361:
625:, housed there, admitted women "only on specified days." The state attorney-general's office filed suit against the club in July 1974 after the Ingomar board of directors decided not to change the rule. It was settled in early 1978 with the club agreeing that women have the right to enter "for any business, civic or political function." It did not involve membership, though, "since state law does not prevent a private social club from barring members on the grounds of sex, religion or race." The club now admits women with equal access as men.
515:
598:
701:, an aviator who was the first pilot to circle the Earth at the poles in a private jet, but they were forbidden to enter the men's library, grill and bar. The city attorney in January of that year was preparing a suit against the club to end that practice. Knapp said she opposed the suit because it might "engender a backlash that will slow women's progress." Club attorney John R. Shiner said in June 1989 that the Jonathan would thenceforth serve women in the bar and grill, "no questions asked."
562:
our social system according to their own ideas. ,,, the essence of a club is its exclusiveness. Unless the right to select desired members and to exclude unwanted members is unrestricted, the objective of compatibility and congeniality of members cannot be accomplished. The right thus to select and exclude necessarily includes the right to discriminate on any basis whatsoever. An organization to which everyone has the right to belong ceases to be a club in the traditional sense."
189:
294:
748:
club continued to insist that "since the club does not accept money from outside businesses, it is not subject to the court ruling." It fought bitterly, and successfully, to keep from admitting women as members. Women, including political office holders, "must enter via a side door and stay in the downstairs banquet rooms." Dan Morain of the
265:, the Town & Country Club and the Metropolitan Club) which do not allow men to become members. To date, there have been no pressure campaigns or threats of lawsuits to force women-only private clubs to begin admitting men as members. Many women-only clubs are experiencing declining memberships, while men-only clubs such as the
391:
to still be denied membership in a club of his peers. ... I feel emancipated." Jonathan Club president Robert
Brimberry said in February 1978 that "In recent years certain restrictions have been changing. ... we are accepting and considering all applications on their merit, including those of minorities and women."
694:, found treatment of her membership application "raised suspicions among some that the club has no real intention" of taking a woman as a member. Directors at first wanted to delay her nomination for one year, but, after pressure, they changed their mind and sent Morris's application to the membership committee.
305:
Council, California Club president Luther
Anderson wrote in September 1975 that the club "has no membership policy of any sort, and that individual decisions are made by an autonomous admissions committee over which the board of directors has no control." A year later, on October 1, 1976, the council
285:
was also one of the first, announcing moreover that it would not itself maintain such memberships, nor would it sponsor events anywhere "unless all business guests who should attend can attend." Mayor Tom
Bradley's office announced that he would no longer attend meetings at either the Jonathan or the
793:
in 1988 when she discovered that women could play golf only in the afternoons. On
Sundays, there was only a single time for women's play "I've received death threats on the phone and nasty, anonymous letters," she said. Gina Walthall, president of the women's board of directors, said that Bradshaw's
662:
said the decision was made by "a group of rational individuals trying to do the right thing." In response to a vociferous campaign by the losers, the club scheduled another vote on the same issue, and in March 1988, the regular members voted 728 to 297 to accept women members. In a separate category
144:
Smith wrote that a campaign had been going on for ten years to "quietly but unrelentingly" persuade "what has been called the 'last bastion' of anti-Semitism in
America — the downtown men's clubs of the nation's big cities" to allow Jews to become members. Led by the American Jewish Committee, "with
118:
said that, in 1962, twelve of the "leading country clubs" and eight of the "most prestigious city clubs" in the
Greater Los Angeles area were open only to Christians, but by 1969 those figures had dropped to eleven and five. Six of the city and country clubs that discriminated in 1969 were listed in
37:
A state law against discriminating in the service of private businesses was gradually made applicable to social clubs that engaged in commercial activities. Rules against discrimination were also applied where clubs were the beneficiaries of government in any way, notably through taxes or subsidies.
747:
in July 1987 to revoke the liquor license of the
Bohemian Club because it excluded members on the basis of race or sex. In the meantime, the city of San Francisco had passed an ordinance "aimed at forcing the 115-year-old club to admit women." A Superior Court judge declined to overturn it, but the
457:
After "months of inquiry," city officials agreed that the Tuna Club did not discriminate against women. A March 14 letter from the club said it "does not and will not discriminate ... on the basis of sex, race, religion and national origin." The club, founded in 1898, leased its facilities from the
390:
Warner
Heineman, vice chairman of Union Bank, who was Jewish, was admitted to membership in the Jonathan Club in October 1977. He said the action was "something of a breakthrough. ... I personally feel I am a whole citizen now. I can't explain what it means for someone who was persecuted in Germany
184:
J. Peter
Dunston, a Washington, D.C., businessman who was spending a year in Los Angeles, was "surprised" in February 1978 to find "how directly" the prejudices of the Jonathan Club were expressed when he applied for membership and was interviewed by the membership committee. He was told that "Jews
33:
has been based on sex, race, religion, political views and social standing. In the late 1980s, a successful effort was made in many of the clubs to open up membership first to racial or religious minorities and then to women. Strictly private clubs that are not open to the public, and for which tax
561:
The proponents of anti-club measures consist principally of a relatively small group of strident professional women in metropolitan centers, the anti-Establishment news media, vote-seeking politicians, a few minority leaders, do-gooders, the radical left, and social engineers who would restructure
530:
stating that the club's membership policies might affect "the public's right to beach access." "Previous councils had refused to act on the matter because of the club's alleged discriminatory policies ... Councilwoman Cheryl Rhoden told a club official 'not one grain of sand' would be given to the
89:
In 1988, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that cities may, in certain described cases, force large private clubs to admit minorities and women. It said that "clubs which serve meals and rent facilities to outsiders are more like business establishments than intimate social groups and therefore have no
756:
A few men have quit, some will not join and some groups no longer use it for social functions. The U.S. 9th
Circuit Court of Appeals, for one, quietly stopped holding its annual party there in 1979 after several judges, including a black, a Jew and a few women appointed by President Jimmy Carter,
587:
The Friars Club dispute is uncommon only in that it involves one of the nation's most celebrated exponents of women's rights. Dispute over the new — if less well-known — members of such facilities as dining rooms, golf courses and health clubs has also marked the integration of other clubs in Los
432:
voted to ban from participating in the annual Conference of Delegates any local bar association that patronized any private discriminatory club which excluded people from membership or use of its facilities because of their "race, color, creed, national ancestry, sex or sexual preference." Other
709:
The University Club had been in the forefront of taking in blacks and Jews as members, and another breakthrough came in February 1975, when it became the first major downtown Los Angeles club to admit women. As late as 1976, though, it required "unaccompanied women guests" to wait in a "ladies'
73:
Section 125.6 of the state's Business and Professions Code, which took effect on January 1, 1976, threatened disciplinary action against "any holder of a state liquor license who discriminates on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, ancestry or national origin," but it specifically exempted
181:, recalled that when first elected to the board in 1977, she and Jo Heckman, the only other female director, had to enter the University Club in that city through a side door. Attorney Candis Ipswich said she applied for membership the same year and was rejected because "I was the wrong sex."
153:... and other Jewish organizations," the campaign was successful in the case of the Stock Exchange Club, the University Club and the Chancery Club, but the Jonathan and the California clubs remained closed. The campaign was publicized upon the report of a seven-year study made at
238:
had admitted blacks as members since the early 1960s, but it was discovered in 1975 that the club was admitting blacks "on a slower, more regulated basis than whites, in an effort not to offend or lose white men." The club quickly changed its policies after complaints were made.
70:, adopted in 1959, and as subsequently amended, outlaws discrimination based on age, ancestry, color, disability, national origin, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation and similar characteristics. The law applies to all businesses, including housing and public accommodations.
1613:
As of 2023, the club's website states that the club '...highlights the shared values of friendship, respect, and a commitment to helping one another, exemplified by such groups as our innovative Women of Ingomar Society (WINGS), and leadership that represents all of Humboldt
85:
to ban discrimination at most of the city's large private clubs, based on "sex, sexual orientation, race, color, religion, ancestry, national origin or disability." It applied to any club with more than 400 members that "takes payments for meetings attended by non-members."
353:, the first black person to be awarded a creative writing fellowship at Stanford University, declined to join because he was "just sort of tired of being the first to go into things," and he doubted he "would have found people with whom he could discuss Hemingway."
488:, sent a memo announcing that the firm would no longer reimburse executives for memberships in "discriminatory private clubs." The order affected "about 30" people who belonged to the California and Jonathan clubs in Los Angeles and the Dallas Petroleum Club.
453:
after City Council Member Irene Strobel said she had " twice accepted invitations to visit the club in her role as a council member, but she refused to enter by the side or back doors that women are supposed to use. Instead, she went through the front door."
649:
in August 1987 to force it to stop barring women from its "Men's Grill" and golf course during part of the day. It dropped the suit when the club agreed "to admit women to the restaurant at all hours and make the rules less restrictive to women golfers."
306:
mailed letters to top officials at 160 major corporations in Southern California, urging them not to hold meetings or functions at the California Club and to "reconsider" their policies of paying club membership dues for their executives.
765:
for a membership application for the Bohemian Club, "I turned her down," he said. "I think she's a fine lawyer, but there are a lot of women's clubs she could join where they talk about sewing and raising babies." Former U.S. Senator
636:
In 1975 "neither the Los Angeles Country Club nor any other major country club" had changed "the traditional policy that bans single women as full members, and limits all women to specific starting times on the golf course.
185:
and blacks were not welcome in the club." One of the committee members later "denied everything," but the other said, "We explained it to him in a different way. We didn't use the word discriminate. 'Invite' was the word."
531:
club until it changed its membership policies." On July 25, 1985, the Coastal Commission did order the club to adopt nondiscriminatory policies before it could expand its recreational use onto state-owned beach property.
477:, turned down an invitation to an evening at the California Club when he discovered that his host, Mayor Tom Bradley, refused to attend because the club "prohibits women and has no black members."
678:
The Hillcrest Country Club changed its bylaws in April 1987 to provide for women as members and to allow daughters and wives, as well as sons, to inherit the memberships of deceased members.
50:
was founded in San Francisco in 1872 as a journalists' social group, but it grew to become a refuge for some of the most powerful men in American business and politics. The similarly august
54:
was founded in Los Angeles in 1888 when "at least 12 of the 125 founding members were Jews." But "as the original Jewish members died off, this power center became off limits to Jews." The
74:
private clubs with "discriminatory membership policy." The State Franchise Tax Board has forbidden business tax deductions for fees and expenses incurred at discriminatory private clubs.
17:
690:
in 1976, adding that "We no longer have a women's elevator." In 1977 the Jonathan Club "voted overwhelmingly" to admit women to membership. But Betty Bryant Morris, associate counsel at
579:, who in that month engaged in a "very heated meeting" with club officials over her demand that women be allowed to use the health facilities of the club. Kenneth Reich of the
794:
suit "would ruin it for everyone else so we'll just have an open tee-time. And then you might as well belong to a public course." Bradshaw was represented by Gloria Allred.
777:, which had been male-only for the first 130 years since its founding, relented to pressure and the threat of lawsuits, and opened membership to women in 1990. Likewise the
719:
790:
491:
Hillcrest Country Club president Mark B. Levey said in April 1987 that the club had taken steps to recruit non-Jewish members and had "about two dozen" at that time.
686:
Women guests were "limited to certain floors, dining rooms and entrances" but they "can now use the main elevator and lobby" at the Jonathan Club, a member told the
646:
290:
in May 1976 "indicated that most companies felt any rules could be dodged," primarily by giving employees a salary increase instead of paying their club fees.
34:
exemptions are not claimed, maintain their right to discriminate on the basis of sex or race, and all clubs can discriminate on the basis of social standing.
495:
470:"barred its employees from conducting any business" at the Jonathan Club, and law firms, banks and government agencies adopted policies boycotting the club.
330:
522:
At the beginning of 1985, the Santa Monica Planning Commission "grudgingly approved" a permit from the Jonathan Club to expand the club's facilities on the
606:
399:
254:, used a refusal to admit communists as a pretext for excluding Jews; he said he was denied admission for more than forty years under those circumstances.
557:
John M. Robinson, president of the California State Club Association, wrote in a 1987 newsletter that "Clubs are under broad attack nationwide." He said:
534:
The decision was upheld by the state Supreme Court in May 1988 even though the Jonathan Club had said that it did not bar women or minorities as members.
174:
decided not to give a proposed concert at the Jonathan Club because Academy officers had been informed that the club had a policy against hosting blacks.
770:
said women should not be allowed to join for the same reason he didn't "want to go to women's clubs and join a sewing circle, or a ladies' bridge club."
744:
659:
499:
322:
383:
Jews were admitted to membership about 1966 in the Los Angeles Chancery Club, for attorneys, and in 1976 there was one black Chancery Club member —
781:, formed in 1889, was male-only for more than a century before it too began allowing women a limited form of membership due to external pressure.
425:
in the discriminatory California and Bohemian clubs became an issue for him before Smith's nomination was approved by the Senate in January 1981.
1881:
1347:
575:, a 700-member club consisting mostly of people in show business or the movies, had four women members by February 1988, including attorney
1958:
107:
were being paid by city taxpayers to support such discrimination. Yorty told a news conference he knew nothing about such a circumstance.
103:
In 1965, the Jonathan Club was charged with "anti-Negro" and "anti-Jew" bias and a complaint was raised that the membership dues of Mayor
277:
By 1976 some businesses were deciding not to reimburse executives for the dues they paid to clubs that discriminated against minorities.
1978:
503:
866:
403:
1993:
261:, such as the many private clubs in California that exclude men. In San Francisco at least three private social clubs exist (the
1895:
467:
658:
In June 1987 the California Club took a vote on changing its bylaws and decided by a 4-1 margin to admit women. Club president
130:, yet the latter club hadn't "taken in any Jewish members for at least two decades," Neil C. Sandberg regional director of the
1597:
1998:
1983:
1139:
1125:
2003:
473:
In October of the same year, Prince Philip of Great Britain, on a visit to Los Angeles to inspect equestrian sites for the
212:
369:
341:. Dumke and Romberg paid their membership fees with privately donated money, but McCrone used state money for his fees.
373:
666:
The first new members admitted under the new policy were E. Camron Cooper, senior vice president and treasurer of the
446:
78:
171:
422:
326:
610:
527:
572:
554:
decided also to admit women. The all-male club had voted against the idea twice before — in 1977 and 1980.
380:, chairman of the board of the Times-Mirror Company, and after "a protracted struggle among club members."
220:
1988:
1896:"THE CHOSEN FEW / S.F.'s exclusive clubs carry on traditions of fellowship, culture – and discrimination"
1630:
1539:
1429:
1115:, as told to Joel Garner (Los Angeles: Oral History Program, University of California, Los Angeles, 1980)
1042:
318:
1910:
1855:
1829:
1804:
1778:
1752:
1707:
1681:
1656:
1510:
1481:
1455:
1403:
1374:
1322:
1293:
1241:
1197:
943:
917:
1267:
667:
1511:"Defends 'Right ... to Discriminate': Private Clubs Spokesman Assails Attack on Exclusivity of Groups"
550:
it had ousted in 1983 for admitting three women members, and three years later the University Club in
740:
334:
235:
131:
178:
395:
208:
150:
1351:
429:
119:
Los Angeles, five in Pasadena, two in Glendale and one each in La Habra, Long Beach and Upland.
258:
146:
135:
111:
67:
377:
863:
551:
543:
474:
418:
8:
803:
450:
864:
Unruh Civil Rights Act Description, California Department of Fair Employment and Housing
778:
710:
lounge ... and before 5 p.m. must enter and leave the club through a specified door."
670:, and Linda Hartwick, a partner in the Korn/Ferry International executive-search firm.
618:
547:
523:
494:
In February 1988, the California Club admitted its first black member in the person of
442:
384:
360:
115:
948:
302:
231:
that the Hillcrest club "has consistently discriminated against non-Jewish members."
1882:"Women couldn't join Olympic Club 30 years ago. Now it's hosting U.S. Women's Open"
597:
350:
278:
215:
in Beverly Hills was the "Jewish" counterpart to the Los Angeles Country Club, and
722:
sued, alleging that they had to pay $ 8,500 more for memberships than single men.
1198:"Bohemian Club Unyielding : Bastion of the Powerful Clings to Male Mystique"
870:
691:
514:
282:
192:
123:
51:
1732:
1578:
1563:
1221:
1170:
1152:
1093:
1075:
1018:
987:
969:
886:
845:
822:
614:
613:, was not allowed to join her fellow commissioners for an informal tour of the
354:
262:
58:, a likewise prestigious social group, was established in Los Angeles in 1894.
506:. A "number of Jews" were said to have been admitted in recent years as well.
1972:
767:
723:
697:
By 1988, however, "about a dozen women" had joined the club, one of whom was
576:
481:
266:
247:
228:
216:
204:
127:
55:
47:
349:
The Bohemian Club did make a push in 1970 for blacks to join up. Some, like
1222:
Barry Siegel, "Smith's Membership in Two Clubs May Be Confirmation Issue,"
774:
698:
622:
338:
251:
243:
718:
In February 1989, twenty-five of the ninety single women belonging to the
211:. The two clubs were known for their discrimination against Jews. Yet the
314:
1397:
1395:
546:
was ordered by a state appellate court to reinstate the Rotary Club of
1171:
Don Speich, "11 State University-College Officials in Private Clubs,"
498:, 58-year-old surgeon and former Army colonel. The club also approved
1392:
762:
372:, the United States secretary of defense and former president of the
321:
system, belonged to the California Club and the Bohemian Club, while
196:
104:
82:
1456:"Membership Policy Probe Asked: Expansion Plan by Jonathan Club OKd"
1036:
1034:
407:
293:
188:
743:
members, women lawyers' groups and a law firm called on the state
394:
Also in fall 1977, two Jewish men were admitted as members of the
376:, "several years after he was first nominated for membership" by
27:
Based on sex, race, religion, political views and social standing
1031:
1316:
1314:
970:
Richard Bergholz, "Yorty Hits Roosevelt on Campaign Spending,"
1404:"Leading Jewish Country Club OKs Regular Membership for Women"
357:, who was a black federal appeals judge, also would not join.
1963:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
281:
banned meetings at discriminatory clubs in October 1975, and
1733:
Barry Siegel, "Woman Tries to Join All-Male Jonathan Club,"
1311:
1943:
485:
154:
81:
on May 28, 1987, signed a bill sponsored by Council Member
1953:
1830:"Group Urges State to Cancel Bohemian Club Liquor License"
1182:
93:
526:. The council also voted to send a letter to the state's
502:, the chief executive officer of the predominantly black
364:
Harold Brown was admitted to the California Club in 1976.
1447:
1076:
Barry Siegel, "Pride and Prejudice: A Progress Report,"
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1019:
Barry Siegel, "Pressures Mount Against Discrimination,"
944:"Bradley Signs Law Banning Bias by L.A.'s Private Clubs"
882:
880:
878:
1504:
1502:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
841:
839:
837:
177:
Loretta Thompson-Glickman, member of the Pasadena city
1948:
1624:
1622:
918:"Welcoming Women: Club Doors Still Only Slightly Ajar"
757:
protested that it was a symbol of discrimination . . .
1708:"Local News in Brief: California Club Admits 2 Women"
1631:"City Will Sue Club to Allow Women Into Bar, Library"
1060:
875:
269:
have decades-long waiting lists of would-be members.
1805:"Newport Beach Club Sued for Alleged Discrimination"
1657:"Jonathan Club's Members Vote 4 to 1 to Admit Women"
1499:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
898:
887:
Barry Siegel, "Gentlemen's Agreement vs. the Law,"
834:
761:
When Gloria Allred asked former California Governor
449:
asked the city attorney to investigate the all-male
246:
claimed in 1980 that many clubs, such as his city's
31:
Membership discrimination in California social clubs
18:
Membership discrimination in California social clubs
1619:
1533:
1531:
846:"Clubs' Barriers Thwart Careers, Study Discloses,"
935:
122:In July 1969, there were no Jewish members in the
1294:"Avalon Takes Tuna Club's Word on Discrimination"
999:
663:of non-resident members, the vote was 149 to 38.
387:, president-elect of the County Bar Association.
1970:
1528:
257:Another example of membership discrimination is
1268:"Avalon Launches Inquiry of All-Male Tuna Club"
988:"Anti-Semitism Found Waning in Private Clubs,"
402:, head of the Metropolitan Theaters chain, and
1856:"Bohemian Club Fails in Bid to Keep Women Out"
1726:
433:controversies in the 1980s included those in:
1628:
1430:"First Black California Club Member Signs Up"
1375:"Arco Takes Stand on Discrimination in Clubs"
1323:"Club Told to Halt Bias or Give Up Expansion"
1242:"State Bar Bans Units That Use Private Clubs"
1021:Los Angeles Times, December 6, 1976, page F-1
789:Jan Bradshaw, an interior designer, sued the
1682:"Local News in Brief: Club Will Admit Women"
542:In March 1986, the Rotary clubs' federation
368:In 1976 the California Club admitted a Jew,
203:In 1978 there was still only one Jew in the
1153:"B of A Breaks With Discriminatory Clubs,"
1140:"S.F. Women's clubs aging, rolls declining"
1126:"S.F. Women's clubs aging, rolls declining"
1087:
1043:"All-Male Club of 60 Years Finally Relents"
484:, chief executive officer of the oil giant
286:California clubs. But a survey made by the
90:right to escape anti-discrimination laws."
1911:"Woman Golfer Tees Off at Club's Policies"
1540:"Allred, Friars Wrestle Over Access Issue"
504:Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company
1908:
1802:
673:
640:
1453:
1372:
1040:
596:
513:
359:
329:, was a member of the Bohemian Club and
292:
187:
165:
1629:O'Donnell, Santiago (January 7, 1988).
1579:"Women Win Guest Rights at Male Club,"
1320:
1291:
1265:
421:, President Ronald Reagan's choice for
94:Significant changes for minority groups
61:
14:
1971:
1776:
1753:"Woman Member Hits Jonathan Club Suit"
1266:Goodman, Adrianne (November 3, 1988).
1239:
1195:
915:
428:In 1987 the Board of Governors of the
170:In May 1975, a touring choir from the
1909:Lichtblau, Eric (February 17, 1989).
1750:
1654:
1564:"Ingomar Club Is Charged With Bias,"
1537:
1508:
1479:
1454:Stambler, Lyndon (January 10, 1985).
1427:
1401:
941:
745:Alcoholic Beverage Control Commission
199:at the Hillcrest Country Club in 1924
1779:"Jonathan Club Opens Grill to Women"
1538:Reich, Kenneth (February 10, 1988).
1428:Reich, Kenneth (February 1, 1988).
1292:Goodman, Adrianne (July 20, 1989).
1041:Hastings, Deborah (June 19, 1986).
272:
24:
1751:Reich, Kenneth (January 9, 1988).
1350:. October 15, 2010. Archived from
1321:Horvath, Adam Z. (July 26, 1985).
823:"Days and Nights in OId Bohemia,"
704:
653:
374:California Institute of Technology
157:by Reed M. Powell, a sociologist.
41:
25:
2015:
1979:Clubs and societies in California
1932:
1803:Lichtblau, Eric (April 8, 1989).
1655:Reich, Kenneth (April 30, 1987).
1482:"Jonathan Club Loses Bias Appeal"
1402:Reich, Kenneth (April 28, 1987).
1094:"Line Drawn Between Two Worlds,"
344:
1373:Johnston, David (June 5, 1986).
1240:Oliver, Myrna (April 12, 1987).
734:
729:
713:
681:
631:
566:
1902:
1888:
1874:
1848:
1822:
1796:
1770:
1744:
1700:
1674:
1648:
1590:
1572:
1557:
1473:
1421:
1366:
1340:
1285:
1259:
1233:
1215:
1164:
1146:
1132:
1118:
1105:
942:Reich, Kenneth (May 29, 1987).
916:McGraw, Carol (July 15, 1989).
509:
301:Responding to letters from the
219:, chairman of the board of the
172:United States Air Force Academy
1994:Cultural history of California
1509:Reich, Kenneth (May 5, 1987).
981:
963:
857:
816:
784:
468:Community Redevelopment Agency
461:
327:San Francisco State University
126:but "at least one Jew" in the
13:
1:
1777:Murphy, Kim (June 27, 1989).
1598:"Club Members – Ingomar Club"
1480:Hager, Philip (May 6, 1988).
1348:"People: Oct. 4, 1982 – TIME"
809:
611:California Coastal Commission
1999:Social history of California
1984:Discrimination in California
1944:Chancery Club of Los Angeles
1196:Morain, Dan (May 26, 1987).
221:Music Corporation of America
7:
2004:Legal history of California
1157:November 3, 1976, page E-10
797:
319:California State University
10:
2020:
1226:January 15, 1981, page B-3
1098:January 30, 1978, page B-1
1080:February 8, 1978, page F-1
891:December 8, 1976, page H-1
720:Newport Beach Country Club
668:Atlantic Richfield Company
1113:Books and the Imagination
992:February 21, 1967, page 3
869:January 20, 2011, at the
592:
436:
335:Humboldt State University
236:Los Angeles Athletic Club
132:American Jewish Committee
1954:Los Angeles Country Club
1568:July 25, 1974, page G-10
825:San Francisco Chronicle,
791:Yorba Linda Country Club
537:
412:
396:Los Angeles Country Club
209:Los Angeles Country Club
160:
151:American Jewish Congress
98:
1583:March 3, 1978, page B-2
974:March 11, 1965, page 11
609:, vice chairman of the
430:State Bar of California
242:Los Angeles bookseller
1737:June 6, 1977, page F-1
850:July 3, 1969, page A-1
759:
674:Hillcrest Country Club
647:Brentwood Country Club
641:Brentwood Country Club
602:
590:
588:Angeles and elsewhere.
564:
519:
365:
298:
259:reverse discrimination
213:Hillcrest Country Club
200:
145:the active aid of the
112:Anti-Defamation League
68:Unruh Civil Rights Act
1959:Wilshire Country Club
1740:Library card required
1586:Library card required
1229:Library card required
1178:Library card required
1160:Library card required
1142:. September 11, 2011.
1128:. September 11, 2011.
1101:Library card required
1083:Library card required
1026:Library card required
995:Library card required
977:Library card required
894:Library card required
853:Library card required
830:Library card required
827:July 18, 1897, page 5
763:Edmund G. (Pat) Brown
754:
600:
585:
559:
517:
447:Santa Catalina Island
423:U.S. attorney-general
363:
296:
250:, an organization of
191:
166:Examples of prejudice
147:Antidefamation League
726:was their attorney.
621:because the private
544:Rotary International
466:In 1982, the city's
419:William French Smith
317:, chancellor of the
62:Legislative measures
1862:. December 12, 1987
1354:on October 15, 2010
804:Jewish country club
496:Joseph L. Alexander
331:Alistair W. McCrone
288:Wall Street Journal
1989:California culture
1735:Los Angeles Times,
1581:Los Angeles Times,
1566:Los Angeles Times,
1224:Los Angeles Times,
1173:Los Angeles Times,
1155:Los Angeles Times,
1096:Los Angeles Times,
1078:Los Angeles Times,
990:Los Angeles Times,
972:Los Angeles Times,
889:Los Angeles Times,
848:Los Angeles Times,
779:Pacific-Union Club
645:The city sued the
607:Ellen Stern Harris
603:
528:Coastal Commission
524:Santa Monica beach
520:
518:Santa Monica Beach
445:city officials on
441:In November 1988,
417:The membership of
406:, an executive at
366:
337:, belonged to the
309:In July 1978, the
299:
201:
193:President Coolidge
179:Board of Directors
140:Los Angeles Times.
77:Los Angeles Mayor
1915:Los Angeles Times
1860:Los Angeles Times
1834:Los Angeles Times
1809:Los Angeles Times
1783:Los Angeles Times
1757:Los Angeles Times
1714:. August 26, 1988
1712:Los Angeles Times
1686:Los Angeles Times
1661:Los Angeles Times
1635:Los Angeles Times
1544:Los Angeles Times
1515:Los Angeles Times
1486:Los Angeles Times
1460:Los Angeles Times
1434:Los Angeles Times
1408:Los Angeles Times
1379:Los Angeles Times
1327:Los Angeles Times
1298:Los Angeles Times
1272:Los Angeles Times
1246:Los Angeles Times
1202:Los Angeles Times
1047:Los Angeles Times
949:Los Angeles Times
922:Los Angeles Times
750:Los Angeles Times
581:Los Angeles Times
480:On May 28, 1986,
311:Los Angeles Times
303:Jewish Federation
297:Bohemian Club owl
16:(Redirected from
2011:
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1898:. July 18, 2004.
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482:Lodwrick M. Cook
351:Ernest J. Gaines
279:Wells Fargo Bank
273:Outside pressure
207:and none in the
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378:Franklin Murphy
347:
333:, president of
325:, president of
323:Paul F. Romberg
283:Bank of America
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42:The first clubs
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48:Bohemian Club
39:
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1918:. Retrieved
1914:
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1859:
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382:
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367:
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339:Ingomar Club
310:
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252:bibliophiles
244:Jake Zeitlin
241:
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116:B'nai B'rith
109:
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785:Yorba Linda
632:Los Angeles
573:Friars Club
462:Los Angeles
355:Cecil Poole
315:Glenn Dumke
195:with actor
79:Tom Bradley
1973:Categories
810:References
739:Two state
692:Union Bank
136:Jack Smith
605:In 1974,
451:Tuna Club
227:reporter
197:Al Jolson
105:Sam Yorty
83:Joy Picus
1614:County.'
867:Archived
798:See also
741:Assembly
552:Pasadena
408:TRW Inc.
267:Bohemian
1607:June 9,
1358:June 9,
752:wrote:
404:Si Ramo
223:, told
138:of the
134:, told
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1840:May 8,
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1788:May 8,
1762:May 8,
1718:May 8,
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1640:May 8,
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1251:May 8,
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955:May 8,
927:May 8,
619:Eureka
593:Eureka
548:Duarte
458:city.
443:Avalon
437:Avalon
688:Times
538:Women
413:1980s
225:Times
161:1970s
99:1960s
1922:2018
1868:2018
1842:2018
1816:2018
1790:2018
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1334:2018
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1209:2018
1054:2018
957:2018
929:2018
773:The
571:The
486:Arco
234:The
155:UCLA
110:The
66:The
46:The
617:in
114:of
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398:—
20:)
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