1383:
1270:
1209:
1151:
933:
738:
289:
20:
167:
504:
Although membrane proteins play an important role in all organisms, their purification has historically, and continues to be, a huge challenge for protein scientists. In 2008, 150 unique structures of membrane proteins were available, and by 2019 only 50 human membrane proteins had had their
65:
Membrane proteins are common, and medically important—about a third of all human proteins are membrane proteins, and these are targets for more than half of all drugs. Nonetheless, compared to other classes of proteins, determining membrane
517:, but these can also alter protein structure and function. Making membrane proteins water-soluble can also be achieved through engineering the protein sequence, replacing selected hydrophobic amino acids with
1539:
272:
are transmembrane proteins that span across the membrane only once. Transmembrane helices from these proteins have significantly different amino acid distributions to transmembrane helices from polytopic
1447:
Hochuli E, Bannwarth W, Döbeli H, Gentz R, Stüber D (November 1988). "Genetic
Approach to Facilitate Purification of Recombinant Proteins with a Novel Metal Chelate Adsorbent".
464:
are thought to be membrane proteins, 600 of which have been experimentally verified to be membrane resident. In humans, current thinking suggests that fully 30% of the
179:
890:"Charged residues next to transmembrane regions revisited: "Positive-inside rule" is complemented by the "negative inside depletion/outside enrichment rule""
1333:
1095:
1164:
Daley DO, Rapp M, Granseth E, Melén K, Drew D, von Heijne G (May 2005). "Global topology analysis of the
Escherichia coli inner membrane proteome".
354:, and other non-covalent interactions. Peripheral proteins dissociate following treatment with a polar reagent, such as a solution with an elevated
652:"Mapping the human membrane proteome: a majority of the human membrane proteins can be classified according to function and evolutionary origin"
46:. Membrane proteins fall into several broad categories depending on their location. Integral membrane proteins are a permanent part of a
2015:
1828:
1765:- Database of 3D structures of integral membrane proteins and hydrophobic peptides with an emphasis on crystallization conditions
70:
remains a challenge in large part due to the difficulty in establishing experimental conditions that can preserve the correct (
1533:
Cook BL, Steuerwald D, Kaiser L, Graveland-Bikker J, Vanberghem M, Berke AP, Herlihy K, Pick H, Vogel H, Zhang S (July 2009).
1055:
816:
756:
423:
531:
is a commonly used tag for membrane protein purification, and the alternative rho1D4 tag has also been successfully used.
1719:
112:
279:
are integral membrane proteins that are attached to only one side of the membrane and do not span the whole way across.
1659:
946:
Sun C, Benlekbir S, Venkatakrishnan P, Wang Y, Hong S, Hosler J, Tajkhorshid E, Rubinstein JL, Gennis RB (May 2018).
1771:
1402:
205:
are permanently attached to the membrane. Such proteins can be separated from the biological membranes only using
1856:
1372:
1136:
551:
318:
1486:"Expression, surface immobilization, and characterization of functional recombinant cannabinoid receptor CB2"
607:
2008:
1821:
1749:
1535:"Large-scale production and study of a synthetic G protein-coupled receptor: human olfactory receptor 17-4"
1103:
566:
292:
Schematic representation of the different types of interaction between monotopic membrane proteins and the
228:
are transmembrane proteins that span across the membrane more than once. These proteins may have different
2093:
1733:
339:
334:
214:
59:
2184:
1703:
1603:
1334:"Predicting transmembrane protein topology with a hidden Markov model: application to complete genomes"
1096:"Predicting transmembrane protein topology with a hidden Markov model: application to complete genomes"
1060:
276:
225:
104:
55:
2084:
1758:
1729:
505:
structures elucidated. In contrast, approximately 25% of all proteins are membrane proteins. Their
374:
202:
193:
1382:
1269:
1208:
1150:
932:
737:
705:"The substitution of Arg149 with Cys fixes the melibiose transporter in an inward-open conformation"
249:
2001:
1814:
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571:
524:
148:
2097:
2079:
1009:
489:
485:
395:
253:
229:
137:
1715:
801:
605:
Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL (December 2006). "How many drug targets are there?".
2133:
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51:
800:
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8:
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ones, taking great care to maintain secondary structure while revising overall charge.
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985:
921:
866:
812:
808:
773:
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685:
624:
528:
477:
90:
86:
Membrane proteins perform a variety of functions vital to the survival of organisms:
75:
67:
1368:
1132:
948:"Structure of the alternative complex III in a supercomplex with cytochrome oxidase"
785:
636:
2153:
1970:
1928:
1918:
1665:
1647:
1612:
1566:
1556:
1505:
1497:
1470:
1458:
1419:
1411:
1348:
1304:
1296:
1248:
1201:
1181:
1143:
1112:
1069:
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1018:
975:
967:
911:
901:
856:
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716:
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665:
616:
460:
439:
210:
140:
allow cells to identify each other and interact. For example, proteins involved in
1993:
361:
Integral and peripheral proteins may be post-translationally modified, with added
2148:
1876:
1861:
1800:
1775:
1762:
1501:
861:
844:
721:
704:
703:
Lin Y, Fuerst O, Granell M, Leblanc G, LĂłrenz-FonfrĂa V, PadrĂłs E (August 2013).
546:
493:
419:
269:
141:
509:
surfaces make structural and especially functional characterization difficult.
484:. Among the human diseases in which membrane proteins have been implicated are
458:
encode for membrane proteins. For instance, about 1000 of the ~4200 proteins of
2033:
1897:
1599:"Amphitropic proteins: regulation by reversible membrane interactions (review)"
1540:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
874:
366:
308:
123:
24:
1300:
971:
906:
303:
parallel to the membrane plane (in-plane membrane helix) 2. interaction by a
182:) 2. a polytopic transmembrane α-helical protein 3. a polytopic transmembrane
2178:
2158:
2118:
2041:
2025:
1955:
1950:
1239:
514:
443:
427:
411:
351:
343:
293:
288:
166:
47:
1617:
1598:
1561:
1185:
377:(glycosylphosphatidylinositol), which may be anchored in the lipid bilayer.
2056:
2046:
1679:
1626:
1580:
1519:
1433:
1360:
1352:
1318:
1262:
1193:
1124:
1116:
1087:
1040:
989:
925:
870:
829:
777:
730:
689:
670:
628:
465:
261:
257:
235:
71:
1636:"Membrane protein dynamics and functional implications in mammalian cells"
1253:
1234:
1022:
147:
The localization of proteins in membranes can be predicted reliably using
2051:
1975:
1965:
1484:
Locatelli-Hoops SC, Gorshkova I, Gawrisch K, Yeliseev AA (October 2013).
1462:
1073:
656:
556:
391:
347:
326:
297:
245:
127:
1784:
1768:
1483:
1415:
888:
Baker JA, Wong WC, Eisenhaber B, Warwicker J, Eisenhaber F (July 2017).
527:
is one of the best solutions for purification of membrane proteins. The
217:
agents. They can be classified according to their relationship with the
2128:
2123:
1902:
1003:
Andreeva A, Howorth D, Chothia C, Kulesha E, Murzin AG (January 2014).
518:
506:
362:
313:
304:
155:
152:
19:
1722:, a comprehensive classification of transmembrane transporter proteins
300:
183:
175:
1980:
407:
403:
206:
131:
94:
28:
1532:
769:
620:
2163:
2113:
1933:
1871:
410:, are sometimes considered a separate category. These proteins are
1943:
1938:
1837:
650:
Almén MS, Nordström KJ, Fredriksson R, Schiöth HB (August 2009).
399:
218:
119:
39:
16:
Proteins that are part of, or interact with, biological membranes
1332:
Krogh A, Larsson B, von Heijne G, Sonnhammer EL (January 2001).
1331:
1086:
649:
2143:
2061:
1285:"Overcoming the challenges of membrane protein crystallography"
945:
455:
370:
1725:
845:"Assembly of β-barrel proteins into bacterial outer membranes"
111:
across the membrane. They can be categorized according to the
1778:- A curated list of selected transmembrane proteins from the
1490:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics
1005:"SCOP2 prototype: a new approach to protein structure mining"
1002:
849:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
576:
1739:
887:
604:
1806:
1446:
451:
232:. These proteins have one of two structural architectures:
1755:
1283:
Carpenter EP, Beis K, Cameron AD, Iwata S (October 2008).
1787:- a database of membrane protein structures simulated by
1282:
108:
54:) or associate with one or the other side of a membrane (
1698:
843:
Selkrig J, Leyton DL, Webb CT, Lithgow T (August 2014).
842:
702:
355:
1752:- Genomics-oriented database of transporters from TIGR
1704:
Experts for
Membrane Protein Research and Purification
1163:
1726:
Orientations of
Proteins in Membranes (OPM) database
803:
Cell and
Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments
499:
2023:
62:are transiently associated with the cell membrane.
709:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes
450:, are common. It is estimated that 20–30% of all
1398:"Membrane proteins: always an insoluble problem?"
2176:
1235:"Elucidating the Structure of Membrane Proteins"
1699:Membrane Protein Structural Dynamics Consortium
1056:"Dissecting the Structure of Membrane Proteins"
283:
151:of protein sequences, i.e. the localization of
1596:
754:(December 2006). "Membrane-protein topology".
600:
598:
579:(TransMembrane Protein Helix-Packing Database)
2009:
1822:
1709:
1633:
161:
1746:approximately arranged in the lipid bilayer.
1232:
1061:Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News
346:or to integral proteins by a combination of
238:proteins, which are present in all types of
1740:Protein Data Bank of Transmembrane Proteins
1378:on 2020-08-04 – via Semantic Scholar.
939:
798:
595:
307:loop 3. interaction by a covalently bound
188:The membrane is represented in light-brown.
2016:
2002:
1829:
1815:
836:
750:
93:proteins relay signals between the cell's
78:in isolation from its native environment.
1669:
1616:
1570:
1560:
1509:
1423:
1308:
1252:
1053:
1030:
979:
915:
905:
860:
720:
679:
669:
1395:
1233:Martin, Joseph; Sawyer, Abigail (2019).
513:can be used to render membrane proteins
287:
165:
18:
792:
342:are temporarily attached either to the
50:and can either penetrate the membrane (
2177:
757:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
1997:
1810:
1289:Current Opinion in Structural Biology
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1157:
380:
733:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
42:that are part of, or interact with,
1720:Transporter Classification database
406:, and certain proteins involved in
113:Transporter Classification database
13:
1652:10.1016/b978-0-12-417027-8.00003-9
1590:
1215:
1047:
248:proteins, which are found only in
122:may have many activities, such as
14:
2196:
1687:
500:Purification of membrane proteins
1692:
1403:Biochemical Society Transactions
1381:
1268:
1207:
1149:
1094:, Sonnhammer EL (January 2001).
931:
736:
438:Membrane proteins, like soluble
1857:Post-translational modification
1597:Johnson JE, Cornell RB (1999).
1526:
1477:
1440:
1389:
1325:
1276:
1080:
552:Inner nuclear membrane proteins
1634:Alenghat FJ, Golan DE (2013).
1247:(4). Future Science: 167–170.
1054:Liszewski K (1 October 2015).
996:
881:
744:
696:
643:
608:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
23:Membrane protein complexes of
1:
1736:arranged in the lipid bilayer
589:
471:
433:
358:or high salt concentrations.
1836:
1803:from several model organisms
1734:peripheral membrane proteins
1502:10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.06.003
1341:Journal of Molecular Biology
1104:Journal of Molecular Biology
862:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.10.009
722:10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.03.003
567:List of MeSH codes (D12.776)
414:but can undergo significant
340:Peripheral membrane proteins
284:Peripheral membrane proteins
174:: 1. a single transmembrane
170:Schematic representation of
60:Peripheral membrane proteins
7:
2094:Peripheral membrane protein
1799:provides information about
1640:Current Topics in Membranes
534:
468:encodes membrane proteins.
335:Peripheral membrane protein
277:Integral monotopic proteins
226:Integral polytopic proteins
81:
76:conformation of the protein
10:
2201:
2085:Integral membrane proteins
1898:Protein structural domains
1710:Membrane protein databases
1604:Molecular Membrane Biology
1142:on 2020-08-04 – via
1017:(Database issue): D310-4.
480:of over 50% of all modern
476:Membrane proteins are the
384:
332:
203:Integral membrane proteins
191:
162:Integral membrane proteins
2106:
2070:
2032:
1911:
1885:
1844:
1396:Rawlings AE (June 2016).
1301:10.1016/j.sbi.2008.07.001
972:10.1038/s41586-018-0061-y
907:10.1186/s12915-017-0404-4
256:, and outer membranes of
194:Integral membrane protein
180:bitopic membrane protein
2129:Lipid raft/microdomains
1618:10.1080/096876899294544
1562:10.1073/pnas.0811089106
1186:10.1126/science.1109730
572:Receptor (biochemistry)
525:Affinity chromatography
426:or reversibly with the
317:) 4. electrostatic or
296:: 1. interaction by an
149:hydrophobicity analyses
138:Cell adhesion molecules
2134:Membrane contact sites
2098:Lipid-anchored protein
2080:Membrane glycoproteins
1744:transmembrane proteins
1353:10.1006/jmbi.2000.4315
1117:10.1006/jmbi.2000.4315
1010:Nucleic Acids Research
671:10.1186/1741-7007-7-50
583:Transmembrane proteins
416:conformational changes
396:antibacterial peptides
330:
321:with membrane lipids (
254:Gram-negative bacteria
230:transmembrane topology
189:
172:transmembrane proteins
32:
2089:transmembrane protein
1961:Photoreceptor protein
1254:10.2144/btn-2019-0030
873:– via Elsevier
291:
198:Transmembrane protein
169:
22:
2114:Caveolae/Coated pits
1852:Protein biosynthesis
1463:10.1038/nbt1188-1321
1450:Nature Biotechnology
1074:10.1089/gen.35.17.02
1068:(17): 1, 14, 16–17.
799:Gerald Karp (2009).
420:oligomeric complexes
240:biological membranes
44:biological membranes
1797:Membranome database
1728:- 3D structures of
1553:2009PNAS..10611925C
1416:10.1042/BST20160025
1178:2005Sci...308.1321D
1023:10.1093/nar/gkt1242
964:2018Natur.557..123S
809:John Wiley and Sons
542:Annular lipid shell
448:disordered proteins
107:move molecules and
2139:Membrane nanotubes
2024:Structures of the
1792:molecular dynamics
1774:2013-12-25 at the
1761:2020-08-03 at the
562:Ion pump (biology)
387:Pore-forming toxin
381:Polypeptide toxins
331:
319:ionic interactions
190:
105:Transport proteins
68:protein structures
56:integral monotopic
33:
2185:Membrane proteins
2172:
2171:
2072:Membrane proteins
1991:
1990:
1893:Protein structure
1867:Protein targeting
1780:Protein Data Bank
1457:(11): 1321–1325.
958:(7703): 123–126.
818:978-0-470-48337-4
811:. pp. 128–.
529:polyhistidine-tag
440:globular proteins
211:nonpolar solvents
91:Membrane receptor
36:Membrane proteins
2192:
2154:Nuclear envelope
2149:Nodes of Ranvier
2018:
2011:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1971:Phycobiliprotein
1929:Globular protein
1924:Membrane protein
1919:List of proteins
1831:
1824:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1801:bitopic proteins
1769:Mpstruc database
1683:
1673:
1630:
1620:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1564:
1547:(29): 11925–30.
1530:
1524:
1523:
1513:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1371:. Archived from
1338:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1256:
1230:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1172:(5726): 1321–3.
1161:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1144:Semantic Scholar
1141:
1135:. Archived from
1100:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1000:
994:
993:
983:
943:
937:
936:
935:
929:
919:
909:
885:
879:
878:
864:
840:
834:
833:
827:
825:
806:
796:
790:
789:
748:
742:
741:
740:
734:
724:
700:
694:
693:
683:
673:
647:
641:
640:
602:
444:fibrous proteins
394:toxins and many
270:Bitopic proteins
2200:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2102:
2066:
2034:Membrane lipids
2028:
2022:
1992:
1987:
1951:Fibrous protein
1907:
1881:
1877:Protein methods
1862:Protein folding
1840:
1835:
1776:Wayback Machine
1763:Wayback Machine
1742:- 3D models of
1712:
1695:
1690:
1662:
1593:
1591:Further reading
1588:
1531:
1527:
1496:(10): 2045–56.
1482:
1478:
1445:
1441:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1375:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1243:(Print issue).
1231:
1216:
1206:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1139:
1098:
1085:
1081:
1052:
1048:
1001:
997:
944:
940:
930:
886:
882:
841:
837:
823:
821:
819:
797:
793:
770:10.1038/nrm2063
749:
745:
735:
701:
697:
648:
644:
621:10.1038/nrd2199
603:
596:
592:
587:
547:Carrier protein
537:
502:
494:cystic fibrosis
482:medicinal drugs
474:
436:
389:
383:
337:
286:
250:outer membranes
213:, or sometimes
200:
192:Main articles:
187:
164:
142:immune response
84:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2198:
2188:
2187:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2159:Phycobilisomes
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2119:Cell junctions
2116:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
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2082:
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2067:
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2038:
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2020:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1989:
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1805:
1804:
1794:
1789:coarse-grained
1782:
1766:
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1747:
1737:
1723:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1694:
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1689:
1688:External links
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938:
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875:Science Direct
855:(8): 1542–50.
835:
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764:(12): 909–18.
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473:
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435:
432:
422:and associate
385:Main article:
382:
379:
367:diacylglycerol
333:Main article:
309:membrane lipid
285:
282:
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280:
274:
267:
266:
265:
243:
163:
160:
145:
144:
135:
124:oxidoreductase
116:
102:
83:
80:
25:photosynthesis
15:
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4:
3:
2:
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2182:
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2144:Myelin sheath
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2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:Sphingolipids
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:Phospholipids
2045:
2043:
2042:Lipid bilayer
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:cell membrane
2019:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1956:Chromoprotein
1954:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1693:Organizations
1681:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1661:9780124170278
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1611:(3): 217–35.
1610:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1347:(3): 567–80.
1346:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1240:BioTechniques
1237:. Tech News.
1236:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1111:(3): 567–80.
1110:
1106:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1090:, Larsson B,
1089:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1006:
999:
991:
987:
982:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
942:
934:
927:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
899:
895:
891:
884:
876:
872:
868:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
839:
831:
820:
814:
810:
805:
804:
795:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:
753:
747:
739:
732:
728:
723:
718:
715:(8): 1690–9.
714:
710:
706:
699:
691:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
663:
659:
658:
653:
646:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
615:(12): 993–6.
614:
610:
609:
601:
599:
594:
584:
581:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
532:
530:
526:
522:
520:
516:
515:water-soluble
512:
508:
497:
495:
491:
487:
486:heart disease
483:
479:
469:
467:
463:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
431:
429:
428:lipid bilayer
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:water-soluble
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
352:electrostatic
349:
345:
344:lipid bilayer
341:
336:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:
310:
306:
302:
299:
295:
294:cell membrane
290:
278:
275:
271:
268:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
244:
241:
237:
234:
233:
231:
227:
224:
223:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
195:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
159:
157:
154:
150:
143:
139:
136:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
114:
110:
106:
103:
101:environments.
100:
96:
92:
89:
88:
87:
79:
77:
73:
69:
63:
61:
57:
53:
52:transmembrane
49:
48:cell membrane
45:
41:
37:
30:
26:
21:
2071:
2052:Lipoproteins
1923:
1756:Membrane PDB
1643:
1639:
1608:
1602:
1544:
1538:
1528:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1410:(3): 790–5.
1407:
1401:
1391:
1373:the original
1344:
1340:
1327:
1295:(5): 581–6.
1292:
1288:
1278:
1244:
1238:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1137:the original
1108:
1102:
1092:von Heijne G
1082:
1065:
1059:
1049:
1014:
1008:
998:
955:
951:
941:
897:
893:
883:
852:
848:
838:
830:Google Books
828:– via
822:. Retrieved
802:
794:
761:
755:
752:von Heijne G
746:
712:
708:
698:
661:
655:
645:
612:
606:
523:
503:
475:
459:
437:
424:irreversibly
390:
360:
338:
322:
312:
262:chloroplasts
258:mitochondria
236:Helix bundle
201:
146:
85:
64:
35:
34:
1976:Phytochrome
1966:Biliprotein
1750:TransportDB
894:BMC Biology
824:13 November
657:BMC Biology
611:(Opinion).
557:Ion channel
519:hydrophilic
507:hydrophobic
490:Alzheimer's
392:Polypeptide
373:chains, or
348:hydrophobic
327:calcium ion
305:hydrophobic
298:amphipathic
246:Beta barrel
158:sequences.
153:hydrophobic
128:transferase
38:are common
2124:Glycocalyx
1903:Proteasome
1886:Structures
1646:: 89–120.
1168:(Report).
590:References
511:Detergents
472:In disease
434:In genomes
404:hemolysins
398:, such as
363:fatty acid
325:through a
314:lipidation
215:denaturing
207:detergents
156:amino acid
2164:Porosomes
1981:Lipocalin
1845:Processes
1785:MemProtMD
1064:(paper).
900:(1): 66.
408:apoptosis
273:proteins.
132:hydrolase
118:Membrane
29:thylakoid
2179:Category
1934:Globulin
1872:Proteome
1838:Proteins
1772:Archived
1759:Archived
1730:integral
1680:24210428
1627:10503244
1581:19581598
1520:23777860
1434:27284043
1369:15769874
1361:11152613
1319:18674618
1263:30987442
1194:15919996
1133:15769874
1125:11152613
1041:24293656
990:29695868
926:28738801
871:24135059
786:22218266
778:17139331
731:23500619
690:19678920
637:11979420
629:17139284
535:See also
454:in most
400:colicins
186:protein
99:external
95:internal
82:Function
40:proteins
31:membrane
2062:Sterols
1944:Albumin
1939:Edestin
1671:4193470
1572:2715541
1549:Bibcode
1511:3779079
1471:9518666
1425:4900757
1310:2580798
1202:6942424
1174:Bibcode
1166:Science
1088:Krogh A
1032:3964979
981:6004266
960:Bibcode
917:5525207
681:2739160
478:targets
461:E. coli
456:genomes
418:, form
301:α-helix
219:bilayer
184:β-sheet
176:α-helix
120:enzymes
27:in the
1678:
1668:
1658:
1625:
1579:
1569:
1518:
1508:
1469:
1432:
1422:
1367:
1359:
1317:
1307:
1261:
1200:
1192:
1131:
1123:
1039:
1029:
988:
978:
952:Nature
924:
914:
869:
815:
784:
776:
729:
688:
678:
664:: 50.
635:
627:
466:genome
446:, and
371:prenyl
72:native
2107:Other
1912:Types
1467:S2CID
1376:(PDF)
1365:S2CID
1337:(PDF)
1198:S2CID
1140:(PDF)
1129:S2CID
1099:(PDF)
782:S2CID
633:S2CID
577:TMPad
452:genes
1732:and
1716:TCDB
1676:PMID
1656:ISBN
1623:PMID
1577:PMID
1516:PMID
1494:1834
1430:PMID
1357:PMID
1315:PMID
1259:PMID
1190:PMID
1121:PMID
1037:PMID
986:PMID
922:PMID
867:PMID
853:1843
826:2010
813:ISBN
774:PMID
727:PMID
713:1828
686:PMID
625:PMID
492:and
323:e.g.
260:and
196:and
109:ions
97:and
1666:PMC
1648:doi
1613:doi
1567:PMC
1557:doi
1545:106
1506:PMC
1498:doi
1459:doi
1420:PMC
1412:doi
1349:doi
1345:305
1305:PMC
1297:doi
1249:doi
1182:doi
1170:308
1113:doi
1109:305
1070:doi
1027:PMC
1019:doi
976:PMC
968:doi
956:557
912:PMC
902:doi
857:doi
766:doi
717:doi
676:PMC
666:doi
617:doi
402:or
375:GPI
369:or
252:of
130:or
58:).
2181::
1718:-
1674:.
1664:.
1654:.
1644:72
1642:.
1638:.
1621:.
1609:16
1607:.
1601:.
1575:.
1565:.
1555:.
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1514:.
1504:.
1492:.
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1428:.
1418:.
1408:44
1406:.
1400:.
1363:.
1355:.
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1313:.
1303:.
1293:18
1291:.
1287:.
1257:.
1245:66
1217:^
1196:.
1188:.
1180:.
1127:.
1119:.
1107:.
1101:.
1066:35
1058:.
1035:.
1025:.
1015:42
1013:.
1007:.
984:.
974:.
966:.
954:.
950:.
920:.
910:.
898:15
896:.
892:.
865:.
851:.
847:.
807:.
780:.
772:.
760:.
725:.
711:.
707:.
684:.
674:.
660:.
654:.
631:.
623:.
597:^
496:.
488:,
442:,
430:.
365:,
356:pH
350:,
221::
209:,
126:,
74:)
2096:/
2087:/
2017:e
2010:t
2003:v
1830:e
1823:t
1816:v
1682:.
1650::
1629:.
1615::
1583:.
1559::
1551::
1522:.
1500::
1473:.
1461::
1455:6
1436:.
1414::
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1321:.
1299::
1265:.
1251::
1204:.
1184::
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1115::
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1072::
1043:.
1021::
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970::
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904::
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859::
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768::
762:7
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692:.
668::
662:7
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619::
613:5
329:)
311:(
264:.
242:;
178:(
134:.
115:.
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