263:. The ad announced separate buses for families and for men only, accompanied by a supervisor on board. Egged called the announcement "a forgery which was done without the knowledge of Egged", affirming that there is no "mehadrin" concept on their buses and that the company "operates only in line with Supreme Court instructions and allows every passenger to select his seat without gender discrimination." If there were only men on a bus, it was "because there was no demand by women, and not because there were instructions from anyone which prevented the travel of women", according to the bus company. The head of the Free Israel movement which fights segregated bus lines doubts this, and claims that "Egged and the Ministry of Transportation ... use any means, to cooperate with the Haredi politicians in order not to carry out the Supreme Court decision, and in essence maintain these bus lines which discriminate against women".
214:
that include segregation, inherently entail a dimension of coercion. The committee's main recommendation was to introduce a temporary arrangement on the bus lines that had imposed gender segregation, in which both the door in front and in the back would be opened at the bus stops, instead of just the door in front, as customary in Israel, giving women the possibility to use the back door and sit in the back, but that each passenger, male or female, could choose where to sit with no defined segregation, and no specific seating arrangement would be enforced. Transportation
Minister
218:, in an affidavit to the High Court, said in February 2010, that the state would not tolerate the use of threats and violence to enforce the separation. However, he suggested, that bus operators should be permitted to hang "behavior-directing" signs asking passengers to sit separately, but indicating that this is not mandatory. According to the state, who was required to monitor these buses, there were no problems, but data collected by IRAC showed numerous cases of abuse, harassment, and even women being denied entrance to the bus.
19:
194:
172:, 70% of Jewish Israelis, male and female, support abolishing or reducing the gender-segregated public bus lines. 40% support complete abolition, 30% are in favor of reducing their number and 22% support continuing the arrangement as it was at the time of the survey. Only 8% supports further expanding gender-separated transportation services. Among those supporting the abolition or reduction of gender-segregated public bus lines are 75% of
271:, a derogatory word for a non-Jewish woman. A policeman called to the scene by the busdriver, instead of explaining the law to the offending man, asked Rosenblit to move to the back. The incident made headlines both in Israeli and international media, and Rosenblit was hailed as "Israeli Rosa Parks". According to an Egged spokesperson, who condemned the incident, the number of such incidents is increasing.
70:" was often required for women, playing radio channels or secular music on the bus was avoided, while advertisements were censored. Mehadrin lines were generally cheaper than other lines. In early 2010, there were 56 Mehadrin buses in 28 cities across Israel operated by public transportation companies, although usually not specifically labelled.
227:
the complaints have to do with the harmful behavior toward women." And he added: "As I now read over these lines emphasizing this I am astounded that there was even a need to write them in the year 2010. Have the days of Rosa Parks, the
African American woman who collapsed the racist segregation on an Alabama bus in 1955 returned?"
348:
declared on an ultra-Orthodox radio station that "if we want there to be segregation, it would be most legitimate for us to create a special bus company for these specific lines, so that we can be their 'landlords'. But as long as they pay as we do, and it is a public company that serves not only the
213:
In
January 2008, the Supreme Court recommended that the Ministry of Transportation appoint a committee to examine the matter. In its report published in October 2009, the committee came to the conclusion that gender segregation in public buses is illegal and that arrangements in public transportation
209:
movement, together with several women who were harassed while traveling on gender-segregated buses (including Shear and Ragen), submitted a petition demanding the introduction of alternative lines without gender segregation and requiring the authorities to ensure the safety of female passengers. The
65:
and other rigid religious rules observed by some Haredi Jews were applied from 1997 until 2011. In these sex-segregated buses, female passengers sat in the back of the bus and entered and exited the bus through the back door if possible, while the male passengers sat in the front part of the bus and
152:
woman, Miriam Shear, reported being attacked and beaten by a group of ultra-Orthodox men after refusing to move to the back of the bus on a non-segregated line. Shear and another male passenger accused the bus driver of "doing nothing" during the attack, while the bus driver claimed to have stopped
85:
Advocacy groups who fought segregated bus lines claimed that discrimination against women in public buses was maintained one year later. Incidents in which women were ordered by ultra-Orthodox men to sit at the back of buses and were abused when they refused, have been reported. As of 2013, Haredim
226:
wrote: "A public transportation company (like any other person) cannot say, ask or order women where to sit on a bus simply because they are women, nor what they should wear, and they are entitled to sit anywhere they wish. Of course, this also applies to the men, but for reasons that are obvious,
221:
In its ruling on
January 6, 2011, the High Court of Israel did not allow the creation of additional segregated lines and ruled that gender segregation was illegal and ordered that signs designating buses as segregated were to be removed and new signs to be put up informing passengers that they had
230:
In a one-year experiment to see whether a voluntary segregation system could function, about 50 bus lines, serving both inter and inner city, are registered under the High Court of
Justice as lines in which voluntary segregation is followed. They reportedly operate in and between ultra-Orthodox
77:
ruled that gender segregation was unlawful and abolished the "mehadrin" public buses. However, the court rule allowed the continuation of the gender segregation in public buses on a strictly voluntary basis for a one-year experimental period. Before the ruling, female passengers were frequently
286:
soldier at the time, to move to the back of the bus. When she refused, he allegedly called her a "slut" and continued to harass her until the driver called the police. The man was arrested and charged with sexual harassment and unruly misconduct in a public place before being released on bail.
322:
stated at the beginning of the weekly cabinet meeting: "I heard about an incident in which a woman was moved on a bus. I adamantly oppose this. Fringe groups must not be allowed to tear apart our common denominator. We must preserve public space as open and safe for all citizens of Israel".
86:
surrounded and stoned buses after the drivers explained to passengers that women cannot be forced to sit in the back, breaking windows until they were arrested; a month later, a secular man punched, and pulled the beard of, a Haredi who tried to get a woman to move, then he escaped arrest.
307:, mentioning among other examples that females sit in the back of buses in certain places in Israel. Members of the Israeli government denied that there is any justification in Clinton's criticism of Israeli democracy. However, finance minister
258:
reported that Egged allegedly violated the
Supreme Court ruling. According to the report, a haredi magazine published an ad describing arrangements for gender segregation on Egged buses linking Ashdod and Jerusalem for the holiday of
396:
266:
On
December 17, 2011, Tanya Rosenblit, a secular Israeli woman, refused to move to the back of Egged bus 451 from Ashdod to Jerusalem, where women commonly sit in the back, when told to by a Haredi man, who allegedly called her a
184:
voters. A Jerusalem Post online poll found that 76% of those who responded did not approve of segregated buses, 6% approved and 18% said that segregation should only exist in lines that operate in Haredi neighborhoods.
234:
The Egged bus company was also ordered to publish ads about the cancellation of the "mehadrin" gender-separation arrangement in three daily publications, including at least one haredi newspaper. In
February 2011, the
251:. Foreign and local female volunteers will be assigned a bus route that has been considered "mehadrin" until the court's ruling, and will sit in the front section of the buses which used to be reserved for men.
330:
made a personal call to Tanya
Rosenblit and praised her for her "personal bravery", stating that "her determination symbolizes the need for all of us who fear for Israel's image to fight and not give in".
222:
the right to sit wherever they wanted, and stressed that neither passengers nor the driver could pressure anyone into complying with a segregated seating arrangement. In his ruling, Supreme Court
Justice
197:
Sticker at top reads: "Every passenger may sit wherever s/he chooses (except seats designated for disabled persons), harassing a passenger in this regard may be a criminal offense". (June 2011)
403:
356:, a leading rabbi of the non-Hasidic ultra-Orthodoxy in Israel, who is signatory to a kol kore in favor of bus segregation, declare to the media that they oppose forced segregation.
148:
and was physically threatened for refusing to give up her seat and move to the back of the bus. In 2006, "mehadrin" buses were heavily criticized in the media worldwide after an
1072:
756:"Court to hear petition against segregation of sexes on buses. Orthodox novelist Naomi Ragen says was bullied into giving up seat, state claims arrangement is voluntary"
1150:
315:
said he shares "the concern over the dignity of women", adding that "the government should take steps to demonstrate its commitment to equality between men and women".
910:
239:
reported that all haredi newspapers had refused to publish the ads. One of them even presented the High Court's decision "as a victory, enshrining the arrangement".
137:. In 2007, there were an estimated thirty "mehadrin" buses operated by public transportation companies, in early 2010 the number had risen to more than fifty.
1231:"Israel to let Haredim run, but not enforce, gender-separate buses. After much debate, Transportation Minister says Israel cannot institutionalize the policy"
828:
311:
agreed that "the matter of excluding and segregating women is completely unacceptable and needs to be put to a stop", and environmental protection minister
585:
942:
1046:
692:
553:
210:
Ministry of Transportation replied that the gender segregation is a "voluntary arrangement" and that the ministry did not intend to intervene.
1176:
303:, expressed concern about Israel's democracy and shock over discrimination against Israeli women, some of which she said reminded her of
1016:
1230:
778:
755:
247:
Fearing that the court's orders might not be properly enforced by the bus companies, IRAC launched a year-long Rosa Parks-inspired
451:
968:
154:
1352:
883:
805:
706:
1396:
483:
1391:
153:
the bus to inform the men surrounding Shear that his line was not sex-segregated. Critics likened the "mehadrin" lines to
215:
1284:
133:
bus companies, in order to compete with private buses run by Haredim, had come to an agreement with the ultra-Orthodox
1386:
117:
The so-called "mehadrin" bus lines were created in the late 1990s for the Haredi public. It began with two lines in
1381:
835:
202:
1321:
1304:
1206:
509:
1341:
614:
334:
Rosenblit was invited to testify before an inter-ministerial committee headed by Culture and Sports Minister
74:
1355:. US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. November 17, 2010. Archived from
557:
168:
According to a survey conducted by the Smith Research Institute in Summer 2010 for the organization
1268:
1098:
659:
by Mordechai Schmutter for the "5 Towns Jewish Times", 21 September 2023. Accessed 23 October 2023.
370:
365:
338:
that is to develop a government action plan dealing with the exclusion of women in public places.”
668:
1207:"CEDAW, the Universal Declaration, and Their Interaction with Single-Sex Public Transportation"
729:
318:
On the Sunday after the incident on Egged bus 451 on December 17, 2011, Israeli Prime Minister
169:
82:
requested to operate private bus lines, but they were blocked by the transportation ministry.
1213:
1073:"Will Tanya Rosenblit's stand lead to the desegregation of ultra-Orthodox Jews in Jerusalem?"
1020:
353:
283:
50:
680:
1124:
994:
782:
1247:
8:
911:"High Court: Gender segregation legal on Israeli buses – but only with passenger consent"
101:, mostly in regard to food. Its initial use related specifically to lighting candles on
319:
223:
62:
1356:
887:
861:
671:
at "Balashon: Hebrew Language Detective", 7 December 2009. Accessed 23 October 2023.
531:
429:
300:
158:
1353:"International Religious Freedom Report 2010: Israel and the Occupied Territories"
1337:
296:
177:
130:
126:
42:
23:
1151:"Government ministers react sharply to Clinton's criticism of Israeli democracy"
308:
206:
58:
1375:
279:
149:
18:
656:
345:
335:
275:
1264:
1345:
327:
312:
141:
1175:
Blumenfeld, Revital; Ettinger, Yair; Lis, Jonathan (December 19, 2011).
452:"Where are the Mehadrin buses taking us – On gender separation on buses"
397:"Excluded, For God's Sake: Gender Segregation in Public Space in Israel"
943:"Israeli leaders are to blame for the religious segregation they decry"
162:
97:
is a term generally used with the loose meaning of highly observant of
193:
1047:"Israeli woman refuses ultra-Orthodox dictate to move to back of bus"
586:"Israeli bus company advocates segregated seats despite court ruling"
341:
122:
118:
31:
102:
109:, and ended up covering almost every aspect of Jewish observance.
693:"In Israel, what is the difference between l'mehadrin and badatz"
683:, by Rabbi Yehudah Prero for Torah.org. Accessed 23 October 2023.
260:
98:
268:
181:
106:
79:
67:
54:
27:
730:"Canadian woman beaten on Egged bus joins High Court petition"
779:"Woman beaten on J'lem bus for refusing to move to rear seat"
173:
145:
144:
unintentionally boarded a "mehadrin" bus toward her home in
1265:"Invoking Rosa Parks, Haredi Women Move to Back of the Bus"
304:
695:
at "Mi Yodeya", 7 December 2009. Accessed 23 October 2023.
274:
On December 28, 2011, on city bus line 49A in Jerusalem's
66:
entered and exited through the front door. Additionally, "
1097:
Lidman, Melanie & Harkov, Lahav (December 29, 2011).
995:"Egged faces contempt charges over haredi newspaper ads"
613:
Lemberg, Izzy & Flower, Kevin (December 19, 2011).
105:, became widely used in regard to enhanced or stricter
681:"Chanukah: Mehadrin – An Understanding of the Concept"
1285:"Religious-Secular Divide, Tugging at Israel's Heart"
1177:"Netanyahu decries efforts to segregate public buses"
1174:
1099:"Haredi arrested for harassing female soldier on bus"
1125:"Haredi man indicted for sexually harassing soldier"
884:"IRAC – Fighting Gender Segregation on Public Buses"
834:. Smith Research Institute; Hiddush. Archived from
78:harassed and forced to sit at the back of the bus.
1040:
1038:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
1305:"Moving Backward: A Look at "Mehadrin" Bus Lines"
615:"Israel's 'Rosa Parks' refuses to take back seat"
579:
577:
575:
394:
1373:
827:Smith, Rafi; Paniel, Olga (September 17, 2010).
508:Izenberg, Dan; Mandel, Jonah (January 6, 2011).
402:. Israel Religious Action Center. Archived from
1168:
1035:
960:
925:
608:
606:
572:
507:
484:"Transportation minister OKs 'mehadrin' buses"
430:"Bus 402 from Bnei Brak to Jerusalem Launched"
1342:Gender Segregation on Buses is Not Jewish Law
969:"Israel's real Rosa Parks takes to the buses"
612:
295:On December 3, 2011, U.S. Secretary of State
1204:
1096:
829:"Israel Religion and State Index. Fall 2010"
603:
477:
475:
473:
188:
1307:. The Institute for Jewish Ideas and Ideals
826:
707:"Haredim may get gender-separated bus line"
278:neighborhood, a Haredi man allegedly asked
1122:
1044:
395:Shapira-Rosenberg, Ricky (November 2010).
205:(IRAC), an organization close to Israel's
1045:Blumenfeld, Revital (December 18, 2011).
470:
1282:
1248:"Supreme Court Against 'Mehadrin' Buses"
1228:
1123:Paraszczuk, Joanna (December 29, 2011).
992:
940:
908:
902:
859:
749:
747:
721:
652:
650:
583:
532:"Egged launches 11 'mehadrin' bus lines"
503:
501:
481:
349:ultra-Orthodox sector, what can we do?"
192:
140:In July 2004, American-Israeli novelist
57:that mostly ran in and/or between major
26:bus labeled "mehadrin" which served the
17:
797:
770:
390:
388:
386:
231:neighborhoods with a Hasidic majority.
155:racial segregation in the United States
1374:
1283:Kershner, Isabel (September 3, 2009).
1262:
1245:
1205:Austermuehle, Liz (January 31, 2010).
1014:
803:
776:
727:
662:
1319:
1148:
1070:
966:
744:
698:
674:
647:
524:
498:
1246:Fendel, Hillel (February 18, 2010).
1015:Chabin, Michele (January 11, 2011).
941:Ettinger, Yair (December 19, 2011).
777:Berman, Daphna (December 17, 2006).
753:
704:
427:
383:
1229:Ettinger, Yair (January 31, 2010).
993:Friedman, Ron (February 10, 2011).
860:Friedman, Ron (February 12, 2010).
728:Berman, Daphna (February 4, 2007).
428:Kahn, Betzalel (October 31, 2001).
46:
13:
967:Rotem, Tamar (December 23, 2011).
909:Ettinger, Yair (January 6, 2011).
804:Forman, David (January 21, 2007).
686:
554:"Haredim request private buslines"
534:. Jerusalem Post. December 1, 2006
482:Friedman, Ron (February 2, 2010).
14:
1408:
1302:
1198:
1149:Ravid, Barak (December 4, 2011).
1071:Mintz, Josh (December 19, 2011).
1019:. The Jewish Week. Archived from
1017:"Sitting At The Front Of The Bus"
705:Ilan, Shahar (October 24, 2001).
1320:Rotem, Tamar (October 7, 2003).
1263:Jeffay, Nathan (July 24, 2008).
754:Yoaz, Yuval (January 14, 2008).
584:Ettinger, Yair (June 21, 2011).
299:, speaking to a closed forum in
61:population centers and in which
1142:
1116:
1090:
1064:
1008:
986:
876:
853:
820:
806:"Destination: Montgomery, 1955"
641:
632:
510:"Court scraps 'mehadrin' buses"
352:Even close associates of Rabbi
546:
444:
421:
242:
203:Israel Religious Action Center
1:
376:
75:Israeli High Court of Justice
34:. Photo taken in January 2006
30:neighborhoods in the city of
89:
7:
1392:Sex segregation and Judaism
359:
290:
10:
1413:
112:
781:. Haaretz. Archived from
189:Petition and court ruling
157:, with Shear compared to
1397:Women's rights in Israel
1387:Haredi Judaism in Israel
1322:"A bus named 'mehadrin'"
1269:The Jewish Daily Forward
1250:. IsraelNationalNews.com
456:Shalom Hartman Institute
371:Women-only passenger car
366:B110 (New York City bus)
1382:Bus transport in Israel
125:in 1997. In fall 2001,
1216:, Human Rights Program
886:. IRAC. Archived from
657:"Mehadrin Is Relative"
198:
35:
1214:University of Chicago
1023:on September 28, 2016
862:"Segregate or suffer"
669:"mehadrin and hadran"
354:Yosef Shalom Elyashiv
249:Freedom Rider project
196:
73:In January 2011, the
21:
1359:on November 21, 2010
254:In early June 2011,
99:Jewish religious law
180:voters, and 88% of
1289:The New York Times
890:on August 25, 2017
326:Opposition leader
320:Benjamin Netanyahu
224:Elyakim Rubinstein
199:
63:gender segregation
39:Mehadrin bus lines
36:
458:. January 1, 1900
432:. Dei'ah ve Dibur
49:) were a type of
1404:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1211:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
990:
984:
983:
981:
979:
964:
958:
957:
955:
953:
938:
923:
922:
920:
918:
906:
900:
899:
897:
895:
880:
874:
873:
871:
869:
864:. Jerusalem Post
857:
851:
850:
848:
846:
840:
833:
824:
818:
817:
815:
813:
808:. Jerusalem Post
801:
795:
794:
792:
790:
785:on July 14, 2009
774:
768:
767:
765:
763:
751:
742:
741:
739:
737:
725:
719:
718:
716:
714:
702:
696:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
660:
654:
645:
639:
636:
630:
629:
627:
625:
610:
601:
600:
598:
596:
581:
570:
569:
567:
565:
560:on April 3, 2015
556:. Archived from
550:
544:
543:
541:
539:
528:
522:
521:
519:
517:
512:. Jerusalem Post
505:
496:
495:
493:
491:
486:. Jerusalem Post
479:
468:
467:
465:
463:
448:
442:
441:
439:
437:
425:
419:
418:
416:
414:
409:on July 25, 2011
408:
401:
392:
159:African American
135:Mehadrin Council
48:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1372:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1351:
1338:Eliezer Melamed
1327:
1325:
1310:
1308:
1293:
1291:
1273:
1271:
1253:
1251:
1236:
1234:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1043:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1013:
1009:
999:
997:
991:
987:
977:
975:
965:
961:
951:
949:
939:
926:
916:
914:
907:
903:
893:
891:
882:
881:
877:
867:
865:
858:
854:
844:
842:
841:on May 16, 2011
838:
831:
825:
821:
811:
809:
802:
798:
788:
786:
775:
771:
761:
759:
752:
745:
735:
733:
726:
722:
712:
710:
703:
699:
691:
687:
679:
675:
667:
663:
655:
648:
642:
637:
633:
623:
621:
611:
604:
594:
592:
582:
573:
563:
561:
552:
551:
547:
537:
535:
530:
529:
525:
515:
513:
506:
499:
489:
487:
480:
471:
461:
459:
450:
449:
445:
435:
433:
426:
422:
412:
410:
406:
399:
393:
384:
379:
362:
297:Hillary Clinton
293:
245:
191:
178:Yisrael Beytenu
176:voters, 76% of
150:American Jewish
115:
92:
12:
11:
5:
1410:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1370:
1369:
1349:
1334:
1317:
1303:Ragen, Naomi.
1300:
1280:
1260:
1243:
1226:
1200:
1199:External links
1197:
1194:
1193:
1167:
1141:
1129:Jerusalem Post
1115:
1103:Jerusalem Post
1089:
1063:
1034:
1007:
985:
959:
924:
901:
875:
852:
819:
796:
769:
743:
720:
697:
685:
673:
661:
646:
640:
631:
602:
571:
545:
523:
497:
469:
443:
420:
381:
380:
378:
375:
374:
373:
368:
361:
358:
309:Yuval Steinitz
292:
289:
244:
241:
237:Jerusalem Post
190:
187:
114:
111:
91:
88:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1409:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1323:
1318:
1306:
1301:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1249:
1244:
1232:
1227:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1022:
1018:
1011:
996:
989:
974:
970:
963:
948:
944:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
912:
905:
889:
885:
879:
863:
856:
837:
830:
823:
807:
800:
784:
780:
773:
757:
750:
748:
731:
724:
708:
701:
694:
689:
682:
677:
670:
665:
658:
653:
651:
644:
635:
620:
616:
609:
607:
591:
587:
580:
578:
576:
559:
555:
549:
533:
527:
511:
504:
502:
485:
478:
476:
474:
457:
453:
447:
431:
424:
405:
398:
391:
389:
387:
382:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
357:
355:
350:
347:
343:
339:
337:
332:
329:
324:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
288:
285:
281:
280:Doron Matalon
277:
272:
270:
264:
262:
257:
252:
250:
240:
238:
232:
228:
225:
219:
217:
211:
208:
204:
201:In 2007, the
195:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
87:
83:
81:
76:
71:
69:
64:
60:
56:
52:
44:
40:
33:
29:
25:
20:
16:
1361:. Retrieved
1357:the original
1326:. Retrieved
1309:. Retrieved
1292:. Retrieved
1288:
1272:. Retrieved
1252:. Retrieved
1235:. Retrieved
1218:. Retrieved
1184:. Retrieved
1180:
1170:
1158:. Retrieved
1154:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1128:
1118:
1106:. Retrieved
1102:
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1076:
1066:
1054:. Retrieved
1050:
1025:. Retrieved
1021:the original
1010:
998:. Retrieved
988:
976:. Retrieved
972:
962:
950:. Retrieved
946:
915:. Retrieved
904:
892:. Retrieved
888:the original
878:
866:. Retrieved
855:
843:. Retrieved
836:the original
822:
810:. Retrieved
799:
787:. Retrieved
783:the original
772:
760:. Retrieved
734:. Retrieved
723:
711:. Retrieved
700:
688:
676:
664:
643:
634:
622:. Retrieved
618:
593:. Retrieved
589:
562:. Retrieved
558:the original
548:
536:. Retrieved
526:
514:. Retrieved
488:. Retrieved
460:. Retrieved
455:
446:
434:. Retrieved
423:
411:. Retrieved
404:the original
351:
346:Yona Metzger
344:Chief Rabbi
340:
336:Limor Livnat
333:
325:
317:
294:
276:Ramat Eshkol
273:
265:
255:
253:
248:
246:
236:
233:
229:
220:
216:Yisrael Katz
212:
200:
167:
139:
134:
116:
107:dietary laws
94:
93:
84:
72:
68:modest dress
38:
37:
15:
1346:Arutz Sheva
1186:January 10,
1160:December 5,
1134:January 10,
1108:January 10,
1082:January 10,
1056:January 10,
978:January 10,
952:January 10,
624:January 10,
564:October 20,
462:December 2,
328:Tzipi Livni
313:Gilad Erdan
282:, a female
243:Enforcement
142:Naomi Ragen
1376:Categories
377:References
301:Washington
163:Rosa Parks
1324:. Haaretz
1233:. Haaretz
1027:March 10,
913:. Haaretz
894:March 10,
868:March 10,
845:March 10,
758:. Haaretz
732:. Haaretz
713:March 10,
709:. Haaretz
490:March 10,
436:March 10,
342:Ashkenazi
123:Bnei Brak
119:Jerusalem
90:Etymology
47:קו מהדרין
32:Bnei Brak
1363:March 9,
1328:March 8,
1311:March 8,
1294:March 8,
1274:March 8,
1254:March 8,
1237:March 8,
1220:March 8,
1000:July 19,
917:March 9,
812:March 8,
789:March 8,
762:March 9,
736:March 8,
595:July 19,
516:March 8,
413:March 8,
360:See also
291:Response
103:Hanukkah
95:Mehadrin
51:bus line
1181:Haaretz
1155:Haaretz
1077:Haaretz
1051:Haaretz
973:Haaretz
947:Haaretz
590:Haaretz
538:July 8,
261:Shavuot
256:Haaretz
170:Hiddush
113:History
80:Haredim
1336:Rabbi
1212:. The
269:shikse
207:Reform
182:Kadima
59:Haredi
55:Israel
43:Hebrew
28:Haredi
1210:(PDF)
839:(PDF)
832:(PDF)
407:(PDF)
400:(PDF)
174:Likud
161:icon
146:Ramot
131:Egged
1365:2011
1330:2011
1313:2011
1296:2011
1276:2011
1256:2011
1239:2011
1222:2011
1188:2012
1162:2011
1136:2012
1110:2012
1084:2012
1058:2012
1029:2011
1002:2011
980:2012
954:2012
919:2011
896:2011
870:2011
847:2011
814:2011
791:2011
764:2011
738:2011
715:2011
638:and
626:2012
597:2011
566:2013
540:2012
518:2011
492:2011
464:2020
438:2011
415:2011
305:Iran
129:and
121:and
1344:on
619:CNN
284:IDF
127:Dan
53:in
24:Dan
1378::
1340:,
1287:.
1267:.
1179:.
1153:.
1127:.
1101:.
1075:.
1049:.
1037:^
971:.
945:.
927:^
746:^
649:^
617:.
605:^
588:.
574:^
500:^
472:^
454:.
385:^
165:.
45::
22:A
1367:.
1348:.
1332:.
1315:.
1298:.
1278:.
1258:.
1241:.
1224:.
1190:.
1164:.
1138:.
1112:.
1086:.
1060:.
1031:.
1004:.
982:.
956:.
921:.
898:.
872:.
849:.
816:.
793:.
766:.
740:.
717:.
628:.
599:.
568:.
542:.
520:.
494:.
466:.
440:.
417:.
41:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
