confined to the lateral line and olfactory systems, the eyes are small and may not function, and
5027:
2136:
Deep sea benthic fish are usually long and narrow. Many are eels or shaped like eels. This may be because long bodies have long
1627:. Lancetfish are ambush predators that frequent the mesopelagic. They are among the largest mesopelagic fishes (up to 2 metres).
5476:
4698:
2771:
3585:
6206:
6199:
6098:
6083:
6054:
6035:
5968:
5181:
Koslow, J. A. (1996). "Energetic and life-history patterns of deep-sea benthic, benthopelagic and seamount-associated fish".
4573:
4201:
3887:
3751:
3621:
3103:
populations. Fisheries catches fell from 5 million tonnes in 1988 to 280 thousand tonnes in 1998. As a further consequence,
9005:
8532:
6829:
5553:
3701:
6071:
1874:
system also can be important for males who find females by smell. Bathypelagic fish are black, or sometimes red, with few
387:
Ocean waters that are exceptionally clear contain little food. Areas of high productivity tend to be somewhat turbid from
9180:
9057:
7770:
6927:
6789:
1897:
to attract tiny males. When a male finds her, he bites onto her and never lets go. When a male of the anglerfish species
6273:
6261:
3989:
Dooley JK (1972). "Fishes associated with the pelagic sargassum complex, with a discussion of the sargassum community".
3536:
for threatened oceanic sharks and rays. They claim that approximately one third of open ocean sharks and rays are under
1893:, which doubles their chances of producing both eggs and sperm when an encounter occurs. The female anglerfish releases
551:
aggregated closest to the devices, 10 to 50 m. Farther out, 50 to 150 m, was a less dense group of larger yellowfin and
5920:
1581:, several times the entire world fisheries catch. Lanternfish also account for much of the biomass responsible for the
570:, functioning as a mobile shelter for small fish, can be impaled accidentally by a swordfish trying to catch the fish.
5927:
1541:. As most of their prey cannot perceive red light, this allows it to hunt with an essentially invisible beam of light.
9379:
9112:
9107:
7800:
6819:
5759:
5531:
3310:
1852:. As with larvae, these features allow the fish to remain suspended in the water with little expenditure of energy.
8588:
6454:
6309:
4264:
Douglas, E.; Friedl, W.; Pickwell, G. (1976). "Fishes in oxygen-minimum zones: Blood oxygenation characteristics".
838:. The phenomenon is explained by the likewise abundance of prey species that also are attracted to the structures.
517:
mats. Jellyfish also are used by juvenile fish for shelter and food, even though jellyfish can prey on small fish.
17:
6003:
5979:
1918:
Many animal forms other than fish live in the bathypelagic zone, such as squid, large whales, octopuses, sponges,
9309:
9165:
8525:
7454:
7391:
2133:
range from absent to well developed. They vary in size, with larger species greater than one metre not uncommon.
4875:
Marshall (1984) "Progenetic tendencies in deep-sea fishes", pp. 91–101 in Potts GW and Wootton RJ (eds.) (1984)
3947:
Hunter, JR; Mitchell CT (1966). "Association of fishes with flotsam in the offshore waters of Central America".
8643:
7281:
6140:
Makris, N; Ratilal, P; Jagannathan, S; Gong, Z; Andrews, M; Bertsatos, I; Godo, OR; Nero, RW; Jech, JM (2009).
5909:
1422:, where the temperature changes between 10 and 20 °C, thus displaying considerable temperature tolerance.
2341:, where there is habitat diversity and often, food supplies. Approximately 40% of the ocean floor consists of
2080:
In deep waters, the fishes of the demersal zone are active and relatively abundant, compared to fishes of the
1763:. If the water is exceptionally deep, the pelagic zone below 4,000 metres (2.5 miles) sometimes is called the
9278:
9268:
9175:
8673:
6252:
4419:
2252:
Benthic fish are not pelagic fish, but they are discussed here briefly, by way of completeness and contrast.
509:, provide a niche habitat with its own shelter and food, and even supports its own unique fauna, such as the
6223:
4483:
4124:
Haedrich, R. L. (1996). "Deep-water fishes: Evolution and adaptation in the earth's largest living spaces".
1859:
the upper epipelagic zone, but they wither or fill with fat when the fish move down to their adult habitat.
9349:
9258:
8753:
8708:
8505:
7539:
7301:
7286:
5630:
5584:
3706:
259:
to grow. However, it is an almost featureless habitat. This lack of habitat variation results in a lack of
8763:
2794:
1601:
to the human palate have not been identified, leading harvesters to focus on animal feed markets instead.
1554:
and is the only vertebrate known to employ a mirror, as opposed to a lens, to focus an image in its eyes.
132:. They are usually agile swimmers with streamlined bodies, capable of sustained cruising on long-distance
67:
of ocean or lake waters—being neither close to the bottom nor near the shore—in contrast with
7439:
7296:
6302:
4759:
4236:
3637:
2939:
are set up, because tuna, as well as some other pelagic fish, tend to congregate under floating objects.
252:
3329:. Of this total, about 45% were pelagic fish. The following table shows the world capture production in
105:
inhabit the vast and deep waters beyond the continental shelf (even though they also may swim inshore).
9304:
9193:
8191:
7918:
7888:
7775:
7384:
6604:
4547:
2155:. Smell, touch, and lateral line sensitivities seem to be the main sensory devices for locating these.
772:
falling from the upper layers of the water column. Its origin lies in activities within the productive
3065:
fishery was the world's largest fishery. The anchoveta population was greatly reduced during the 1972
1786:
bathypelagic fish are almost all lie-in-wait predators, normally expending little energy in movement.
9492:
9458:
9453:
9430:
9339:
9170:
9145:
8464:
8457:
8424:
8166:
7838:
7519:
6912:
6806:
4807:
3037:
1848:, which suggests that during their evolution, bathypelagic fish have acquired these features through
807:: As sunlight cannot reach them, deep-sea organisms rely heavily on marine snow as an energy source.
3811:
368:
to strain small organisms from the water column. Some of the largest epipelagic fishes, such as the
9344:
9077:
9052:
8723:
8698:
8474:
8233:
7365:
7158:
7153:
6449:
6107:"Lifting the Cloak of Invisibility: The Effects of Changing Optical Conditions on Pelagic Crypsis1"
3190:
3161:
3123:
1373:
to temperatures between 4 °C (39 °F) and 8 °C (46 °F). This is the twilight or
5390:
1577:
role as prey for larger organisms. The estimated global biomass of lanternfish is 550–660 million
9435:
9097:
8990:
8668:
8623:
8608:
8452:
8434:
7996:
7745:
7496:
7066:
6877:
6771:
6499:
6489:
4657:
4590:
4383:
3879:
3286:
3096:
produces nutrient-rich upwellings. Cyclic changes in these currents resulted in a decline in the
2936:
2264:
1393:
843:
529:
145:
5776:
4484:
Wagner, H.J., Douglas, R.H., Frank, T.M., Roberts, N.W., and Partridge, J.C. (27 January 2009).
3567:. Now sharks are being increasingly targeted to supply emerging Asian markets, particularly for
144:, are solitary. There are also freshwater pelagic fish in some of the larger lakes, such as the
94:
9359:
9219:
8892:
8414:
8238:
8223:
8046:
7765:
7654:
6892:
6882:
6584:
6569:
6141:
3691:
3608:
3225:
2778:
2705:
2297:
287:
137:
37:
8773:
6091:
Dynamics of Pelagic Fish Distribution and Behaviour: Effects on Fisheries and Stock Assessment
2255:
Some fishes do not fit into the above classification. For example, the family of nearly blind
428:
9243:
9117:
8743:
8638:
8444:
8429:
7938:
7755:
7311:
7238:
7173:
7038:
7013:
6988:
6872:
6619:
6399:
4527:
3233:
3182:
3119:
2970:
2712:
large distances between spawning grounds and feeding grounds. They are found particularly in
2327:
2013:
1609:
1582:
1386:
1350:
175:, have a deeply forked tail and a smooth body shaped like a spindle tapered at both ends and
172:
3741:
2928:
2334:(5.20 mi). It may be that extreme pressures interfere with essential enzyme functions.
2219:, a predator with a huge head and a body that is 90% water. This fish has the largest ears (
93:
Marine pelagic fish can be divided into coastal (inshore) fish and oceanic (offshore) fish.
9487:
9102:
9082:
9042:
9012:
8959:
8439:
7735:
7046:
7008:
6339:
6153:
5860:
5652:
5256:
5153:
4972:
4959:
Pietsch, T. W. (1975). "Precocious sexual parasitism in the deep sea ceratioid anglerfish,
4458:
4275:
3653:
3592:
3563:
fisheries. In the past there were few markets for sharks, which were regarded as worthless
3229:
3104:
2314:
2235:
2180:
1547:
303:
232:. The photic zone is defined as the surface waters down to the depth where the sunlight is
3118:
are confined between two current systems. The northern boundary is determined by the cold
2803:
1569:. Indeed, lanternfish are among the most widely distributed, populous, and diverse of all
698:, a true resident of the ocean epipelagic zone, sometimes drifts with the current, eating
8:
9263:
9253:
9186:
9155:
9140:
8967:
8963:
8927:
8683:
8653:
8228:
8171:
7971:
7858:
7647:
7268:
6922:
6731:
6689:
6459:
6419:
6286:
5845:
5368:(Pisces, Chlorophthalmidae) with a revised classification of benthic myctophiform fishes"
3170:
1716:
1624:
1478:
991:
562:, often attract a retinue of small fish that accompany them in a strategically safe way.
540:
264:
6157:
5864:
5656:
5260:
5157:
5007:
4976:
4462:
4447:(Pisces: Stomiidae): An enigmatic feeding ecology to facilitate a unique visual system?"
4279:
2704:
and are usually less than 10 centimetres (3.9 inches) long. They often stay together in
1686:
A collection of mesopelagic forage fishes trawled from the Gulf of Mexico that includes
364:
when that gives better results energetically. Filter feeding fish usually use long fine
9448:
9224:
9067:
8847:
7810:
7188:
7183:
7051:
6993:
6887:
6736:
6654:
6539:
6519:
6429:
6372:
6177:
5884:
5715:
5676:
5569:
5288:
5272:
5194:
4988:
4941:
4933:
4515:
4423:
4338:
4137:
4086:
3537:
3481:
3322:
3314:
3062:
2979:
2215:
2192:
2062:
1976:
1915:
ensures that, when the female is ready to spawn, she has a mate immediately available.
1899:
1768:
1534:
1514:
1058:
1011:
1007:
819:
615:
spawn in streams, estuaries, and bays, but most complete their life cycle in the zone.
329:
5846:"Migratory Movements, Depth Preferences, and Thermal Biology of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna"
5627:
5581:
4054:
3794:
2843:
9329:
9314:
8797:
8718:
8648:
8593:
8578:
8562:
8156:
8061:
7966:
7878:
7873:
7820:
7627:
7434:
7424:
7198:
7076:
7023:
6942:
6609:
6574:
6514:
6474:
6444:
6414:
6325:
6234:
6195:
6169:
6128:
6094:
6079:
6050:
6031:
5964:
5876:
5755:
5668:
5527:
5363:
5280:
4635:
4569:
4507:
4442:
4291:
4266:
3968:"Biotic and abiotic structure in the pelagic environment: Importance to small fishes"
3967:
3883:
3747:
2993:
2746:
2346:
2338:
2081:
2058:
1912:
1756:
1066:
1062:
835:
608:
260:
98:
5958:
5888:
5680:
5292:
5240:
4945:
4519:
4342:
4090:
2829:
2815:
9410:
9214:
9209:
8917:
8837:
8633:
8618:
8613:
7898:
7843:
7805:
7760:
7718:
7642:
7429:
7306:
6998:
6902:
6854:
6766:
6659:
6357:
6214:
6181:
6161:
6118:
5868:
5814:
5711:
5660:
5264:
5190:
5161:
4992:
4980:
4925:
4625:
4617:
4497:
4466:
4427:
4415:
4330:
4283:
4133:
4078:
4050:
3556:
3541:
3298:
3127:
3093:
3070:
2985:
2065:
on the continental slope and the continental rise. They are not generally found at
1740:
1481:
have large, upward looking eyes, adapted to detecting the silhouettes of prey fish.
1074:
513:. One study, off Florida, found 54 species from 23 families living in flotsam from
493:
470:
198:
45:
6142:"Critical Population Density Triggers Rapid Formation of Vast Oceanic Fish Shoals"
2034:
1818:
452:
9415:
9273:
9062:
8852:
8807:
8792:
8693:
8115:
8095:
7923:
7910:
7893:
7848:
7730:
7669:
7593:
7588:
7524:
7511:
7481:
7276:
7243:
7104:
7056:
6932:
6907:
6716:
6669:
6594:
6439:
6424:
6189:
6025:
5931:
5801:
Casey, J. G.; Kohler, N. E. (1992). "Tagging studies on the Shortfin Mako Shark (
5749:
5557:
3681:
3134:
3089:
2916:
2781:
2280:
2210:
2160:
2111:
2030:
1955:
1886:
1538:
1462:
1450:
1362:
1127:
1038:
1003:
857:
559:
434:
245:
209:
5550:
2624:
2223:) and the smallest brain in relation to its body size of all known vertebrates.
298:. Most epipelagic fish have streamlined bodies capable of sustained cruising on
9405:
9334:
9248:
8897:
8877:
8857:
8832:
8782:
8713:
8703:
8663:
8603:
8566:
8391:
8364:
8256:
8248:
8181:
8151:
8090:
8072:
8026:
8016:
7620:
7573:
7140:
7094:
7089:
7061:
7028:
6897:
6756:
6684:
6674:
6524:
6469:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6007:
5905:
5901:
4606:"Seafaring in the 21St Century: The Malaspina 2010 Circumnavigation Expedition"
3612:
3572:
3326:
3217:
2966:
2892:. One population migrates to the North Sea, another stays in the waters of the
2749:
at depths between 100 and 1000 meters . They follow vertical migrations of the
2731:
2709:
1454:
894:
823:
548:
525:
510:
477:
325:
299:
176:
133:
8954:
5112:
4502:
4485:
4470:
4334:
2077:. They occupy a range of seafloors consisting of mud, sand, gravel, or rocks.
1361:
Most of the rest of the mesopelagic fishes are ambush predators, such as this
9481:
9425:
9420:
9324:
9087:
8985:
8955:
8842:
8827:
8812:
8688:
8493:
8396:
8310:
8130:
8105:
8100:
8056:
8051:
8006:
8001:
7981:
7853:
7632:
7551:
7354:
7248:
7213:
7114:
7109:
7084:
6614:
6579:
6554:
6404:
6367:
5732:
5472:
5444:
5416:
5334:
5306:
5208:
5079:
5051:
5023:
4803:
4775:
4722:
4694:
4639:
4356:
4163:
3676:
3671:
3568:
3533:
3281:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3078:
3054:
3013:
2912:
2860:
2697:
2599:
2584:
2410:
2342:
2301:), a species of spiderfish, uses its fin extensions to "stand" on the bottom.
2231:
2170:
2074:
2066:
2050:
2045:
1890:
1659:
slashes other mesopelagic fish when it bites them with its dagger-like teeth.
1640:
1426:
1400:
1042:
898:
756:
695:
671:
584:
567:
552:
497:
369:
361:
360:
or fish larvae out of the water column, and then change to filter feeding on
291:
283:
241:
168:
141:
121:
68:
41:
6165:
5872:
5696:"Decadal variation in the trans-Pacific migration of northern bluefin tuna (
5664:
4287:
2753:
they feed on to the bottom during daytime and to the surface at night time.
2016:
can make nightly migrations from bathypelagic depths to near surface waters.
1958:, with its distensible stomach, is notable for its ability to swallow whole
1743:
make nightly vertical migrations into the lower mesopelagic zone to feed on
1674:
cruise the epipelagic zone at night and the mesopelagic zone during the day.
307:
8907:
8802:
8748:
8658:
8628:
8386:
8210:
8085:
7986:
7928:
7868:
7795:
7790:
7780:
7696:
7686:
7615:
7598:
7505:
7466:
7459:
7340:
7099:
7003:
6741:
6624:
6544:
6504:
6494:
6464:
6268:
6256:
6218:
6173:
6132:
6123:
6106:
5924:
5880:
5672:
5612:
5268:
4511:
3237:
3141:
2742:
2247:
2137:
2038:
1939:
1867:
1790:
1760:
1728:
1695:
1691:
1590:
1461:
producing low grade light. For a predator from below, looking upward, this
1336:
1070:
1022:
929:
866:
862:
636:
628:
596:
579:
563:
213:
125:
64:
5284:
4828:
4295:
2923:
upwelling along continental slopes. Tuna are captured by several methods:
2468:
408:
9160:
9072:
8922:
8902:
8887:
8872:
8867:
8817:
8598:
8517:
8369:
8357:
8283:
8041:
8036:
8011:
7991:
7933:
7828:
7723:
7701:
7691:
7664:
7534:
7486:
7253:
7228:
7223:
7193:
6976:
6952:
6917:
6726:
6629:
6549:
6509:
6362:
6238:
6227:
5504:: a new genus and species of oviparous ophidioids (Pisces, Brotulidae)".
3540:. There are 64 species of oceanic sharks and rays on the list, including
3209:
3074:
3021:
2874:
2785:
2750:
2717:
2693:
2687:
2490:
2202:
2130:
2070:
1838:
1826:
1810:
1806:
1699:
1671:
1656:
1604:
1562:
1419:
1415:
1374:
1370:
1342:
1054:
1050:
983:
954:
902:
811:
797:
793:
773:
765:
734:
715:
679:
667:
651:
631:, which is the deep open water which lies beyond the continental shelves.
544:
533:
392:
388:
373:
346:
279:
268:
233:
229:
194:
109:
4630:
2696:
that are hunted by larger pelagic fish and other predators. Forage fish
2147:
The main diet of deep sea benthic fish is invertebrates of the deep sea
1723:
9384:
9092:
8882:
8862:
8419:
8218:
8186:
8120:
8110:
8031:
8021:
7706:
7674:
7659:
7605:
7578:
7561:
7233:
7168:
6957:
6937:
6721:
6694:
6479:
6392:
6004:
Fishing puts a third of all oceanic shark species at risk of extinction
5395:: a new genus and species of oviparous ophidioids (Pisces, Brotulidae)"
5166:
5141:
4937:
4605:
4082:
3628:
3081:
production plummeted, as did the anchoveta population, and millions of
2256:
2197:
Benthopelagic fish inhabit the water just above the bottom, feeding on
2126:
2091:
1919:
1879:
1875:
1830:
1794:
1782:
1778:
1687:
1570:
1458:
1446:
1439:
1404:
1089:
1026:
950:
933:
920:
907:
847:
659:
438:
365:
333:
76:
9027:
7349:
5818:
4621:
4384:
Mystery Of Deep-sea Fish With Tubular Eyes And Transparent Head Solved
3066:
3053:
occurs both along coastlines and in midocean when a collision of deep
2053:
live on or near the bottom of the sea. Demersal fish are found by the
1980:
anglerfish trailing attached males that have atrophied into a pair of
1711:
32:
9354:
9319:
8932:
8912:
8176:
8161:
8146:
7976:
7637:
7583:
7568:
7546:
7529:
7476:
7258:
7163:
6947:
6711:
6704:
6679:
6589:
6294:
5276:
4984:
3696:
3644:
3560:
3549:
3290:
3253:
3050:
2999:
2951:
2943:
2893:
2882:
2870:
2727:
2713:
2141:
1997:
1959:
1894:
1871:
1863:
1802:
1798:
1551:
1518:
1494:
1408:
1046:
1034:
1030:
999:
995:
962:
946:
815:
804:
699:
589:
505:
416:
376:, are filter feeders, and so are some of the smallest, such as adult
350:
272:
217:
72:
49:
5695:
4890:
4486:"A Novel Vertebrate Eye Using Both Refractive and Reflective Optics"
3166:
1357:
623:
356:
Many forage fish are facultative predators that can pick individual
313:
9204:
8738:
8728:
8678:
8379:
8320:
8266:
8261:
8080:
7948:
7610:
7556:
7471:
7208:
7018:
6564:
6559:
6484:
6076:
Reproduction and Sexuality in Marine Fishes: Patterns and Processes
5485:
5457:
5429:
5347:
5319:
5221:
5092:
5064:
5036:
4929:
4812:
4788:
4735:
4707:
4591:"Deep-sea fish diversity and ecology in the benthic boundary layer"
4588:
4564:
Hulley, P. Alexander (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).
4369:
4321:
Muntz, W. R. A. (2009). "On yellow lenses in mesopelagic animals".
4176:
3666:
3494:
3490:
3425:
3269:
3249:
3241:
3149:
3115:
3029:
2932:
2908:
2889:
2866:
2701:
2620:
2553:
2448:
2444:
2354:
2227:
2115:
2107:
2054:
1923:
1885:
It is not easy finding a mate in this zone. Some species depend on
1822:
1744:
1735:
1558:
1445:
Mesopelagic fish usually lack defensive spines, and use colour for
1430:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1100:
970:
937:
831:
777:
769:
719:
647:
295:
201:, share similar body features as the predator fish described above.
4323:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
2337:
Benthic fishes are more diverse and are likely to be found on the
2026:
9400:
9369:
9299:
9199:
8733:
8548:
8352:
8347:
8325:
8298:
8293:
8288:
7833:
7785:
7679:
7449:
7444:
7218:
7178:
7148:
7126:
6746:
6534:
6434:
6191:
Fishes of the Open Ocean: A Natural History and Illustrated Guide
3564:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3294:
3277:
3265:
3097:
3082:
2835:
2821:
2807:
2800:
2761:
2757:
2736:
2723:
2538:
2523:
2503:
2350:
2220:
2198:
2152:
2148:
2122:
2103:
2099:
2087:
1849:
1574:
1566:
1501:
that generally are directed upward, but may be swivelled forward.
1346:
1155:
1108:
1104:
1085:
958:
941:
915:
911:
851:
801:
789:
781:
718:, another resident of the ocean epipelagic zone, filter feeds on
655:
600:
381:
357:
317:
117:
113:
53:
6967:
6337:
3193:(HMS) is a legal term that has its origins in Article 64 of the
2322:
2166:
1882:
that prevent small prey that have been swallowed from escaping.
220:
down to 200 m (660 ft). It is also referred to as the
8271:
7203:
6529:
4402:
Kenaley, C.P (2007). "Revision of the Stoplight Loosejaw Genus
3686:
3545:
3421:
3245:
2969:
are being fished as a replacement for the now largely depleted
2947:
2924:
2878:
2603:
1981:
1908:
1904:
1845:
1643:
has large, forward-pointing telescoping eyes with large lenses.
924:
785:
663:
237:
129:
6282:
5942:
5115:
Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Updated 2 March 2009
4067:
2428:
747:
324:
Most epipelagic predator fish and their smaller prey fish are
161:
8374:
8303:
7713:
5642:
5245:, a Deep-Sea Teleost Fish with a Minute Brain and Large Ears"
3486:
3330:
3318:
3261:
3257:
2739:, which now account for about half of Iceland's total catch.
2464:
1608:
response to the vertical migrations of prey organisms in the
1586:
1578:
1435:
604:
377:
256:
87:
6139:
5560:
Pelagic Freezer-trawler Association. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
2317:
feeds on bottom-dwelling fish, bivalves, crabs, and shrimps.
2176:
320:
reflectors are nearly vertical for camouflage from the side.
271:
can provide nutrients, or in those parts of the ocean where
8276:
7863:
7416:
7407:
6699:
5982:
5843:
4891:"The swimbladder as a juvenile organ in stromateoid fishes"
3928:
Blackburn (1965). "Oceanography and the ecology of tunas".
3417:
3201:
2904:
2507:
2424:
1834:
987:
966:
643:
521:
187:
97:
inhabit the relatively shallow and sunlit waters above the
83:
1325:
variable, species greater than one metre are not uncommon
332:
incoming light. The silvering is achieved with reflective
8315:
7883:
6761:
6751:
5954:
5728:
5700:) coherent with climate-induced change in prey abundance"
5608:
3739:
2931:
that use poles baited with other smaller pelagic fish as
2095:
1751:
Below the mesopelagic zone it is pitch dark. This is the
1498:
1115:
8561:
6267:. MarineBio.org. Updated 28 August 2011. TED video from
4548:"Fish with four eyes can see through the deep sea gloom"
4420:
10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[886:ROTSLG]2.0.CO;2
3073:, as part of a 50-year cycle, lowering the depth of the
722:, and periodically dives deep into the mesopelagic zone.
7376:
6235:
One fish, two fish: New MIT sensor improves fish counts
5249:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4451:
Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
2345:, but these flat, featureless regions are covered with
2061:, and in the open ocean they are found along the outer
349:. As a group, epipelagic fishes form the most valuable
302:. In general, predatory and forage fish share the same
140:
weighing hundreds of tonnes. Others, such as the large
2268:, eel-like and blind, feeds on benthic invertebrates.
1457:
silvery colours. On their bellies, they often display
524:
can be captured by travelling long distances in large
236:
to 1% of the surface value. This depth depends on how
5980:
Third of open ocean sharks threatened with extinction
5139:
4589:
Cornejo, R.; Koppelmann, R. & Sutton, T. (2006).
4263:
4199:
3946:
2888:
Around Europe there are three populations of coastal
2163:
or move actively over the bottom in search for food.
4563:
3016:
cruise on long migrations at 10 kilometres per hour.
2927:
enclose an entire surface school with special nets,
2262:
The deepest-living fish known, the strictly benthic
2094:
are common, and other well-established families are
1442:, and smaller fish that are silhouetted above them.
543:
in French Polynesia, found large shoals of juvenile
395:
can be seen during a sunny day, is 15 to 35 metres.
6072:"Reproduction and development in epipelagic fishes"
4829:"Scientists solve mystery: 3 fish are all the same"
4826:
1870:, which responds to changes in water pressure. The
1862:The most important sensory systems are usually the
6224:Scientists IDs genesis of animal behavior patterns
6078:, pp. 21–64, University of California Press.
5960:State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006.
5113:Carl . "Coastal fish – Fish of the open sea floor"
2326:Cross-section of an ocean basin, note significant
2213:prey. An example of a flabby fish is the cusk-eel
1926:, but this zone is difficult for fish to live in.
278:Epipelagic fish can be divided broadly into small
5784:Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review
5747:
3930:Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review
3340:Capture production by groups of species in tonnes
1759:, extending from 1000 m to the bottom deep water
9479:
4554:. Times Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
2037:benthic fish with large eyes and well-developed
1565:account for as much as 65% of all deep sea fish
1345:account for as much as 65% of all deep sea fish
255:from wave action, and can be a good habitat for
9375:International Seafood Sustainability Foundation
9001:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
5500:Nielsen, J.G. (1977). "The deepest living fish
4568:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 127–128.
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4119:
4117:
4115:
3195:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
3122:and the southern boundary is determined by the
2230:, which have strong currents. Examples are the
1903:bites into the skin of a female, he release an
1781:to cope with these conditions – they have slow
1537:is also one of the few fishes that produce red
751:Scale diagram of the layers of the pelagic zone
328:with silvery colours that reduce visibility by
4200:Salvanes, A.G.V.; Kristoffersen, J.B. (2001).
3530:International Union for Conservation of Nature
462:can stretch for miles along the ocean surface.
108:Pelagic fish range in size from small coastal
8533:
7392:
6600:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
6310:
5499:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
3869:
3867:
3069:event, when warm water drifted over the cold
1829:with recurved teeth. They are slimy, without
1411:have larger mouths and coarser gill rakers.
603:or inshore fish) inhabit the waters near the
5572:Icelandic fisheries. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
5005:
4532:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4477:
4440:
4401:
4184:
4112:
3965:
3114:For example, in the Asian northern Pacific,
1984:, for use when the female is ready to spawn.
1304:vertically migratory fish have swimbladders
558:Larger fish, even predator fish such as the
9151:List of commercially important fish species
8996:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
6665:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
5999:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5800:
5774:
5623:
5621:
5238:
5123:
5121:
5107:
5105:
5103:
4911:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4760:"Deep-sea creatures: The bathypelagic zone"
4102:
4100:
3155:
1789:The dominant bathypelagic fishes are small
1593:, giving the appearance of a false bottom.
1429:have tubular eyes with big lenses and only
8547:
8540:
8526:
7399:
7385:
6317:
6303:
5388:
5239:Fine, M. L.; Horn, M. H.; Cox, B. (1987).
4754:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4397:
4395:
4237:"Deep-sea creatures: The mesopelagic zone"
4231:
4229:
4013:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3864:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3763:
2745:are found in the open ocean and above the
1844:These are the same features found in fish
810:Some deep-sea pelagic groups, such as the
7944:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
6122:
5522:Checkley D, Alheit J and Oozeki Y (2009)
5165:
4877:Fish reproduction: strategies and tactics
4820:
4629:
4501:
3988:
3927:
3799:Te Ara – The Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
3746:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 8.
2205:. Most dermersal fish are benthopelagic.
1589:reflects off the millions of lanternfish
768:is a continuous shower of mostly organic
9123:Regional fishery management organisation
6279:. MarineBio.org. Updated 28 August 2011.
5988:
5825:
5693:
5618:
5516:
5201:
5118:
5100:
4852:
4835:
4763:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
4675:
4302:
4240:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
4144:
4123:
4097:
4001:
3165:
3107:stopped moving into the region to feed.
3036:
3028:
3020:
2321:
2175:
2165:
2025:
1734:
1722:
1710:
1356:
1335:
746:
622:
583:
312:
31:
27:Fish in the pelagic zone of ocean waters
6104:
5777:"Oceanography and the ecology of tunas"
5590:
5493:
5471:
5443:
5415:
5333:
5305:
5234:
5232:
5207:
5078:
5050:
5022:
4958:
4888:
4879:Fisheries Society of the British Isles.
4827:Schmid, Randolph E. (22 January 2009).
4802:
4774:
4743:
4721:
4693:
4655:
4392:
4355:
4226:
4162:
3896:
3873:
3839:
3760:
1137:Comparative structure of pelagic fishes
536:to capture the fish attracted to them.
14:
9480:
6324:
6047:Fishes, An Introduction to Ichthyology
6024:Bone, Quentin; Moore, Richard (2008).
5963:Fisheries and Aquaculture Department.
5546:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5180:
5142:"Foraging strategies of deep-sea fish"
4999:
4603:
4443:"Trophic ecology of the deep-sea fish
4434:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3200:The highly migratory species include:
3041:Pacific decadal anomalies – April 2008
1597:remained highly uncertain as of 2024.
48:) sizing up a school of small pelagic
8953:
8560:
8521:
7380:
6853:
6852:
6336:
6298:
6194:University of New South Wales Press,
5925:Background: Highly Migratory Species
5524:Climate Change and Small Pelagic Fish
4952:
4651:
4649:
4604:Duarte, Carlos M. (28 January 2015).
4540:
4320:
4040:
3523:
3304:
2942:Other large pelagic fish are premier
2186:
776:. Marine snow includes dead or dying
678:into the surface waters (such as the
71:that live on or near the bottom, and
9006:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement
5361:
5229:
3743:The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia
3740:Lal, Brij V.; Fortune, Kate (2000).
3702:Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking Project
3130:, whose flows fluctuate seasonally.
2903:Examples of larger pelagic fish are
2360:
2349:and largely devoid of benthic life (
1706:
1349:and are largely responsible for the
1310:variable (well developed to absent)
1233:variable (well developed to absent)
884:Species and species groups include:
306:features. Predator fish are usually
9181:Future of Marine Animal Populations
9058:Fishery Resources Monitoring System
9048:Monitoring control and surveillance
8500:
7771:Electroreception and electrogenesis
6928:Oceanic physical-biological process
6790:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
6253:Glowing life in an underwater world
6205:Salvanesa AGV and Kristoffersen JB
6111:Integrative and Comparative Biology
6049:(5th ed.). Benjamin Cummings.
5537:
4656:Donovan, Moira (21 November 2023).
4610:Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin
4557:
3724:
2865:Medium size pelagic fishes include
2720:fluctuate markedly over the years.
1866:, which responds to sound, and the
1331:
846:plankton-feeders, the bathypelagic
480:has evolved to live among drifting
398:
24:
6064:
5921:Pacific Fishery Management Council
5805:) in the Western North Atlantic".
5716:10.1111/j.1365-2419.1996.tb00110.x
5195:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb06067.x
4646:
4138:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb06066.x
3317:in 2005 consisted of 93.2 million
3181:In a 2001 study, the movements of
742:
151:
25:
9504:
9380:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
9113:National Marine Fisheries Service
9108:European Fisheries Control Agency
6246:
6045:Moyle, PB & Cech, JJ (2004).
3311:Food and Agriculture Organization
102:
9026:
8772:
8589:Population dynamics of fisheries
8499:
8488:
8487:
8470:
8469:
7495:
7361:
7360:
7348:
7334:
6966:
6638:
6455:Colored dissolved organic matter
5364:"The systematics and biology of
5140:Mauchline J; Gordon JDM (1986).
3636:
3620:
3600:
3584:
3088:Off Japan, the collision of the
3006:
2992:
2978:
2959:
2854:
2842:
2828:
2814:
2793:
2770:
2623:
2602:
2506:
2467:
2447:
2427:
2306:
2288:
2273:
2021:
2005:
1989:
1967:
1947:
1931:
1679:
1664:
1648:
1632:
1617:
1526:
1506:
1486:
1470:
1215:lateral line and olfactory only
727:
707:
687:
469:
451:
427:
407:
186:
160:
9310:Aquaculture Stewardship Council
9166:Environmental impact of fishing
7455:Environmental impact of fishing
6800:Latin America and the Caribbean
5973:
5948:
5945:. FAO. Retrieved on 2015-05-01.
5936:
5914:
5895:
5837:
5794:
5768:
5751:Tuna distribution and migration
5741:
5738:Rome. Retrieved 18 August 2009.
5722:
5687:
5636:
5615:Rome. Updated 28 November 2008.
5602:
5575:
5563:
5465:
5437:
5409:
5382:
5355:
5327:
5299:
5174:
5133:
5072:
5044:
5016:
4905:
4882:
4869:
4796:
4768:
4715:
4687:
4597:
4582:
4377:
4349:
4314:
4257:
4245:
4156:
4071:Environmental Biology of Fishes
4061:
4034:
3991:Contributions in Marine Science
3982:
3959:
3940:
3280:, are excluded. These are high
3045:
2692:Small pelagic fish are usually
2241:
1777:Bathypelagic fish have special
1414:Vertically migratory fish have
618:
573:
520:Mobile oceanic species such as
286:that feed on them. Forage fish
275:moves nutrients into the area.
9284:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
8644:Otolith microchemical analysis
7282:Ecological values of mangroves
6825:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
6211:Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences
5807:Marine and Freshwater Research
5526:, Cambridge University Press.
5009:A Guide to the Study of Fishes
4441:Sutton, T.T. (November 2005).
4209:Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences
3921:
3821:
3804:
3787:
3293:outside these zones. They are
2365:
1821:with weak, watery muscles and
826:families are sometimes termed
13:
1:
9279:European Environmental Agency
9269:Grey nurse shark conservation
9176:Destructive fishing practices
8674:Pop-up satellite archival tag
4055:10.1016/S0990-7440(00)00051-6
3876:The Biology of the Deep Ocean
3713:
3631:, a large ray, is threatened.
3264:, as well as mammals such as
2129:are usually absent, eyes and
850:, and the deep water benthic
212:, the uppermost layer of the
9259:Marine conservation activism
8709:Climate change and fisheries
7540:intramembranous ossification
7302:Marine conservation activism
7287:Fisheries and climate change
5631:Institute of Marine Research
5585:Institute of Marine Research
4765:. Updated 21 September 2007.
4658:"All the Fish We Cannot See"
4546:Smith, L. (8 January 2009).
4242:. Updated 21 September 2007.
3793:McLintock, A H (ed.) (1966)
3707:Tagging of Pacific Predators
3595:is classified as endangered.
3077:. The upwelling stopped and
3025:Major ocean surface currents
1403:have small mouths with fine
208:Epipelagic fish inhabit the
136:. Many pelagic fish swim in
7:
7297:Human impact on marine life
7174:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
6410:Aquatic population dynamics
3816:Encyclopedia of New Zealand
3659:
3611:has declined by 99% in the
2679:Major marine wild fisheries
1497:has barrel-shaped, tubular
1392:Most mesopelagic fish make
1381:that reflected the sonar.
1230:small and may not function
1185:weak, minimal ossification
1092:are particularly abundant.
437:accompanied by a school of
10:
9509:
9305:Marine Stewardship Council
9098:EU Common Fisheries Policy
7919:Fin and flipper locomotion
7889:Sequential hermaphroditism
7776:Jamming avoidance response
7493:
6044:
5831:
5748:Nakamura, Hiroshi (1969).
5127:
4863:
4846:
4681:
4308:
4150:
4106:
4028:
4007:
3972:Bulletin of Marine Science
3915:
3858:
3781:
3652:In parts of the world the
3532:(IUCN) produced the first
3159:
2858:
2756:Traditional fisheries for
2685:
2595: benthopelagic
2245:
2190:
2043:
1837:, kidneys and hearts, and
754:
577:
9459:Glossary of fishery terms
9454:Index of fishing articles
9444:
9393:
9292:
9236:
9171:Fishing down the food web
9146:Maximum sustainable yield
9133:
9035:
9024:
8978:
8974:
8949:
8781:
8770:
8704:Match/mismatch hypothesis
8577:
8573:
8556:
8483:
8407:
8340:
8247:
8209:
8200:
8139:
8070:
7957:
7909:
7819:
7744:
7504:
7414:
7328:
7267:
7139:
7075:
7037:
6984:
6975:
6964:
6913:Marine primary production
6865:
6861:
6848:
6807:List of marine ecoregions
6782:
6647:
6636:
6350:
6346:
6332:
6023:
5943:Fisheries and Aquaculture
5633:. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
5596:
5587:. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
5391:"The deepest living fish
4503:10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.061
4471:10.1016/j.dsr.2005.06.011
4335:10.1017/S0025315400021019
4251:
3338:
3033:Areas of upwelling in red
2618:
2597:
2589:
2551:
2536:
2521:
2501:
2494:
2462:
2442:
2422:
2415:
2403:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2121:The bodies of deep water
1394:daily vertical migrations
1322:usually under 25 cm
1170:poorly developed, flabby
627:Oceanic fish inhabit the
75:that are associated with
9345:Save Our Seas Foundation
9078:Individual fishing quota
9053:Vessel monitoring system
8699:Hydrographic containment
7406:
7159:Coastal biogeomorphology
7154:Marine coastal ecosystem
6283:Pelagic Advisory Council
5694:Polovina, J. J. (1996).
5475:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
5447:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
5419:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
5341:Dissostichus eleginoides
5337:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
5309:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
5211:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
5082:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
5054:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
5026:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
4914:Argyropelecus hemigymnus
4806:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
4778:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
4725:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
4697:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
4359:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
4166:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
4043:Aquatic Living Resources
3801:. Accessed: 29 Sep 2022.
3287:exclusive economic zones
3191:highly migratory species
3162:Highly migratory species
3156:Highly migratory species
3124:North Equatorial Current
2937:fish aggregating devices
2057:in coastal areas on the
876:Species by pelagic zone
530:fish aggregating devices
124:oceanic fishes, such as
8991:Exclusive economic zone
8669:GIS and aquatic science
8624:Standard weight in fish
8435:Glossary of ichthyology
7997:Diel vertical migration
7067:Paradox of the plankton
6878:Diel vertical migration
6772:Freshwater swamp forest
6490:GIS and aquatic science
6338:General components and
6166:10.1126/science.1169441
5873:10.1126/science.1061197
5734:Sardinops melanostictus
5731:: Species Fact Sheets:
5665:10.1126/science.1075880
5502:Abyssobrotula galatheae
5423:Abyssobrotula galatheae
5393:Abyssobrotula galatheae
5313:Hoplostethus atlanticus
5183:Journal of Fish Biology
4918:The American Naturalist
4792:. January 2006 version.
4711:. October 2010 version.
4288:10.1126/science.1251208
4170:Argyropelecus aculeatus
4126:Journal of Fish Biology
3880:Oxford University Press
3874:Herring, Peter (2002).
3818:. Accessed: 29 Sep 2022
3204:and tuna-like species (
2265:Abyssobrotula galatheae
1585:of the world's oceans.
1573:, playing an important
1182:strong, ossified bones
146:Lake Tanganyika sardine
9220:Turtle excluder device
8893:Shoaling and schooling
7801:Surface wave detection
7766:Hydrodynamic reception
7440:Diseases and parasites
6893:Large marine ecosystem
6585:Shoaling and schooling
6219:10.1006/rwos.2001.0012
6213:, pp. 1711–1717.
6074:In: Kathleen S Cole,
5704:Fisheries Oceanography
5489:. August 2009 version.
5461:. August 2009 version.
5451:Bathypterois grallator
5433:. August 2009 version.
5351:. August 2009 version.
5323:. August 2009 version.
5269:10.1098/rspb.1987.0018
5225:. August 2009 version.
5068:. August 2009 version.
5040:. August 2009 version.
5012:. H. Holt and Company.
4816:. August 2009 version.
4566:Encyclopedia of Fishes
4373:. August 2009 version.
4180:. August 2009 version.
3692:Ocean Tracking Network
3609:oceanic whitetip shark
3559:by swordfish and tuna
3174:
3133:Epipelagic fish often
3101:sardinops melanosticta
3042:
3034:
3026:
2330:
2298:Bathypterois grallator
2183:
2173:
2041:
1841:are small or missing.
1748:
1732:
1720:
1366:
1354:
1353:of the world's oceans.
752:
632:
593:
321:
57:
9244:Marine protected area
9118:Regional fishery body
8744:Census of Marine Life
8639:Catch per unit effort
7939:Undulatory locomotion
7756:Ampullae of Lorenzini
7312:Marine protected area
7239:Salt pannes and pools
7014:Marine larval ecology
6989:Census of Marine Life
6873:Deep scattering layer
6830:San Francisco Estuary
6795:Africa and Madagascar
6620:Underwater camouflage
6400:Aquatic biomonitoring
6340:freshwater ecosystems
6089:Freon, Pierre (1998)
5096:. April 2010 version.
5006:Jordan, D.S. (1905).
4782:Gonostoma bathyphilum
4739:. April 2010 version.
3966:Kingsford MJ (1993).
3557:captured incidentally
3183:Atlantic bluefin tuna
3169:
3120:North Pacific Current
3040:
3032:
3024:
2971:Southern bluefin tuna
2929:pole and line vessels
2328:vertical exaggeration
2325:
2179:
2169:
2029:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1610:deep scattering layer
1583:deep scattering layer
1387:deep scattering layer
1360:
1351:deep scattering layer
1339:
750:
626:
587:
316:
179:with silvery colours.
173:Atlantic bluefin tuna
35:
9083:Minimum landing size
9043:Fisheries management
9018:Magnuson–Stevens Act
9013:Fisheries Convention
8764:Fisheries scientists
8167:Genetically modified
7047:Marine bacteriophage
7009:Marine invertebrates
6207:"Mesopelagic Fishes"
6124:10.1093/icb/43.4.580
6070:Collette, BB (2010)
5775:Blackburn M (1965).
5146:Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser
5058:Anoplogaster cornuta
4363:Dissostichus mawsoni
4202:"Mesopelagic Fishes"
3654:scalloped hammerhead
3593:scalloped hammerhead
3571:, which are used in
3538:threat of extinction
3208:, Atlantic bluefin,
3105:Pacific bluefin tuna
2915:, sharks, and large
2315:blotched fantail ray
2236:Patagonian toothfish
2181:Patagonian toothfish
1548:brownsnout spookfish
1227:large and sensitive
844:vertically migrating
670:, ocean sharks, and
103:oceanic pelagic fish
95:Coastal pelagic fish
9360:Defying Ocean's End
9264:Salmon conservation
9254:Marine conservation
9194:The End of the Line
9187:The Sunken Billions
9156:Sustainable seafood
9141:Sustainable fishery
8754:Fisheries databases
8684:Age class structure
8654:Fisheries acoustics
7972:Aquatic respiration
7859:Life history theory
6923:Ocean fertilization
6732:Trophic state index
6690:Lake stratification
6420:Aquatic respiration
6287:European Commission
6188:Pepperell J (2011)
6158:2009Sci...323.1734M
6152:(5922): 1734–1737.
6105:Johnsen, S (2003).
6093:, Wiley-Blackwell.
6030:. Garland Science.
5865:2001Sci...293.1310B
5657:2003Sci...299..217C
5389:Nielsen JG (1977).
5261:1987RSPSB.230..257F
5158:1986MEPS...27..227M
4977:1975Natur.256...38P
4961:Cryptopsaras couesi
4831:. Associated Press.
4463:2005DSRI...52.2065S
4389:, 24 February 2009.
4280:1976Sci...191..957D
3882:. pp. 192–95.
3555:Oceanic sharks are
3453:Other pelagic fish
3414:Large pelagic fish
3375:Small pelagic fish
3171:Shortfin mako shark
2935:, and rafts called
2925:purse seine vessels
1962:ten times its mass.
1717:humpback anglerfish
1625:Longnose lancetfish
1479:Antarctic toothfish
1139:
992:longnose lancetfish
877:
592:, a coastal species
265:continental shelves
228:, and includes the
9449:Outline of fishing
9068:Fisheries observer
8719:Aquatic ecosystems
7811:Weberian apparatus
7189:Intertidal wetland
7184:Intertidal ecology
7052:Marine prokaryotes
6994:Deep-sea community
6888:Iron fertilization
6811:Specific examples
6737:Upland and lowland
6655:Freshwater biology
6520:Microbial food web
6430:Aquatic toxicology
6373:Aquatic adaptation
6326:Aquatic ecosystems
6242:, 2 February 2006.
5930:2009-07-12 at the
5904:Convention on the
5556:2012-02-11 at the
5243:Acanthonus armatus
5215:Acanthonus armatus
5167:10.3354/meps027227
4808:"Family Gonostoma"
4729:Anotopterus pharao
4083:10.1007/BF00004759
3524:Threatened species
3482:Cartilaginous fish
3323:commercial fishing
3305:Capture production
3175:
3063:Peruvian anchoveta
3043:
3035:
3027:
2849:Peruvian anchoveta
2331:
2216:Acanthonus armatus
2201:and benthopelagic
2193:Benthopelagic fish
2187:Benthopelagic fish
2184:
2174:
2063:continental margin
2042:
2014:Sloane's viperfish
1977:Haplophryne mollis
1900:Haplophryne mollis
1769:abyssopelagic zone
1749:
1733:
1721:
1557:Sampling via deep
1535:stoplight loosejaw
1515:stoplight loosejaw
1367:
1355:
1307:reduced or absent
1135:
1059:black scabbardfish
1012:marine hatchetfish
1008:stoplight loosejaw
875:
836:continental slopes
820:marine hatchetfish
753:
633:
594:
322:
58:
9475:
9474:
9471:
9470:
9467:
9466:
9431:Threatened sharks
9330:Ocean Conservancy
9315:Friend of the Sea
8945:
8944:
8941:
8940:
8853:Lobster fisheries
8798:Diversity of fish
8594:Shifting baseline
8563:Fisheries science
8515:
8514:
8425:Fish common names
8336:
8335:
7967:Aquatic predation
7791:Capacity for pain
7520:Age determination
7374:
7373:
7355:Oceans portal
7324:
7323:
7320:
7319:
7199:Hydrothermal vent
7135:
7134:
7024:Seashore wildlife
6855:Marine ecosystems
6844:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6610:Thermal pollution
6575:Ramsar Convention
6515:Microbial ecology
6475:Fisheries science
6415:Aquatic predation
6200:978-1-74223-267-6
6099:978-0-85238-241-7
6084:978-0-520-26433-5
6056:978-0-13-100847-2
6037:978-0-203-88522-2
6027:Biology of Fishes
5969:978-92-5-105568-7
5819:10.1071/MF9920045
5803:Isurus oxyrinchus
5086:Chauliodus sloani
4622:10.1002/lob.10008
4575:978-0-12-547665-2
4457:(11): 2065–2076.
4445:Malacosteus niger
3889:978-0-19-854956-7
3829:"Lake Tanganyika"
3753:978-0-8248-2265-1
3521:
3520:
3309:According to the
3061:In the 1960s the
2747:continental slope
2726:are found in the
2684:
2683:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2635:
2573:
2572:
2564:
2563:
2480:
2479:
2361:Pelagic fisheries
2339:continental slope
2082:bathypelagic zone
2073:depths or on the
2059:continental shelf
1922:, sea stars, and
1913:sexual dimorphism
1757:bathypelagic zone
1707:Bathypelagic fish
1329:
1328:
1133:
1132:
1067:unicorn crestfish
1063:bobtail snipe eel
609:continental shelf
261:species diversity
193:Small epipelagic
167:Large epipelagic
99:continental shelf
40:of large pelagic
16:(Redirected from
9500:
9493:Fishing industry
9411:Marine pollution
9215:Cetacean bycatch
9210:Incidental catch
9030:
8976:
8975:
8951:
8950:
8918:Humboldt current
8776:
8694:Trophic cascades
8634:Data storage tag
8619:Fish measurement
8614:Stock assessment
8575:
8574:
8558:
8557:
8542:
8535:
8528:
8519:
8518:
8503:
8502:
8491:
8490:
8473:
8472:
8207:
8206:
7499:
7430:Ethnoichthyology
7401:
7394:
7387:
7378:
7377:
7364:
7363:
7357:
7353:
7352:
7343:
7341:Lakes portal
7339:
7338:
7337:
7307:Marine pollution
6999:Deep-water coral
6982:
6981:
6970:
6903:Marine chemistry
6863:
6862:
6850:
6849:
6767:Freshwater marsh
6660:Freshwater biome
6642:
6358:Acoustic ecology
6348:
6347:
6334:
6333:
6319:
6312:
6305:
6296:
6295:
6231:, 26 March 2009.
6185:
6136:
6126:
6060:
6041:
6012:
6001:
5986:
5977:
5971:
5952:
5946:
5940:
5934:
5918:
5912:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5859:(5533): 1310–4.
5850:
5841:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5781:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5754:. Fishing News.
5745:
5739:
5736:(Schlegel, 1846)
5726:
5720:
5719:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5651:(5604): 217–21.
5640:
5634:
5625:
5616:
5606:
5600:
5594:
5588:
5579:
5573:
5567:
5561:
5548:
5535:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5255:(1259): 257–65.
5236:
5227:
5226:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5137:
5131:
5125:
5116:
5109:
5098:
5097:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5030:Chiasmodon niger
5020:
5014:
5013:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4985:10.1038/256038a0
4956:
4950:
4949:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4889:Horn MH (1970).
4886:
4880:
4873:
4867:
4861:
4850:
4844:
4833:
4832:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4772:
4766:
4756:
4741:
4740:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4653:
4644:
4643:
4633:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4561:
4555:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4531:
4523:
4505:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4399:
4390:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4261:
4255:
4249:
4243:
4233:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4206:
4197:
4182:
4181:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4121:
4110:
4104:
4095:
4094:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3949:Fishery Bulletin
3944:
3938:
3937:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3894:
3893:
3871:
3862:
3856:
3837:
3836:
3825:
3819:
3810:Walrond, Carl.
3808:
3802:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3758:
3757:
3737:
3640:
3624:
3604:
3588:
3336:
3335:
3299:nearshore waters
3234:southern bluefin
3128:Kuroshio Current
3094:Kuroshio Current
3071:Humboldt Current
3010:
2996:
2986:Atlantic pomfret
2982:
2963:
2846:
2832:
2818:
2797:
2782:Pacific sardines
2774:
2627:
2606:
2592:
2591:
2510:
2497:
2496:
2471:
2451:
2431:
2418:
2417:
2406:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2310:
2295:The tripodfish (
2292:
2277:
2161:ambush predators
2009:
1993:
1971:
1951:
1935:
1741:flabby whalefish
1683:
1668:
1652:
1636:
1621:
1550:is a species of
1530:
1510:
1490:
1474:
1451:Ambush predators
1401:plankton feeders
1332:Mesopelagic fish
1207:nervous systems
1167:muscular bodies
1140:
1134:
1075:flabby whalefish
878:
874:
731:
711:
691:
476:The camouflaged
473:
455:
431:
411:
399:Floating objects
199:Atlantic herring
190:
164:
46:bluefin trevally
21:
18:Mesopelagic fish
9508:
9507:
9503:
9502:
9501:
9499:
9498:
9497:
9478:
9477:
9476:
9463:
9440:
9436:Threatened rays
9416:Mercury in fish
9389:
9288:
9274:Shark sanctuary
9232:
9129:
9063:Catch reporting
9031:
9022:
8970:
8937:
8843:Krill fisheries
8808:Coral reef fish
8793:Ocean fisheries
8784:
8777:
8768:
8609:Condition index
8580:
8569:
8552:
8546:
8516:
8511:
8479:
8403:
8332:
8243:
8196:
8135:
8066:
7959:
7953:
7905:
7849:Ichthyoplankton
7815:
7747:
7740:
7736:Digital Library
7731:Teleost leptins
7670:Shark cartilage
7594:pharyngeal slit
7589:pharyngeal arch
7525:Anguilliformity
7510:
7508:
7500:
7491:
7410:
7405:
7375:
7370:
7347:
7346:
7335:
7333:
7332:
7316:
7277:Coral bleaching
7263:
7244:Seagrass meadow
7141:Marine habitats
7131:
7105:Coral reef fish
7071:
7057:Marine protists
7033:
6971:
6962:
6933:Ocean turbidity
6908:Marine food web
6857:
6836:
6778:
6717:River ecosystem
6670:Freshwater fish
6643:
6634:
6440:Bioluminescence
6425:Aquatic science
6342:
6328:
6323:
6292:
6255:TED video from
6249:
6067:
6065:Further reading
6057:
6038:
6015:
6011:, 26 June 2009.
6002:
5989:
5985:. 25 June 2009.
5978:
5974:
5953:
5949:
5941:
5937:
5932:Wayback Machine
5919:
5915:
5900:
5896:
5848:
5842:
5838:
5830:
5826:
5799:
5795:
5779:
5773:
5769:
5762:
5746:
5742:
5727:
5723:
5698:Thunnus thynnus
5692:
5688:
5641:
5637:
5626:
5619:
5611:: LAPE project
5607:
5603:
5595:
5591:
5580:
5576:
5568:
5564:
5558:Wayback Machine
5551:Pelagic species
5549:
5538:
5521:
5517:
5506:Galathea Report
5498:
5494:
5479:Taeniura meyeni
5470:
5466:
5442:
5438:
5414:
5410:
5399:Galathea Report
5387:
5383:
5360:
5356:
5332:
5328:
5304:
5300:
5237:
5230:
5206:
5202:
5179:
5175:
5138:
5134:
5126:
5119:
5110:
5101:
5077:
5073:
5049:
5045:
5021:
5017:
5004:
5000:
4971:(5512): 38–40.
4957:
4953:
4910:
4906:
4887:
4883:
4874:
4870:
4862:
4853:
4845:
4836:
4825:
4821:
4801:
4797:
4773:
4769:
4757:
4744:
4720:
4716:
4701:Gigantura chuni
4692:
4688:
4680:
4676:
4666:
4664:
4654:
4647:
4602:
4598:
4587:
4583:
4576:
4562:
4558:
4545:
4541:
4525:
4524:
4490:Current Biology
4482:
4478:
4439:
4435:
4400:
4393:
4382:
4378:
4354:
4350:
4319:
4315:
4307:
4303:
4274:(4230): 957–9.
4262:
4258:
4250:
4246:
4234:
4227:
4217:
4215:
4204:
4198:
4185:
4161:
4157:
4149:
4145:
4122:
4113:
4105:
4098:
4066:
4062:
4039:
4035:
4027:
4014:
4006:
4002:
3987:
3983:
3964:
3960:
3945:
3941:
3926:
3922:
3914:
3897:
3890:
3872:
3865:
3857:
3840:
3833:pcwww.liv.ac.uk
3827:
3826:
3822:
3809:
3805:
3792:
3788:
3780:
3761:
3754:
3738:
3725:
3716:
3711:
3682:Freshwater fish
3662:
3648:
3645:porbeagle shark
3641:
3632:
3625:
3616:
3605:
3596:
3589:
3526:
3307:
3260:and oceangoing
3230:Pacific bluefin
3164:
3158:
3090:Oyashio Current
3048:
3017:
3011:
3002:
2997:
2988:
2983:
2974:
2964:
2946:, particularly
2863:
2857:
2850:
2847:
2838:
2833:
2824:
2819:
2810:
2798:
2789:
2775:
2690:
2680:
2673:
2664:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2574:
2565:
2481:
2368:
2363:
2318:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2281:Pacific hagfish
2278:
2250:
2244:
2195:
2189:
2048:
2031:Giant grenadier
2024:
2017:
2010:
2001:
1996:The widespread
1994:
1985:
1972:
1963:
1956:black swallower
1952:
1943:
1936:
1911:. This extreme
1887:bioluminescence
1709:
1702:
1684:
1675:
1669:
1660:
1653:
1644:
1637:
1628:
1622:
1561:indicates that
1542:
1539:bioluminescence
1531:
1522:
1511:
1502:
1491:
1482:
1475:
1463:bioluminescence
1363:sabertooth fish
1334:
1260:well developed
1250:usually absent
1212:well developed
1039:black swallower
764:In deep water,
759:
745:
743:Deep water fish
738:
732:
723:
712:
703:
692:
621:
582:
576:
560:great barracuda
526:fishing vessels
489:
488:
487:
486:
485:
474:
465:
464:
463:
456:
445:
444:
443:
442:
441:
435:Great barracuda
432:
423:
422:
421:
412:
401:
389:plankton blooms
246:photosynthesize
216:, ranging from
210:epipelagic zone
206:
205:
204:
203:
202:
197:, such as this
191:
182:
181:
180:
171:, such as this
165:
154:
152:Epipelagic fish
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9506:
9496:
9495:
9490:
9473:
9472:
9469:
9468:
9465:
9464:
9462:
9461:
9456:
9451:
9445:
9442:
9441:
9439:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9406:Fish slaughter
9403:
9397:
9395:
9394:Related issues
9391:
9390:
9388:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9335:Ocean Outcomes
9332:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9296:
9294:
9290:
9289:
9287:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9249:Marine reserve
9246:
9240:
9238:
9234:
9233:
9231:
9230:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9190:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9137:
9135:
9134:Sustainability
9131:
9130:
9128:
9127:
9126:
9125:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9039:
9037:
9033:
9032:
9025:
9023:
9021:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9009:
9008:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8982:
8980:
8972:
8971:
8964:sustainability
8947:
8946:
8943:
8942:
8939:
8938:
8936:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8898:Marine habitat
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8858:Shrimp fishery
8855:
8850:
8848:Kelp fisheries
8845:
8840:
8835:
8833:Crab fisheries
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8789:
8787:
8779:
8778:
8771:
8769:
8767:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8714:Marine biology
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8664:Coded wire tag
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8604:Fish mortality
8601:
8596:
8591:
8585:
8583:
8571:
8570:
8567:wild fisheries
8554:
8553:
8551:science topics
8545:
8544:
8537:
8530:
8522:
8513:
8512:
8510:
8509:
8497:
8484:
8481:
8480:
8478:
8477:
8467:
8462:
8461:
8460:
8455:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8411:
8409:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8401:
8400:
8399:
8394:
8384:
8383:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8362:
8361:
8360:
8355:
8344:
8342:
8338:
8337:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8330:
8329:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8308:
8307:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8281:
8280:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8253:
8251:
8249:Wild fisheries
8245:
8244:
8242:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8215:
8213:
8204:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8172:Hallucinogenic
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8143:
8141:
8137:
8136:
8134:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8077:
8075:
8068:
8067:
8065:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8047:Schooling fish
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8007:Filter feeders
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7982:Bottom feeders
7979:
7974:
7969:
7963:
7961:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7915:
7913:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7903:
7902:
7901:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7825:
7823:
7817:
7816:
7814:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7752:
7750:
7742:
7741:
7739:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7727:
7726:
7721:
7711:
7710:
7709:
7704:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7683:
7682:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7628:Leydig's organ
7625:
7624:
7623:
7621:pharyngeal jaw
7618:
7608:
7603:
7602:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7574:branchial arch
7566:
7565:
7564:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7543:
7542:
7537:
7527:
7522:
7516:
7514:
7502:
7501:
7494:
7492:
7490:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7463:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7421:
7419:
7412:
7411:
7404:
7403:
7396:
7389:
7381:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7368:
7358:
7344:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7322:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7273:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7145:
7143:
7137:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7129:
7124:
7123:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7095:Saltwater fish
7092:
7090:Marine reptile
7087:
7081:
7079:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7069:
7064:
7062:Marine viruses
7059:
7054:
7049:
7043:
7041:
7039:Microorganisms
7035:
7034:
7032:
7031:
7029:Wild fisheries
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6985:
6979:
6973:
6972:
6965:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6943:Thorson's rule
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6898:Marine biology
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6869:
6867:
6859:
6858:
6846:
6845:
6842:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6809:
6804:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6757:Brackish marsh
6754:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6685:Lake ecosystem
6682:
6677:
6675:Hyporheic zone
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6644:
6637:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6525:Microbial loop
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6470:Eutrophication
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6450:Cascade effect
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6378:Aquatic animal
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6354:
6352:
6344:
6343:
6330:
6329:
6322:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6299:
6290:
6289:
6280:
6274:The Open Ocean
6271:
6262:The Open Ocean
6259:
6248:
6247:External links
6245:
6244:
6243:
6232:
6221:
6203:
6186:
6137:
6117:(4): 580–590.
6102:
6087:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6055:
6042:
6036:
6014:
6013:
6008:guardian.co.uk
5987:
5972:
5947:
5935:
5913:
5906:Law of the Sea
5902:United Nations
5894:
5836:
5832:Moyle and Cech
5824:
5793:
5767:
5760:
5740:
5721:
5710:(2): 114–119.
5686:
5635:
5617:
5613:Forage species
5601:
5597:Bone and Moore
5589:
5574:
5570:Pelagic fishes
5562:
5536:
5515:
5492:
5473:Froese, Rainer
5464:
5445:Froese, Rainer
5436:
5417:Froese, Rainer
5408:
5381:
5354:
5335:Froese, Rainer
5326:
5307:Froese, Rainer
5298:
5228:
5209:Froese, Rainer
5200:
5173:
5132:
5128:Moyle and Cech
5117:
5099:
5080:Froese, Rainer
5071:
5052:Froese, Rainer
5043:
5024:Froese, Rainer
5015:
4998:
4951:
4930:10.1086/285295
4904:
4881:
4868:
4864:Moyle and Cech
4851:
4847:Moyle and Cech
4834:
4819:
4804:Froese, Rainer
4795:
4776:Froese, Rainer
4767:
4742:
4723:Froese, Rainer
4714:
4695:Froese, Rainer
4686:
4682:Moyle and Cech
4674:
4662:Hakai Magazine
4645:
4596:
4581:
4574:
4556:
4539:
4496:(2): 108–114.
4476:
4433:
4414:(4): 886–900.
4391:
4376:
4357:Froese, Rainer
4348:
4329:(4): 963–976.
4313:
4309:Moyle and Cech
4301:
4256:
4252:Bone and Moore
4244:
4225:
4183:
4164:Froese, Rainer
4155:
4151:Moyle and Cech
4143:
4111:
4107:Moyle and Cech
4096:
4060:
4049:(4): 183–192.
4033:
4029:Moyle and Cech
4012:
4008:Moyle and Cech
4000:
3981:
3958:
3939:
3920:
3916:Moyle and Cech
3895:
3888:
3863:
3859:Moyle and Cech
3838:
3820:
3812:"Oceanic fish"
3803:
3786:
3782:Moyle and Cech
3759:
3752:
3722:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3650:
3649:
3647:is threatened.
3642:
3635:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3617:
3613:Gulf of Mexico
3606:
3599:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3573:shark fin soup
3525:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3327:wild fisheries
3306:
3303:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3055:ocean currents
3047:
3044:
3019:
3018:
3014:King mackerels
3012:
3005:
3003:
2998:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2977:
2975:
2967:Yellowfin tuna
2965:
2958:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2841:
2839:
2834:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2813:
2811:
2799:
2792:
2790:
2776:
2769:
2732:North Atlantic
2682:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2394:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2343:abyssal plains
2320:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2272:
2243:
2240:
2188:
2185:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2004:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1973:
1966:
1964:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1891:hermaphrodites
1765:lower midnight
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1663:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1616:
1544:
1543:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1131:
1130:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1082:Benthopelagic
1079:
1078:
1019:
1015:
1014:
981:
977:
976:
975:
974:
944:
927:
918:
905:
890:
886:
885:
882:
744:
741:
740:
739:
733:
726:
724:
713:
706:
704:
693:
686:
620:
617:
607:and above the
578:Main article:
575:
572:
568:Marine turtles
549:yellowfin tuna
539:A study using
511:sargassum fish
478:sargassum fish
475:
468:
467:
466:
457:
450:
449:
448:
447:
446:
433:
426:
425:
424:
413:
406:
405:
404:
403:
402:
400:
397:
353:in the world.
222:surface waters
192:
185:
184:
183:
166:
159:
158:
157:
156:
155:
153:
150:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9505:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9485:
9483:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9446:
9443:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9426:Shark finning
9424:
9422:
9421:Shark culling
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9398:
9396:
9392:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9350:Sea Around Us
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9325:Seafood Watch
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9297:
9295:
9291:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9241:
9239:
9235:
9229:
9227:
9226:Shrimp-Turtle
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9195:
9191:
9189:
9188:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9132:
9124:
9121:
9120:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9088:Pulse fishing
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9040:
9038:
9034:
9029:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9007:
9004:
9003:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8986:Fisheries law
8984:
8983:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8957:
8956:Fisheries law
8952:
8948:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8838:Eel fisheries
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8828:Cod fisheries
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8813:Demersal fish
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8790:
8788:
8786:
8780:
8775:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8689:Trophic level
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8586:
8584:
8582:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8559:
8555:
8550:
8543:
8538:
8536:
8531:
8529:
8524:
8523:
8520:
8508:
8507:
8498:
8496:
8495:
8486:
8485:
8482:
8476:
8475:more lists...
8468:
8466:
8463:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8430:Fish families
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8415:Aquarium life
8413:
8412:
8410:
8406:
8398:
8397:fleshy-finned
8395:
8393:
8390:
8389:
8388:
8385:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8367:
8366:
8365:Cartilaginous
8363:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8350:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8343:
8339:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8313:
8312:
8309:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8286:
8285:
8282:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8259:
8258:
8255:
8254:
8252:
8250:
8246:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8212:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8199:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8138:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8078:
8076:
8074:
8069:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8002:Electric fish
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7962:
7956:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7908:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7826:
7824:
7822:
7818:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7753:
7751:
7749:
7743:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7715:
7712:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7699:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7681:
7678:
7677:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7633:Mauthner cell
7631:
7629:
7626:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7570:
7567:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7552:Chromatophore
7550:
7548:
7545:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7532:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7507:
7503:
7498:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7418:
7413:
7409:
7402:
7397:
7395:
7390:
7388:
7383:
7382:
7379:
7367:
7359:
7356:
7351:
7345:
7342:
7331:
7330:
7327:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7266:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7249:Sponge ground
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7214:Marine biomes
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7138:
7128:
7125:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7115:Demersal fish
7113:
7111:
7110:Deep-sea fish
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7085:Marine mammal
7083:
7082:
7080:
7078:
7074:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7036:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6974:
6969:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6851:
6847:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6646:
6641:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6615:Trophic level
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6580:Sediment trap
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6555:Phytoplankton
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6405:Aquatic plant
6403:
6401:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6368:Anoxic waters
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6320:
6315:
6313:
6308:
6306:
6301:
6300:
6297:
6293:
6288:
6284:
6281:
6278:
6277:MarineBio.org
6275:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6265:MarineBio.org
6263:
6260:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6103:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6068:
6058:
6052:
6048:
6043:
6039:
6033:
6029:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6010:
6009:
6005:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5984:
5981:
5976:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5944:
5939:
5933:
5929:
5926:
5922:
5917:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5898:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5833:
5828:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5797:
5789:
5785:
5778:
5771:
5763:
5761:9780852380024
5757:
5753:
5752:
5744:
5737:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5699:
5690:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5639:
5632:
5629:
5624:
5622:
5614:
5610:
5605:
5598:
5593:
5586:
5583:
5578:
5571:
5566:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5533:
5532:0-521-88482-9
5529:
5525:
5519:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5496:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5480:
5474:
5468:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5452:
5446:
5440:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5424:
5418:
5412:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5394:
5385:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5367:
5358:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5342:
5336:
5330:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5314:
5308:
5302:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5244:
5235:
5233:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5168:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5124:
5122:
5114:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5059:
5053:
5047:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5011:
5010:
5002:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4955:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4872:
4865:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4848:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4830:
4823:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4764:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4730:
4724:
4718:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4683:
4678:
4663:
4659:
4652:
4650:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4592:
4585:
4577:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4535:
4529:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4437:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4396:
4388:
4385:
4380:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4305:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4260:
4253:
4248:
4241:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4152:
4147:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4108:
4103:
4101:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4064:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4031:, pp. 574–575
4030:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4009:
4004:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3978:(2): 393–415.
3977:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3891:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3868:
3860:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3755:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3677:Demersal fish
3675:
3673:
3672:Deep sea fish
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3657:
3655:
3646:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3528:In 2009, the
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3315:world harvest
3312:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3282:trophic level
3279:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:phytoplankton
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:king mackerel
2910:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2861:Predator fish
2855:Predator fish
2845:
2840:
2837:
2831:
2826:
2823:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2677:
2676:
2668:
2667:
2659:
2658:
2650:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2324:
2316:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2232:orange roughy
2229:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2171:Orange roughy
2168:
2164:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2138:lateral lines
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2075:abyssal plain
2072:
2068:
2067:abyssopelagic
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:Demersal fish
2047:
2046:Demersal fish
2040:
2039:lateral lines
2036:
2032:
2028:
2022:Demersal fish
2015:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1889:. Others are
1888:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1701:
1697:
1696:bristlemouths
1693:
1689:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1641:telescopefish
1635:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1591:swim bladders
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:countershaded
1452:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1427:Telescopefish
1423:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1151:Bathypelagic
1150:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:telescopefish
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1018:Bathypelagic
1017:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
982:
979:
978:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
930:atheriniforms
928:
926:
922:
919:
917:
913:
909:
906:
904:
900:
896:
893:
892:
891:
888:
887:
883:
880:
879:
873:
870:
868:
864:
859:
855:
853:
849:
845:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
758:
757:Deep sea fish
749:
736:
730:
725:
721:
717:
710:
705:
701:
697:
696:ocean sunfish
690:
685:
684:
683:
681:
675:
673:
672:ocean sunfish
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
630:
625:
616:
612:
610:
606:
602:
599:(also called
598:
591:
586:
581:
571:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
553:albacore tuna
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
507:
501:
499:
498:juvenile fish
495:
483:
479:
472:
461:
454:
440:
436:
430:
419:
418:
410:
396:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:basking shark
367:
363:
362:phytoplankton
359:
354:
352:
348:
342:
338:
335:
331:
327:
326:countershaded
319:
315:
311:
309:
305:
304:morphological
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:predator fish
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
242:phytoplankton
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
200:
196:
189:
178:
177:countershaded
174:
170:
169:predator fish
163:
149:
147:
143:
142:ocean sunfish
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:apex predator
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
86:species. The
85:
80:
78:
74:
70:
69:demersal fish
66:
62:
55:
51:
47:
43:
42:predator fish
39:
34:
30:
19:
9237:Conservation
9225:
9192:
9185:
8968:conservation
8923:Algal blooms
8908:Water column
8823:Pelagic fish
8822:
8803:Coastal fish
8749:OSTM/Jason-2
8724:Bioeconomics
8659:Acoustic tag
8629:Fish counter
8504:
8492:
8392:spiny-finned
8341:Major groups
8125:
8062:Intelligence
8042:Scale eaters
7987:Cleaner fish
7869:Mouthbrooder
7821:Reproduction
7796:Schreckstoff
7781:Lateral line
7697:Swim bladder
7687:Spiral valve
7616:hyomandibula
7599:pseudobranch
7482:Hypoxia in -
7269:Conservation
7120:Pelagic fish
7119:
7100:Coastal fish
7004:Marine fungi
6742:Water garden
6625:Water column
6570:Productivity
6545:Pelagic zone
6505:Macrobenthos
6495:Hydrobiology
6465:Ecohydrology
6291:
6276:
6269:Edith Widder
6264:
6257:Edith Widder
6237:
6226:
6210:
6190:
6149:
6145:
6114:
6110:
6090:
6075:
6046:
6026:
6018:Bibliography
6017:
6016:
6006:
5975:
5959:
5950:
5938:
5916:
5897:
5856:
5852:
5839:
5827:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5787:
5783:
5770:
5750:
5743:
5733:
5724:
5707:
5703:
5697:
5689:
5648:
5644:
5638:
5604:
5592:
5582:Blue whiting
5577:
5565:
5523:
5518:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5495:
5484:
5478:
5467:
5456:
5450:
5439:
5428:
5422:
5411:
5402:
5398:
5392:
5384:
5375:
5372:Galathea Rep
5371:
5366:Bathypterois
5365:
5357:
5346:
5340:
5329:
5318:
5312:
5301:
5252:
5248:
5242:
5220:
5214:
5203:
5186:
5182:
5176:
5149:
5145:
5135:
5091:
5085:
5074:
5063:
5057:
5046:
5035:
5029:
5018:
5008:
5001:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4907:
4898:
4894:
4884:
4876:
4871:
4822:
4811:
4798:
4787:
4781:
4770:
4762:
4734:
4728:
4717:
4706:
4700:
4689:
4677:
4665:. Retrieved
4661:
4631:10754/347123
4616:(1): 11–14.
4613:
4609:
4599:
4584:
4565:
4559:
4552:Times Online
4551:
4542:
4528:cite journal
4493:
4489:
4479:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4436:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4387:ScienceDaily
4386:
4379:
4368:
4362:
4351:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4304:
4271:
4265:
4259:
4247:
4239:
4216:. Retrieved
4212:
4208:
4175:
4169:
4158:
4146:
4129:
4125:
4074:
4070:
4063:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4003:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3975:
3971:
3961:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3875:
3832:
3823:
3815:
3806:
3798:
3789:
3742:
3718:
3717:
3651:
3577:
3554:
3527:
3339:
3321:captured by
3308:
3274:
3268:, and other
3226:little tunny
3199:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3140:Islands and
3139:
3132:
3113:
3109:
3100:
3087:
3060:
3049:
3046:Productivity
2941:
2921:
2902:
2898:
2887:
2864:
2755:
2743:Blue whiting
2741:
2722:
2691:
2619:
2598:
2552:
2537:
2522:
2502:
2463:
2443:
2423:
2399:
2336:
2332:
2296:
2263:
2261:
2257:spiderfishes
2254:
2251:
2248:Benthic fish
2242:Benthic fish
2225:
2214:
2207:
2196:
2157:
2146:
2135:
2131:swimbladders
2120:
2086:
2079:
2049:
1975:
1917:
1898:
1884:
1868:lateral line
1861:
1857:
1854:
1843:
1839:swimbladders
1816:
1791:bristlemouth
1788:
1776:
1773:
1764:
1761:benthic zone
1752:
1750:
1729:bristlemouth
1692:anglerfishes
1603:
1599:
1595:
1556:
1545:
1444:
1424:
1416:swimbladders
1413:
1407:, while the
1398:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1368:
1299:swimbladder
1238:photophores
1148:Mesopelagic
1136:
1023:bristlemouth
1021:Principally
980:Mesopelagic
934:flyingfishes
903:whale sharks
871:
867:Lampriformes
863:Beryciformes
856:
848:anglerfishes
840:
828:pseudoceanic
827:
809:
763:
760:
676:
641:
637:coastal fish
634:
629:oceanic zone
619:Oceanic fish
613:
597:Coastal fish
595:
580:Coastal fish
574:Coastal fish
557:
538:
534:purse seines
519:
514:
504:
502:
490:
481:
459:
415:
386:
355:
343:
339:
323:
277:
250:
225:
221:
214:water column
207:
128:and oceanic
126:bluefin tuna
107:
92:
81:
65:pelagic zone
63:live in the
61:Pelagic fish
60:
59:
29:
9488:Ichthyology
9161:Overfishing
9073:Catch share
8903:Marine snow
8888:Sardine run
8873:Fish screen
8868:Fish ladder
8818:Forage fish
8506:WikiProject
8465:Prehistoric
8449:Threatened
8140:Other types
8037:Sardine run
8012:Forage fish
7992:Corallivory
7844:Development
7829:Bubble nest
7702:physoclisti
7692:Suckermouth
7665:Root effect
7487:Ichthyology
7254:Sponge reef
7229:Rocky shore
7224:Oyster reef
7194:Kelp forest
7077:Vertebrates
6977:Marine life
6953:Viral shunt
6918:Marine snow
6820:Maharashtra
6727:Stream pool
6630:Zooplankton
6550:Photic zone
6510:Meiobenthos
6363:Algal bloom
6239:PhysOrg.com
6228:PhysOrg.com
5152:: 227–238.
4924:(6): 1431.
4667:19 February
4404:Malacosteus
3542:hammerheads
3476:11 179 641
3473:11 181 871
3470:11 525 390
3467:11 772 320
3464:12 332 170
3461:10 654 041
3458:10 712 994
3409:22 404 769
3406:23 047 541
3403:18 840 389
3400:22 289 332
3397:20 640 734
3394:24 919 239
3391:22 671 427
3313:(FAO), the
3289:and in the
3210:bigeye tuna
3075:thermocline
2875:flying fish
2804:ram feeding
2786:forage fish
2751:zooplankton
2698:filter feed
2694:forage fish
2688:Forage fish
2366:Forage fish
2203:zooplankton
2127:Photophores
2071:hadopelagic
1960:bony fishes
1920:brachiopods
1880:gill rakers
1876:photophores
1811:barracudina
1807:daggertooth
1783:metabolisms
1779:adaptations
1739:Young, red
1700:barracudina
1672:Bigeye tuna
1657:daggertooth
1605:Bigeye tuna
1571:vertebrates
1563:lanternfish
1459:photophores
1420:thermocline
1405:gill rakers
1375:mesopelagic
1371:thermocline
1343:Lanternfish
1145:Epipelagic
1055:barracudina
1051:daggertooth
984:Lanternfish
955:dolphinfish
908:clupeiforms
889:Epipelagic
834:, and over
812:lanternfish
798:mesopelagic
794:zooplankton
774:photic zone
766:marine snow
735:Lanternfish
716:whale shark
680:lanternfish
668:dolphinfish
652:flying fish
545:bigeye tuna
393:secchi disc
374:whale shark
366:gill rakers
334:fish scales
292:filter feed
282:and larger
280:forage fish
269:land runoff
230:photic zone
226:sunlit zone
195:forage fish
120:, to large
110:forage fish
77:coral reefs
9482:Categories
9385:Greenpeace
9093:Slot limit
9036:Management
8960:management
8928:Dead zones
8883:Salmon run
8863:Eel ladder
8759:Institutes
8599:Fish stock
8121:Groundfish
8116:Freshwater
8111:Euryhaline
8096:Coral reef
8032:Salmon run
8022:Paedophagy
7924:Amphibious
7911:Locomotion
7719:pharyngeal
7707:physostome
7660:Photophore
7606:Glossohyal
7579:gill raker
7562:dorsal fin
7512:physiology
7234:Salt marsh
7169:Coral reef
6958:Whale fall
6938:Photophore
6815:Everglades
6783:Ecoregions
6722:Stream bed
6695:Macrophyte
6648:Freshwater
6480:Food chain
6393:Water bird
5790:: 299–322.
5362:Sulak KJ.
5111:Walrond C
4218:4 November
3936:: 299–322.
3714:References
3629:devil fish
3569:shark fins
3546:devil rays
3448:6 243 122
3445:6 160 868
3442:6 197 087
3439:6 138 999
3436:5 782 841
3433:5 816 647
3430:5 943 593
3426:billfishes
3197:(UNCLOS).
3160:See also:
2859:See also:
2686:See also:
2246:See also:
2191:See also:
2116:lumpfishes
2044:See also:
1940:gulper eel
1895:pheromones
1795:anglerfish
1688:Myctophids
1575:ecological
1447:camouflage
1440:cuttlefish
1409:piscivores
1071:gulper eel
1027:anglerfish
1004:sabretooth
963:barracudas
947:perciforms
921:Salmonidae
858:Ray finned
805:ecosystems
755:See also:
714:The giant
588:Schooling
564:Skindivers
330:scattering
300:migrations
253:oxygenated
234:attenuated
134:migrations
112:, such as
9355:WorldFish
9320:SeaChoice
8933:Fish kill
8913:Upwelling
8878:Migration
8785:fisheries
8579:Fisheries
8370:chimaeras
8257:Predatory
8234:Salmonids
8192:Whitefish
8182:Poisonous
8157:Diversity
8091:Coldwater
8027:Predatory
8017:Migratory
7977:Bait ball
7960:behaviour
7879:Pregnancy
7874:Polyandry
7648:papillare
7643:Operculum
7638:Meristics
7584:gill slit
7547:Cleithrum
7477:Fish kill
7467:Fear of -
7460:- as food
7450:Fisheries
7435:Evolution
7425:Diversity
7259:Tide pool
7164:Cold seep
6948:Upwelling
6712:Rheotaxis
6705:Fish pond
6680:Limnology
6605:Substrate
6590:Siltation
6460:Dead zone
5189:: 54–74.
4640:1539-607X
4132:: 40–53.
4077:: 85–96.
3795:"Pelagic"
3697:Oily fish
3561:high seas
3550:porbeagle
3495:chimaeras
3387:anchovies
3291:high seas
3270:cetaceans
3254:swordfish
3218:yellowfin
3189:The term
3150:Scombrids
3092:with the
3051:Upwelling
3000:Swordfish
2952:swordfish
2944:game fish
2894:Irish Sea
2883:mahi mahi
2871:barracuda
2836:Anchovies
2779:schooling
2758:anchovies
2728:North Sea
2714:upwelling
2355:seamounts
2228:seamounts
2142:bait fish
2112:batfishes
2108:greeneyes
2104:hagfishes
1998:fangtooth
1924:echinoids
1872:olfactory
1864:inner ear
1819:elongated
1803:viperfish
1799:fangtooth
1690:, larval
1552:barreleye
1519:lower jaw
1495:Barreleye
1431:rod cells
1177:skeleton
1154:Deep sea
1047:hammerjaw
1035:viperfish
1031:fangtooth
1000:ridgehead
996:barreleye
938:halfbeaks
832:seamounts
824:lightfish
816:ridgehead
700:jellyfish
694:The huge
660:pilotfish
590:threadfin
515:Sargassum
506:Sargassum
482:Sargassum
460:Sargassum
458:Lines of
417:Sargassum
414:Drifting
382:anchovies
351:fisheries
347:food fish
273:upwelling
218:sea level
73:reef fish
54:anchovies
50:prey fish
9365:HERMIONE
9293:Advocacy
9205:Discards
8739:FishBase
8729:EconMult
8679:EcoSCOPE
8494:Category
8445:Smallest
8358:lampreys
8321:flatfish
8311:Demersal
8267:mackerel
8262:billfish
8202:Commerce
8131:Tropical
8106:Demersal
8101:Deep-sea
8057:Venomous
7949:RoboTuna
7899:triggers
7894:Spawning
7854:Juvenile
7839:Egg case
7472:FishBase
7366:Category
7292:HERMIONE
7209:Mangrove
7019:Seagrass
6565:Pleuston
6560:Plankton
6540:Particle
6485:Food web
6174:19325116
6133:21680466
5928:Archived
5889:32126319
5881:11509729
5834:, p. 578
5681:37990897
5673:12522241
5628:Mackerel
5599:, p. 443
5554:Archived
5512:: 41–48.
5486:FishBase
5458:FishBase
5430:FishBase
5405:: 41–48.
5348:FishBase
5320:FishBase
5293:19183523
5222:FishBase
5130:, p. 588
5093:FishBase
5065:FishBase
5037:FishBase
4946:84386858
4895:Breviora
4866:, p. 587
4849:, p. 594
4813:FishBase
4789:FishBase
4736:FishBase
4708:FishBase
4684:, p. 336
4520:18680315
4512:19110427
4370:FishBase
4343:86353657
4311:, p. 590
4254:, p. 38.
4177:FishBase
4153:, p. 586
4109:, p. 591
4091:23551149
4010:, p. 576
3955:: 13–29.
3918:, p. 572
3861:, p. 571
3784:, p. 585
3667:Deep sea
3660:See also
3544:, giant
3534:red list
3517:771 105
3514:819 012
3511:880 785
3508:845 820
3505:845 854
3502:870 455
3499:858 007
3383:sardines
3379:Herrings
3266:dolphins
3250:sailfish
3222:blackfin
3214:skipjack
3206:albacore
3116:albacore
3083:seabirds
2933:baitfish
2909:billfish
2890:mackerel
2867:trevally
2808:copepods
2801:Herrings
2762:sardines
2730:and the
2708:and may
2702:plankton
2621:flatfish
2616:benthic
2585:demersal
2554:menhaden
2445:billfish
2411:predator
2347:sediment
2221:otoliths
2100:eelpouts
2092:brotulas
2088:Rattails
2055:seafloor
2035:elongate
1823:skeletal
1753:midnight
1745:copepods
1698:, and a
1559:trawling
1269:kidneys
1162:muscles
1124:lumpfish
1120:stingray
1113:greeneye
1101:Flatfish
1097:Benthic
971:billfish
959:pomfrets
895:mackerel
852:rattails
790:microbes
782:protists
778:plankton
770:detritus
720:plankton
648:billfish
484:seaweed.
358:copepods
308:fusiform
296:plankton
267:, where
118:sardines
114:herrings
101:, while
9401:CalCOFI
9370:PROFISH
9300:FishAct
9200:Bycatch
8734:Ecopath
8649:Biomass
8581:science
8549:Fishery
8440:Largest
8353:hagfish
8348:Jawless
8326:pollock
8299:sardine
8294:herring
8289:anchovy
8239:Tilapia
8229:Octopus
8224:Catfish
8211:Farming
8126:Pelagic
8086:Coastal
8073:habitat
7929:Walking
7834:Clasper
7786:Otolith
7748:systems
7746:Sensory
7680:ganoine
7655:Papilla
7506:Anatomy
7445:Fishing
7219:Mudflat
7179:Estuary
7149:Bay mud
7127:Seabird
6883:f-ratio
6866:General
6747:Wetland
6535:Neuston
6500:Hypoxia
6445:Biomass
6435:Benthos
6351:General
6285:of the
6182:6478019
6154:Bibcode
6146:Science
5957:(2007)
5861:Bibcode
5853:Science
5653:Bibcode
5645:Science
5285:2884671
5257:Bibcode
5154:Bibcode
4993:4226567
4973:Bibcode
4963:Gill".
4938:2462555
4758:Ryan P
4459:Bibcode
4428:1038874
4296:1251208
4276:Bibcode
4267:Science
4235:Ryan P
3997:: 1–32.
3565:bycatch
3422:bonitos
3295:pelagic
3278:sunfish
3242:pomfret
3098:sardine
3067:El Niño
2822:Capelin
2737:capelin
2724:Herring
2710:migrate
2706:schools
2587:
2539:anchovy
2524:sardine
2504:herring
2413:
2400:pelagic
2351:benthos
2199:benthos
2153:carrion
2149:benthos
2123:benthic
1974:Female
1850:neoteny
1567:biomass
1347:biomass
1247:common
1244:common
1241:absent
1192:scales
1156:benthic
1128:batfish
1109:eelpout
1105:hagfish
1090:brotula
1086:Rattail
1029:. Also
942:sauries
916:anchovy
912:herring
899:requiem
802:benthic
786:diatoms
664:remoras
656:sauries
601:neritic
318:Herring
224:or the
138:schools
9340:Oceana
9103:EU MLS
8458:sharks
8375:sharks
8304:sprats
8284:Forage
8272:salmon
8152:Coarse
7934:Flying
7806:Vision
7761:Barbel
7675:Scales
7535:dermal
7415:About
7204:Lagoon
6530:Nekton
6388:Mammal
6383:Insect
6198:
6180:
6172:
6131:
6097:
6082:
6053:
6034:
5967:
5887:
5879:
5813:: 45.
5758:
5679:
5671:
5530:
5291:
5283:
5275:
4991:
4965:Nature
4944:
4936:
4901:: 1–9.
4638:
4572:
4518:
4510:
4426:
4408:Copeia
4341:
4294:
4089:
3886:
3750:
3687:Nekton
3548:, and
3487:Sharks
3349:Group
3331:tonnes
3319:tonnes
3262:sharks
3246:marlin
3238:bullet
2948:marlin
2879:bonito
2777:These
2718:stocks
2583:
2491:forage
2409:
2211:ambush
2114:, and
1982:gonads
1909:gonads
1905:enzyme
1846:larvae
1831:scales
1809:, and
1579:tonnes
1517:has a
1292:small
1289:large
1284:heart
1277:small
1274:large
1255:gills
1126:, and
925:salmon
822:, and
494:refuge
378:sprats
288:school
238:turbid
130:sharks
88:oceans
38:school
8420:Blind
8408:Lists
8187:Rough
8052:Sleep
7958:Other
7724:shark
7714:Teeth
6595:Spawn
6178:S2CID
5885:S2CID
5849:(PDF)
5780:(PDF)
5677:S2CID
5289:S2CID
5277:36061
5273:JSTOR
4989:S2CID
4942:S2CID
4934:JSTOR
4516:S2CID
4424:S2CID
4339:S2CID
4205:(PDF)
4087:S2CID
3719:Notes
3418:Tunas
3370:2005
3367:2004
3364:2003
3361:2002
3358:2001
3355:2000
3352:1999
3346:Type
3258:saury
3142:banks
3135:spawn
2465:shark
2033:, an
1835:gills
1727:Many
1587:Sonar
1436:squid
1315:size
1222:eyes
1200:none
967:tunas
951:jacks
881:Zone
605:coast
541:sonar
439:jacks
257:algae
9228:case
8966:and
8783:Wild
8565:and
8453:rays
8387:Bony
8380:rays
8277:tuna
8219:Carp
8177:Oily
8162:Game
8147:Bait
8081:Cave
7864:Milt
7569:Gill
7557:Fins
7530:Bone
7417:fish
7408:Fish
6700:Pond
6209:In:
6196:ISBN
6170:PMID
6129:PMID
6095:ISBN
6080:ISBN
6051:ISBN
6032:ISBN
5983:IUCN
5965:ISBN
5910:Text
5877:PMID
5756:ISBN
5669:PMID
5528:ISBN
5281:PMID
4669:2024
4636:ISSN
4570:ISBN
4534:link
4508:PMID
4412:2007
4292:PMID
4220:2020
3884:ISBN
3748:ISBN
3643:The
3627:The
3607:The
3591:The
3491:rays
3236:and
3202:tuna
2950:and
2917:rays
2905:tuna
2784:are
2760:and
2425:tuna
2313:The
2234:and
2151:and
2096:eels
2090:and
2012:The
1954:The
1938:The
1827:jaws
1793:and
1715:The
1655:The
1639:The
1546:The
1533:The
1513:The
1499:eyes
1493:The
1477:The
1197:yes
1088:and
1025:and
988:opah
901:and
865:and
800:and
644:tuna
547:and
522:tuna
496:for
380:and
372:and
290:and
116:and
84:fish
8979:Law
8316:cod
8071:By
7884:Roe
7611:Jaw
7509:and
6762:Fen
6752:Bog
6215:doi
6162:doi
6150:323
6119:doi
5955:FAO
5908::
5869:doi
5857:293
5815:doi
5729:FAO
5712:doi
5661:doi
5649:299
5609:FAO
5265:doi
5253:230
5191:doi
5162:doi
4981:doi
4969:256
4926:doi
4922:138
4916:".
4899:359
4626:hdl
4618:doi
4498:doi
4467:doi
4416:doi
4331:doi
4284:doi
4272:191
4134:doi
4079:doi
4051:doi
3325:in
3240:),
2806:on
2700:on
2600:cod
2069:or
1767:or
1755:or
1116:eel
294:on
244:to
9484::
8962:,
8958:,
6176:.
6168:.
6160:.
6148:.
6144:.
6127:.
6115:43
6113:.
6109:.
5990:^
5923::
5883:.
5875:.
5867:.
5855:.
5851:.
5811:43
5809:.
5786:.
5782:.
5706:.
5702:.
5675:.
5667:.
5659:.
5647:.
5620:^
5539:^
5510:14
5508:.
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5455:.
5427:.
5403:14
5401:.
5397:.
5376:14
5374:.
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5231:^
5219:.
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1073:,
1069:,
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1061:,
1057:,
1053:,
1049:,
1045:,
1041:,
1037:,
1033:,
1010:,
1006:,
1002:,
998:,
994:,
990:,
986:,
969:,
965:,
961:,
957:,
953:,
949:–
940:,
936:,
932:–
923:–
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910:–
897:,
854:.
818:,
814:,
792:,
780:,
666:,
662:,
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