2735:, was also of devşirme background. Mehmed was the first sultan who was able to codify and implement kanunname solely based on his own independent authority. Additionally, Mehmed was able to later implement kanunname that went against previous tradition or precedent. This was monumental in an empire that was so steeped in tradition and could be slow to change or adapt. Having viziers and other officials who were loyal to Mehmed was an essential part of this government because he transferred more power to the viziers than previous sultans had. He delegated significant powers and functions of government to his viziers as part of his new policy of imperial seclusions. A wall was built around the palace as an element of the more closed era, and unlike previous sultans Mehmed was no longer accessible to the public or even lower officials. His viziers directed the military and met foreign ambassadors, two essential parts of governing especially with his numerous military campaigns. One such notable ambassador was Kinsman Karabœcu Pasha (Turkish: "Karaböcü Kuzen Paşa"), who came from a rooted family of spies, which enabled him to play a notable role in Mehmed's campaign of conquering Constantinople.
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states, significantly many
Italian states including the Kingdom of Naples and the Republic of Florence. Furthermore, historians speculate that his Greek scriptorium was used to educate Greek chancellery officials in an attempt to reintegrate former Byzantine diplomatic channels with several Italian states that conducted their correspondences in Greek. Importantly, historians also assert that Mehmed's vast collection of art and literature worked towards promoting his imperial authority and legitimacy, especially in his newly conquered lands. This was accomplished through various means, including the invocation of Mehmed's image as an Oriental neo-Alexandrian figure, which is seen through shared helmet ornaments in depictions of Mehmed and Alexander on medallion portraits produced during Mehmed's reign, as well as being a leitmotiv in Kritiboulous' work. Additionally, his commissioning of Renaissance artwork was, itself, possibly an attempt to break down Western-Oriental cultural binaries in order for Mehmed to present himself as a Western-oriented ruler, among the ranks of contemporary European Christian monarchs.
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modern historians. This allowed
Hunyadi to set up camp with his army across the Danube uncontested. Shortly after, the Ottoman navy was defeated in a five hour long battle by the newly arrived Christian Danubian navy. Following this, Hunyadi's troops started entering the city to reinforce the besieged, which increased the morale of the defending forces. Infuriated by the unfolding events, Mehmed ordered a final attack to capture the city on the 21st of July, after continuous cannon fire building up to the day of the attack. Ottoman troops were initially successful in breaching the defences and entering the city, however were eventually repulsed by the defenders. The Christians pressed their advantage by launching a counter attack, which started pushing back the Ottoman forces, managing to advance as far as the Ottoman camp. At this crucial point of the battle, one of the viziers advised Mehmed to abandon the camp for his safety, which he refused to do so on the grounds that it would be a “sign of cowardice”. After this, Mehmed personally joined the fighting, accompanied by two of his
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1064:. The Sultan managed to personally kill three enemy soldiers before being injured, forcing him to abandon the battlefield. The news of their Sultan fighting alongside them and the arrival of reinforcements caused a morale boost amongst the Ottoman troops, which allowed them to go on the offensive again and push the Christian forces out of the Ottoman camp. The actions of the Sultan had prevented a complete rout of the Ottoman army, however, the army had been far too weakened to attempt to take the city again, causing the Ottoman war council to decide on ending the siege. The Sultan and his army began a retreat to Edirne during the night, without the Christian forces being able to pursue them. Hunyadi died shortly after the siege, meanwhile
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2034:. Stephen inflicted a decisive defeat on the Ottomans, described as "the greatest ever secured by the Cross against Islam," with casualties, according to Venetian and Polish records, reaching beyond 40,000 on the Ottoman side. Mara Brankovic (Mara Hatun), the former younger wife of Murad II, told a Venetian envoy that the invasion had been worst ever defeat for the Ottomans. Stephen was later awarded the title "Athleta Christi" (Champion of Christ) by Pope Sixtus IV, who referred to him as "verus christianae fidei athleta" ("the true defender of the Christian faith"). Mehmed II assembled a large army and entered Moldavia in June 1476. Meanwhile, groups of
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1750:. Before Cappello could arrive, and as the city seemed on the verge of falling, Ömer Bey suddenly appeared with 12,000 cavalry and drove the outnumbered besiegers off. Six hundred Venetians and a hundred Greeks were taken prisoner out of a force of 2,000, while Barbarigo himself was killed. Cappello, who arrived some days later, attacked the Ottomans but was heavily defeated. Demoralized, he returned to Negroponte with the remains of his army. There Cappello fell ill and died on 13 March 1467. In 1470 Mehmed personally led an Ottoman army to
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2502:, and a new palace. To encourage the return of the Greeks and the Genoese who had fled from Galata, the trading quarter of the city, he returned their houses and provided them with guarantees of safety. Mehmed issued orders across his empire that Muslims, Christians, and Jews should resettle in the city, demanding that five thousand households needed to be transferred to Constantinople by September. From all over the Islamic empire, prisoners of war and deported people were sent to the city; these people were called "Sürgün" in Turkish (
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1283:, joining forces with Ismail's brother Ahmed (the Red). He captured Sinope and ended the official reign of the Jandarid dynasty, although he appointed Ahmed as the governor of Kastamonu and Sinope, only to revoke the appointment the same year. Various other members of the Jandarid dynasty were offered important functions throughout the history of the Ottoman Empire. During the march to Trebizond, Uzun Hasan sent his mother Sara Khatun as an ambassador; while they were climbing the steep heights of
1009:, after which Hunyadi went on to raid Ottoman controlled Nish and Pirot before returning back to Belgrade. Roughly a month later, on the 16th of November, the Ottomans avenged their earlier defeat at Kruševac by defeating Skobaljić's army near Tripolje, where the Serbian voivode was captured and executed via impalement. Following this a temporary treaty was signed with the Serbian despot, where Đurađ would formally recognize the recently captured Serbian forts as Ottoman land, send thirty thousand
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1679:) before being apprised of his Vizier's success. Immediately, he turned his men north, towards Bosnia. However, the Sultan's attempt to retake Jajce in July and August 1464 failed, with the Ottomans retreating hastily in the face of Corvinus' approaching army. A new Ottoman army under Mahmud Pasha then forced Corvinus to withdraw, but Jajce was not retaken for many years after. However, the death of Pope Pius II on 15 August in Ancona spelled the end of the Crusade.
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1030:. The Serbians couldn't resist the Ottoman army out in the open, thus resorted to fortifying their various settlements and having their peasants flee to either various fortresses or forests. After forty days of siege and intense cannon fire, Novo Brdo surrendered. Following the conquest of the city, Mehmed captured various other Serbian settlements in the surrounding area, after which he started his march back towards Edirne, visiting his ancestor
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615:, the representative of the Pope, had convinced the king of Hungary that breaking the truce with Muslims was not a betrayal. At this time Mehmed II asked his father Murad II to reclaim the throne, but Murad II refused. According to the 17th-century chronicles, Mehmed II wrote, "If you are the sultan, come and lead your armies. If I am the sultan I hereby order you to come and lead my armies." Then, Murad II led the Ottoman army and won the
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started bombarding the city walls and
Ottoman troops started filling the ditches in front the walls with earth to advance forward. As despair started to set in amongst the defenders, news started arriving of a relief force assembling across the Danube under the command of John Hunyadi. Upon learning of this development, Mehmed held a war council with his commanders to determine the army's next actions.
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5070:"The great war against the Turks (See 1463–79). Negroponte was lost (1470). The Turks throughout maintained the upper hand and at times raided to the very outskirts of Venice. In the Treaty of Constantinople (1479), the Venetians gave up Scutari and other Albanian stations, as well as Negroponte and Lemnos. Thenceforth the Venetians paid an annual tribute for permission to trade in the Black Sea."
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769:, and into the Golden Horn's northern shore; eighty galleys were transported from the Bosphorus after paving a route, little over one mile, with wood. Thus, the Byzantines stretched their troops over a longer portion of the walls. About a month later, Constantinople fell, on 29 May, following a fifty-seven-day siege. After this conquest, Mehmed moved the Ottoman capital from
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3181:; he thus established the classical image of the autocratic Ottoman sultan. Mehmed's thirty-year rule and numerous wars expanded the Ottoman Empire to include Constantinople, the Turkish kingdoms and territories of Asia Minor, Bosnia, Serbia, and Albania. Mehmed left behind an imposing reputation in both the Islamic and Christian worlds. According to historian
1075:, the 79-year-old Branković died. Serbian independence survived after him for only around three years, when the Ottoman Empire formally annexed Serbian lands following dissension among his widow and three remaining sons. Lazar, the youngest, poisoned his mother and exiled his brothers, but he died soon afterwards. In the continuing turmoil the oldest brother
2042:(the Ottomans' recent ally) were sent to attack Moldavia. Romanian sources may state that they were repelled. Other sources state that joint Ottoman and Crimean Tartar forces "occupied Bessarabia and took Akkerman, gaining control of the southern mouth of the Danube. Stephan tried to avoid open battle with the Ottomans by following a scorched-earth policy".
1022:. The following year, Mehmed received reports from one of his frontier commanders about Serbian weakness against a possible invasion, the reports in combination with the dissatisfactory results of the 1454 campaign convinced Mehmed to initiate another campaign against Serbia. The Ottoman army marched on the important mining town of
984:'s recently made alliance with the Hungarians, and his irregular payments of tribute, further served as justifications for the invasion. The Ottomans sent an ultimatum demanding the keys to some Serbian castles which formerly belonged to the Ottomans. When Serbia refused these demands, the Ottoman army led by Mehmed set out from
1380:. In October 1451, Bogdan was assassinated and Vlad fled to Hungary. Impressed by Vlad's vast knowledge of the mindset and inner workings of the Ottoman Empire, as well as his hatred towards the Turks and new Sultan Mehmed II, Hunyadi reconciled with his former enemy and tried to make Vlad III his own advisor, but Vlad refused.
1461:, who served with distinction and wiped out a force of 6,000 Wallachians and deposited 2,000 of their heads at the feet of Mehmed II, was also reinstated, as a reward, in his old gubernatorial post in Thessaly. Vlad eventually escaped to Hungary, where he was imprisoned on a false accusation of treason against his overlord,
577:(advisors) to govern and thus gain experience, per the custom of Ottoman rulers before his time. Sultan Murad II also sent a number of teachers for him to study under. This Islamic education had a great impact in molding Mehmed's mindset and reinforcing his Muslim beliefs. He was influenced in his practice of Islamic
2212:, cut Albania effectively in half, isolating Skanderbeg's base in the northern highlands from the Venetian holdings in the south. However, following the Sultan's withdrawal Skanderbeg himself spent the winter in Italy, seeking aid. On his return in early 1467, his forces sallied from the highlands, defeated
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Mehmed's affinity towards the
Renaissance arts, and his strong initiative in its creation and collection, did not have a large base of support within his own court. One of the many opponents to Mehmed's collection was his own son and future Sultan, Bayezid II, who was backed by powerful religious and
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Historians believe that Mehmed's widespread cultural and artistic tastes, especially those aimed towards the West, served various important diplomatic and administrative functions. His patronage of
Renaissance artists have been interpreted as a method of diplomacy with other influential Mediterranean
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of
Hungary. The city was besieged starting 1 May 1481. After the death of Mehmed on 3 May, ensuing quarrels about his succession possibly prevented the Ottomans from sending reinforcements to Otranto. So, the Turkish occupation of Otranto ended by negotiation with the Christian forces, permitting the
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and a number of other settlements before moving towards
Smederevo. After a battle outside the city walls, the defenders were forced to retreat inside the fortress. In the ensuing siege, the outer walls were breached by Ottoman forces, however the Serbians continued to resist inside the inner walls of
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recommended that a part of the army should cross the Danube to counter the approaching relief army. This plan was rejected by the council, particularly due to the opposition by the
Rumelian Begs. Instead, the decision was made to prioritize capturing the fortress, a move seen as a tactical blunder by
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In 1453, Mehmed commenced the siege of
Constantinople with an army between 80,000 and 200,000 troops, an artillery train of over seventy large field pieces, and a navy of 320 vessels, the bulk of them transports and storeships. The city was surrounded by sea and land; the fleet at the entrance of the
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Aside from his patronage of
Renaissance artists, Mehmed was also an avid scholar of contemporary and Classical literature and history. This interest culminated in Mehmed's work on building a massive multilingual library that contained over 8000 manuscripts in Persian, Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Latin,
2570:, bear the names of the places of origin of their inhabitants. However, many people escaped again from the city, and there were several outbreaks of plague, so that in 1459 Mehmed allowed the deported Greeks to come back to the city. This measure apparently had no great success, since French voyager
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against them, during which the brothers invited Ottoman troops to help put down the revolt. At this time, a number of influential Moreote Greeks and Albanians made private peace with Mehmed. After more years of incompetent rule by the despots, their failure to pay their annual tribute to the Sultan,
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settlements in the suburbs, and excluded Muslim and Jewish settlers entirely. This method allowed for an indirect rule of the Christian Byzantines and allowed the occupants to feel relatively autonomous even as Mehmed II began the Turkish remodeling of the city, turning it into the Turkish capital,
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died without producing an heir, and had Constantinople not fallen to the Ottomans, he likely would have been succeeded by the sons of his deceased elder brother. Those children were taken into the palace service of Mehmed after the fall of Constantinople. The oldest boy, renamed Has Murad, became a
2784:. This first attempt was unsuccessful, though, as Pasti was arrested in Crete by Venetian authorities accusing him of being an Ottoman spy. Later attempts would prove more fruitful, with some notable artists including Costanzo da Ferrara and Gentile Bellini both being invited to the Ottoman court.
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Mehmed the Conqueror consolidated power by building his imperial court, the divan, with officials who would be solely loyal to him and allow him greater autonomy and authority. Under previous sultans the divan had been filled with members of aristocratic families that sometimes had other interests
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to aid the army during the siege. The exact number of troops Mehmed commanded varies between sources, but the rumours of its size were significant enough to cause panic in Italy. On the 13th of June the Ottoman army reached Belgrade. After the necessary preparations were finished, Ottoman cannons
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was put under siege by the Ottoman forces. Before the city could be taken, intelligence was received about an approaching Hungarian relief force led by Hunyadi, which caused Mehmed to lift the siege and start marching back to his domains. By August the campaign was effectively over, Mehmed left a
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Mehmed's main concern with Constantinople was with rebuilding the city's defenses and repopulation. Building projects were commenced immediately after the conquest, which included the repair of the walls, construction of the citadel, a remarkable hospital with students and medical staff, a large
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for six weeks, until the arrival of an Ottoman fleet under Mahmud Pasha on 18 May forced them to withdraw. Another attempt to capture the island shortly after also failed. The Venetian navy spent the remainder of the year in ultimately fruitless demonstrations of force before the Dardanelles. In
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literature and histories, with his school books having caricaturistic illustrations of ancient coins and portraiture sketched in distinctly European styles. Furthermore, he reportedly had two tutors, one trained in Greek and another in Latin, who read him Classical histories, including those of
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Finally, Stephen faced the Ottomans in battle. The Moldavians luring the main Ottoman forces into a forest that was set on fire, causing some casualties. According to another battle description, the defending Moldavian forces repelled several Ottoman attacks with steady fire from hand-guns. The
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rejected Ottoman suzerainty and a series of fierce wars ensued. Stephen tried to bring Wallachia under his sphere of influence and so supported his own choice for the Wallachian throne. This resulted in an enduring struggle between different Wallachian rulers backed by Hungarians, Ottomans, and
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in northeastern Anatolia in 1461. The last two vestiges of Byzantine rule were thus absorbed by the Ottoman Empire. The conquest of Constantinople bestowed immense glory and prestige on the country. There is some historical evidence that, 10 years after the conquest of Constantinople, Mehmed II
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were forced to crouch on their stomachs instead of charging headlong into the defenders positions. Seeing the imminent defeat of his forces, Mehmed charged with his personal guard against the Moldavians, managing to rally the Janissaries, and turning the tide of the battle. Turkish Janissaries
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led by Vlad III Dracula, who was apparently bent on personally killing the Sultan. However, Vlad's policy of staunch resistance against the Ottomans was not a popular one, and he was betrayed by the boyars's (local aristocracy) appeasing faction, most of them also pro-Dăneşti (a rival princely
2544:. From these nuclei, the metropolis developed rapidly. According to a survey carried out in 1478, there were then in Constantinople and neighboring Galata 16,324 households, 3,927 shops, and an estimated population of 80,000. The population was about 60% Muslim, 20% Christian, and 10% Jewish.
1436:, which is located near Chilia, from the lower Danube up to such places as Samovit and Ghighen. We killed 23,884 Turks without counting those whom we burned in homes or the Turks whose heads were cut by our soldiers.... Thus, your highness, you must know that I have broken the peace with him .
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Aside from his efforts to expand Ottoman dominion throughout the Eastern Mediterranean, Mehmed II also cultivated a large collection of Western art and literature, many of which were produced by Renaissance artists. From a young age, Mehmed had shown interest in Renaissance art and Classical
1921:. Nevertheless, with the help of Uzun Hasan, İshak was able to ascend to the throne. His reign was short, however, as Pir Ahmet appealed to Sultan Mehmed II for help, offering Mehmed some territory that İshak refused to cede. With Ottoman help, Pir Ahmet defeated İshak in the battle of
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to the Ottomans, but he was uneasy about the loss. So, during the Ottoman campaign in the West, he recaptured his former territory. Mehmed returned, however, and captured both Karaman (Larende) and Konya in 1466. Pir Ahmet barely escaped to the East. A few years later, Ottoman
2224:); they also attacked Elbasan but failed to capture it. Mehmed II responded by marching again against Albania. He energetically pursued the attacks against the Albanian strongholds, while sending detachments to raid the Venetian possessions to keep them isolated. The Ottomans
1253:. The Ottomans were motivated to capture Trebizond or to get an annual tribute. In the time of Murad II, they first attempted to take the capital by sea in 1442, but bad weather made the landings difficult and the attempt was repulsed. While Mehmed II was away laying siege to
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and for a yearly tribute did not meddle in their internal affairs. The two primary Balkan powers, Hungary and the Ottomans, maintained an enduring struggle to make Wallachia their own vassal. To prevent Wallachia from falling into the Hungarian fold, the Ottomans freed young
2664:, a group that took Christian subjects at a young age (8–20 yrs): they were converted to Islam, then schooled for administration or the military Janissaries. This was a meritocracy which "produced from among their alumni four out of five Grand Viziers from this time on".
1629:, which controlled the northwestern Peloponnese. The Venetians engaged in repeated clashes with the defenders and with Ömer Bey's forces, until they suffered a major defeat on 20 October and were then forced to lift the siege and retreat to the Hexamilion and to Nauplia (
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Another important political entity that shaped the Eastern policy of Mehmed II were the Aq Qoyunlu. Under the leadership of Uzun Hasan, this kingdom gained power in the East, but because of its strong relations with Christian powers like the Empire of Trebizond and the
3058:, or learned Muslim teachers, and caused them to discuss theological problems in his presence. During his reign, mathematics, astronomy, and theology reached their highest level among the Ottomans. His social circle included a number of humanists and sages such as
1493:, son of the king of Bosnia, tried to bring Serbia under his control, but Ottoman expeditions forced him to give up his plan and Stephen fled to Bosnia, seeking refuge at the court of his father. After some battles, Bosnia became tributary kingdom to the Ottomans.
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in August through October. Small-scale warfare continued on both sides, with raids and counter-raids, but a shortage of manpower and money meant that the Venetians remained largely confined to their fortified bases, while Ömer Bey's army roamed the countryside.
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fell exactly seven years after Constantinople, on 29 May 1460. Demetrios ended up a prisoner of the Ottomans and his younger brother Thomas fled. By the end of the summer, the Ottomans had achieved the submission of virtually all cities possessed by the Greeks.
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return to the throne of Wallachia for the third and final time. Even after Vlad's untimely death several months later Stephen continued to support, with force of arms, a variety of contenders to the Wallachian throne succeeding after Mehmet's death to instate
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Portrait of Mehmed II with a young man on the left. It is assumed that Bellini himself did not create the two portraits in Istanbul, but only after his return to Venice. The young man is sometimes interpreted as Mehmed's son Cem, but there is no proof of
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wrote in the middle of the 16th century that the Greek population of Constantinople was unable to name any of the ancient Byzantine churches that had been transformed into mosques or abandoned. This shows that the population substitution had been total.
1096:. During this meeting, reports were received that a Hungarian army was assembling near the Danube to launch an offensive against the Ottoman positions in the region. The Hungarians crossed the Danube near Belgrade, after which they marched south towards
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to take Croia, and they failed to subjugate the country. However, the winter brought an outbreak of plague, which would recur annually and sap the strength of the local resistance. Skanderbeg himself died of malaria in the Venetian stronghold of Lissus
2313:, which had been under Genoese control since 1357. After the conquest of Constantinople, Genoese communications were disrupted, and when the Crimean Tatars asked for help from the Ottomans, they responded with an invasion of the Genoese towns, led by
510:. At home, he made many political and social reforms. He encouraged the arts and sciences, and by the end of his reign, his rebuilding program had changed Constantinople into a thriving imperial capital. He is considered a hero in modern-day
1672:. The Morean campaign was swiftly victorious for the Ottomans; they razed the Hexamilion, and advanced into the Morea. Argos fell, and several forts and localities that had recognized Venetian authority reverted to their Ottoman allegiance.
2244:(1400–81) wrote, "All the conquests of Sultan Mehmed were fulfilled with the seizure of Shkodra." The Venetians and Shkodrans resisted the assaults and continued to hold the fortress until Venice ceded Shkodra to the Ottoman Empire in the
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from his master's treasure. The fugitive then converted to Christianity, so Ottoman demands for his rendition were refused by the Venetian authorities. Using this as a pretext in November 1462, the Ottoman commander in central Greece,
2723:, issued during 1477–1481, which for the first time listed the chief officials in the Ottoman government, their roles and responsibilities, salaries, protocol and punishments, as well as how they related to each other and the sultan.
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by the Ottoman forces in the region, forcing them to retreat. Despite this victory, for Serbia to be fully annexed into the empire, Smederevo still had to be taken. The opportunity for its capture presented itself the following year.
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from Venice to paint his portrait as well as Venetian frescoes that are vanished today. He collected in his palace a library that included works in Greek, Persian, and Latin. Mehmed invited Muslim scientists and astronomers such as
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Once Mehmed had created an Ottoman bureaucracy and transformed the empire from a frontier society to a centralized government, he took care to appoint officials who would help him implement his agenda. His first grand vizier was
2380:, leaving a garrison of 800 infantry and 500 cavalry behind to defend Otranto in Italy. It was assumed he would return after the winter. Since it was only 28 years after the fall of Constantinople, there was some fear that
1769:), ending the ability of Venice to use the Albanian lords for its own advantage. After Skanderbeg died, some Venetian-controlled northern Albanian garrisons continued to hold territories coveted by the Ottomans, such as
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vessel ignoring signals to stop was sunk with a single shot and all the surviving sailors beheaded, except for the captain, who was impaled and mounted like a human scarecrow as a warning to other sailors on the strait.
1961:. Before that, Pir Ahmet with Akkoyunlu help had captured Karaman. However, Pir Ahmet could not enjoy another term. Because immediately after the capture of Karaman, the Akkoyunlu army was defeated by the Ottomans near
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From early on in his reign, Mehmed invested in the patronage of Italian Renaissance artists. His first documented request in 1461 was a commission from artist Matteo de' Pasti, who resided in the court of the lord of
1409:, to make peace and, if necessary, eliminate Vlad III. Vlad III set an ambush; the Ottomans were surrounded and almost all of them caught and impaled, with Hamza Pasha impaled on the highest stake, as befit his rank.
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in 1427. Significant preparations were made by the Sultan for the conquest of the city, including the casting of 22 large cannons alongside many smaller ones and the establishment of a navy which would sail up the
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part of his force under the command of Firuz Bey in Serbia in anticipation of a possible offensive on Ottoman territories by Hunyadi. This force was defeated by a combined Hungarian-Serbian army led by Hunyadi and
867:) status, and rights of property that made him the second largest landlord in the empire after the sultan himself in 1454, and in turn, Gennadius II recognized Mehmed the Conqueror as the successor to the throne.
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refused to surrender, and it was ruled for a brief time by a Catalan corsair. When the population drove him out they obtained the consent of Thomas to submit to the Pope's protection before the end of 1460. The
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In 1446, while Murad II returned to the throne, Mehmed retained the title of sultan but only acted as a governor of Manisa. Following the death of Murad II in 1451, Mehmed II became sultan for the second time.
1213:(also known as Castle Orgia). While the town eventually surrendered, Graitzas and his garrison and some town residents held out in the castle until July 1461, when they escaped and reached Venetian territory.
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by his first wife Sitti Nefise Hatun. She entered the harem in 1463. In return, her father was able to marry Anna Hatun, Mehmed's consort or "noble guest". After Mehmed's death she remarried with a statesman.
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Mehmed II introduced the word Politics into Arabic "Siyasah" from a book he published and claimed to be the collection of Politics doctrines of the Byzantine Caesars before him. He gathered Italian artists,
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and utilizing his command of the Turkish language and customs, Vlad III infiltrated Ottoman camps, ambushed, massacred or captured several Ottoman forces. In a letter to Corvinus dated 2 February, he wrote:
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as yearly tribute and provide troops for Ottoman campaigns. The 1454 campaign had resulted in the capture of fifty thousand prisoners from Serbia, four thousand of whom were settled in various villages near
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Ahmad, Al-Musnad 14:331 #18859: "The Prophet ﷺ is reported to have said, 'Verily you shall conquer Constantinople. What a wonderful leader will her leader be, and what a wonderful army will that army be!'"
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The news of Mehmed's death caused great rejoicing in Europe; church bells were rung, and celebrations held. The news was proclaimed in Venice thus: "La Grande Aquila è morta!" ('The Great Eagle is dead!')
1391:: While he himself moved into Serbia and relieved the siege (before dying of the plague), Vlad III Dracula led his own contingent into Wallachia, reconquered his native land, and killed Vladislav II.
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invaded the disputed area and instigated various revolts against Ottoman rule. Mehmed II conducted his first campaign against İbrahim of Karaman; Byzantines threatened to release Ottoman claimant
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The janissaries, however, were still fighting vigorously. Mehmed II, although wounded by an arrow in his calf, stayed among them... Mehmed repelled the troops that had penetrated into his camp
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1765:. The winter brought an outbreak of plague, which would recur annually and sap the strength of the local resistance. Skanderbeg himself died of malaria in the Venetian stronghold of Lissus (
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complex. According to the historian Colin Heywood, "there is substantial circumstantial evidence that Mehmed was poisoned, possibly at the behest of his eldest son and successor, Bayezid."
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system. In addition, he founded, and encouraged his viziers to found, a number of Muslim institutions and commercial installations in the main districts of Constantinople, such as the
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Stephen. An Ottoman army under Hadim Pasha (governor of Rumelia) was sent in 1475 to punish Stephen for his meddling in Wallachia; however, the Ottomans suffered a great defeat at the
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on the European side, and thus gained complete control of the strait. Having completed his fortresses, Mehmed proceeded to levy a toll on ships passing within reach of their cannon. A
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agreed to pay the Ottomans an annual tribute of 2,000 gold ducats to ensure his southern borders, thus becoming the first Moldavian ruler to accept the Turkish demands. His successor
1175:, brothers of the last emperor, failed to send any aid. The chronic instability and the tribute payment to the Turks, after the peace treaty of 1446 with Mehmed II, resulted in an
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in Mehmed's life became predominant from a young age, especially in the imperative of fulfilling his Islamic duty to overthrow the Byzantine Empire by conquering Constantinople.
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on the 20th of June 1459. After the surrender of the capital, other Serbian castles which continued to resist were captured in the following months, ending the existence of the
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and other Athenian monuments were spared destruction. Besides, Mehmed II himself was a poet writing under the name "Avni" (the helper, the helpful one) and he left a classical
2233:), ending the ability of Venice to use the Albanian lords for its own advantage. The Albanians were left to their own devices and were gradually subdued over the next decade.
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escaped to Uzun Hasan's territory. This gave Uzun Hasan a chance to interfere. In 1472, the Akkoyunlu army invaded and raided most of Anatolia (this was the reason behind the
2905:, Mehmed asked her for himself after the Morea campaign, having heard of her beauty. However, the union was never consummated because Mehmed feared that she might poison him.
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in 1402, the newly formed unification was gone. Mehmed II recovered Ottoman power over the other Turkish states, and these conquests allowed him to push further into Europe.
1895:, the most important power in Anatolia. But towards the end of the 14th century, Ottomans began to dominate on most of Anatolia, reducing the Karaman influence and prestige.
1352:) under their control by putting their own candidate on the throne, but each attempt ended in failure. The Ottomans regarded Wallachia as a buffer zone between them and the
680:
When Mehmed II ascended the throne again in 1451, he devoted himself to strengthening the Ottoman navy and made preparations for an attack on Constantinople. In the narrow
2646:
Mehmed II allowed his subjects a considerable degree of religious freedom, provided they were obedient to his rule. After his conquest of Bosnia in 1463, he issued the
6477:
2547:
By the end of his reign, Mehmed's ambitious rebuilding program had changed the city into a thriving imperial capital. According to the contemporary Ottoman historian
1092:
and its environs before attacking and capturing the fortress of Golubac. Subsequently, Mehmed who had returned from his campaign in Morea met up with Mahmud Pasha in
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2963:, Italy) – son of Çiçek Hatun. Governor of Konya after the death of his brother Mustafa, he fought for the throne against his half-brother Bayezid. He died in exile.
5799:
2796:. His interest in Classical works extended in many directions, including the patronage of the Greek writer Kritiboulos of Imbros, who produced the Greek manuscript
10350:
5866:
Necipoğlu, Gülru (1 January 2012). "Visual Cosmopolitanism and Creative Translation: Artistic Conversations with Renaissance Italy in Mehmed Ii's Constantinople".
6525:
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2861:, she was his legal wife, but the marriage was unhappy and it remained childless. Her niece Ayşe Hatun, daughter of her brother, became a consort of Bayezid II.
9440:
5522:
2010:
5175:
2096:) and were constantly harassed by small-scale Moldavian attacks. Soon they were also confronted with starvation, a situation made worse by an outbreak of the
6029:
Necdet Sakaoğlu (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak publications. pp. 110–112.
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offered a golden opportunity to reassert Albanian independence; for the Venetians, the Albanians provided a useful cover to the Venetian coastal holdings of
8108:
10325:
6410:تاريخ الدولة العليّة العثمانية، تأليف: الأستاذ محمد فريد بك المحامي، تحقيق: الدكتور إحسان حقي، دار النفائس، الطبعة العاشرة: 1427 هـ – 2006 م، صفحة:178–177
1450:
1272:. Mehmed II eventually heard of these intrigues and was further provoked to action by David's demand that Mehmed remit the tribute imposed on his brother.
2100:, and the Ottoman army returned to Ottoman lands. The threat of Stephen to Wallachia continued for decades. That very same year Stephen helped his cousin
1079:
gained the throne. Observing the chaotic situation in Serbia, the Ottoman government decided to definitively conclude the Serbian issue. The Grand Vizier
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of 1478–79. The Venetians and Shkodrans resisted the assaults and continued to hold the fortress until Venice ceded Shkodra to the Ottoman Empire in the
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5386:
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2658:, and practice their religion free from official and unofficial persecution, insult, or disturbance. However, his standing army was recruited from the
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mentality that emphasizes ancient traditions and ceremonies in governance and moved it towards a centralized bureaucracy largely made of officials of
2329:. However, the Crimean khans still had a large amount of autonomy from the Ottoman Empire, while the Ottomans directly controlled the southern coast.
2326:
2167:. After Skanderbeg died in 1468, the Albanians could not find a leader to replace him, and Mehmed II eventually conquered Krujë and Albania in 1478.
1917:. İbrahim escaped to a small city in western territories where he died in 1464. The competing claims to the throne resulted in an interregnum in the
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towards Serbia in 1454, sometime after the 18th of April. Mehmed's forces quickly succeeded in capturing Sivricehisar (sometimes identified with the
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referred specifically to Mehmed's conquest of Constantinople, seeing it as the fulfillment of a prophecy and a sign of the approaching apocalypse.
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stretched from shore to shore in the form of a crescent, to intercept or repel any assistance for Constantinople from the sea. In early April, the
1957:
in 1473). But then Mehmed led a successful campaign against Uzun Hasan in 1473 that resulted in the decisive victory of the Ottoman Empire in the
1761:, they had long resisted the Ottomans, and had repeatedly sought assistance from Italy. Mehmed II responded by marching again against Albania but
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came to power and intrigued with various European powers for help against the Ottomans, speaking of wild schemes that included the conquest of
222:
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as religious leader for the Orthodox Christians of the city. His authority extended to all Ottoman Orthodox Christians, and this excluded the
1965:
and Pir Ahmet had to escape once more. Although he tried to continue his struggle, he learned that his family members had been transferred to
1440:
Mehmed II abandoned his siege of Corinth to launch a punitive attack against Vlad III in Wallachia but suffered many casualties in a surprise
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1237:(also known as White Sheep Turkomans), in return for his promise to defend Trebizond. He also secured promises of support from the Turkish
1365:, so that Vlad could claim the throne of Wallachia. His rule was short-lived, however, as Hunyadi invaded Wallachia and restored his ally
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2949:(1450, Manisa – 25 December 1474, Konya) – son of Gülşah Hatun. Governor of Konya until his death. He was the favorite son of his father.
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227:
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Turkish factions in his opposition. Upon his accession, Bayezid II sold Mehmed's collection of portraits and disposed of his statuary.
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died, and Stephen Tomašević succeeded him as King of Bosnia. In 1461, Stephen Tomašević made an alliance with the Hungarians and asked
1398:
of 10,000 ducats and 500 recruits into the Ottoman forces. Vlad III Dracula refused and had the Ottoman envoys killed by nailing their
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4713:
2920:, executed by Mehmed II. She was judicated as the most beautiful woman of her age and entered in the harem after her capture in 1462.
2888:
in 1461, Anna entered Mehmed's harem as a "noble tribute" or guest and stayed there for two years, after which Mehmed married her to
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and Greek, among other languages. Of note in this large collection was Mehmed's Greek scriptorium, which included copies of Arrians'
1432:
I have killed peasants men and women, old and young, who lived at Oblucitza and Novoselo, where the Danube flows into the sea, up to
1402:
to their heads, on the pretext that they had refused to raise their "hats" to him, as they only removed their headgear before Allah.
1088:
the fortress. Not wanting to waste time capturing the inner citadel, Mahmud lifted the siege diverted his army elsewhere, conquering
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into salaried employees of the Ottoman bureaucracy who were loyal to him. This centralization was possible and formalized through a
2175:
1537:
6338:
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Türkmen, İlhan (5 January 2015). "The Campaigns Against Serbia During the Reign of Mehmed the Conqueror per Ottoman Chronicles".
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3192:(completed 1988), which crosses the Bosporus Straits, is named after him, and his name and picture appeared on the Turkish 1000
1781: – the most significant. Mehmed II sent his armies to take Shkodra in 1474 but failed. Then he went personally to lead the
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background. Additionally, Mehmed the Conqueror took the step of converting the religious scholars who were part of the Ottoman
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The new alliance launched a two-pronged offensive against the Ottomans: a Venetian army, under the Captain General of the Sea
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captive, later releasing him in return for accepting Ottoman suzerainty over the Crimean Khans and allowing them to rule as
202:
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Inalcik, Halil. "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City".
2643:, which, for nearly a century, kept their rank as the highest teaching institutions of the Islamic sciences in the empire.
1558:, hostilities broke out after an Albanian slave of the Ottoman commander of Athens fled to the Venetian fortress of Coron (
7663:
6891:
2551:, "Sultan Mehmed created all of Istanbul". Fifty years later, Constantinople had again become the largest city in Europe.
1652:, with an army against the Venetians. To confront the Venetian fleet, which had taken station outside the entrance of the
1481:
to the Catholic monks of the recently conquered Bosnia issued in 1463, granting them full religious freedom and protection
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a Serbian cavalry force of 9,000 cavalry sent against them by the despot. Following these actions, the Serbian capital of
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Elizabeth A. Zachariadou, Romania and the Turks Pt. XIII p. 837-840, “First Serbian Campaigns of Mehemmed II (1454-1455)”
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and he could discuss Christian religion with some authority. He was reputed to be fluent in several languages, including
1337:
1305:
Having isolated Trebizond, Mehmed quickly swept down upon it before the inhabitants knew he was coming, and he placed it
7824:
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3223:
offer a nuanced picture of Mehmed, portraying him as a fearless and magnanimous leader, even on the verge of conquering
1703:
early 1465, Mehmed II sent peace feelers to the Venetian Senate; distrusting the Sultan's motives, these were rejected.
1489:, died in 1458, and a civil war broke out among his heirs that resulted in the Ottoman conquest of Serbia in 1459/1460.
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Modern History; From the Coming of Christ and Change of the Roman Republic into an Empire, to the Year of Our Lord 1888
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for help in the face of an impending Ottoman invasion. In 1463, after a dispute over the tribute paid annually by the
1197:, on the Morea's south end, resisted under a loose coalition of local clans, and the area then came under the rule of
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7279:
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Emperors, Patriarchs, and Sultans of Constantinople, 1373–1513: An Anonymous Greek Chronicle of the Sixteenth Century
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was the ruler of Karaman, and during his last years, his sons began struggling for the throne. His heir apparent was
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4631:"Contemporary Copy of the Letter of Mehmet II to the Greek Archons 26 December 1454 (ASV Documenti Turchi B.1/11)"
780:, known to the Ottomans and Persians as the Palace of the Caesars, probably built over a thousand years before by
10330:
9211:
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and the other trading towns under their control. After the capture of the Genoese towns, the Ottoman Sultan held
2245:
1969:
by Gedik Ahmet Pasha, so he finally gave up. Demoralized, he escaped to Akkoyunlu territory where he was given a
1925:. İshak had to be content with Silifke up to an unknown date. Pir Ahmet kept his promise and ceded a part of the
1786:
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began. At first, the city's walls held off the Turks, even though Mehmed's army used the new bombard designed by
384:
65:
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on foot, she asked Sultan Mehmed why he was undergoing such hardship for the sake of Trebizond. Mehmed replied:
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8199:
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2800:, alongside his efforts to salvage and rebind Greek manuscripts acquired after his conquest of Constantinople.
1512:. However, none ever reached Bosnia. In 1463, Sultan Mehmed II led an army into the country. The royal city of
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and the alliance between the Turcomans and the Karamanid tribe, Mehmed saw them as a threat to his own power.
1686:
for the upcoming campaign of 1464. He launched attacks against Ottoman forts and engaged in a failed siege of
1412:
In the winter of 1462, Vlad III crossed the Danube and scorched the entire Bulgarian land in the area between
843:
since 330 AD and whoever possessed the Imperial capital was the ruler of the empire. The contemporary scholar
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Sultan Mehmed II, who was following Mahmud Pasha with another army to reinforce him, had reached Zeitounion (
1176:
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915:
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2206:, allegedly within just 25 days. This strategically sited fortress, at the lowlands near the end of the old
2084:
and began forming another army. The Ottomans were unable to conquer any of the major Moldavian strongholds (
1113:, the future king of Bosnia, which infuriated Sultan Mehmed. After Mahmud Pasha suppressed an uprising near
960:
Mehmed II's first campaigns after Constantinople were in the direction of Serbia, which had been an Ottoman
9092:
8552:
8173:
3307:
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gave a list of groups introduced into the city with their respective origins. Even today, many quarters of
1383:
In 1456, three years after the Ottomans had conquered Constantinople, they threatened Hungary by besieging
440:
8168:
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After conquering Constantinople, when Mehmed II finally entered the city through what is now known as the
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3775:Şahin, K. (2010), "Constantinople and the End Time: The Ottoman Conquest as a Portent of the Last Hour",
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on 12 June 1444, he abdicated the throne in favour of his 12-year-old son Mehmed II in July/August 1444.
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The Grand Turk: Sultan Mehmet II – Conqueror of Constantinople, Master of an Empire and Lord of Two Seas
3464:
2943:(3 December 1447 – 10 June 1512) – son of Gülbahar Hatun. He succeeded his father as the Ottoman Sultan.
2163:
while Skanderbeg was alive, even though he twice (1466 and 1467) led the Ottoman armies himself against
1633:). In Bosnia, Matthias Corvinus seized over sixty fortified places and succeeded in taking its capital,
1261:
attacked Trebizond, and although he was defeated, he took many prisoners and extracted a heavy tribute.
362:
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1751:
1598:, hoping to lead it in person. Negotiations were also begun with other rivals of the Ottomans, such as
871:
719:
at the site to emphasize the importance of the conquest to the Islamic world and highlight his role as
523:
31:
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7116:
6867:
The Sultan of Vezirs: The Life and Times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelovic (1453–1474)
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and artists to his court in Constantinople, started a university, and built mosques (for example, the
9592:
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8872:
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8392:
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3185:, Mehmed was regarded as a bloodthirsty tyrant by the Christian world and by a part of his subjects.
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Kemaleddin İsmail Bey and Hatice Hatun, full-sister of Mehmed II. They had a daughter, Hanzade Hatun.
2853:. Sometimes mistakenly believed to be the mother of Bayezid II. Called also Sitti Hatun. Daughter of
2140:
1568:
1458:
1453:. Vlad III had to retreat to the mountains. After this, the Ottomans captured the Wallachian capital
1366:
1306:
1180:
and finally their own revolt against Ottoman rule, Mehmed entered the Morea in May 1460. The capital
1027:
624:
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Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul bis zum Beginn d. 17 Jh
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6633:. Edited, with a preface, by William C. Hickman. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
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would suffer the same fate. Plans were made for the Pope and citizens of Rome to evacuate the city.
1649:
1571:, attacked and nearly succeeded in taking the strategically important Venetian fortress of Lepanto (
1521:
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5610:"A Culture of Peaceful Coexistence: The Ottoman Turkish Example; by Prof. Dr. Ekmeleddin IHSANOGLU"
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Mehmed II is recognized as the first sultan to codify criminal and constitutional law, long before
3028:
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Mehmed had a strong interest in ancient Greek and medieval Byzantine civilization. His heroes were
2825:
1757:
In spring 1466, Sultan Mehmed marched with a large army against the Albanians. Under their leader,
1497:
1449:, who had promised to help him, seized the chance and instead attacked him trying to take back the
1345:
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The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest
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The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography, and Military Studies
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and loyalties than that of the sultan. Mehmed the Conqueror transitioned the empire away from the
2654:, granting them the freedom to move freely within the Empire, offer worship in their churches and
2217:
2058:
say that the entire battlefield was covered with the bones of the dead, a probable source for the
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1524:. Mehmed invaded Bosnia and conquered it very quickly, executing Stephen Tomašević and his uncle
1446:
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Mother, in my hand is the sword of Islam, without this hardship I should not deserve the name of
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Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
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Raby, J. (1 January 1982). "A Sultan of Paradox: Mehmed the Conqueror as a Patron of the Arts".
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Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the fifteenth and sixteenth Centuries
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Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
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Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
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Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
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1762:
1575:). On 3 April 1463, however, the governor of the Morea, Isa Beg, took the Venetian-held town of
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Medal of Mehmet II, with mention "Emperor of Byzantium" ("Byzantii Imperatoris 1481"), made by
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In 1456, Mehmed decided to continue his momentum towards the northwest and capture the city of
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707:, the companion and standard bearer of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, had died during the first
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3160:. But after some days he died, on 3 May 1481, at the age of forty-nine, and was buried in his
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Straits, the Sultan further ordered the creation of the new shipyard of Kadirga Limani in the
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Scene depicts the fifth and greatest assault upon the Shkodra Castle by Ottoman forces in the
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6526:"Mehmed: Fetihler Sultanı Mehmed kimdir? Serkan Çayoğlu kaç yaşında, hangi dizilerde oynadı?"
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Pashas, Begs, and Effendis: A Historical Dictionary of Titles and Terms in the Ottoman Empire
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2731:, who was of devşirme background as opposed to an aristocrat, and Zaganos Pasha's successor,
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5299:. Tirana: Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës, Instituti i Historisë dhe Gjuhësisë, 1968, p. 72
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2884:. The marriage was initially proposed by her father, but Mehmed refused. However, after the
1528:. Bosnia officially fell in 1463 and became the westernmost province of the Ottoman Empire.
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being appointed as the first Orthodox Patriarch, and established a Jewish Grand Rabbinate (
2521:
2392:. Several Italian city-states, Hungary, and France responded positively to the appeal. The
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The Moldavian army was utterly defeated (casualties were very high on both sides), and the
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The agreement was established as a result of the Ottomans having reached the outskirts of
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after the Hungarian incursions into his country broke the conditions of the truce per the
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after the Hungarian incursions into his country broke the conditions of the truce per the
30:"Fatih Sultan Mehmed" redirects here. For the bridge that spans the Bosphorus strait, see
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Mehmed presented himself to the world as The Sultan of two lands and the Khan of two seas
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bordered the southern Ottoman Balkans. The Ottomans had already invaded the region under
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thanks to his interest in Grecian antiquities and relics. It was on his orders that the
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did not, however, as it had signed an expensive peace treaty with the Ottomans in 1479.
2174:. Skanderbeg had repeatedly sought assistance from Italy, and believed that the ongoing
1950:
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1309:. The city held out for a month before the emperor David surrendered on 15 August 1461.
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487:), based on the fact that Constantinople had been the seat and capital of the surviving
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and equipping it with many cannons. They then proceeded to besiege the fortress of the
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Mehmed the Conqueror's response came in the summer of 1461. He led a sizable army from
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The Grand Turk: Sultan Mehmet II – Conqueror of Constantinople and Master of an Empire
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Mehmed II had at least eight known consorts, at least one of whom was his legal wife.
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1361:(Dracula), who had spent four years as a prisoner of Murad, together with his brother
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2471:
2408:
2369:
2314:
2136:
2080:
Stephen the Great retreated into the north-western part of Moldavia or even into the
2067:
2026:
1939:
1880:
1698:, the Venetians tried to take Lesbos in the spring of 1464, and besieged the capital
1665:
1587:
1525:
1462:
1376:
Vlad III Dracula fled to Moldavia, where he lived under the protection of his uncle,
1250:
1122:
1089:
989:
969:
949:
759:
582:
245:
207:
158:
8256:
8209:
7710:
7643:
7559:
7181:
3152:, however according to some historians his next voyage was planned to overthrow the
2850:
2752:
2628:
977:
336:
212:
10290:
10050:
10020:
10014:
9336:
9277:
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9032:
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8706:
8605:
8143:
7022:
6003:
5970:
5954:
5915:
5875:
5837:
5204:. Vol. 1: Empire of Gazis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 68.
3784:
3040:
3032:
2864:
2607:
2541:
2195:
2183:
2170:
In spring 1466, Sultan Mehmed marched with a large army against Skanderbeg and the
2101:
2074:
2031:
1991:
1888:
1868:
1809:
1782:
1707:
1547:
1441:
1358:
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1210:
965:
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and boasted that he had avenged the Trojans by conquering the Greeks (Byzantines).
839:), based on the assertion that Constantinople had been the seat and capital of the
777:
762:
488:
463:
407:
395:
217:
7684:
7638:
6448:
6437:
6308:
2982:(1446 – Constantinople, 1514) – daughter of Gülbahar Hatun. She was the mother of
2555:
2322:
2089:
1109:
was ousted from power in March 1459. After that the Serbian throne was offered to
685:
443:
from August 1444 to September 1446 and then later from February 1451 to May 1481.
10239:
10227:
10115:
10002:
9946:
9928:
9918:
9756:
9736:
9648:
9391:
8919:
8712:
7544:
7156:
7101:
6933:
6912:
6856:
6836:
6775:
6727:
6699:
6660:
6624:
6455:
6444:
6433:
6201:
6104:
5352:
5236:
5167:
5067:
4580:
3438:
3419:
3382:
The Ottomans and the Mamluks: Imperial Diplomacy and Warfare in the Islamic World
2708:
2615:
2435:
2376:. Because of lack of food, Gedik Ahmed Pasha returned with most of his troops to
2283:
2257:
2213:
2039:
2022:
1622:
1607:
1505:
1454:
1362:
1156:
848:
740:
616:
612:
608:
451:
309:
261:
70:
7601:
7518:
2287:
2109:, half brother to Vlad the Impaler, for a period of 13 years from 1482 to 1495.
1083:
was dispatched with an army to the region in 1458, where he initially conquered
693:
636:
538:
10233:
10097:
10038:
10032:
9996:
9971:
9450:
9104:
8961:
8747:
8676:
8635:
8404:
8002:
7457:
7349:
7083:
7046:
6832:
6620:
5711:
5703:
5312:
5171:
3286:
3281:
3182:
3149:
3079:
3048:
3044:
2993:
2503:
2443:
2412:
Turks to withdraw to Albania, and Otranto was retaken by Papal forces in 1481.
2385:
2302:
2267:
2263:
2144:
2097:
2051:
penetrated inside the forest and engaged the defenders in man-to-man fighting.
2015:
1892:
1638:
1583:
1421:
1293:
1194:
1164:
1019:
940:
828:
816:
720:
555:
467:
9883:
7689:
7554:
7168:
6915:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Roger Crowley, Judith Herrin & Colin Imber (
6007:
5879:
5792:"Europe and the Turks: The Civilization of the Ottoman Empire | History Today"
5583:
5229:
4553:
10279:
10079:
9981:
9614:
9586:
9532:
9508:
9470:
9406:
9396:
9303:
9152:
8973:
8753:
8219:
8047:
7924:
7364:
7314:
6900:
6648:
6630:
6360:
Heywood, Colin (2009). "Mehmed II". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.).
5966:
5887:
5849:
5258:
4144:
Ibn Kemal, Tevarih-i Al-i Osman, VII. Defter, ed. Ş. Turan, 1957, pp. 109-118
3788:
3596:
3090:
3063:
2829:
2728:
2589:
2571:
2202:). The major result of this campaign was the construction of the fortress of
1280:
1276:
1242:
1225:
formed alliances through royal marriages with various Muslim rulers. Emperor
1014:
820:
785:
781:
715:
discovered the tomb of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari. After the conquest, Mehmed built
620:
7052:
6905:
5958:
5515:"Gentile Bellini | The Sultan Mehmet II | NG3099 | National Gallery, London"
3663:
2143:
against the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Europe. Skanderbeg, son of
563:
329:
10266:
10185:
9908:
9628:
9381:
8653:
8540:
8422:
8204:
7971:
7767:
7334:
7034:
6897:
Chapter LXVIII: "Reign of Mahomet the Second, Extinction of Eastern Empire"
5984:
5841:
4362:
Osmanlı Kaynaklarına Göre Fatih Sultan Mehmed'in Siyasi ve Askeri Faaliyeti
3193:
3133:
2673:, or an autonomous religious community, and appointed the former Patriarch
2636:
2624:
2594:
2525:
2459:
2447:
2348:
2291:
2275:
1935:
1723:
1676:
1645:
1501:
1056:
961:
896:
840:
832:
712:
604:
586:
515:
471:
455:
447:
7513:
4366:
Mehmed the Conqueror's Political and Military Activity per Ottoman Sources
2359:
1669:
1100:. While the Hungarian troops were engaged in plunder near Užice, they got
758:
On 22 April, Mehmed transported his lighter warships overland, around the
10221:
9913:
9728:
9698:
9670:
9140:
9134:
8735:
8587:
8369:
8351:
8245:
7919:
7309:
3240:
3215:
3071:
2924:
2889:
2720:
2632:
2491:
2271:
2208:
1872:
1840:. As a result of this treaty, Venice acquired a weakened position in the
1657:
1653:
1626:
1603:
1284:
1137:
15th century portrait of Mehmed II (1432–1481), showing Italian influence
911:
906:
After the fall of Constantinople, Mehmed would also go on to conquer the
884:
744:
349:
3206:
3015:
The territorial extent of the Ottoman Empire upon the death of Mehmed II
2712:
2343:
1962:
1478:
1297:, and today and tomorrow I should have to cover my face in shame before
454:. When Mehmed II ascended the throne again in 1451, he strengthened the
9807:
9722:
9708:
9600:
8937:
8777:
8641:
8505:
8363:
8287:
7945:
7886:
7762:
7622:
7617:
7409:
7324:
7289:
7239:
7213:
7207:
6998:
6838:
The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century
6097:
5927:
3246:
2952:
2940:
2620:
2282:
earlier in the 15th century, the Crimean Tatars founded an independent
2159:, in 1444. Mehmed II was never successful in his efforts to subjugate
2132:
2122:
1884:
1796:. Based on the terms of the treaty, the Venetians were allowed to keep
1758:
1719:
1695:
1599:
1234:
1230:
1189:
1117:, Mehmed personally led an army against the Serbian capital, capturing
900:
888:
276:
266:
138:
5057:
2191:
1754:. The Venetian relief navy was defeated, and Negroponte was captured.
811:
10203:
10073:
9822:
9802:
9764:
9750:
9690:
9684:
9656:
9642:
9572:
9386:
8812:
8682:
8629:
8452:
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7940:
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7891:
7860:
7793:
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7523:
7359:
7339:
7329:
7319:
7304:
7294:
7274:
7259:
7249:
7234:
7144:
3618:"Bosphorus (i.e. Bosporus), View from Kuleli, Constantinople, Turkey"
3157:
3109:
3098:
3086:
3075:
2983:
2824:
Mehmed II was the last sultan to legally marry until 1533/1534, when
2769:
2660:
2655:
2318:
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2055:
2047:
1987:
1837:
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1417:
1406:
1326:
1269:
1246:
1202:
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1118:
1023:
997:
876:
728:
689:
681:
458:
and made preparations to attack Constantinople. At the age of 21, he
5919:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5652:
4757:
Student paper for Romanian Student Association, Stanford University.
4637:
3011:
2450:, where he ordered the building to be protected. He ordered that an
2179:
1801:
1394:
In 1459, Mehmed II sent envoys to Vlad to urge him to pay a delayed
1344:
The Ottomans since the early 15th century tried to bring Wallachia (
1071:
Shortly before the end of the year 1456, roughly 5 months after the
658:
9961:
9847:
9837:
9832:
9475:
9235:
8007:
7907:
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7819:
7809:
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7549:
7354:
7299:
7284:
7264:
7254:
7229:
7197:
7187:
7175:
6979:
6962:
6436:. Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group – One Thousand Turkish Lira –
6426:
5120:
3617:
3330:
in the Turkish television series "Mehmed: Fetihler Sultanı" (2024).
3122:
3094:
3020:
2761:
2743:
2603:
2559:
2487:
2463:
2117:
1990:, more than fifty years before Mehmed II but after the destructive
1966:
1813:
1699:
1630:
1473:
1384:
1254:
1152:
1038:
973:
851:
and most of, if not all, Western Europe, but was recognized by the
692:
on the Asian side; Mehmed erected an even stronger fortress called
593:
559:
503:
319:
104:
85:
3750:: Krijna Nelly Ciggaar, Adelbert Davids, Herman G. B. Teule, p. 51
3162:
3128:
3114:
2548:
2434:, built by order of Sultan Mehmed II in Constantinople, the first
2297:
The Crimean Tatars controlled the steppes that stretched from the
2230:
2221:
2164:
1971:
1852:
1766:
1644:
Ottoman reaction was swift and decisive: Mehmed II dispatched his
1167:, Mehmed ordered Ottoman troops to attack the Morea. The despots,
1097:
827:
After the conquest of Constantinople, Mehmed claimed the title of
623:
states that Mehmed II did not ask for his father. Instead, it was
10179:
9878:
9842:
9812:
9782:
9480:
9376:
7997:
7788:
7648:
7492:
7344:
7244:
7219:
7139:
7129:
6271:
5906:
Raby, Julian (1983). "Mehmed the Conqueror's Greek Scriptorium".
5649:
3432:
The Rise of Turkey: The Twenty-First Century's First Muslim Power
3093:. Young men condemned to death were spared and added to Mehmed's
3085:
Some sources claim that Mehmed had a passion for his hostage and
2874:
2716:
2455:
2389:
2377:
2373:
2203:
2160:
2085:
2059:
2035:
1976:
1906:
1816:
coastline, and they relinquished control of the Greek islands of
1805:
1778:
1727:
1591:
1513:
1395:
1333:
1317:
1181:
1114:
1031:
880:
752:
711:. As Mehmed II's army approached Constantinople, Mehmed's sheikh
304:
6231:"Fatih, Hakan ve Roma Kayzeri | İlber Ortaylı | Milliyet.com.tr"
5154:
The A to Z of Moldova, Andrei Brezianu, Vlad Spânu, p. 242, 2010
5145:
The A to Z of Moldova, Andrei Brezianu, Vlad Spânu, p. 273, 2010
3140:
In 1481 Mehmed marched with the Ottoman army, but upon reaching
2892:. In exchange, Mehmed had the Zaganos's daughter as his consort.
1457:
and Mehmed II withdrew, having left Radu as ruler of Wallachia.
945:
666:
411:; 30 March 1432 – 3 May 1481), commonly known as
10144:
9817:
9555:
9465:
9460:
9317:
8818:
6153:
The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire
5379:"Mehmed II | Bellini, Gentile | V&A Search the Collections"
3224:
3145:
3036:
2777:
2499:
1931:
1841:
1825:
1821:
1797:
1793:
1774:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1715:
1711:
1706:
In April 1466, the Venetian war effort was reinvigorated under
1687:
1661:
1595:
1563:
1559:
1433:
1424:
1413:
1399:
1388:
1258:
1093:
1051:
1010:
985:
801:
770:
766:
662:
The Ottoman Empire at the beginning of Mehmed II's second reign
603:
During Mehmed II's first reign, he defeated the crusade led by
570:
551:
543:
511:
507:
356:
154:
5419:
5417:
5239:(The special role of artillery in the larger Moldavian armies)
3144:
he became ill. He was just beginning new campaigns to capture
673:, built by Sultan Mehmed II between 1451 and 1452, before the
506:
with its reunification and in Southeast Europe as far west as
9903:
9898:
9888:
9873:
9863:
9827:
9797:
9455:
7462:
7134:
5550:(3 ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 272.
4266:
Asia Minor Studies - International Journal of Social Sciences
3921:"List of Ecumenical Patriarchs – The Ecumenical Patriarchate"
3118:
3055:
2956:
2899:
2479:
2467:
2306:
2298:
2279:
2093:
1914:
1833:
1746:, which was being besieged by a joint force of Venetians and
1634:
1517:
1298:
736:
519:
482:
423:
389:
175:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
1340:, which resulted in a failed assassination attempt of Mehmed
9893:
9868:
8511:
5414:
4760:
4667:
4655:
4611:
4419:
The Crusade of 1456: Texts and Documentation in Translation
2916:, brother of Anna Hatun's father and by him she had a son,
2765:
2475:
2451:
2381:
2305:, but they were unable to take control over the commercial
1913:, a younger son, declared himself as the bey of Karaman in
1828:. Moreover, the Venetians were forced to pay 100,000 ducat
1734:, the Ottomans' major regional base. He failed to take the
924:
446:
In Mehmed II's first reign, he defeated the crusade led by
6701:
A history of modern Europe From the fall of Constantinople
5230:
Rolul distinctiv al artileriei în marile oști moldovenești
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
27:
7th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1444–1446, 1451–1481)
9524:
6710:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923
6682:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923
4460:
4368:] (in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu. pp. 122–123.
3320:
3299:
3101:
went to great lengths to procure young noblemen for him.
2992:
Kamerhan Hatun. She married her cousin Hasan Bey, son of
2614:
to translate Christian doctrine into Turkish, and called
2474:
cathedral was transformed into a Muslim mosque through a
1743:
1742:, the capital of Peloponnese and the seat of the Ottoman
1238:
1061:
847:
supported his claim. The claim was not recognized by the
581:
by practitioners of science, particularly by his mentor,
6742:. New Haven CT and London: Yale University Press, 2010.
6392:
5739:
5103:
Cilt I, Akdtyttk Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 pp. 256–258.
5083:
Cilt I, Akdtykttk Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 pp. 256–257
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4298:] (in Turkish). Oğlak Yayıncılık. pp. 132–137.
3319:
His childhood is portrayed by Miraç Sözer in web series
2772:, in the days leading up to the fall of Constantinople.
6078:
5584:"Croatia and Ottoman Empire, Ahdnama, Sultan Mehmet II"
5495:
4796:
4784:
4679:
4582:
The Balkans: Roumania, Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro
4107:] (in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu. pp. 13–18.
3891:"Gennadios II Scholarios | patriarch of Constantinople"
3834:"Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924"
3729:
3686:
3577:
3575:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3541:
3539:
3537:
2415:
1836:
per year in order to acquire trading privileges in the
1229:
married his daughter to the son of his brother-in-law,
793:
The spider is curtain-bearer in the palace of Chosroes,
9441:
2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny
4779:
Dracula: Prince of many faces – His life and his times
2955:(22 December 1459, Constantinople – 25 February 1495;
2554:
Two centuries later, the well-known Ottoman itinerant
1312:
795:
The owl sounds the relief in the castle of Afrasiyab.
8286:
7006:
6762:
The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power
6665:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
6629:. Bollingen Series 96. Translated from the German by
6265:
6166:
5459:
5430:
4498:
4479:
3705:
2139:
and a former member of the Ottoman ruling elite, led
1812:
for many months, as well as other territories on the
1682:
In the meantime, the Venetian Republic had appointed
968:
in 1389. The Ottoman ruler had a connection with the
6841:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
6387:
Minorities and the destruction of the Ottoman Empire
5786:
5784:
5297:
Lufta shqiptaro-turke në shekullin XV. Burime osmane
5261:(Anniversaries on 26 July 2005. A historical moment)
4691:
3572:
3551:
3534:
3444:
2270:, had been inhabiting the peninsula since the early
2236:
After Skanderbeg died, Mehmed II personally led the
1216:
1128:
776:
When Sultan Mehmed II stepped into the ruins of the
6764:. 2nd Edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
5547:
Venetian Narrative Painting in the Age of Carpaccio
5409:
Istanbul and the Civilization if the Ottoman Empire
4532:] (in Turkish). K Kitaplığı. pp. 228–229.
4332:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 323–325.
4220:] (in Turkish). Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 109.
3413:
The Essential World History, Volume II: Since 1500.
2738:
1531:
1516:soon fell, leaving Stephen Tomašević to retreat to
585:, and he followed their approach. The influence of
569:When Mehmed II was eleven years old he was sent to
6208:. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 56.
5941:Akkoc, Yunus; Gozuacik, Devrim (18 October 2018).
5697:
5316:
3379:
2112:
1847:
1188:A few holdouts remained for a time. The island of
6229:sitesi, milliyet.com.tr Türkiye'nin lider haber.
6194:
5781:
5017:"1474 | George Merula: The Siege of Shkodra"
4446:(in Turkish). Yeditepe Yayınevi. pp. 93–97.
4163:(in Turkish). Yeditepe Yayınevi. pp. 73–84.
1887:initially centred around the modern provinces of
1405:Meanwhile, the Sultan sent the Bey of Nicopolis,
930:
10277:
5009:
4524:Aşıkpaşazade, Ahmed (2003). Yavuz, Kemal (ed.).
3969:. University of California Press. pp. 38–.
2005:
1710:: the fleet took the northern Aegean islands of
980:– and he used that fact to claim Serbian lands.
627:'s effort to bring Murad II back to the throne.
52:The sultan of two lands and the khan of two seas
6002:, Duke University Press, 1998, pp. 17–44,
5777:. Architectural History Foundation. p. 18.
5762:. Architectural History Foundation. p. 15.
5691:
5689:
5682:. Architectural History Foundation. p. 16.
5667:. Architectural History Foundation. p. 21.
5311:
5202:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
3251:(2012). His childhood is portrayed by Ege Uslu.
3230:Portrayed by Sami Ayanoğlu in the Turkish film
3199:
2689:
2610:to continue functioning, ordered the patriarch
1209:was the military commander there, stationed at
1155:, destroying the Byzantine defenses – the
863:with all the ceremonial elements, ethnarch (or
466:. After the conquest, Mehmed claimed the title
6821:. Brookline MA: Hellenic College Press, 1990.
6155:. Oxford University Press. pp. 303–304 n. 51.
5480:: Fikret Adanır, Suraiya Faroqhi, p. 358, 2002
5270:
5268:
4892:
4890:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3397:
2407:. A contingent of troops was provided by king
1279:by land and the Ottoman navy by sea, first to
9540:
8272:
7425:
7082:
7068:
6786:
6279:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 255–256.
6180:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 81–82.
6039:
5940:
5453:
5411:. 1, University of Oklahoma Press, 1963. p. 6
3244:
2966:Şehzade Nureddin. Probably died as an infant.
2606:and Greek scholars at his court, allowed the
2578:
2332:
1387:. Hunyadi began a concerted counterattack in
1068:regained possession of some parts of Serbia.
647:
533:
10346:Ottoman people of the Byzantine–Ottoman wars
6307:(in Turkish). 6 January 2015. Archived from
5686:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4916:
4914:
4877:
4875:
4862:
4860:
4813:
4811:
4523:
4188:. Center for Romanian Studies. p. 205.
3962:
2667:Within Constantinople, Mehmed established a
2438:built in the city after the Ottoman conquest
1468:
10351:Ottoman people of the Ottoman–Venetian Wars
10326:Burials at Fatih Mosque Graveyard, Istanbul
5307:
5305:
5265:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4887:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4473:
4421:. University of Toronto Press. p. 26.
4098:
4040:
4008:. Stanford University Press. pp. 78–.
4001:
3724:The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare
3642:
3422:By William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel
2593:Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror with patriarch
2155:in a military and diplomatic alliance, the
1508:to the Ottomans, he sent for help from the
859:, a staunch antagonist of the West, as the
435:'the Father of Conquest'; Turkish:
430:
10321:15th-century sultans of the Ottoman Empire
9547:
9533:
8279:
8265:
7432:
7418:
7075:
7061:
5717:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
5274:Setton, Hazard & Norman (1969), p. 327
5042:Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World
4896:Setton, Hazard & Norman (1969), p. 326
4714:"Vlad the Impaler second rule [3]"
4708:
4706:
4034:
3866:Constantinople: The Last Great Siege, 1453
3508:. Princeton University Press. p. 11.
1664:), and of two forts to guard the Straits,
887:, became admiral of the Ottoman fleet and
875:personal favorite of Mehmed and served as
58:
6864:
6808:
6603:Constantinople 1453: The End of Byzantium
6467:
6235:Milliyet Haber – Türkiye'nin Haber Sitesi
6114:
6112:
5974:
5865:
5772:
5757:
5677:
5662:
5277:
4971:
4938:
4911:
4872:
4857:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4808:
4738:
3995:
3735:
3699:
1832:and agreed to a tribute of around 10,000
937:List of campaigns of Mehmed the Conqueror
7439:
6774:
6619:
6470:"A Rossini Masterwork Ahead of Its Time"
6398:
6259:
6200:
6135:
6133:
6084:
5745:
5501:
5302:
4992:
4823:
4790:
4766:
4697:
4685:
4673:
4661:
4617:
4388:
4289:
4211:
4183:
3956:
3592:
3590:
3501:
3127:
3108:
3010:
2742:
2693:
2588:
2425:
2358:
2342:
2251:
2116:
2009:
1851:
1541:
1472:
1332:
1316:
1264:After John's death in 1459, his brother
1132:
944:
810:
688:had been built by his great-grandfather
665:
657:
550:Mehmed II was born on 30 March 1432, in
537:
499:, albeit not by most European monarchs.
6782:. Istanbul: Çituri Biraderler Basımevi.
6698:Dyer, T. H., & Hassall, A. (1901).
6600:
6359:
6172:
6045:
5947:The Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology
5695:
5465:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5436:
4703:
4572:
4263:
3862:
3581:
3566:
3545:
3450:
2975:Mehmed II had at least four daughters:
2898:(1442–1469). Daughter of the despot of
2530:Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople
2446:, he immediately rode his horse to the
2327:tributary princes of the Ottoman Empire
495:. The claim was soon recognized by the
14:
10278:
9446:2020 International Maturidi Conference
6831:
6707:
6679:
6581:
6427:Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey
6109:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5861:
5859:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5283:
5127:from the original on 28 September 2013
5003:
4977:
4949:
4932:
4920:
4905:
4881:
4866:
4840:
4834:
4817:
4716:. Exploringromania.com. Archived from
4578:
4530:Aşıkpaşazade's History of the Ottomans
4511:
4492:
4416:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4259:
4257:
3953:. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. pp. 115–116.
3711:
3462:
2834:Mehmed II's eight known consorts are:
2458:: "I testify that there is no god but
1613:In early August, the Venetians retook
861:ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople
9957:The Revival of the Religious Sciences
9528:
8260:
7413:
7056:
6341:from the original on 25 February 2020
6130:
5543:
5259:Calendar 26 iulie 2005.Moment istoric
5180:Istoria României (History of Romania)
5162:
5160:
5019:. Albanianhistory.net. Archived from
4747:from the original on 20 November 2012
4441:
4391:John Hunyadi: Defender of Christendom
4285:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4207:
4205:
4186:John Hunyadi: Defender of Christendom
4158:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4140:
4138:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4005:East West Mimesis: Auerbach in Turkey
3951:The Nature of the Early Ottoman State
3810:. Milliyet.com.tr. 19 December 2004.
3774:
3587:
3271:in the Turkish surreal comedy series
2454:meet him there in order to chant the
1879:principalities collectively known as
1554:According to the Byzantine historian
406:
9715:Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Rahman al-Azhari
8478:(d. beginning of the 6th century AH)
7375:First Ottoman caliph • Caliph only
6655:
6506:from the original on 3 December 2023
6389:, Salâhi Ramadan Sonyel, p. 14, 1993
6141:The structure of the Ottoman Dynasty
6066:from the original on 12 October 2020
5905:
5827:
5442:
5199:
5193:
4968:(London, 1853–1857) Vol 2, pp. 84–85
4851:
4802:
4732:
4061:from the original on 12 October 2013
4022:from the original on 12 October 2013
3983:from the original on 12 October 2013
3901:from the original on 31 October 2017
3814:from the original on 31 October 2007
3748:East and West in the Crusader States
3630:from the original on 20 October 2013
3522:from the original on 12 October 2020
3483:from the original on 12 October 2020
3070:of Imbros, who mentions Mehmed as a
2416:Return to Constantinople (1453–1478)
2403:raised an army to be led by his son
2240:, of which early Ottoman chronicler
1860:(Declaration of conquest) after the
1420:. Allegedly disguising himself as a
1349:
800:Some Muslim scholars claimed that a
491:since its consecration in 330 AD by
475:
416:
379:
6813:. Architectural History Foundation.
6468:Tommasini, Anthony (30 July 2012).
5894:
5856:
5814:
4741:"Dracula: Between Myth and Reality"
4393:. Histria Books. pp. 221–224.
4346:
4330:A History of the Crusades Volume VI
4312:
4272:(5): 115–132 – via Dergipark.
3664:"Byzantium: A Tale of Three Cities"
3610:
3341:Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire
3156:and to capture Egypt and claim the
3132:Mehmed II on the backside of 1,000
3104:
2873:. Daughter of the Greek emperor of
2686:which it remained until the 1920s.
1986:s was first accomplished by Sultan
1942:captured the coastal region of the
1660:(named after the "kadirga" type of
1313:Submission of Wallachia (1459–1462)
1249:, and from the king and princes of
1163:in 1446. Before the final siege of
815:The entry of Sultan Mehmed II into
24:
6480:from the original on 24 April 2018
6362:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
6241:from the original on 23 April 2019
6228:
5634:The Ottoman Centuries Lord Kinross
5590:from the original on 18 March 2016
5359:from the original on 1 August 2012
5244:
5157:
5099:Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim:
5079:Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim:
4966:Istoria tis Ellinikis Epanastaseos
4599:from the original on 29 April 2016
4296:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Times
4276:
4234:
4218:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Times
4202:
4147:
4135:
4121:
4099:Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı (2019).
4073:
2936:Mehmed II had at least four sons:
2597:depicted on an 18th-century mosaic
2248:as a condition of ending the war.
1789:as a condition of ending the war.
1590:invaded Bosnia. At the same time,
1445:branch). His best friend and ally
502:Mehmed continued his conquests in
174:Hünkârçayırı (Tekfurçayırı), near
25:
10377:
9621:Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi
8288:Maturidi school of Sunni theology
6885:
6861:. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
6755:Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time
6732:. Baltimore: J. Murphy & Co.
6626:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time
6558:from the original on 7 March 2024
6532:from the original on 7 March 2024
5616:from the original on 3 March 2016
5564:from the original on 9 April 2017
5525:from the original on 9 April 2017
5389:from the original on 9 April 2017
5059:The Encyclopedia of World History
4105:History of the Ottomans Volume II
3844:from the original on 24 July 2019
3674:from the original on 8 March 2017
3505:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time
3297:in the Turkish television series
3258:in the Turkish television series
3097:if he found them attractive, and
2372:invaded Italy in 1480, capturing
2147:(who had joined the unsuccessful
1949:Pir Ahmet as well as his brother
1726:. On 12 July, Cappello landed at
1257:in 1456, the Ottoman governor of
1217:Conquest of Trebizond (1460–1461)
1129:Conquest of the Morea (1458–1460)
1034:'s grave in Kosovo on the way.
784:, he uttered the famous lines of
709:Siege of Constantinople (674–678)
518:. Among other things, Istanbul's
10261:
9781:
9316:
8849:Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi
7471:
7440:
7380:
7379:
7040:
7028:
7016:
6794:(in German). Tübingen: Wasmuth.
6544:
6518:
6492:
6461:
6420:
6404:
6380:
6368:
6353:
6323:
6293:
6253:
6222:
6206:The Fall of Constantinople: 1453
6145:
6121:
6090:
6023:
5991:
5934:
5802:from the original on 12 May 2017
5766:
5751:
5671:
5637:
5628:
5602:
5576:
5544:Brown, Patricia Fortini (1994).
5537:
5507:
5483:
4636:. Angiolello.net. Archived from
4444:Büyük Türk - Fatih Sultan Mehmed
4161:Büyük Türk - Fatih Sultan Mehmed
3931:from the original on 2 July 2017
3006:
2739:Patronage of Renaissance artists
2639:that he constructed, he erected
2518:Ecumenical Orthodox Patriarchate
2176:Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)
1538:Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)
1532:Ottoman-Venetian War (1463–1479)
895:. He eventually served twice as
739:, a giant cannon similar to the
361:
9212:Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi
6906:Constantinople Siege & Fall
6458:. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.
6178:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall
5471:
5401:
5371:
5345:
5289:
5218:
5182:, Ed. Corint, Bucharest, 2002,
5148:
5139:
5113:
5093:
5073:
5051:
5035:
4983:
4955:
4926:
4899:
4772:
4623:
4546:
4517:
4435:
4410:
4382:
4177:
3943:
3913:
3883:
3856:
3826:
3800:
3777:Journal of Early Modern History
3765:
3753:
3741:
3717:
3656:
3346:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
2828:married his favorite concubine
2798:History of Mehmed the Conqueror
2790:Anabasis of Alexander the Great
2532:in the capital, as part of the
2274:. After the destruction of the
2113:Conquest of Albania (1466–1478)
2014:Mehmed the Second, portrait by
1848:Anatolian conquests (1464–1473)
566:, a slave of uncertain origin.
554:, then the capital city of the
8399:Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari
6552:"En çok 'Fatih'e duygulanıyor"
5492:, Ira M. Lapidus, p. 272, 2002
5490:A History of Islamic Societies
4585:. London: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
3495:
3456:
3425:
3406:
3391:
3373:
3233:The Conquest of Constantinople
2486:cultural complex, two sets of
2351:of Mehmed II the Conqueror by
1871:era in the second half of the
1338:The Night Attack of Târgovişte
1041:, which had been ceded to the
931:Conquest of Serbia (1454–1459)
916:two campaigns in 1458 and 1460
497:Patriarchate of Constantinople
13:
1:
9051:Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui
7394:Heads of the Osmanoğlu family
6993:3 February 1451 – 3 May 1481
6974:August 1444 ‒ September 1446
6865:Stavrides, Théoharis (2001).
6500:"Kızılelma: Bir Fetih Öyküsü"
5646:: James Patrick, p. 170, 2007
4292:Fatih Sultan Mehmed ve Zamanı
4214:Fatih Sultan Mehmed ve Zamanı
3599:, (2009), Truvanın İntikamı (
3361:
2627:), waterways, and Istanbul's
2388:repeated his 1481 call for a
2006:War with Moldavia (1475–1476)
1738:and was forced to retreat to
1586:, landed in the Morea, while
1143:Ottoman conquest of the Morea
751:and defended by twenty-eight
609:Treaties of Edirne and Szeged
452:Treaties of Edirne and Szeged
5943:"Autophagy and liver cancer"
5478:The Ottomans and the Balkans
3760:The Lord of the Panther-Skin
3366:
3200:Portrayal in popular culture
2970:
2847:. Mother of Şehzade Mustafa.
2690:Centralization of government
2266:, collectively known as the
2149:Albanian revolt of 1432–1436
1594:began assembling an army at
1205:, in the Morea's northwest.
642:
611:in September 1444. Cardinal
483:
441:sultan of the Ottoman Empire
424:
390:
122:3 February 1451 – 3 May 1481
96:August 1444 – September 1446
82:Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
7:
9743:Muhammad ibn 'Ali Ba 'Alawi
9495:Maturidi-related templates
9412:Al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad
6704:. London: G. Bell and Sons.
6377:: John Freely, p. 180, 2009
5644:Renaissance and Reformation
5427:23, (1969): 229–249. p. 236
5325:University of Toronto Press
4360:Tansel, Selahattin (1953).
4328:Setton, Kenneth M. (1989).
3966:In Search of the Trojan War
3808:"Milliyet İnternet – Pazar"
3380:Cihan Yüksel Muslu (2014).
3334:
3321:Kızılelma: Bir Fetih Öyküsü
3054:At times, he assembled the
2819:
2339:Ottoman invasion of Otranto
2238:siege of Shkodra in 1478–79
1722:, and then sailed into the
1005:on the 2nd of October near
883:. The younger son, renamed
562:(1404–1451) and his mother
10:
10382:
9554:
8772:'Abd al-Hakim al-Siyalkoti
8518:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
8329:Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi
8109:Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin
8018:Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin
7469:
6858:The evolution of sea-power
6855:Silburn, P. A. B. (1912).
6753:İnalcık; Halil, Review of
6574:
6275:; Walter K. Hanak (2011).
5519:www.nationalgallery.org.uk
4989:Setton (1978), pp. 284–285
4047:. Overlook. pp. 95–.
3762:, Shota Rustaveli, p. xiii
3469:. I.B. Tauris. p. 9.
3402:. Isis Press. p. 150.
3190:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge
3117:of Mehmed II (d. 1481) in
2923:Hatice Hatun. Daughter of
2582:
2579:Administration and culture
2540:built by the Grand Vizier
2419:
2336:
2333:Expedition to Italy (1480)
2311:Gazaria (Genoese colonies)
2255:
2220:of the fortress of Croia (
1535:
1323:Vlad (Dracula) the Impaler
1140:
934:
872:Constantine XI Palaiologos
651:
648:Conquest of Constantinople
542:Accession of Mehmed II in
534:Early life and first reign
524:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge
462:and brought an end to the
32:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge
29:
10259:
10172:
10137:
10066:
9989:
9980:
9927:
9856:
9790:
9779:
9562:
9493:
9436:
9429:
9332:
9325:
9314:
9204:
9093:Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i
8989:
8882:
8873:Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan
8805:
8722:
8663:
8580:
8553:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar
8527:
8468:
8385:
8364:Fakhr al-Islam al-Bazdawi
8338:
8303:
8294:
8228:
8200:Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim
8182:
8169:Şehzade Mehmed Nizameddin
8154:Şehzade Mehmed Şerafeddin
8129:Şehzade Mehmed Abdülhalim
8119:Şehzade Mehmed Cemaleddin
8094:Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir
8074:Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin
8066:
8043:Şehzade Mahmud Celaleddin
7990:
7964:
7933:
7900:
7879:
7848:
7802:
7776:
7755:
7739:
7698:
7672:
7631:
7610:
7589:
7568:
7532:
7506:
7480:
7450:
7373:
7125:
7097:
6995:
6986:
6976:
6967:
6959:
6954:
6927:
6809:Necipoğlu, Gülru (1991).
6708:Finkel, Caroline (2007).
6684:. New York: Basic Books.
6680:Finkel, Caroline (2005).
6151:Leslie P. Peirce (1993).
6008:10.1215/9780822399896-002
5880:10.1163/22118993-90000183
5773:Necipoğlu, Gülru (1991).
5758:Necipoğlu, Gülru (1991).
5678:Necipoğlu, Gülru (1991).
5663:Necipoğlu, Gülru (1991).
5235:27 September 2007 at the
5200:Shaw, Stanford J (1976).
5121:"Karamanogullari Beyligi"
4417:Mixson, James D. (2022).
3653:Silburn, P. A. B. (1912).
3219:. Rossini and librettist
3154:Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt
2855:Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey
2811:
2507:
2077:for "The White Valley").
1469:Conquest of Bosnia (1463)
1026:, which Mehmed put under
964:intermittently since the
408:[icinˈdʒiˈmehmet]
355:
345:
325:
315:
303:
294:
289:
285:
251:
244:
195:
182:
164:
148:
144:
134:
126:
118:
110:
100:
92:
80:
57:
46:
41:
10104:Yahya ibn Mu'adh al-Razi
9952:The Alchemy of Happiness
9937:Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya
9677:Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili
9230:Habib al-Rahman al-'Azmi
9183:Muhammad Shafi' Deobandi
9081:Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri
9027:Imdadullah Muhajir Makki
9009:Rahmatullah al-Kairanawi
9003:Shihab al-Din al-Marjani
8997:'Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi
8980:'Abd al-Ghani al-Maydani
8968:Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi
8861:'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi
8839:(d. 1158 AH, or 1178 AH)
8790:Shihab al-Din al-Khafaji
8535:Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi
8476:Abu al-Thana' al-Lamishi
8459:Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi
8124:Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri
8099:Şehzade Mahmud Necmeddin
8084:Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin
8058:Şehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin
8013:Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin
7112:Family tree (simplified)
6049:Turkey's Religious Sites
5998:"Circular Definitions",
4579:Miller, William (1896).
4526:Osmanoğulları'nın Tarihi
4389:Mureşanu, Camil (2021).
4290:Babinger, Franz (2003).
4212:Babinger, Franz (2003).
4184:Muresanu, Camil (2018).
3949:Lowry, Heath W. (2003).
3789:10.1163/157006510X512223
3502:Babinger, Franz (1978).
3437:18 February 2018 at the
3418:18 February 2018 at the
3313:Rise of Empires: Ottoman
3196:note from 1986 to 1992.
3179:Suleiman the Magnificent
2867:. Mother of Şehzade Cem.
2826:Suleiman the Magnificent
2482:rule in Constantinople.
2246:Treaty of Constantinople
1787:Treaty of Constantinople
558:. His father was Sultan
460:conquered Constantinople
10336:Medieval child monarchs
10186:Muzaffar al-Din Gökböri
9771:Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi
9579:'Abd al-Qadir al-Gilani
9289:Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri
9063:Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi
8944:Muhammad 'Abid al-Sindi
8890:Gelenbevi Ismail Efendi
8760:'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi
8600:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari
8559:Akmal al-Din al-Babarti
8488:Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki
8417:Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi
8174:Şehzade Mehmed Ertuğrul
6788:Müller-Wiener, Wolfgang
6601:Nicolle, David (2000).
6582:Arnold, Thomas (2001).
6305:Güncel Kaynağın Merkezi
6127:Uluçay 2011, pp. 39, 42
6052:. Damko. p. 1997.
5959:10.5152/tjg.2018.150318
5725:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
5696:İnalcık, Halil (1991).
5586:. Croatianhistory.net.
4558:TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi
4442:Jorga, Nicolae (2018).
4159:Jorga, Nicolae (2018).
3895:Encyclopædia Britannica
3863:Crowley, Roger (2009).
3398:Gustav Bayerle (1997).
3300:Mehmed Bir Cihan Fatihi
2931:
2914:Alexander Komnenos Asen
2747:Portrait of Mehmed, by
2585:Millet (Ottoman Empire)
2538:Rum Mehmed Pasha Mosque
2153:Albanian principalities
1447:Stephen III of Moldavia
1201:. The last holdout was
855:. Mehmed had installed
853:Eastern Orthodox Church
733:Siege of Constantinople
514:and parts of the wider
10331:Fall of Constantinople
10180:Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi
10027:'Abd al-Wahid ibn Zaid
9593:Baha' al-Din Naqshband
9352:Al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya
9266:Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni
9165:Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan
9159:Husayn Ahmad al-Madani
9069:Shakarim Qudayberdiuli
8867:İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi
8855:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
8742:Hasan Kafi al-Aqhisari
8594:Shams al-Din al-Fanari
8565:Baha' al-Din Naqshband
8500:Saif ed-Din al-Boharsi
8393:Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi
8376:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi
8317:Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi
8311:Abu Mansur al-Maturidi
8139:Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin
8089:Şehzade Ibrahim Tevfik
8033:Şehzade Selim Süleyman
8028:Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin
8023:Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin
7107:Family tree (detailed)
6911:4 January 2019 at the
6892:Contemporary portraits
6780:The Tourists' Istanbul
6726:Fredet, Peter (1888).
6584:The Renaissance at War
6046:Edmonds, Anna (1997).
5355:. Avalanchepress.com.
4101:Osmanlı Tarihi Cilt II
3245:
3137:
3125:
3060:Ciriaco de' Pizzicolli
3016:
2851:Sittişah Mukrime Hatun
2756:
2733:Mahmud Pasha Angelović
2703:
2598:
2528:) and the prestigious
2439:
2368:An Ottoman army under
2365:
2356:
2199:
2187:
2129:
2018:
1982:Uniting the Anatolian
1864:
1804:. However, they ceded
1650:Mahmud Pasha Angelović
1562:) with 100,000 silver
1551:
1485:The despot of Serbia,
1482:
1438:
1341:
1330:
1303:
1149:Despotate of the Morea
1138:
1045:by the Serbian despot
957:
824:
798:
677:
675:Fall of Constantinople
663:
654:Fall of Constantinople
547:
436:
399:
295:Meḥemmed bin Murad Han
10246:'Izz al-Din al-Qassam
10210:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi
10163:Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi
10128:Abu al-Husain al-Nuri
10086:Al-Harith al-Muhasibi
9284:Muhammad Rafi' Usmani
9260:Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri
9218:Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi
9195:Abdul Majid Daryabadi
9057:Mahmud Hasan Deobandi
8956:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi
8796:Khayr al-Din al-Ramli
8766:Mulla Mahmud Jaunpuri
8624:Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam
8323:Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi
8149:Şehzade Mahmud Şevket
8053:Şehzade Mehmed Şevket
6817:Philippides, Marios,
6605:. Osprey Publishing.
6118:Babinger 1992, p. 230
5908:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
5425:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
5383:collections.vam.ac.uk
5046:Alexander Mikaberidze
3963:Michael Wood (1985).
3869:. Faber & Faber.
3726:, Jim Bradbury, p. 68
3623:World Digital Library
3607:), p. 2, (In Turkish)
3463:Freely, John (2009).
3131:
3112:
3014:
2903:Demetrios Palaiologos
2886:conquest of Trebizond
2841:Mother of Bayezid II.
2746:
2697:
2592:
2429:
2420:Further information:
2405:Alphonso II of Naples
2401:Ferdinand I of Naples
2362:
2346:
2252:Crimean policy (1475)
2120:
2013:
1899:İbrahim II of Karaman
1883:emerged in Anatolia.
1855:
1639:after a 3-month siege
1545:
1476:
1430:
1373:clan, to the throne.
1336:
1320:
1289:
1177:Albanian-Greek revolt
1169:Demetrios Palaiologos
1136:
992:) and Omolhisar, and
948:
935:Further information:
814:
790:
671:Roumeli Hissar Castle
669:
661:
633:Ibrahim II of Karaman
619:on 10 November 1444.
541:
530:are named after him.
493:Emperor Constantine I
66:Portrait of Mehmet II
10286:Mehmed the Conqueror
10122:Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi
10110:Abu Sa'id al-Kharraz
9607:Mu'in al-Din Chishti
9417:Hak Dīni Kur'an Dili
9294:Muhammad Taqi Usmani
9254:Muhammad Salim Qasmi
9189:Abul Wafa Al Afghani
9147:Kifayatullah Dehlawi
9129:Shabbir Ahmad Usmani
9111:Muhammed Hamdi Yazır
9075:Muhammad Ali Mungeri
9039:Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
8950:Mamluk Ali Nanautawi
8908:Ghabdennasir Qursawi
8825:Ismail Haqqi Bursevi
8689:Abdul Quddus Gangohi
8618:Badr al-Din al-'Ayni
8494:Mu'in al-Din Chishti
8447:Fatima al-Samarqandi
8441:Nur al-Din al-Sabuni
8435:Siraj al-Din al-Ushi
8215:Şehzade Mahmud Namık
8159:Şehzade Ahmed Tevhid
8079:Şehzade Mehmed Selim
6740:The End of Byzantium
6657:Fine, John V. A. Jr.
6586:. Cassell & Co.
6454:16 June 2011 at the
6443:16 June 2011 at the
6432:15 June 2009 at the
6174:Norwich, John Julius
6103:4 March 2016 at the
5842:10.1093/oxartj/5.1.3
5796:www.historytoday.com
5612:. Light Millennium.
4041:John Freely (2009).
4002:Kader Konuk (2010).
3925:www.patriarchate.org
2925:Zaganos Mehmed Pasha
2890:Zaganos Mehmed Pasha
2782:Sigismondo Malatesta
2675:Gennadius Scholarius
2516:Mehmed restored the
2498:gun foundry outside
2466:is the messenger of
2430:Historical photo of
2353:Bertoldo di Giovanni
1730:and marched against
1684:Sigismondo Malatesta
1617:and refortified the
1569:Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey
1459:Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey
1227:John IV of Trebizond
1207:Graitzas Palaiologos
923:visited the site of
899:under Mehmed's son,
857:Gennadius Scholarius
743:. The harbor of the
625:Çandarlı Halil Pasha
489:Eastern Roman Empire
413:Mehmed the Conqueror
10192:Yusuf Abu al-Haggag
10045:Al-Fudayl ibn 'Iyad
10033:Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya
9703:('Umar al-Khalwati)
9242:Anzar Shah Kashmiri
9087:Anwar Shah Kashmiri
9015:Giritli Sırrı Pasha
8843:Nizamuddin Sihalivi
8821:(d. around 1123 AH)
8780:(d. around 1068 AH)
8411:Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami
8190:Şehzade Ahmed Nihad
8164:Şehzade Mehmed Abid
7392:Related templates:
6921:, 28 December 2006)
5178:, Pompiliu Teodor,
5066:5 July 2007 at the
4805:, pp. 575–581.
4769:, pp. 204–205.
4676:, pp. 176–177.
4664:, pp. 173–175.
4620:, pp. 125–126.
3441:. By Soner Cagaptay
3256:Mehmet Akif Alakurt
3082:poetry collection.
3025:Alexander the Great
2912:, she was widow of
2882:Helena Kantakuzenos
2700:Costanzo da Ferrara
2652:Bosnian Franciscans
2648:Ahdname of Milodraž
2422:History of Istanbul
1979:. He died in 1474.
1959:Battle of Otlukbeli
1955:Battle of Otlukbeli
1862:Battle of Otlukbeli
1810:under Ottoman siege
920:Empire of Trebizond
845:George of Trebizond
773:to Constantinople.
705:Abu Ayyub al-Ansari
437:Fâtih Sultan Mehmed
10356:People from Edirne
10216:Bahadur Shah Zafar
10157:Abu Talib al-Makki
10151:Abu Bakr al-Shibli
10124:(d. 295 or 320 AH)
10112:(d. 277 or 286 AH)
10076:(d. 205 or 215 AH)
9967:Dala'il al-Khayrat
9362:Tabsirat al-Adilla
9347:Tafsir al-Maturidi
9272:Nur Hossain Kasemi
9236:Muhammad Ayyub Ali
9177:Muhammad Abu Zahra
9171:Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen
9045:Ahmad Hasan Amrohi
9021:Ahmed Cevdet Pasha
8932:Syed Ahmad Barelvi
8926:Shah Ismail Dehlvi
8914:Ghulam Ali Dehlavi
8902:Sanaullah Panipati
8837:Liu Zhi of Nanjing
8730:Khwaja Baqi Billah
8612:Ahmad ibn Arabshah
8571:Kadi Burhan al-Din
8346:Abu Zayd al-Dabusi
8195:Şehzade Osman Fuad
8134:Şehzade Ömer Faruk
8114:Şehzade Ömer Hilmi
8104:Şehzade Ahmed Nuri
7117:Line of succession
6833:Setton, Kenneth M.
6738:Harris, Jonathan,
6554:. 5 October 2013.
6474:The New York Times
6311:on 13 January 2017
6273:Marios Philippides
6096:Wedding portrait,
5830:Oxford Art Journal
5454:Müller-Wiener 1977
5319:Ukraine: A History
5166:Mihai Bărbulescu,
4962:Spyridon Trikoupis
3310:in the docuseries
3308:Cem Yiğit Üzümoğlu
3295:Kenan İmirzalıoğlu
3221:Cesare della Valle
3138:
3126:
3068:Michael Critobulus
3017:
2908:Maria Hatun. Born
2757:
2704:
2599:
2520:(6 January 1454),
2440:
2394:Republic of Venice
2366:
2357:
2317:in 1475, bringing
2290:, a descendant of
2135:, a member of the
2130:
2046:attacking Turkish
2019:
2000:Republic of Venice
1905:, the governor of
1865:
1771:Žabljak Crnojevića
1752:besiege Negroponte
1641:, on 16 December.
1619:Isthmus of Corinth
1556:Michael Critobulus
1552:
1483:
1451:Fortress of Chilia
1354:Kingdom of Hungary
1342:
1331:
1173:Thomas Palaiologos
1161:Isthmus of Corinth
1139:
1043:Kingdom of Hungary
958:
908:Despotate of Morea
825:
717:Eyüp Sultan Mosque
678:
664:
548:
474:(Ottoman Turkish:
415:(Ottoman Turkish:
190:, Istanbul, Turkey
18:Mehmed II Al-Fatih
10273:
10272:
10255:
10254:
10198:Muhammad al-Fateh
10092:Dhul-Nun al-Misri
10009:Ibrahim ibn Adham
9997:Al-Hasan al-Basri
9972:Fadha'il al-'Amal
9942:Hilyat al-Awliya'
9774:
9760:
9746:
9732:
9718:
9704:
9694:
9680:
9666:
9663:Ibrahim al-Desuqi
9652:
9638:
9624:
9610:
9596:
9582:
9522:
9521:
9489:
9488:
9425:
9424:
9402:Tafsir al-Mazhari
9372:Talkhis al-Adilla
9367:'Aqa'id al-Nasafi
9357:Al-Sawad al-A'zam
9312:
9311:
9248:Wahbah al-Zuhayli
9123:Ubaidullah Sindhi
9117:Ashraf Ali Thanwi
9099:Fatma Aliye Topuz
8896:Murtada al-Zabidi
8695:Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī
8547:Nizamuddin Auliya
8520:(d. after 690 AH)
8296:Maturidi scholars
8254:
8253:
8236:Şehzade Ali Vasib
7407:
7406:
7005:
7004:
6996:Succeeded by
6977:Succeeded by
6876:978-90-04-12106-5
6801:978-3-8030-1022-3
6770:978-0-230-57451-9
6748:978-0-300-11786-8
6719:978-0-465-02396-7
6691:978-0-465-02396-7
6335:Islamic Landmarks
6286:978-1-4094-1064-5
6161:978-0-195-08677-5
6035:978-9-753-29623-6
6017:978-0-8223-2155-2
5732:978-90-04-08112-3
5254:Jurnalul Național
5176:Șerban Papacostea
5023:on 5 October 2013
4428:978-1-4875-3262-8
4400:978-1-59211-115-2
4054:978-1-59020-449-8
4015:978-0-8047-7575-5
3976:978-0-520-21599-3
3605:978-605-4052-11-0
3515:978-0-691-01078-6
3476:978-1-84511-704-7
3243:the Turkish film
3142:Maltepe, Istanbul
2961:Kingdom of Naples
2878:David II Komnenos
2857:, sixth ruler of
2513:; "immigrants").
2462:. I testify that
2409:Matthias Corvinus
2370:Gedik Ahmed Pasha
2315:Gedik Ahmed Pasha
2216:, and lifted the
2137:Albanian nobility
2027:Stephen the Great
1940:Gedik Ahmet Pasha
1881:Anatolian beyliks
1808:, which had been
1588:Matthias Corvinus
1496:On 10 July 1461,
1491:Stephen Tomašević
1463:Matthias Corvinus
1123:Serbian Despotate
1111:Stephen Tomašević
1073:siege of Belgrade
990:Ostrvica Fortress
970:Serbian Despotate
954:Siege of Belgrade
950:Ottoman miniature
747:was blocked by a
682:Bosphorus Straits
481:
439:), was twice the
434:
422:
388:
369:
368:
299:
298:
159:Ottoman Sultanate
16:(Redirected from
10373:
10265:
10228:Emir Abdel-Kader
10057:Ma'ruf al-Karkhi
10051:Shaqiq al-Balkhi
10015:Sufyan al-Thawri
9987:
9986:
9785:
9768:
9754:
9740:
9726:
9712:
9702:
9688:
9674:
9660:
9646:
9632:
9618:
9604:
9590:
9576:
9549:
9542:
9535:
9526:
9525:
9514:Islamic theology
9434:
9433:
9337:Al-Fiqh al-Akbar
9330:
9329:
9320:
9299:Husein Kavazović
9278:Usmankhan Alimov
9224:Abdul Haq Akorwi
9033:Abai Qunanbaiuly
8831:Shah Abdur Rahim
8707:Muhammad Birgivi
8606:Yaqub al-Charkhi
8482:Al-Mu'azzam 'Isa
8429:Nur al-Din Zengi
8358:Yūsuf Balasaguni
8301:
8300:
8281:
8274:
8267:
8258:
8257:
8241:Dündar Ali Osman
8144:Mehmed Abdulaziz
7830:Şehzade Süleyman
7731:Şehzade Cihangir
7716:Şehzade Abdullah
7654:Şehzade Abdullah
7475:
7444:
7434:
7427:
7420:
7411:
7410:
7383:
7382:
7077:
7070:
7063:
7054:
7053:
7045:
7044:
7043:
7033:
7032:
7031:
7021:
7020:
7019:
7012:
6960:Preceded by
6950:
6943:
6925:
6924:
6880:
6852:
6814:
6805:
6783:
6776:Mamboury, Ernest
6723:
6695:
6676:
6652:
6616:
6597:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6563:
6548:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6485:
6465:
6459:
6424:
6418:
6408:
6402:
6396:
6390:
6384:
6378:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6357:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6337:. 26 June 2014.
6327:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6269:
6263:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6202:Runciman, Steven
6198:
6192:
6191:
6170:
6164:
6149:
6143:
6137:
6128:
6125:
6119:
6116:
6107:
6094:
6088:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6043:
6037:
6027:
6021:
6020:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5978:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5903:
5892:
5891:
5863:
5854:
5853:
5825:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5788:
5779:
5778:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5701:
5693:
5684:
5683:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5660:
5647:
5641:
5635:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5511:
5505:
5499:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5457:
5451:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5421:
5412:
5407:Lewis, Bernard.
5405:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5322:
5309:
5300:
5295:Pulaha, Selami.
5293:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5272:
5263:
5252:
5248:
5242:
5226:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5197:
5191:
5164:
5155:
5152:
5146:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5117:
5111:
5097:
5091:
5077:
5071:
5055:
5049:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5013:
5007:
5001:
4990:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4969:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4936:
4930:
4924:
4918:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4894:
4885:
4879:
4870:
4864:
4855:
4849:
4838:
4832:
4821:
4815:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4710:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4642:
4635:
4627:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4496:
4490:
4477:
4474:Uzunçarşılı 2019
4471:
4458:
4457:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4357:
4344:
4343:
4325:
4310:
4309:
4287:
4274:
4273:
4261:
4232:
4231:
4209:
4200:
4199:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4156:
4145:
4142:
4133:
4130:
4119:
4118:
4096:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3960:
3954:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3804:
3798:
3791:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3727:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3614:
3608:
3594:
3585:
3579:
3570:
3564:
3549:
3543:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3429:
3423:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3377:
3355:Ḡazā-nāma-ye Rum
3250:
3105:Death and legacy
3066:of Florence and
2984:Sultan Ahmad Beg
2910:Maria Gattilusio
2749:Nakkaş Sinan Bey
2608:Byzantine Church
2542:Rum Mehmed Pasha
2509:
2476:charitable trust
2102:Vlad the Impaler
2032:Battle of Vaslui
1992:Battle of Ankara
1903:İshak of Karaman
1867:During the post-
1783:siege of Shkodra
1763:was unsuccessful
1708:Vettore Cappello
1621:, restoring the
1548:Siege of Shkodra
1351:
1233:, sultan of the
1211:Salmeniko Castle
1107:Stefan Branković
1077:Stefan Branković
1003:Nikola Skobaljić
966:Battle of Kosovo
596:made peace with
486:
480:romanized:
479:
477:
464:Byzantine Empire
432:
429:
427:
421:romanized:
420:
418:
410:
405:
393:
383:
381:
365:
341:
334:
287:
286:
255:
178:, Ottoman Empire
171:
62:
39:
38:
21:
10381:
10380:
10376:
10375:
10374:
10372:
10371:
10370:
10366:Sons of sultans
10316:Turkish Muslims
10276:
10275:
10274:
10269:
10251:
10240:Omar al-Mukhtar
10168:
10133:
10116:Sahl al-Tustari
10062:
10003:Malik ibn Dinar
9976:
9947:Kashf al-Mahjub
9929:Sufi literature
9923:
9919:Sufi philosophy
9852:
9786:
9777:
9757:Ahmad al-Tijani
9649:Ahmad al-Badawi
9635:Ahmad al-Rifa'i
9558:
9553:
9523:
9518:
9485:
9421:
9392:Qingzhen Zhinan
9342:Kitab al-Tawhid
9321:
9308:
9205:14th AH/20th AD
9200:
8990:13th AH/19th AD
8985:
8920:Shah Abdul Aziz
8883:12th AH/18th AD
8878:
8806:11th AH/17th AD
8801:
8723:10th AH/16th AD
8718:
8713:Ebussuud Efendi
8671:Ali-Shir Nava'i
8659:
8576:
8523:
8464:
8381:
8334:
8290:
8285:
8255:
8250:
8229:23rd generation
8224:
8183:22nd generation
8178:
8067:21st generation
8062:
7991:20th generation
7986:
7965:19th generation
7960:
7934:18th generation
7929:
7901:17th generation
7896:
7880:16th generation
7875:
7849:15th generation
7844:
7825:Şehzade Bayezid
7803:14th generation
7798:
7777:13th generation
7772:
7756:12th generation
7751:
7740:11th generation
7735:
7726:Şehzade Bayezid
7706:Şehzade Mustafa
7699:10th generation
7694:
7668:
7627:
7606:
7585:
7564:
7540:Süleyman Çelebi
7528:
7502:
7476:
7467:
7446:
7445:Ottoman princes
7438:
7408:
7403:
7369:
7163:Süleyman Çelebi
7121:
7093:
7081:
7051:
7041:
7039:
7029:
7027:
7017:
7015:
7007:
7001:
6992:
6982:
6973:
6965:
6944:
6938:
6937:
6930:
6913:Wayback Machine
6888:
6883:
6877:
6849:
6802:
6720:
6712:. Basic Books.
6692:
6673:
6641:
6621:Babinger, Franz
6613:
6594:
6577:
6572:
6571:
6561:
6559:
6550:
6549:
6545:
6535:
6533:
6524:
6523:
6519:
6509:
6507:
6502:. 11 May 2023.
6498:
6497:
6493:
6483:
6481:
6466:
6462:
6456:Wayback Machine
6445:Wayback Machine
6434:Wayback Machine
6425:
6421:
6409:
6405:
6397:
6393:
6385:
6381:
6373:
6369:
6358:
6354:
6344:
6342:
6329:
6328:
6324:
6314:
6312:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6287:
6270:
6266:
6258:
6254:
6244:
6242:
6227:
6223:
6216:
6199:
6195:
6188:
6171:
6167:
6150:
6146:
6138:
6131:
6126:
6122:
6117:
6110:
6105:Wayback Machine
6095:
6091:
6083:
6079:
6069:
6067:
6060:
6044:
6040:
6028:
6024:
6018:
5997:
5996:
5992:
5939:
5935:
5920:10.2307/1291474
5904:
5895:
5868:Muqarnas Online
5864:
5857:
5826:
5815:
5805:
5803:
5790:
5789:
5782:
5771:
5767:
5756:
5752:
5744:
5740:
5733:
5704:Bosworth, C. E.
5694:
5687:
5676:
5672:
5661:
5650:
5642:
5638:
5633:
5629:
5619:
5617:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5593:
5591:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5567:
5565:
5558:
5542:
5538:
5528:
5526:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5500:
5496:
5488:
5484:
5476:
5472:
5464:
5460:
5452:
5443:
5435:
5431:
5422:
5415:
5406:
5402:
5392:
5390:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5362:
5360:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5339:
5313:Subtelny, Orest
5310:
5303:
5294:
5290:
5282:
5278:
5273:
5266:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5237:Wayback Machine
5224:
5223:
5219:
5212:
5198:
5194:
5168:Dennis Deletant
5165:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5144:
5140:
5130:
5128:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5098:
5094:
5078:
5074:
5068:Wayback Machine
5061:(2001) – Venice
5056:
5052:
5040:
5036:
5026:
5024:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5002:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4976:
4972:
4960:
4956:
4948:
4939:
4931:
4927:
4919:
4912:
4904:
4900:
4895:
4888:
4880:
4873:
4865:
4858:
4850:
4841:
4833:
4824:
4816:
4809:
4801:
4797:
4789:
4785:
4777:
4773:
4765:
4761:
4750:
4748:
4739:Adrian Axinte.
4737:
4733:
4723:
4721:
4712:
4711:
4704:
4696:
4692:
4684:
4680:
4672:
4668:
4660:
4656:
4646:
4644:
4643:on 27 July 2013
4640:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4616:
4612:
4602:
4600:
4593:
4577:
4573:
4563:
4561:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4522:
4518:
4510:
4499:
4491:
4480:
4472:
4461:
4454:
4440:
4436:
4429:
4415:
4411:
4401:
4387:
4383:
4376:
4358:
4347:
4340:
4326:
4313:
4306:
4288:
4277:
4262:
4235:
4228:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4182:
4178:
4171:
4157:
4148:
4143:
4136:
4131:
4122:
4115:
4097:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4055:
4039:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4016:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3984:
3977:
3961:
3957:
3948:
3944:
3934:
3932:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3904:
3902:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3861:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3838:Washington Post
3832:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3770:
3766:
3758:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3722:
3718:
3710:
3706:
3698:
3687:
3677:
3675:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3595:
3588:
3580:
3573:
3565:
3552:
3544:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3516:
3500:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3477:
3461:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3439:Wayback Machine
3430:
3426:
3420:Wayback Machine
3411:
3407:
3396:
3392:
3384:. p. 118.
3378:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3353:(author of the
3337:
3269:İsmail Hacıoğlu
3202:
3107:
3009:
2980:Gevherhan Hatun
2973:
2947:Şehzade Mustafa
2934:
2822:
2814:
2741:
2692:
2616:Gentile Bellini
2587:
2581:
2436:imperial mosque
2424:
2418:
2341:
2335:
2284:Crimean Khanate
2260:
2258:Crimean Khanate
2254:
2157:League of Lezhë
2127:League of Lezhë
2115:
2040:Crimean Khanate
2023:Peter III Aaron
2008:
1850:
1800:, Antivan, and
1623:Hexamilion wall
1608:Crimean Khanate
1540:
1534:
1506:Bosnian Kingdom
1487:Lazar Branković
1471:
1346:Ottoman Turkish
1315:
1219:
1159: – at the
1157:Hexamilion wall
1145:
1131:
1066:Đurađ Branković
1047:Đurađ Branković
982:Đurađ Branković
943:
933:
849:Catholic Church
797:
794:
741:Dardanelles Gun
684:, the fortress
656:
650:
645:
617:Battle of Varna
613:Julian Cesarini
536:
403:
376:Ottoman Turkish
339:
335:
332:
281:
272:Şehzade Mustafa
262:Gevherhan Hatun
249:
248:
240:
191:
173:
169:
153:
76:
74:
71:Gentile Bellini
51:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10379:
10369:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10318:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10271:
10270:
10260:
10257:
10256:
10253:
10252:
10250:
10249:
10243:
10237:
10236:(d. 1302/1885)
10234:Muhammad Ahmad
10231:
10225:
10219:
10213:
10207:
10201:
10195:
10189:
10183:
10176:
10174:
10170:
10169:
10167:
10166:
10160:
10154:
10148:
10141:
10139:
10138:4th AH/10th AD
10135:
10134:
10132:
10131:
10125:
10119:
10113:
10107:
10101:
10098:Sari al-Saqati
10095:
10089:
10083:
10077:
10070:
10068:
10064:
10063:
10061:
10060:
10054:
10048:
10042:
10039:Ibn al-Mubarak
10036:
10030:
10024:
10018:
10012:
10006:
10000:
9993:
9991:
9984:
9978:
9977:
9975:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9959:
9954:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9933:
9931:
9925:
9924:
9922:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9860:
9858:
9854:
9853:
9851:
9850:
9845:
9840:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9820:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9794:
9792:
9788:
9787:
9780:
9778:
9776:
9775:
9761:
9747:
9733:
9719:
9705:
9695:
9681:
9667:
9653:
9639:
9625:
9611:
9597:
9583:
9568:
9566:
9560:
9559:
9552:
9551:
9544:
9537:
9529:
9520:
9519:
9517:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9494:
9491:
9490:
9487:
9486:
9484:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9437:
9431:
9427:
9426:
9423:
9422:
9420:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9333:
9327:
9326:Theology books
9323:
9322:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9309:
9307:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9275:
9269:
9263:
9257:
9251:
9245:
9239:
9233:
9227:
9221:
9215:
9208:
9206:
9202:
9201:
9199:
9198:
9192:
9186:
9180:
9174:
9168:
9162:
9156:
9150:
9144:
9138:
9132:
9126:
9120:
9114:
9108:
9105:Meher Ali Shah
9102:
9096:
9090:
9084:
9078:
9072:
9066:
9060:
9054:
9048:
9042:
9036:
9030:
9024:
9018:
9012:
9006:
9000:
8993:
8991:
8987:
8986:
8984:
8983:
8977:
8971:
8965:
8962:Yusuf Ma Dexin
8959:
8953:
8947:
8941:
8935:
8929:
8923:
8917:
8911:
8905:
8899:
8893:
8886:
8884:
8880:
8879:
8877:
8876:
8870:
8864:
8858:
8852:
8846:
8840:
8834:
8828:
8822:
8816:
8809:
8807:
8803:
8802:
8800:
8799:
8793:
8787:
8781:
8775:
8769:
8763:
8757:
8751:
8748:Ahmad Sirhindi
8745:
8739:
8733:
8726:
8724:
8720:
8719:
8717:
8716:
8710:
8704:
8698:
8692:
8686:
8680:
8677:Husayn Kashifi
8674:
8667:
8665:
8664:9th AH/15th AD
8661:
8660:
8658:
8657:
8651:
8645:
8642:'Ali al-Qushji
8639:
8636:Ali al-Bistami
8633:
8627:
8621:
8615:
8609:
8603:
8597:
8591:
8584:
8582:
8581:8th AH/14th AD
8578:
8577:
8575:
8574:
8568:
8562:
8556:
8550:
8544:
8538:
8531:
8529:
8528:7th AH/13th AD
8525:
8524:
8522:
8521:
8515:
8509:
8503:
8497:
8491:
8485:
8479:
8472:
8470:
8469:6th AH/12th AD
8466:
8465:
8463:
8462:
8456:
8450:
8444:
8438:
8432:
8426:
8420:
8414:
8408:
8405:Yusuf Hamadani
8402:
8396:
8389:
8387:
8386:5th AH/11th AD
8383:
8382:
8380:
8379:
8373:
8367:
8361:
8355:
8349:
8342:
8340:
8339:4th AH/10th AD
8336:
8335:
8333:
8332:
8326:
8320:
8314:
8307:
8305:
8298:
8292:
8291:
8284:
8283:
8276:
8269:
8261:
8252:
8251:
8249:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8232:
8230:
8226:
8225:
8223:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8210:Ertuğrul Osman
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8186:
8184:
8180:
8179:
8177:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8070:
8068:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8003:Abdul Hamid II
8000:
7994:
7992:
7988:
7987:
7985:
7984:
7982:Mustafa Efendi
7979:
7974:
7968:
7966:
7962:
7961:
7959:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7937:
7935:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7915:
7910:
7904:
7902:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7894:
7889:
7883:
7881:
7877:
7876:
7874:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7852:
7850:
7846:
7845:
7843:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7815:Şehzade Mehmed
7812:
7806:
7804:
7800:
7799:
7797:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7784:Şehzade Mahmud
7780:
7778:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7770:
7765:
7759:
7757:
7753:
7752:
7750:
7749:
7743:
7741:
7737:
7736:
7734:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7711:Şehzade Mehmed
7708:
7702:
7700:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7676:
7674:
7673:9th generation
7670:
7669:
7667:
7666:
7661:
7659:Şehzade Mahmud
7656:
7651:
7646:
7644:Şehzade Korkut
7641:
7635:
7633:
7632:8th generation
7629:
7628:
7626:
7625:
7620:
7614:
7612:
7611:7th generation
7608:
7607:
7605:
7604:
7599:
7593:
7591:
7590:6th generation
7587:
7586:
7584:
7583:
7578:
7572:
7570:
7569:5th generation
7566:
7565:
7563:
7562:
7560:Mustafa Çelebi
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7536:
7534:
7533:4th generation
7530:
7529:
7527:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7510:
7508:
7507:3rd generation
7504:
7503:
7501:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7488:Süleyman Pasha
7484:
7482:
7481:2nd generation
7478:
7477:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7460:
7458:Alaeddin Pasha
7454:
7452:
7451:1st generation
7448:
7447:
7437:
7436:
7429:
7422:
7414:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7401:
7399:Valide sultans
7396:
7389:
7388:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7350:Abdul Hamid II
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7182:Mustafa Çelebi
7178:
7173:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7098:
7095:
7094:
7080:
7079:
7072:
7065:
7057:
7050:
7049:
7037:
7025:
7003:
7002:
6997:
6994:
6989:Ottoman Sultan
6984:
6983:
6978:
6975:
6970:Ottoman Sultan
6966:
6961:
6957:
6956:
6955:Regnal titles
6952:
6951:
6934:House of Osman
6931:
6928:
6923:
6922:
6903:
6894:
6887:
6886:External links
6884:
6882:
6881:
6875:
6862:
6853:
6847:
6829:
6815:
6806:
6800:
6784:
6772:
6760:Imber, Colin,
6758:
6750:
6736:
6724:
6718:
6705:
6696:
6690:
6677:
6671:
6653:
6639:
6617:
6611:
6598:
6592:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6543:
6517:
6491:
6460:
6419:
6403:
6401:, p. 432.
6391:
6379:
6375:The Grand Turk
6367:
6364:. p. 368.
6352:
6331:"Fatih Mosque"
6322:
6292:
6285:
6264:
6252:
6221:
6214:
6193:
6186:
6165:
6144:
6129:
6120:
6108:
6089:
6077:
6058:
6038:
6022:
6016:
5990:
5953:(3): 270–282.
5933:
5893:
5855:
5813:
5780:
5765:
5750:
5748:, p. 114.
5738:
5731:
5708:van Donzel, E.
5685:
5670:
5648:
5636:
5627:
5601:
5575:
5557:978-0300047431
5556:
5536:
5506:
5494:
5482:
5470:
5458:
5441:
5429:
5413:
5400:
5370:
5353:"Soldier Khan"
5344:
5337:
5301:
5288:
5276:
5264:
5243:
5217:
5210:
5192:
5172:Keith Hitchins
5156:
5147:
5138:
5112:
5101:Türkiye tarihi
5092:
5081:Türkiye tarihi
5072:
5050:
5048:, p. 917, 2011
5034:
5008:
4991:
4982:
4970:
4954:
4937:
4925:
4910:
4898:
4886:
4871:
4856:
4839:
4822:
4807:
4795:
4793:, p. 207.
4783:
4771:
4759:
4731:
4720:on 8 June 2009
4702:
4690:
4688:, p. 193.
4678:
4666:
4654:
4622:
4610:
4592:978-0836999655
4591:
4571:
4545:
4538:
4516:
4514:, p. 131.
4497:
4495:, p. 130.
4478:
4459:
4452:
4434:
4427:
4409:
4399:
4381:
4374:
4345:
4338:
4311:
4304:
4275:
4233:
4226:
4201:
4194:
4176:
4169:
4146:
4134:
4120:
4113:
4072:
4053:
4033:
4014:
3994:
3975:
3955:
3942:
3912:
3882:
3876:978-0571250790
3875:
3855:
3825:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3783:(4): 317–354,
3771:
3764:
3752:
3740:
3736:Stavrides 2001
3728:
3716:
3714:, p. 111.
3704:
3700:Stavrides 2001
3685:
3655:
3641:
3609:
3586:
3571:
3550:
3533:
3514:
3494:
3475:
3455:
3443:
3424:
3405:
3390:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3348:
3343:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3328:Serkan Çayoğlu
3324:
3317:
3304:
3291:
3287:Dracula Untold
3282:Dominic Cooper
3278:
3274:Osmanlı Tokadı
3265:
3252:
3237:
3228:
3205:Mehmed is the
3201:
3198:
3183:Franz Babinger
3150:southern Italy
3106:
3103:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2997:
2990:
2987:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2950:
2944:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2906:
2893:
2868:
2862:
2848:
2842:
2839:Gülbahar Hatun
2821:
2818:
2813:
2810:
2753:Topkapı Palace
2740:
2737:
2691:
2688:
2641:eight madrasas
2629:Topkapı Palace
2583:Main article:
2580:
2577:
2522:monk Gennadios
2478:, solidifying
2417:
2414:
2386:Pope Sixtus IV
2337:Main article:
2334:
2331:
2303:Dniester River
2268:Crimean Tatars
2264:Turkic peoples
2256:Main article:
2253:
2250:
2214:Ballaban Pasha
2151:), united the
2145:Gjon Kastrioti
2114:
2111:
2107:Vlad Călugărul
2082:Polish Kingdom
2016:Paolo Veronese
2007:
2004:
1849:
1846:
1584:Alvise Loredan
1536:Main article:
1533:
1530:
1498:Stephen Thomas
1470:
1467:
1314:
1311:
1218:
1215:
1195:Mani Peninsula
1165:Constantinople
1141:Main article:
1130:
1127:
1020:Constantinople
978:Mara Branković
941:Ottoman Serbia
932:
929:
819:, painting by
817:Constantinople
791:
652:Main article:
649:
646:
644:
641:
535:
532:
391:Meḥmed-i s̱ānī
367:
366:
359:
353:
352:
347:
343:
342:
337:Mara Branković
327:
323:
322:
317:
313:
312:
307:
301:
300:
297:
296:
292:
291:
283:
282:
280:
279:
274:
269:
264:
258:
256:
242:
241:
239:
238:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
213:Sittişah Hatun
210:
205:
203:Gülbahar Hatun
199:
197:
193:
192:
186:
184:
180:
179:
172:(aged 49)
166:
162:
161:
150:
146:
145:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
78:
77:
63:
55:
54:
49:Caesar of Rome
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10378:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10361:Turkish poets
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10283:
10281:
10268:
10264:
10258:
10247:
10244:
10241:
10238:
10235:
10232:
10229:
10226:
10223:
10220:
10217:
10214:
10211:
10208:
10205:
10202:
10199:
10196:
10193:
10190:
10187:
10184:
10181:
10178:
10177:
10175:
10171:
10164:
10161:
10158:
10155:
10152:
10149:
10146:
10143:
10142:
10140:
10136:
10129:
10126:
10123:
10120:
10117:
10114:
10111:
10108:
10105:
10102:
10099:
10096:
10093:
10090:
10087:
10084:
10081:
10080:Bishr al-Hafi
10078:
10075:
10072:
10071:
10069:
10067:3rd AH/9th AD
10065:
10058:
10055:
10052:
10049:
10046:
10043:
10040:
10037:
10034:
10031:
10028:
10025:
10022:
10021:Dawud al-Ta'i
10019:
10016:
10013:
10010:
10007:
10004:
10001:
9998:
9995:
9994:
9992:
9990:2nd AH/8th AD
9988:
9985:
9983:
9982:Notable Sufis
9979:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9934:
9932:
9930:
9926:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9861:
9859:
9855:
9849:
9846:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9795:
9793:
9789:
9784:
9772:
9767:
9766:
9762:
9758:
9753:
9752:
9748:
9744:
9739:
9738:
9734:
9730:
9725:
9724:
9720:
9716:
9711:
9710:
9706:
9701:
9700:
9696:
9692:
9687:
9686:
9682:
9678:
9673:
9672:
9668:
9664:
9659:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9645:
9644:
9640:
9636:
9631:
9630:
9626:
9622:
9617:
9616:
9615:Suhrawardiyya
9612:
9608:
9603:
9602:
9598:
9594:
9589:
9588:
9587:Naqshbandiyya
9584:
9580:
9575:
9574:
9570:
9569:
9567:
9565:
9561:
9557:
9550:
9545:
9543:
9538:
9536:
9531:
9530:
9527:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9496:
9492:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9471:Firangi Mahal
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9438:
9435:
9432:
9428:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9407:Izhar ul-Haqq
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9397:Kutadgu Bilig
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9334:
9331:
9328:
9324:
9319:
9305:
9304:Salah Mezhiev
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9279:
9276:
9273:
9270:
9267:
9264:
9261:
9258:
9255:
9252:
9249:
9246:
9243:
9240:
9237:
9234:
9231:
9228:
9225:
9222:
9219:
9216:
9213:
9210:
9209:
9207:
9203:
9196:
9193:
9190:
9187:
9184:
9181:
9178:
9175:
9172:
9169:
9166:
9163:
9160:
9157:
9154:
9153:Mustafa Sabri
9151:
9148:
9145:
9142:
9139:
9136:
9133:
9130:
9127:
9124:
9121:
9118:
9115:
9112:
9109:
9106:
9103:
9100:
9097:
9094:
9091:
9088:
9085:
9082:
9079:
9076:
9073:
9070:
9067:
9064:
9061:
9058:
9055:
9052:
9049:
9046:
9043:
9040:
9037:
9034:
9031:
9028:
9025:
9022:
9019:
9016:
9013:
9010:
9007:
9004:
9001:
8998:
8995:
8994:
8992:
8988:
8981:
8978:
8975:
8974:Naqi Ali Khan
8972:
8969:
8966:
8963:
8960:
8957:
8954:
8951:
8948:
8945:
8942:
8939:
8936:
8933:
8930:
8927:
8924:
8921:
8918:
8915:
8912:
8909:
8906:
8903:
8900:
8897:
8894:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8881:
8874:
8871:
8868:
8865:
8862:
8859:
8856:
8853:
8850:
8847:
8844:
8841:
8838:
8835:
8832:
8829:
8826:
8823:
8820:
8817:
8814:
8811:
8810:
8808:
8804:
8797:
8794:
8791:
8788:
8785:
8782:
8779:
8776:
8773:
8770:
8767:
8764:
8761:
8758:
8755:
8754:Mahmud Hudayi
8752:
8749:
8746:
8743:
8740:
8737:
8734:
8731:
8728:
8727:
8725:
8721:
8714:
8711:
8708:
8705:
8702:
8699:
8696:
8693:
8690:
8687:
8684:
8681:
8678:
8675:
8672:
8669:
8668:
8666:
8662:
8655:
8652:
8649:
8646:
8643:
8640:
8637:
8634:
8631:
8628:
8625:
8622:
8619:
8616:
8613:
8610:
8607:
8604:
8601:
8598:
8595:
8592:
8589:
8586:
8585:
8583:
8579:
8572:
8569:
8566:
8563:
8560:
8557:
8554:
8551:
8548:
8545:
8542:
8539:
8536:
8533:
8532:
8530:
8526:
8519:
8516:
8513:
8510:
8507:
8504:
8501:
8498:
8495:
8492:
8489:
8486:
8483:
8480:
8477:
8474:
8473:
8471:
8467:
8460:
8457:
8454:
8451:
8448:
8445:
8442:
8439:
8436:
8433:
8430:
8427:
8424:
8421:
8418:
8415:
8412:
8409:
8406:
8403:
8400:
8397:
8394:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8384:
8377:
8374:
8371:
8368:
8365:
8362:
8359:
8356:
8353:
8350:
8347:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8337:
8330:
8327:
8324:
8321:
8318:
8315:
8312:
8309:
8308:
8306:
8304:3rd AH/9th AD
8302:
8299:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8282:
8277:
8275:
8270:
8268:
8263:
8262:
8259:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8233:
8231:
8227:
8221:
8220:Bayezid Osman
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8187:
8185:
8181:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8071:
8069:
8065:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8048:Abdulmejid II
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7995:
7993:
7989:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7963:
7957:
7956:Şehzade Selim
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7938:
7936:
7932:
7926:
7925:Abdul Hamid I
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7899:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7884:
7882:
7878:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7853:
7851:
7847:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7835:Şehzade Kasım
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7801:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7781:
7779:
7775:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7760:
7758:
7754:
7748:
7745:
7744:
7742:
7738:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7703:
7701:
7697:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7685:Şehzade Murad
7683:
7681:
7678:
7677:
7675:
7671:
7665:
7664:Şehzade Murad
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7639:Şehzade Ahmet
7637:
7636:
7634:
7630:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7609:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7592:
7588:
7582:
7581:Küçük Mustafa
7579:
7577:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7567:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7531:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7511:
7509:
7505:
7499:
7498:Şehzade Halil
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7479:
7474:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7449:
7443:
7435:
7430:
7428:
7423:
7421:
7416:
7415:
7412:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7391:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7377:
7376:
7372:
7366:
7365:Abdulmejid II
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7315:Abdul Hamid I
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7215:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7183:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7165:
7164:
7159:
7158:
7153:
7152:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7124:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7085:
7078:
7073:
7071:
7066:
7064:
7059:
7058:
7055:
7048:
7038:
7036:
7026:
7024:
7014:
7013:
7010:
7000:
6991:
6990:
6985:
6981:
6972:
6971:
6964:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6942:30 March 1432
6941:
6936:
6935:
6926:
6920:
6919:
6914:
6910:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6901:Edward Gibbon
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6878:
6872:
6868:
6863:
6860:
6859:
6854:
6850:
6848:0-87169-127-2
6844:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6830:
6828:
6827:0-917653-16-5
6824:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6807:
6803:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6751:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6730:
6725:
6721:
6715:
6711:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6693:
6687:
6683:
6678:
6674:
6672:0-472-08260-4
6668:
6664:
6663:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6640:0-691-09900-6
6636:
6632:
6631:Ralph Manheim
6628:
6627:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6612:1-84176-091-9
6608:
6604:
6599:
6595:
6593:0-304-35270-5
6589:
6585:
6580:
6579:
6557:
6553:
6547:
6531:
6527:
6521:
6505:
6501:
6495:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6464:
6457:
6453:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6428:
6423:
6417:
6416:9953-18-084-9
6413:
6407:
6400:
6399:Babinger 1992
6395:
6388:
6383:
6376:
6371:
6363:
6356:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6326:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6296:
6288:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6268:
6262:, p. 207
6261:
6260:Babinger 1992
6256:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6225:
6217:
6215:0-521-39832-0
6211:
6207:
6203:
6197:
6189:
6187:0-679-41650-1
6183:
6179:
6175:
6169:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6148:
6142:
6136:
6134:
6124:
6115:
6113:
6106:
6102:
6099:
6093:
6087:, p. 51.
6086:
6085:Babinger 1992
6081:
6065:
6061:
6059:975-8227-00-9
6055:
6051:
6050:
6042:
6036:
6032:
6026:
6019:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
6000:Ladies Errant
5994:
5986:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5937:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5862:
5860:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5787:
5785:
5776:
5769:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5746:Babinger 1992
5742:
5734:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5718:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5700:
5699:"Meḥemmed II"
5692:
5690:
5681:
5674:
5666:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5645:
5640:
5631:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5549:
5548:
5540:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5504:, p. 99.
5503:
5502:Mamboury 1953
5498:
5491:
5486:
5479:
5474:
5468:, p. 17.
5467:
5462:
5455:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5439:, p. 84.
5438:
5433:
5426:
5420:
5418:
5410:
5404:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5340:
5338:0-8020-8390-0
5334:
5330:
5326:
5321:
5320:
5314:
5308:
5306:
5298:
5292:
5286:, p. 278
5285:
5280:
5271:
5269:
5262:
5260:
5255:
5251:(in Romanian)
5247:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5231:
5225:(in Romanian)
5221:
5213:
5211:0-521-29163-1
5207:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5188:973-653-215-1
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5161:
5151:
5142:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5110:
5109:975-16-0258-0
5106:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5089:975-16-0258-0
5086:
5082:
5076:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5054:
5047:
5043:
5038:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5005:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4986:
4980:, p. 284
4979:
4974:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4952:, p. 283
4951:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4935:, p. 273
4934:
4929:
4923:, p. 251
4922:
4917:
4915:
4908:, p. 270
4907:
4902:
4893:
4891:
4884:, p. 250
4883:
4878:
4876:
4869:, p. 248
4868:
4863:
4861:
4853:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4836:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4820:, p. 241
4819:
4814:
4812:
4804:
4799:
4792:
4791:Babinger 1992
4787:
4780:
4775:
4768:
4767:Babinger 1992
4763:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4707:
4699:
4698:Babinger 1992
4694:
4687:
4686:Babinger 1992
4682:
4675:
4674:Babinger 1992
4670:
4663:
4662:Babinger 1992
4658:
4639:
4632:
4626:
4619:
4618:Babinger 1992
4614:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4575:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4541:
4539:975-296-043-X
4535:
4531:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4494:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4476:, p. 20.
4475:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4455:
4453:9786052070383
4449:
4445:
4438:
4430:
4424:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4377:
4375:9789751610812
4371:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4341:
4339:0-299-10740-X
4335:
4331:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4307:
4305:975-329-417-4
4301:
4297:
4293:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4271:
4267:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4229:
4227:975-329-417-4
4223:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4206:
4197:
4195:9781592111152
4191:
4187:
4180:
4172:
4170:9786052070383
4166:
4162:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4141:
4139:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4116:
4114:9789751600127
4110:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4037:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4007:
4006:
3998:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3959:
3952:
3946:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3878:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3859:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3756:
3749:
3744:
3738:, p. 22.
3737:
3732:
3725:
3720:
3713:
3708:
3702:, p. 23.
3701:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3629:
3626:. 1890–1900.
3625:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3597:Erhan Afyoncu
3593:
3591:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3569:, p. 91.
3568:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3548:, p. 19.
3547:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3498:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3459:
3453:, p. 85.
3452:
3447:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3428:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3372:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3329:
3326:Portrayed by
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3306:Portrayed by
3305:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3293:Portrayed by
3292:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3280:Portrayed by
3279:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3267:Portrayed by
3266:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3254:Portrayed by
3253:
3249:
3248:
3242:
3239:Portrayed by
3238:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3091:Radu the Fair
3088:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3064:Benedetto Dei
3061:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3013:
3007:Personal life
3001:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2880:and his wife
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:Hürrem Sultan
2827:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2729:Zaganos Pasha
2724:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2701:
2696:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2635:. Around the
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2576:
2573:
2572:Pierre Gilles
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2556:Evliya Çelebi
2552:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2399:In 1481 king
2397:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:Meñli I Giray
2320:
2316:
2312:
2309:towns called
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1777:, Lezhë, and
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1520:and later to
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1475:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1310:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
976:'s wives was
975:
971:
967:
963:
955:
951:
947:
942:
938:
928:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
822:
821:Fausto Zonaro
818:
813:
809:
807:
803:
796:
789:
787:
783:
782:Theodosius II
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
699:
695:
691:
687:
686:Anadoluhisarı
683:
676:
672:
668:
660:
655:
640:
638:
634:
628:
626:
622:
621:Halil Inalcik
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:with his two
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
556:Ottoman state
553:
545:
540:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
485:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
426:
414:
409:
401:
397:
392:
386:
377:
373:
364:
360:
358:
354:
351:
348:
344:
338:
331:
328:
324:
321:
318:
314:
311:
308:
306:
302:
293:
288:
284:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
257:
254:
253:
247:
243:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
200:
198:
194:
189:
185:
181:
177:
167:
163:
160:
156:
152:30 March 1432
151:
147:
143:
140:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
72:
68:
67:
61:
56:
53:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
10248:(d. 1354 AH)
10242:(d. 1350 AH)
10230:(d. 1300 AH)
10224:(d. 1287 AH)
10218:(d. 1278 AH)
10212:(d. 1277 AH)
10206:(d. 1118 AH)
10197:
10173:Sufi leaders
9909:Sufi studies
9763:
9749:
9737:Ba 'Alawiyya
9735:
9721:
9707:
9697:
9683:
9669:
9655:
9641:
9627:
9613:
9599:
9585:
9571:
9382:Fihi Ma Fihi
9280:(d. 1443 AH)
9274:(d. 1442 AH)
9268:(d. 1442 AH)
9262:(d. 1441 AH)
9256:(d. 1439 AH)
9250:(d. 1436 AH)
9244:(d. 1428 AH)
9238:(d. 1415 AH)
9232:(d. 1412 AH)
9226:(d. 1409 AH)
9220:(d. 1403 AH)
9214:(d. 1402 AH)
9197:(d. 1397 AH)
9191:(d. 1395 AH)
9185:(d. 1395 AH)
9179:(d. 1394 AH)
9173:(d. 1391 AH)
9167:(d. 1378 AH)
9161:(d. 1377 AH)
9155:(d. 1373 AH)
9149:(d. 1371 AH)
9143:(d. 1371 AH)
9137:(d. 1368 AH)
9131:(d. 1368 AH)
9125:(d. 1364 AH)
9119:(d. 1361 AH)
9113:(d. 1361 AH)
9107:(d. 1356 AH)
9101:(d. 1354 AH)
9095:(d. 1354 AH)
9089:(d. 1352 AH)
9083:(d. 1346 AH)
9077:(d. 1346 AH)
9071:(d. 1344 AH)
9065:(d. 1340 AH)
9059:(d. 1338 AH)
9053:(d. 1335 AH)
9047:(d. 1330 AH)
9041:(d. 1323 AH)
9035:(d. 1321 AH)
9029:(d. 1317 AH)
9023:(d. 1312 AH)
9017:(d. 1312 AH)
9011:(d. 1308 AH)
9005:(d. 1306 AH)
8999:(d. 1304 AH)
8982:(d. 1298 AH)
8976:(d. 1297 AH)
8970:(d. 1297 AH)
8964:(d. 1291 AH)
8958:(d. 1278 AH)
8952:(d. 1267 AH)
8946:(d. 1257 AH)
8940:(d. 1252 AH)
8934:(d. 1246 AH)
8928:(d. 1246 AH)
8922:(d. 1239 AH)
8916:(d. 1239 AH)
8910:(d. 1226 AH)
8904:(d. 1225 AH)
8898:(d. 1205 AH)
8892:(d. 1204 AH)
8875:(d. 1195 AH)
8869:(d. 1193 AH)
8863:(d. 1176 AH)
8857:(d. 1176 AH)
8851:(d. 1174 AH)
8845:(d. 1161 AH)
8833:(d. 1131 AH)
8827:(d. 1127 AH)
8815:(d. 1118 AH)
8798:(d. 1081 AH)
8792:(d. 1069 AH)
8786:(d. 1068 AH)
8784:Kâtip Çelebi
8774:(d. 1067 AH)
8768:(d. 1061 AH)
8762:(d. 1052 AH)
8756:(d. 1037 AH)
8750:(d. 1034 AH)
8744:(d. 1025 AH)
8738:(d. 1014 AH)
8736:'Ali al-Qari
8732:(d. 1011 AH)
8701:Taşköprüzade
8654:Khwaja Ahrar
8647:
8541:Sultan Walad
8423:Ahmad Yasawi
8205:Mehmed Orhan
7972:Abdulmejid I
7856:Şehzade Ömer
7768:Sultan Yahya
7602:Orhan Çelebi
7596:
7519:Yakub Çelebi
7378:
7335:Abdulmejid I
7212:
7202:
7192:
7180:
7167:
7161:
7155:
7149:
6987:
6968:
6946:
6939:
6932:
6916:
6866:
6857:
6837:
6818:
6810:
6791:
6779:
6761:
6754:
6739:
6728:
6709:
6700:
6681:
6661:
6625:
6602:
6583:
6560:. Retrieved
6546:
6534:. Retrieved
6520:
6508:. Retrieved
6494:
6482:. Retrieved
6473:
6463:
6422:
6406:
6394:
6386:
6382:
6374:
6370:
6361:
6355:
6343:. Retrieved
6334:
6325:
6313:. Retrieved
6309:the original
6304:
6295:
6276:
6267:
6255:
6243:. Retrieved
6234:
6224:
6205:
6196:
6177:
6168:
6152:
6147:
6140:
6123:
6098:Nauplion.net
6092:
6080:
6068:. Retrieved
6048:
6041:
6025:
5999:
5993:
5950:
5946:
5936:
5911:
5907:
5871:
5867:
5833:
5829:
5804:. Retrieved
5795:
5774:
5768:
5759:
5753:
5741:
5722:
5715:
5679:
5673:
5664:
5643:
5639:
5630:
5620:17 September
5618:. Retrieved
5604:
5594:17 September
5592:. Retrieved
5578:
5566:. Retrieved
5546:
5539:
5527:. Retrieved
5518:
5509:
5497:
5489:
5485:
5477:
5473:
5466:Nicolle 2000
5461:
5456:, p. 28
5437:Nicolle 2000
5432:
5424:
5408:
5403:
5391:. Retrieved
5382:
5373:
5363:17 September
5361:. Retrieved
5347:
5318:
5296:
5291:
5279:
5257:
5246:
5241:, April 2000
5228:
5220:
5201:
5195:
5179:
5150:
5141:
5131:17 September
5129:. Retrieved
5123:. Enfal.de.
5115:
5100:
5095:
5080:
5075:
5058:
5053:
5041:
5037:
5027:17 September
5025:. Retrieved
5021:the original
5011:
5006:, p. 64
4985:
4973:
4965:
4957:
4928:
4901:
4854:, p. 65
4837:, p. 63
4798:
4786:
4778:
4774:
4762:
4749:. Retrieved
4734:
4722:. Retrieved
4718:the original
4693:
4681:
4669:
4657:
4647:17 September
4645:. Retrieved
4638:the original
4625:
4613:
4601:. Retrieved
4581:
4574:
4564:14 September
4562:. Retrieved
4560:(in Turkish)
4557:
4548:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4443:
4437:
4418:
4412:
4404:
4390:
4384:
4365:
4361:
4329:
4295:
4291:
4269:
4265:
4217:
4213:
4185:
4179:
4160:
4104:
4100:
4063:. Retrieved
4043:
4036:
4024:. Retrieved
4004:
3997:
3985:. Retrieved
3965:
3958:
3950:
3945:
3933:. Retrieved
3924:
3915:
3903:. Retrieved
3894:
3885:
3865:
3858:
3846:. Retrieved
3837:
3828:
3816:. Retrieved
3802:
3780:
3776:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3707:
3676:. Retrieved
3667:
3658:
3632:. Retrieved
3621:
3612:
3584:, p. 9.
3582:Nicolle 2000
3567:Nicolle 2000
3546:Nicolle 2000
3524:. Retrieved
3504:
3497:
3485:. Retrieved
3465:
3458:
3451:Nicolle 2000
3446:
3427:
3408:
3399:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3354:
3311:
3298:
3285:
3272:
3259:
3231:
3214:
3213:1820 opera,
3187:
3176:
3172:
3168:Fatih Mosque
3161:
3139:
3134:Turkish lira
3084:
3053:
3018:
2999:
2974:
2935:
2896:Helena Hatun
2845:Gülşah Hatun
2833:
2823:
2815:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2792:and Homer's
2789:
2786:
2774:
2758:
2725:
2705:
2702:(1450-1524).
2668:
2666:
2659:
2645:
2637:grand mosque
2625:Fatih Mosque
2600:
2595:Gennadius II
2553:
2546:
2526:Ḥakham Bashi
2515:
2511:sourgounides
2510:
2508:σουργούνιδες
2495:
2484:
2456:Muslim Creed
2448:Hagia Sophia
2444:Topkapi Gate
2441:
2432:Fatih Mosque
2398:
2367:
2349:bronze medal
2296:
2292:Genghis Khan
2288:Hacı I Giray
2276:Golden Horde
2262:A number of
2261:
2242:Aşıkpaşazade
2235:
2226:failed again
2207:
2169:
2131:
2125:, prince of
2121:Portrait of
2079:
2071:
2063:
2053:
2044:
2020:
1996:
1983:
1981:
1970:
1948:
1943:
1936:grand vizier
1926:
1918:
1897:
1866:
1857:
1791:
1756:
1724:Saronic Gulf
1705:
1693:
1681:
1674:
1646:Grand Vizier
1643:
1612:
1581:
1579:by treason.
1553:
1502:Pope Pius II
1495:
1484:
1477:Mehmed II's
1442:night attack
1439:
1431:
1411:
1404:
1393:
1382:
1375:
1367:Vladislav II
1343:
1325:, Prince of
1321:Portrait of
1304:
1292:
1290:
1274:
1263:
1221:Emperors of
1220:
1187:
1146:
1081:Mahmud Pasha
1070:
1057:Karaca Pasha
1036:
962:vassal state
959:
905:
897:Grand Vizier
869:
864:
841:Roman Empire
837:Qayser-i Rûm
836:
833:Roman Empire
826:
806:Musnad Ahmad
799:
792:
775:
757:
725:
713:Akshamsaddin
703:
694:Rumelihisarı
679:
629:
605:John Hunyadi
602:
591:
587:Akshamsaddin
583:Molla Gürâni
579:epistemology
574:
568:
549:
528:Fatih Mosque
516:Muslim world
501:
484:qayṣar-i Rūm
456:Ottoman Navy
448:John Hunyadi
445:
412:
371:
370:
333:(biological)
252:Among others
250:
237:Hatice Hatun
228:Helena Hatun
208:Gülşah Hatun
188:Fatih Mosque
170:(1481-05-03)
64:
47:
36:
10311:1481 deaths
10306:1432 births
10301:Sunni Sufis
10222:Imam Shamil
10200:(d. 886 AH)
10194:(d. 642 AH)
10188:(d. 630 AH)
10182:(d. 589 AH)
10165:(d. 380 AH)
10159:(d. 386 AH)
10153:(d. 334 AH)
10147:(d. 303 AH)
10130:(d. 295 AH)
10118:(d. 283 AH)
10106:(d. 258 AH)
10100:(d. 253 AH)
10094:(d. 245 AH)
10088:(d. 243 AH)
10082:(d. 227 AH)
10059:(d. 200 AH)
10053:(d. 194 AH)
10047:(d. 188 AH)
10041:(d. 181 AH)
10035:(d. 180 AH)
10029:(d. 177 AH)
10023:(d. 165 AH)
10017:(d. 161 AH)
10011:(d. 160 AH)
10005:(d. 128 AH)
9999:(d. 110 AH)
9914:Sufi poetry
9729:Bayram Wali
9699:Khalwatiyya
9671:Shadhiliyya
9564:Sufi orders
9451:Ahl al-Ra'y
9141:Al-Kawthari
9135:Musa Bigiev
8938:Ibn 'Abidin
8715:(d. 982 AH)
8709:(d. 980 AH)
8703:(d. 968 AH)
8697:(d. 955 AH)
8691:(d. 943 AH)
8685:(d. 940 AH)
8679:(d. 910 AH)
8673:(d. 906 AH)
8656:(d. 895 AH)
8650:(d. 886 AH)
8644:(d. 879 AH)
8638:(d. 874 AH)
8632:(d. 863 AH)
8626:(d. 861 AH)
8620:(d. 855 AH)
8614:(d. 861 AH)
8608:(d. 851 AH)
8602:(d. 841 AH)
8596:(d. 834 AH)
8590:(d. 825 AH)
8588:Bande Nawaz
8573:(d. 800 AH)
8567:(d. 791 AH)
8561:(d. 786 AH)
8555:(d. 747 AH)
8549:(d. 725 AH)
8543:(d. 711 AH)
8537:(d. 710 AH)
8514:(d. 671 AH)
8508:(d. 664 AH)
8502:(d. 659 AH)
8496:(d. 633 AH)
8490:(d. 632 AH)
8484:(d. 624 AH)
8461:(d. 593 AH)
8455:(d. 587 AH)
8449:(d. 581 AH)
8443:(d. 580 AH)
8437:(d. 575 AH)
8431:(d. 569 AH)
8425:(d. 561 AH)
8419:(d. 537 AH)
8413:(d. 536 AH)
8407:(d. 535 AH)
8401:(d. 534 AH)
8395:(d. 508 AH)
8378:(d. 493 AH)
8372:(d. 483 AH)
8370:Al-Sarakhsi
8366:(d. 482 AH)
8360:(d. 469 AH)
8354:(d. 464 AH)
8352:Ali Hujwiri
8348:(d. 429 AH)
8331:(d. 396 AH)
8325:(d. 379 AH)
8319:(d. 342 AH)
8313:(d. 333 AH)
8246:Harun Osman
7920:Mustafa III
7866:Suleiman II
7690:Üveys Pasha
7555:Musa Çelebi
7310:Mustafa III
7280:Suleiman II
7169:Musa Çelebi
7151:Interregnum
6918:In Our Time
6510:28 November
6345:25 February
6301:"Memlûkler"
5874:(1): 1–81.
5712:Pellat, Ch.
5284:Setton 1978
5004:Finkel 2007
4978:Setton 1978
4950:Setton 1978
4933:Setton 1978
4921:Setton 1978
4906:Setton 1978
4882:Setton 1978
4867:Setton 1978
4835:Finkel 2007
4818:Setton 1978
4554:"SEMENDİRE"
4512:Tansel 1953
4493:Tansel 1953
3712:Arnold 2001
3634:12 December
3241:Devrim Evin
3216:Maometto II
3209:subject of
3188:Istanbul's
3136:dated 1986.
3072:Philhellene
3062:of Ancona,
2989:Ayşe Hatun.
2953:Şehzade Cem
2865:Çiçek Hatun
2656:monasteries
2633:Tiled Kiosk
2492:janissaries
2272:Middle Ages
2209:Via Egnatia
2141:a rebellion
2048:Janissaries
1875:, numerous
1873:Middle Ages
1666:Kilidulbahr
1658:Golden Horn
1654:Dardanelles
1627:Acrocorinth
1604:Uzun Hassan
1407:Hamza Pasha
1307:under siege
912:Peloponnese
885:Mesih Pasha
865:milletbashi
823:(1854–1929)
745:Golden Horn
350:Sunni Islam
277:Şehzade Cem
233:Maria Hatun
218:Çiçek Hatun
127:Predecessor
101:Predecessor
75:dating 1480
10280:Categories
9723:Bayramiyya
9709:Rahmaniyya
9601:Chishtiyya
8778:Wang Daiyu
8506:Baba Farid
7946:Mustafa IV
7887:Mustafa II
7763:Mehmed III
7680:Suleiman I
7623:Cem Sultan
7618:Bayezid II
7545:İsa Çelebi
7325:Mustafa IV
7290:Mustafa II
7240:Mehmed III
7225:Suleiman I
7214:Cem Sultan
7208:Bayezid II
7157:İsa Çelebi
6999:Bayezid II
6949:3 May 1481
6929:Mehmed II
6449:II. Series
6139:Alderson,
6070:12 October
5836:(1): 3–8.
5721:Volume VI:
5327:. p.
5227:Akademia,
4603:8 February
3362:References
3247:Fetih 1453
3225:Negroponte
2994:Candaroğlu
2941:Bayezid II
2871:Anna Hatun
2621:Ali Qushji
2562:, such as
2133:Skanderbeg
2123:Skanderbeg
2064:Valea Albă
2056:chronicles
1975:(fief) in
1885:Karamanids
1818:Negroponte
1759:Skanderbeg
1720:Samothrace
1600:Karamanids
1455:Târgoviște
1235:Aq Qoyunlu
1231:Uzun Hasan
1190:Monemvasia
901:Bayezid II
889:sanjak-bey
771:Adrianople
749:boom chain
564:Hüma Hatun
522:district,
425:Ebū'l-fetḥ
404:pronounced
400:II. Mehmed
340:(adoptive)
330:Hüma Hatun
267:Bayezid II
223:Anna Hatun
168:3 May 1481
139:Bayezid II
10296:Maturidis
10204:Aurangzeb
10074:Al-Darani
9823:Muraqabah
9791:Practices
9765:Idrisiyya
9751:Tijaniyya
9691:Ibn Arabi
9685:Akbariyya
9657:Desuqiyya
9643:Badawiyya
9629:Rifa'iyya
9573:Qadiriyya
9387:Han Kitab
8813:Aurangzeb
8683:Ibn Kemal
8648:Mehmed II
8630:Khidr Bey
8453:Al-Kasani
8038:Mehmed VI
7977:Abdulaziz
7951:Mahmud II
7941:Selim III
7913:Osman III
7892:Ahmed III
7861:Mehmed IV
7794:Mustafa I
7747:Murad III
7597:Mehmed II
7524:Bayezid I
7514:Savcı Bey
7360:Mehmed VI
7340:Abdulaziz
7330:Mahmud II
7320:Selim III
7305:Osman III
7295:Ahmed III
7275:Mehmed IV
7260:Mustafa I
7250:Mustafa I
7235:Murad III
7203:Mehmed II
7193:Mehmed II
7145:Bayezid I
7023:Biography
6869:. Brill.
6659:(1994) .
6649:716361786
6623:(1992) .
6438:I. Series
5967:1300-4948
5914:: 15–34.
5888:0732-2992
5850:0142-6540
5190:, p. 157
4852:Shaw 1976
4803:Fine 1994
4724:17 August
3367:Citations
3211:Rossini's
3207:eponymous
3166:near the
3158:caliphate
3099:the Porte
3087:favourite
3076:Parthenon
2971:Daughters
2875:Trebizond
2770:Herodotus
2721:kanunname
2661:Devshirme
2612:Gennadius
2604:humanists
2172:Albanians
2038:from the
2021:In 1456,
1988:Bayezid I
1923:Dağpazarı
1911:Pir Ahmet
1858:Fetihname
1856:Mehmed's
1838:Black Sea
1830:indemnity
1814:Dalmatian
1736:Acropolis
1670:Sultaniye
1573:Nafpaktos
1550:, 1478–79
1510:Venetians
1418:Black Sea
1378:Bogdan II
1369:, of the
1327:Wallachia
1270:Jerusalem
1247:Karamania
1223:Trebizond
1203:Salmeniko
1119:Smederevo
1024:Novo Brdo
998:Smederevo
972:– one of
893:Gallipoli
877:beylerbey
778:Boukoleon
729:Bosphorus
690:Bayezid I
643:Conquests
476:قیصر روم
417:ابو الفتح
385:romanized
380:محمد ثانى
372:Mehmed II
135:Successor
119:2nd reign
111:Successor
93:1st reign
42:Mehmed II
10341:Mujaddid
9962:Al-Burda
9848:Tawakkul
9843:Tabarruk
9838:Tawassul
9833:Tazkiyah
9476:Deobandi
9430:See also
8008:Mehmed V
7908:Mahmud I
7871:Ahmed II
7820:Murad IV
7810:Osman II
7721:Selim II
7576:Murad II
7550:Mehmed I
7385:Category
7355:Mehmed V
7300:Mahmud I
7285:Ahmed II
7265:Murad IV
7255:Osman II
7230:Selim II
7198:Murad II
7188:Murad II
7176:Mehmed I
6980:Murad II
6963:Murad II
6909:Archived
6835:(1978).
6790:(1977).
6778:(1953).
6556:Archived
6530:Archived
6504:Archived
6484:24 April
6478:Archived
6452:Archived
6441:Archived
6430:Archived
6339:Archived
6239:Archived
6204:(1965).
6176:(1995).
6101:Archived
6064:Archived
5985:29755011
5800:Archived
5723:Mahk–Mid
5714:(eds.).
5614:Archived
5588:Archived
5562:Archived
5523:Archived
5387:Archived
5385:. 1480.
5357:Archived
5315:(2000).
5233:Archived
5125:Archived
5064:Archived
4751:17 April
4745:Archived
4597:Archived
4059:Archived
4020:Archived
3981:Archived
3929:Archived
3899:Archived
3842:Archived
3812:Archived
3672:Archived
3668:BBC Four
3628:Archived
3520:Archived
3481:Archived
3435:Archived
3416:Archived
3335:See also
3123:Istanbul
3095:seraglio
3021:Achilles
2859:Dulkadir
2820:Consorts
2762:Laertius
2717:madrasas
2713:devşirme
2683:Venetian
2631:and the
2568:Çarşamba
2560:Istanbul
2490:for the
2488:barracks
2472:Orthodox
2464:Muhammad
2068:Romanian
1967:Istanbul
1963:Beyşehir
1700:Mytilene
1631:Nafplion
1606:and the
1479:ahidnâme
1416:and the
1385:Belgrade
1359:Vlad III
1255:Belgrade
1153:Murad II
1102:ambushed
1039:Belgrade
1007:Kruševac
994:repulsed
974:Murad II
918:and the
870:Emperor
753:warships
698:Venetian
594:Murad II
560:Murad II
504:Anatolia
346:Religion
320:Murad II
196:Consorts
130:Murad II
114:Murad II
105:Murad II
86:Padishah
10291:Hanafis
9879:Karamat
9813:Ziyarat
9504:Ash'ari
9481:Barelvi
9377:Masnavi
7998:Murad V
7840:Ibrahim
7789:Ahmed I
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6575:Sources
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6536:6 March
6315:9 April
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