100:
287:
504:
397:, decided to forgive his son-in-law, declaring that "You did to her what she deserved". But he significantly reduced his fiefdom to just Mereb Melash. Hab Sellus subsequently returned to Hamasien, and brought the entire region of Mereb Melash under his authority. He would later rule the province for the next 40 years.
313:. The Turkish troops then built a large fort, but due to the local population's access to firearms, they were forced to retreat back to the coast. Around this time the Bahr Negus Yeshaq, a supporter of Gelawdewos, became very powerful due to the import of firearms through the coast. Although a ruler of a
274:
arrived in the region, he noted that the lands of the Bahr Negus was "depopulated through fears of the Moors", for "the inhabitants had taken refuge with their herds on a mountain." Many
Christians upon seeing the Portuguese came out of their hiding with "crosses in their hands, in solemn procession,
463:
to the Turks, stating that it was formerly of great importance; "Before the
Abyssinians lost the maritime district of Arkeeko, and the port of Masuah, the office of Baharnagash was one of the most important in the kingdom. It is now nearly a nominal one, under the governor of Tigre." He also reports
475:
The title and position of "Bahr Negash" was not used after the 19th century and provincial governors (for the Seraye, Akele Guzai, and
Hamasien) took its place. In turn, the territories north of the Merab began to achieve nominal independence and largely consisted of various local communities ruled
336:
to face the army of Sarsa Dengel, however this battle ended in disaster as the Bahr Negus was captured and then executed by the
Emperor. Sarsa Dengel then proceeded to march into Debarwa where he captured large quantities of firearms and ordered the destruction of the Turkish fort. This victory was
260:
in 1529. However it wasnât until 1535 the forces of Imam Ahmad crossed the Mareb river into the region. The
Adalite occupation was resisted bitterly by the local population, who killed the Adalite governor Vizer Addole and sent his head to the Emperor. The Emperor upon receiving it had drums beaten
392:
to seek forgiveness. Upon arriving in the palace he addressed the
Emperor, saying "Your Majesty, in your great magnanimity, gave me your daughter and appointed me; but when I wished to approach my wife in accordance with nature and the law she rejected my approach; whereupon I, incited by Satan,
800:
146:
or "appointed ones". Zara Yaqob's chronicle explains how he, after arriving to the region, put much effort into increasing the power of Bahr Negash, placing him above other local chiefs and eventually making him the sovereign of a territory covering the highlands of
165:
warriors from the south of his realm. These settlers were believed to have the terrified the local population and it was said that the "earth trembled at their arrival" and the inhabitants "fled the country in fear". Near the end of his reign, in 1464/1465,
439:
seized the property of the
Emperor's Armenian trade agent, Khoja Murad, and attempted to levy a tax on Iyasu's goods that had landed at Massawa. Iyasu was "greatly angered" and responded with a blockade of that island city until the Naib relented.
593:, Tigray was completely exhausted from decades of uninterrupted wars. It could no longer challenge the Italians to the north or the Amharas to the south. Menelik II was later recognized as the new emperor, thus cementing
279:, that their enemies had destroyed all their monasteries and churches. They called on de Gama to seek vengeance and many locals joined the Portuguese in their struggles against the Imam, most notably the Bahr Negus
542:, forcing them to withdraw from the province. Following this victory, Ras Alula was declared the governor of Mereb Melash and was authorized to crush the opposition in the province. Alula defeated the followers of
349:, during his reign he would revive the old tradition of appointing provincial rulers with the title of the Bahr Negash, appointing one by name of Amda Mikael to rule at least six localities north of the Mareb;
269:
marched into Seraye where they massacred the locals and pacified the region. The Imam's occupation of the coastal highlands resulted in considerable destruction and violence. In 1541 the
Portuguese warrior
566:, but as the Italians landed at Massawa and began their encroachment inland, Alula was forced to abandon this effort. Frustrated and distrustful of the local tribes, Alula allowed his men to massacre the
317:, Yeshaq would heavily involve himself in internal Ethiopian affairs. After the death of Gelawdewos he revolted and attempted to place one of his nephews on the throne, but was defeated by Emperor
341:. Sarsa Dengel, who was greatly angered by Yeshaq's treachery and arrogance, significantly reduced the Bahr Negash's status and the office was temporarily merged with that of the governor of
221:, to whom he paid tribute. These tributes were traditionally paid with horses and imported cloth and carpets. Dori was said to wield considerable power, with his authority extending from the
229:. He was also a promoter of Christianity, generously gifting the churches and monasteries everything they needed. By the time of Alvares' visit, Dori was engaged in warfare against some
455:, but he also considered the land to be a "barbarous and unhappy country." Bruce later revealed that the influence of the Bahr Negash had significantly declined due to the loss of
393:
raised my hand and struck her; and she died as a result of my blow. Because of this misfortunate I stand before Your
Majesty." Fasilides, fearing to alienate the people of
1784:
1134:
Derat, Marie-Laure (2020). "Before the
Solomonids: Crisis, Renaissance and the Emergence of the Zagwe Dynasty (SeventhâThirteenth Centuries)". In Samantha Kelly (ed.).
233:
after the latter had killed his son. The Nubians were known as robbers and generally had a rather bad reputation. They originated somewhere five to six days away from
99:
271:
601:. On the signing of the treaty, Menelik said "The territories north of the Merab Milesh do not belong to Abyssinia nor are under my rule. I am the Emperor of
157:
78:
1667:
1404:
1309:
424:. At the sound of the musket fire, the tribesmen were terrified and fled, but were pursued by Iyasu's men who massacred them and sacked their towns. His
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villages. Ato Tewoldemedhin of Tsazega constantly fought to reduce his rivals to obedience; his son, Hailu was eventually forced to flee to
238:
1703:
1530:
161:, master or lord of Tigray. To strengthen the imperial presence in the area, Zara Yaqob also established a military colony consisting of
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by a council of village elders. During much of the 18th and 19th centuries, there was a long-standing rivalry between the rival
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immediately reestablished imperial suzerainty over the Eritrean highlands. In 1557 the Ottoman Turks conquered the port of
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and flutes played, optimistically declaring that the fortunates of the war were soon turning. In response, an army led by
855:
388:. However, he abused his wife so violently that she died, after which he would make his way to the Emperor's palace in
337:
of major importance as put an end to the hopes of the provincial nobility to achieve independence or autonomy from the
578:, but was beaten back with heavy losses. He subsequently ambushed an Italian battalion sent to reinforce Saati at the
1175:
1154:
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919:
892:
674:
649:
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909:
621:. Abyssinia will defend his territories but will not fight for foreign lands, which Eritrea is to my knowledge."
562:
in exchange for the rescue of Egyptian garrisons besieged by the Mahdists. Alula tried to reach the Egyptians at
530:. This allowed the Egyptians to occupy the entire province with minimal resistance and build a large fort at
120:
960:
A History of Ethiopia: Volume II : Nubia and Abyssinia' (London, (Routledge Revivals), 1949), pp. 414.
639:
134:("Ruler of the sea") appeared for the first time. However, it also appears in an obscure land grant of the
17:
1861:
1211:
256:
due to its location in the far north. The Bahr Negash Za-Wangel was killed fighting the Adalites in the
1146:
The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century
582:. In December 1889, Yohannes IV called Alula and his troops up to support him in his fight against the
519:
253:
1203:
Lords of the Red Sea. The History of a Red Sea Society from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries
1063:
Ras Alula and the Scramble for Africa A Political Biography : Ethiopia & Eritrea, 1875-1897
76:) and some surrounding areas. Mereb Melash corresponds to the administrative territory ruled by the
1866:
384:, as the governor of a province known as Bambolo-Mellash, which included Mereb Melash and much of
1779:
1289:
276:
257:
817:, but could this region not be reached from Eritrea within five - six days of travelling time.
1304:
189:
traveler Antonio Bartoli, who passed through on his way to Ethiopia in 1402. The map made by
1144:
1114:
1414:
1324:
543:
523:
497:
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that the district of Mereb Melash had only been recently incorporated into the province of
325:, upon being defeated, the Bahr Negash "threw himself at the mercy of the Turks" and ceded
962:
https://books.google.com/books?id=umMtBAAAQBAJ&dq=history%20of%20ethiopia&pg=PA414
447:, who became acquainted with the Bahr Negash while staying in the village of Hadawi (near
210:
8:
1359:
1329:
314:
280:
175:
142:, who ruled during the 11th century. He considered the unnamed Bahr Negash as one of his
119:
The exact date of the establishment of Mereb Melash is not known. According to historian
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1749:
1672:
1429:
1424:
1389:
1299:
1279:
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590:
586:, which allowed the Italians to march down from Massawa and seize all of Mereb Melash.
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104:
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domination over Ethiopia. The loss of Mereb Melash was recognized by Menelik in the
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1384:
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451:). He described the unnamed ruler as a "brave, but simple man" and a deputy of Ras
338:
179:
124:
61:
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217:, a town on the very northern edge of the highlands. Dori was an uncle of Emperor
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1713:
1540:
1465:
1399:
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162:
252:, Mereb Melash was one of the last parts of the empire to be confronted by Imam
202:
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Mereb Melash would gain international significance during the reign of Emperor
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Das Christentum in Nubien. Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche
1662:
1460:
1434:
469:
452:
218:
1082:"Between the Jaws of Hyenas": A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia (1876-1896)
641:"Between the Jaws of Hyenas": A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia (1876-1896)
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tribes in November 1886. On January 1887, Alula attacked the Italians at
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In November of 1769, Mereb Mellash was visited by the Scottish traveller
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in medieval times. Mereb Melash comprised the historical provinces of
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492:. In 1860 he was reinstated as ruler of Hamasien and Seraye, but in
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led an expeditionary force inland where they occupied the town of
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was signed, which allowed the Ethiopians to gain free access to
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evaded capture and allied himself with the Egyptian garrison at
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1167:
Mai Weini, a Highland Village in Eritrea: A Study of the People
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praying God for pity." The local monks informed the commander,
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88:
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when it was defended against Egyptian expansionism during the
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1565:
1560:
1525:
1485:
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594:
1047:
History of Ethiopian towns from the mid 19th century to 1935
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213:. The current Bahr Negash bore the name Dori and resided in
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722:. Oxford University Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780197267870.
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500:, who was able to seize control of Hamasien by 1868.
853:
522:. On December 1875, a local ruler of the province,
237:, possibly Taka (a historical province named after
185:The first European to likely visit Eritrea was the
345:. However, according to the chronicles of Emperor
973:Translated in part by Richard K. P. Pankhurst in
1853:
205:. In the 1520s, Mereb Melash was visited by the
193:, in completed in 1460, shows already âAmasenâ (
297:After the death of Imam Ahmad in 1543, Emperor
1084:. Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden. p. 129.
669:. University of California Press. p. 27.
1227:
1112:
977:. Addis Ababa: Oxford University Press, 1967.
826:
813:suggests an origination from the area around
743:
731:
472:with the use of "violence and oppression."
174:were pillaged by Emperor Zara Yaqob, and the
1136:A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea
720:A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea
1200:
1014:Bruce's Travels and Adventures in Abyssinia
914:. Cambridge University Press. p. 546.
332:Yeshaq and his Turkish allies marched into
1234:
1220:
1094:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
510:, the governor of Mereb Melash (1877â1889)
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841:
794:
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609:is not peopled by Abyssinians â they are
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1027:
911:The Cambridge History of Africa Volume 4
502:
496:he had to face another strong opponent:
380:appointed his son-in-law, Hab Sellus of
285:
98:
1242:Kingdoms and dynasties of the medieval
589:Following the death of Yohannes at the
14:
1854:
1184:
1059:
907:
806:
111:(Midri Bahri) in the northern part of
60:was a semi-autonomous province of the
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1133:
1079:
1010:
706:
637:
155:. His neighbor to the south was the
103:1690 map of Ethiopia (Abyssinia) by
24:
1194:
1113:Connel, Dan; Killion, Tom (2011).
538:would defeat the Egyptians at the
25:
1878:
809:, p. 149-150 & note 14.
178:was forced to pay tribute to the
1258:Islamic sultanates & Empires
1116:Historical Dictionary of Eritrea
857:The Conquest of Abyssinia pp.354
526:, submitted to the Egyptians at
1073:
1053:
1038:
1021:
1004:
967:
952:
901:
876:
847:
404:undertook an expedition in the
1444:Christian kingdoms and Empires
975:The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles
712:
658:
631:
130:(r. 1433â1468) when the title
13:
1:
1106:
1028:Longrigg, Stephen H. (1945).
854:Frederick A. Edwards (1905).
718:Phillipson, David W. (2023).
290:19th century map of northern
45:(Tigrinya: áášá„ áááœ, English:
1800:Second Ajuran-Portuguese war
644:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
638:Caulk, Richard Alan (2002).
329:in exchange for their help.
27:Historical Eritrean province
7:
1795:First Ajuran-Portuguese war
1143:Pankhurst, Richard (1997).
1045:Pankhurst, Richard (1982).
883:Pankhurst, Richard (1982).
412:of the Dubani" (likely the
123:it was during the reign of
10:
1883:
885:History Of Ethiopian Towns
665:G. Marcus, Harold (1994).
605:. The land referred to as
369:, and the "country of the
254:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
94:
1808:
1785:Adal conquest of Ethiopia
1772:
1742:
1696:
1652:
1593:
1443:
1257:
1250:
1201:d'Avray, Anthony (1996).
1164:Tronvoll, Kjetil (1998).
827:Connel & Killion 2011
744:Connel & Killion 2011
732:Connel & Killion 2011
225:highlands to the port of
1138:. Brill. pp. 31â56.
1031:Short History Of Eritrea
624:
546:and imprisoned him, but
1185:Werner, Roland (2013).
1080:Caulk, Richard (2002).
1060:Erlikh, Haggai (1996).
1049:. Steiner. p. 143.
908:Oliver, Ronald (1975).
488:to seek the support of
315:self-governing province
520:EgyptianâEthiopian War
511:
428:recounts how when the
294:
258:Battle of Shimbra Kure
116:
1149:. The Red Sea Press.
1011:Bruce, James (1860).
667:A History of Ethiopia
506:
408:valley, against the "
289:
209:traveller and priest
102:
64:located north of the
958:E. A. Wallis Budge,
554:. In June 1884, the
544:Woldemichael Solomon
524:Woldemichael Solomon
498:Woldemichael Solomon
272:Miguel de Castanhoso
37:: áá”áȘ áŁááȘ, English:
1119:. Scarecrow Press.
176:Sultanate of Dahlak
1862:History of Eritrea
1780:EthiopianâAdal war
1750:Kingdom of Wolaita
1425:Sultanate of Showa
1280:Sultanate of Harar
797:, p. 154-155.
785:, p. 102-103.
758:, p. 102-104.
591:Battle of Gallabat
512:
420:), in present-day
295:
250:Ethiopian-Adal War
172:Dahlak archipelago
117:
105:Vincenzo Coronelli
1849:
1848:
1816:Solomonic dynasty
1768:
1767:
1170:. Red Sea Press.
709:, pp. 43â44.
599:Treaty of Wuchale
277:CristĂłvĂŁo da Gama
211:Francisco Alvares
121:Richard Pankhurst
81:(King of the Sea)
52:), also known as
16:(Redirected from
1874:
1841:Makhzumi dynasty
1831:Goobroon dynasty
1821:Walashma dynasty
1790:Oromo migrations
1755:Kingdom of Damot
1743:Wolaita kingdoms
1724:Kingdom of Damot
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426:Royal Chronicle
321:. According to
197:), â Sâeranaâ (
158:Tigray Mekonnen
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39:Land of the Sea
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1034:. p. 100.
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1001:, p. 413.
999:Pankhurst 1997
991:
989:, p. 403.
987:Pankhurst 1997
979:
966:
951:
949:, p. 402.
947:Pankhurst 1997
939:
937:, p. 395.
935:Pankhurst 1997
927:
920:
900:
893:
887:. p. 68.
875:
873:, p. 236.
871:Pankhurst 1997
863:
846:
844:, p. 219.
842:Pankhurst 1997
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795:Pankhurst 1997
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783:Pankhurst 1997
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771:Pankhurst 1997
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540:Battle of Gura
367:Buri Peninsula
365:district, the
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219:Lebna Dengel
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43:Mereb Melash
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18:Mereb Melash
1653:Kingdom of
1596:Beta Israel
1594:Kingdom of
815:Old Dongola
807:Werner 2013
548:Bahta Hagos
534:. However,
516:Yohannes IV
490:Tewodros II
445:James Bruce
406:Mareb river
359:Akele Guzai
323:James Bruce
263:Wazir Abbas
248:During the
201:), and the
132:Bahr Negash
72:highlands (
66:Mareb River
58:Bahr Melash
47:Beyond the
31:Medri Bahri
1856:Categories
1107:References
707:Derat 2020
422:Gash Barka
347:Susenyos I
305:and under
299:Gelawdewos
239:Jebel Taka
207:Portuguese
128:Zara Yaqob
79:Bahr Negus
1809:Dynasties
1704:Bahargamo
1531:Mai-Tsade
1290:Mogadishu
1090:cite book
603:Abyssinia
572:Beni-Amer
536:Ras Alula
508:Ras Alula
449:Segeneiti
410:Shanqella
400:In 1692,
378:Fasilides
292:Abyssinia
191:Fra Mauro
113:Abyssinia
109:Midrabahr
68:, in the
1719:Kambaata
1619:Waldebba
1516:Hamasien
1511:Gheralta
1506:Entitcho
1481:Begemder
1451:Ambassel
1315:Aymallal
1305:Arababni
584:Mahdists
395:Hamasien
382:Hamasien
376:Emperor
351:Hamasien
223:Hamasien
195:Hamasien
170:and the
149:Hamasien
144:seyyuman
85:Hamasien
70:Eritrean
35:Tigrinya
1760:Welayta
1688:Wolayta
1673:Janjero
1644:Wolqayt
1639:Tsegede
1604:Dembiya
1546:Tselemt
1536:Tembien
1521:Haramat
1501:Enderta
1496:Dembela
1491:Delanta
1430:Tankish
1420:Sharkha
1340:Dankali
1325:Baqulin
1310:Argobba
607:Eritrea
564:Kassala
560:Massawa
528:Massawa
482:Tsazega
468:by Ras
461:Hirgigo
457:Massawa
437:Massawa
430:Ottoman
402:Iyasu I
363:Debarwa
334:Tembien
327:Debarwa
311:Debarwa
303:Massawa
243:Kassala
235:Debarwa
231:Nubians
227:Hirgigo
215:Debarwa
168:Massawa
140:Tatadim
125:Emperor
95:History
74:Kebassa
1773:Events
1734:Sigamo
1729:Sidamo
1709:Buzamo
1668:Enarya
1629:Wegera
1624:Semien
1614:Gojjam
1570:Efrata
1556:Semada
1551:Salowa
1541:Tigray
1466:Amhara
1435:Werjih
1415:Qita'a
1410:Nagash
1385:Hadiya
1380:Gurage
1375:Gidaya
1365:Gabaal
1360:Dawaro
1350:Belgin
1335:Dobe'a
1330:Dahlak
1270:Ajuran
1251:States
1174:
1153:
1123:
918:
891:
673:
648:
619:Tigres
617:, and
568:Kunama
552:Sanhit
494:Hazega
486:Gondar
478:Hazega
466:Tigray
414:Kunama
390:Gondar
386:Tigray
361:, the
355:Seraye
343:Tigray
281:Yeshaq
203:Tekeze
199:Seraye
187:Tuscan
153:Seraye
89:Seraye
1683:Sheka
1678:Kaffa
1663:Dawro
1655:Damot
1634:Qwara
1609:Gafat
1580:Shire
1574:Geshe
1566:Shewa
1561:Serae
1526:Lasta
1486:Bugna
1471:Angot
1456:Agame
1395:Jarin
1390:Harar
1345:Bazin
1295:Tunni
1067:(PDF)
625:Notes
615:Bejaa
611:Adals
595:Shoan
576:Saati
371:Sahos
319:Menas
138:King
136:Zagwe
49:Mereb
41:) or
1714:Garo
1476:Bahr
1405:Mora
1400:Maya
1370:Ganz
1355:Dara
1320:Bale
1285:Ifat
1265:Adal
1172:ISBN
1151:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1096:link
916:ISBN
889:ISBN
671:ISBN
646:ISBN
570:and
532:Gura
480:and
459:and
433:Naib
418:Nara
265:and
163:Maya
151:and
87:and
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435:of
416:or
373:".
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1858::
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924:.
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679:.
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115:.
33:(
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