305:
420:
1057:
360:
611:
450:
154:
1085:
563:
225:
1272:
91:
631:
408:
640:
620:
745:
1231:
534:
543:
1118:
578:
554:
1196:
1156:
486:
letters that do not serve as a framework for the representation of an animal or a human being, but which are constituted by one or more of these beings forming the letter or its various parts. For example, at f° 132 of the
Gelasian Sacramentary, the letters of the word “NOVERIT” are made up of both birds and fish. The artist in charge of these decorations was generally the same scribe who copied the text.
259:
469:
285:, united the Franks and conquered most of Gaul. The Merovingians treated their kingdom as single yet divisible. Clovis's four sons divided the kingdom among themselves and it remained divided—with the exception of four short periods (558–61, 613–23, 629–34, 673–75)—down to 679. After that it was only divided again once (717–18). The main divisions of the kingdom were
485:
motifs (especially birds and fish) which mingle with abstract geometric motifs. Gradually, these animals left their geometric form to take more and more a realistic appearance. In some manuscripts appear the first zoomorphic and anthropomorphic initials in the history of illumination. These are
1638:, est une œuvre de saint Basile (330-379) célèbre dans l'Antiquité ; Grégoire de Nysse (vers 330-vers 395 son frère, Grégoire de Nazianze (vers 330-vers 390) son ami et plusieurs autres, en ont fait le plus grand éloge. Saint Ambroise (vers 330/340-397) en a fait une traduction latine.
678:
480:
heavily ornamented entire pages of their manuscripts with interlacing motifs in freehand, the
Merovingian artists systematically used the ruler and the compass to trace the initials. The initials and sometimes several whole words of the text were decorated with plant and
798:. The abbey gave its name to a particular script, without it being possible to say with certainty that it could have been created in its scriptorium. It is found in several manuscripts whose place of production remains controversial:
1000:, is, according to some historians, perhaps the place of production of one of the most famous Merovingian illuminated manuscripts: the Gelasian Sacramentary which keeps track transformations of the liturgy due to
869:. Manuscripts produced on site use less zoomorphic motifs but more ornaments such as the "bull's eye" (a circle with a dot in the middle). From the middle of the 8th century, we find more and more
594:
influence in particular is often noticed. Some historians have put forward the hypothesis that the
Merovingian illuminators sometimes took as models motifs found on oriental fabrics having wrapped
1386:
1350:
965:
509:
Human depictions appeared towards the end of this period, they are not strictly speaking historiated illuminations, that is to say representing a scene taken from the
690:
With a few exceptions, the precise localization of the place of production of the
Merovingian manuscripts is not guaranteed and is sometimes called into question.
666:, were places of production of manuscripts mixing the two styles and sometimes artists from the islands and the continent. This is particularly the case at the
304:
78:(Trier, Dombibliothek, Cod. 61 olim 134.) indicates that it came into the abbey as the collaborative work of Irish and Merovingian scribes. The foundation of
146:
accepted their lordship. The
Merovingian realm was the largest and most powerful of the states of western Europe following the breaking up of the empire of
319:
During the final century of
Merovingian rule, the kings were increasingly pushed into a ceremonial role. Actual power was increasingly in the hands of the
442:
The style of
Merovingian illuminations is largely ornamental, and representations of the human figure are extremely rare and only occur at the end of the
1405:
1401:
243:
distinguished them among the Franks, who commonly cut their hair short. Contemporaries sometimes referred to them as the "long-haired kings" (Latin
968:
has shown that nine nuns of this abbey, whose names are known, copied and illuminated at the end of the
Merovingian era, three manuscripts for the
702:
at the beginning of the sixth century, is a notable exception among others to the cultural decline of the cities. Always dominated by its bishops,
461:
occupying a full page, but the text generally begins with an integrated initial or a decorated title, accompanied by arches framing the text. The
331:
on the throne in
Austrasia. Grimoald was arrested and executed, but his son ruled until 662, when the Merovingian dynasty was restored. When King
1664:
1659:
70:
were further centres. From the middle of the eighth century, Merovingian illumination was strongly influenced by insular illumination. An
1493:
1430:, pp. 837–893, (Contributions by K. Bierbrauer, Ø. Hjort, O. Mazal, D. Thoss, G. Dogaer, J. Backhouse, G. Dalli Regoli, H. Künzl).
339:
continued to rule the kingdoms without a king until his death in 741. The dynasty was restored again in 743, but in 751 Charles's son,
118:. By 509 they had united all the Franks and northern Gaulish Romans under their rule. They conquered most of Gaul, defeating the
367:
The manuscripts produced at this time are essentially intended for the practice of worship within monasteries and not for the
1445:
1427:
1381:
1341:
1262:
753:
729:
1419:
114:
from the middle of the 5th century until 751. They first appear as "Kings of the Franks" in the Roman army of northern
1460:
1366:
251:
and sent to a monastery. The
Merovingians also used a distinct name stock. One of their names, Clovis, evolved into
1315:
1056:
419:
359:
763:
Tempore illo exsur- / gens autem princeps sacerdotum: et omnes / qui cum illo erant· quae est heresis sadducaeorum
1453:
Codices illustres. Die schönsten illuminierten Handschriften der Welt. Meisterwerke der Buchmalerei. 400 bis 1600
267:
1076:
247:). A Merovingian whose hair was cut could not rule, and a rival could be removed from the succession by being
82:
strongly influenced continental illumination and led to the brought Irish culture into the Merovingian realm.
214:
821:
Vatican, Reg. Lat. 317. Codex Ragyntrudis, texts of the Church Fathers, Library of the Cathedral of Fulda (
786:
of this abbey acquired a high reputation for Its quality a few decades later. Plundered and ravaged by the
1243:
674:
was produced around 700–750. The style that developed there is sometimes referred to as Franco-Saxon.
217:, the Merovingians never claimed descent from a god, nor is there evidence that they were regarded as
1654:
711:
1669:
1410:
925:
900:
833:
1509:
1238:
941:
806:
514:
312:
1604:
1582:
Manuscrits Irlandais et Anglo-Saxons : L'enluminure dans les îles Britanniques de 600 à 800
328:
24:
1064:
513:
or a historical scene. The first surviving manuscript to include human representations is the
1514:
1092:
462:
36:
1483:
449:
1290:
1209:
989:
775:
757:
655:
610:
599:
263:
48:
8:
895:
866:
667:
348:
320:
294:
147:
107:
75:
28:
465:
contains at the beginning of each part of the missal a large portico framing the text.
35:
constructed from lines and circles based on Late Antique illumination, title pages with
1320:
1163:
854:
725:
707:
598:. The Sacramentary of Gellone, for example, seems in certain aspects very close to the
522:
443:
392:
324:
252:
203:
1456:
1441:
1423:
1377:
1362:
1337:
1009:
977:
498:
188:
921:
888:
815:
710:
period, a living artistic and intellectual center, and in particular the Colombian
591:
518:
165:
153:
39:
and crucifixes. Figural images were almost totally absent. From the eight century,
453:
Frontispiece and incipit from the Vatican manuscript of the Gelasian Sacramentary.
1108:
1001:
997:
952:
was assassinated there on the orders of the mayor of the Landry palace, lover of
870:
340:
1510:
Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged
837:
47:
whole pages are made up of letters formed from animals. Unlike the contemporary
43:
decoration began to appear and become so dominant that in some manuscripts from
1624:
993:
945:
884:
699:
396:
388:
368:
336:
173:
1648:
1497:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 172–172.
1488:
960:
in the sixth century. It was rebuilt in the 7th century by Bathilde, wife of
671:
344:
55:
44:
1433:
66:, founded in 662, developed its own version of the style, while Chelles and
1213:
1172:
1131:
1102:
1084:
1005:
969:
862:
841:
795:
446:. Several typical types of ornament are found in Merovingian manuscripts.
380:
332:
282:
63:
51:
with its rampant decoration, the Merovingian style aims for a clean page.
1181:
949:
791:
783:
663:
562:
494:
482:
477:
274:
218:
192:
161:
157:
123:
71:
790:, who massacred all the monks, in 731 or 732, the abbey was relieved by
224:
1271:
771:
577:
384:
206:
79:
59:
40:
102:
also paid tribute to the Merovingian Kings, though at different times)
90:
973:
961:
953:
906:
812:
The so-called Luxeuil Lectionary, National French Library, Lat. 9427.
298:
286:
240:
233:
119:
976:. These are Ms. 63, 65, 67, late 8th century, now in the library of
630:
1482:
1294:
1284:
1176:
1135:
957:
744:
407:
290:
278:
255:
and remained common among French royalty down to the 19th century.
210:
135:
131:
1593:
1418:. Lizenzausgabe. Unveränderter Nachdruck der Studienausgabe 1999.
1230:
639:
619:
476:
Particular care is taken with the scribal work of the text. While
1117:
910:
826:
787:
659:
533:
468:
458:
387:, etc., at least among illuminated manuscripts. The books of the
323:, the highest-ranking official under the king. In 656, the mayor
248:
139:
99:
32:
1195:
1155:
677:
553:
542:
858:
779:
756:, written in the Luxeuil type. The folio's content consists of
493:. It sometimes covers a full page, sometimes integrated into a
376:
372:
143:
127:
111:
95:
20:
1300:
1253:
1221:
1186:
1146:
1141:
822:
595:
510:
490:
258:
1440:
Edited by Dagmar Thoss. 5th Edition. Prestel, München 2004.
956:, the king's own wife. A first abbey of nuns was founded by
929:
703:
229:
115:
67:
913:, 2nd half of the 8th century, National Library of France.
228:
The Merovingian Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains in
1544:, article « Mérovingiens / Art mérovingien ».
27:
in the late seventh and eight centuries, named for the
832:
Works of Saint Augustine, circa 730, currently at the
571:
Various examples of pages from the Gundohinus Gospels
391:
were also of great privilege, such as the writings of
681:
Representation of Luke the apostle with his symbolism
54:
One of the oldest and most productive scriptoria was
504:
182:
176:
1594:« Manuscrits de la bibliothèque de Laon »
1374:
Das mittelalterliche Buch. Funktion und Ausstattung
581:
Symbols of the Evangelists, end of the 8th century.
187:("sons of Merovech"), derives from an unattested
1646:
948:, was the seat of a Merovingian palace. In 584,
803:In Epistolam Joannis ad Parthos tractatus decem,
1336:. 2nd revised edition. Reclam, Stuttgart 2008,
1438:Buchmalerei des Mittelalters. Eine Einführung.
1408:/ Friedrich Adolf Schmidt-Künsemüller (Edd.):
1359:Die Geschichte der abendländischen Buchmalerei
94:The Merovingian kingdoms at their height (the
489:The almost ubiquitous Christian motif is the
918:The Mystical Exposition on the Song of Songs
347:, and had himself crowned, inaugurating the
315:, depicting the cutting of Childeric's hair.
31:. Ornamental in form, the style consists of
1289:Evangeliary for the use of Saint-Pierre de
761:
658:. Several abbeys, founded by abbots from
213:, whom many legends surround. Unlike the
126:(534), and also extended their rule into
743:
685:
676:
654:Several centers were also influenced by
576:
467:
448:
358:
303:
257:
223:
152:
89:
1480:
1392:Geschichte der europäischen Buchmalerei
1171:Vosevio Abbey (location unknown), East
1647:
1584:, Paris, éditions du Chêne, 1977, p.88
805:Augustine of Hippo, dated around 669,
735:Codices 137 and 423 (Library of Laon).
1636:L'Hexaemeron ou Ouvrage des six jours
1474:
706:remained, during the Merovingian and
457:The manuscripts do not contain large
273:The first known Merovingian king was
85:
1527:
1525:
1523:
983:
899:, around 700. Book preserved in the
739:
1665:8th-century illuminated manuscripts
1660:7th-century illuminated manuscripts
1416:Bettlerwesen bis Codex von Valencia
818:, sacramentary produced around 700.
648:Pages from the Gellone Sacramentary
209:suffix. The name derives from King
13:
1420:Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft
1361:. 3rd Edition. Köln, DuMont 1988.
1270:
1229:
1194:
1154:
1116:
1083:
1055:
432:
14:
1681:
1520:
887:(2nd quarter of the 7th century.
505:First instance of human depiction
1451:Ingo F. Walther / Norbert Wolf:
1316:Merovingian art and architecture
1303:, Bibliothèque Municipale. Ms 4
1224:, Bibliothèque Municipale. Ms 5
1189:, Bibliothèque Municipale. Ms 3
1149:, Bibliothèque Municipale, Ms 2
638:
629:
618:
609:
561:
552:
541:
532:
521:found for the first time in the
418:
406:
19:is the term for the continental
1629:
1618:
1609:
1598:
1326:
848:
752:, manuscript Lat. 9427, at the
698:This episcopal see, founded by
375:books are therefore rarer than
1587:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1534:
1501:
472:Letter D traced with a compas.
1:
1467:
1334:Kunst des frühen Mittelalters
585:
215:Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies
110:was the ruling family of the
62:in 590 and destroyed in 732.
1387:Reclams Universal-Bibliothek
1351:Reclams Universal-Bibliothek
1077:Humanist Library of Sélestat
437:
309:The Last of the Merovingians
58:, founded by the Irish monk
7:
1481:Pfister, Christian (1911).
1455:. Taschen, Köln etc. 2005,
1390:18315), (Besonders Kapitel
1309:
1015:
844:(Weissenburg 99), Germany).
722:Quaestiones in Heptateuchon
191:form, akin to the attested
10:
1686:
1376:. Stuttgart, Reclam 2004.
1372:Christine Jakobi-Mirwald:
1281:End of the eighth century
1250:End of the eighth century
936:
754:National Library of France
730:National Library of France
1553:Nordenfalk, p.44-47 et 51
343:, deposed the last king,
1605:Notice de la Morgan Lib.
1580:J.J.G. Carl Nordenfalk,
1542:Encyclopædia Universalis
1411:Lexikon des Mittelalters
901:Russian National Library
834:Herzog August Bibliothek
794:who entrusted it to the
354:
281:(died 511) converted to
262:Tomb of Clovis I at the
17:Merovingian illumination
1494:Encyclopædia Britannica
1239:Sacramentary of Gellone
988:The scriptorium of the
972:of Charlemagne, Bishop
807:Pierpont Morgan Library
693:
515:Sacramentary of Gellone
335:died in 737, the mayor
327:tried to place his son
313:Evariste-Vital Luminais
1507:Babcock, Philip (ed).
1357:Ernst Günther Grimme:
1275:
1263:Bibliothèque Nationale
1234:
1199:
1159:
1121:
1088:
1060:
1044:Contents, significance
767:
762:
712:abbey of Saint-Vincent
682:
582:
473:
454:
364:
316:
270:
236:
183:
177:
169:
103:
1515:Merriam-Webster, Inc.
1274:
1233:
1198:
1158:
1120:
1093:Gelasian Sacramentary
1087:
1059:
926:Vallicelliane Library
881:Commentary on Ezekiel
750:Lectionary of Luxeuil
747:
686:Centers of production
680:
600:Byzantine manuscripts
580:
471:
463:Gelasian sacramentary
452:
362:
307:
261:
227:
156:
93:
1484:"Merovingians"
990:abbey of Saint-Denis
974:Hildebold of Cologne
903:in Saint Petersburg.
776:monastery of Luxeuil
656:Insular illumination
523:Gospel of Gundohinus
517:. With portraits of
413:Gellone Sacramentary
277:(died 481). His son
264:Basilica of St Denis
49:Insular illumination
1625:Notice du manuscrit
1562:Nordenfalk, p.44-46
1513:. Springfield, MA:
1065:Sélestat Lectionary
896:Rule of Saint Basil
891:Library (Q.V.I.14).
876:Main manuscripts:
867:Balthild of Chelles
717:Main manuscripts:
668:Abbey of Echternach
371:of the population.
363:Sélestat Lectionary
349:Carolingian dynasty
321:mayor of the palace
172:The dynastic name,
148:Theodoric the Great
108:Merovingian dynasty
29:Merovingian dynasty
1422:, Darmstadt 2009,
1321:Merovingian script
1276:
1235:
1200:
1164:Gundohinus Gospels
1160:
1122:
1089:
1061:
768:
683:
583:
474:
455:
444:Merovingian period
425:Missale Gallicanum
365:
317:
271:
239:The Merovingians'
237:
198:, with the final -
170:
104:
86:Historical context
1446:978-3-7913-2455-5
1428:978-3-534-22804-1
1382:978-3-15-018315-1
1342:978-3-15-018169-0
1332:Kunibert Bering:
1307:
1306:
1012:, Reg. Lat. 316.
1010:Apostolic Library
984:Saint-Denis Abbey
978:Cologne Cathedral
748:Folio 144 of the
740:Luxeuil Monastery
672:Trier Gospel Book
499:Irish manuscripts
1677:
1655:History of books
1639:
1633:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1615:Nordenfalk, p.52
1613:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1572:
1571:Nordenfalk, p.51
1569:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1538:
1532:
1531:Nordenfalk, p.44
1529:
1518:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1486:
1478:
1247:
1208:Saint-Pierre de
1111:, Reg. Lat. 316
1049:Inventory number
1039:Location, school
1020:
1019:
966:Bernard Bischoff
964:. The historian
922:Justus of Urgell
916:A manuscript of
889:Saint Petersburg
816:Missale Gothicum
765:
642:
633:
622:
613:
565:
556:
545:
536:
422:
410:
311:, a painting by
202:being a typical
186:
180:
166:Monnaie de Paris
1685:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1670:Merovingian art
1645:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1540:Patrick Périn,
1539:
1535:
1530:
1521:
1506:
1502:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1402:Severin Corsten
1329:
1312:
1241:
1109:Vatican Library
1018:
998:Pepin the Short
992:, protected by
986:
939:
865:was founded by
853:Located in the
851:
742:
726:Saint Augustine
696:
688:
652:
651:
650:
649:
645:
644:
643:
635:
634:
625:
624:
623:
615:
614:
588:
575:
574:
573:
572:
568:
567:
566:
558:
557:
548:
547:
546:
538:
537:
507:
478:Insular artists
440:
435:
433:Characteristics
430:
429:
428:
427:
426:
423:
415:
414:
411:
357:
341:Pepin the Short
88:
12:
11:
5:
1683:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1641:
1640:
1628:
1617:
1608:
1597:
1586:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1533:
1519:
1500:
1489:Chisholm, Hugh
1472:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1449:
1431:
1395:
1370:
1355:
1328:
1325:
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1318:
1311:
1308:
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1266:
1259:
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1236:
1226:
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1191:
1190:
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1139:
1128:
1125:
1123:
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1080:
1079:
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1067:
1062:
1052:
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1046:
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1036:
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1026:
1017:
1014:
994:Charles Martel
985:
982:
946:Seine-et-Marne
938:
935:
934:
933:
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892:
850:
847:
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439:
436:
434:
431:
424:
417:
416:
412:
405:
404:
403:
402:
401:
389:Church Fathers
381:sacramentaries
369:evangelization
356:
353:
337:Charles Martel
174:medieval Latin
122:(507) and the
87:
84:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1682:
1671:
1668:
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1462:
1461:3-8228-4747-X
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1432:
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1413:
1412:
1407:
1406:Günther Pflug
1403:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1367:3-7701-1076-5
1364:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1346:Kunst-Epochen
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1265:, Lat. 12048
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1218:
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1211:
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1197:
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1188:
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1183:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1148:
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1140:
1137:
1133:
1129:
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1119:
1115:
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1106:
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1099:
1096:
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1078:
1075:
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1068:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1054:
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1050:
1047:
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1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
931:
927:
924:, circa 700,
923:
919:
915:
912:
908:
905:
902:
898:
897:
893:
890:
886:
885:Saint Gregory
882:
879:
878:
877:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
843:
839:
835:
831:
828:
824:
820:
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814:
811:
808:
804:
801:
800:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
764:
759:
755:
751:
746:
734:
731:
727:
723:
720:
719:
718:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
691:
679:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
641:
632:
621:
612:
603:
601:
597:
593:
579:
564:
555:
544:
535:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
502:
500:
496:
492:
487:
484:
479:
470:
466:
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451:
447:
445:
421:
409:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
361:
352:
350:
346:
345:Childeric III
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
314:
310:
306:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
269:
265:
260:
256:
254:
250:
246:
245:reges criniti
242:
235:
232:, capital of
231:
226:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:
201:
197:
194:
190:
185:
179:
175:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
101:
97:
92:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:Luxeuil Abbey
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
1635:
1631:
1620:
1611:
1600:
1589:
1581:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1541:
1536:
1517:, 1993: 1415
1508:
1503:
1492:
1476:
1452:
1437:
1415:
1409:
1397:
1394:S. 222–278).
1391:
1385:
1373:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1333:
1327:Bibliography
1258:Sakramentar
1214:West Francia
1173:West Francia
1132:West Francia
1103:Sacramentary
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
987:
970:archchaplain
940:
917:
894:
880:
875:
852:
849:Corbie Abbey
842:Lower Saxony
838:Wolfenbüttel
802:
796:Benedictines
774:founded the
769:
749:
721:
716:
697:
689:
670:, where the
653:
589:
508:
488:
475:
456:
441:
385:lectionaries
366:
333:Theuderic IV
318:
308:
283:Christianity
272:
244:
238:
199:
195:
171:
105:
64:Corbie Abbey
53:
25:illumination
16:
15:
1398:Buchmalerei
1242: [
1182:Evangeliary
1175:, possibly
950:Chilperic I
871:interlacing
792:Charlemagne
784:scriptorium
708:Carolingian
664:Northumbria
519:evangelists
495:carpet page
275:Childeric I
268:Saint Denis
196:Merewīowing
193:Old English
162:Childeric I
158:Signet ring
124:Burgundians
72:evangeliary
1649:Categories
1468:References
1434:Otto Pächt
954:Frédégonde
907:Hexaemeron
772:Columbanus
586:Influences
483:zoomorphic
329:Childebert
325:Grimoald I
207:patronymic
184:Merohingii
130:(537). In
80:Willibrord
76:Echternach
60:Columbanus
41:zoomorphic
1354:. 18169).
962:Clovis II
863:the abbey
760:5:17-25.
592:Byzantine
438:Ornaments
393:Augustine
299:Aquitaine
287:Austrasia
241:long hair
234:Austrasia
178:Merovingi
120:Visigoths
23:style of
1310:See also
1295:Burgundy
1291:Flavigny
1285:Burgundy
1210:Flavigny
1177:Burgundy
1168:754/755
1136:Burgundy
1016:Examples
1002:Gelasius
958:Clotilde
909:said of
809:(M.334).
788:Saracens
770:In 590,
700:Remigius
497:, as in
459:initials
295:Burgundy
291:Neustria
279:Clovis I
249:tonsured
211:Merovech
204:Germanic
189:Frankish
136:Alemanni
132:Germania
33:initials
21:Frankish
1491:(ed.).
1261:Paris,
1006:Vatican
942:Chelles
937:Chelles
932:(B.62).
911:Ambrose
857:, near
827:Germany
778:in the
660:Ireland
397:Gregory
377:missals
140:Bavarii
100:Bretons
45:Chelles
37:arcades
1459:
1444:
1426:
1380:
1365:
1348:. 2) (
1340:
1212:(east
1205:c.780
1127:c.750
1107:Rome,
1097:c.750
1069:c.700
859:Amiens
782:. The
780:Vosges
596:relics
373:Gospel
219:sacred
144:Saxons
134:, the
128:Raetia
112:Franks
96:Saxons
1487:. In
1400:. In
1301:Autun
1254:Meaux
1246:]
1222:Autun
1187:Autun
1147:Autun
1142:Bible
1130:East
1024:Image
944:, in
855:Somme
823:Hesse
511:Bible
491:cross
355:Types
253:Louis
74:from
1457:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1378:ISBN
1363:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1034:Date
1029:Name
996:and
930:Rome
766:·...
758:Acts
704:Laon
694:Laon
590:The
297:and
230:Metz
142:and
116:Gaul
106:The
98:and
68:Laon
1414:2:
1384:, (
1344:, (
1138:?)
920:by
883:by
836:in
724:of
662:or
395:or
266:in
200:ing
181:or
160:of
1651::
1522:^
1436::
1404:/
1297:)
1244:fr
1216:)
1008:,
1004:.
980:.
928:,
873:.
861:,
829:).
825:,
732:).
714:.
501:.
399:.
383:,
379:,
351:.
301:.
293:,
289:,
221:.
164:.
150:.
138:,
1463:.
1448:.
1369:.
1293:(
1134:(
840:(
728:(
602:.
525:.
168:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
