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from right to left by means of the buttons ... which carry upwards, or to the right, the notch... intended to receive the photographs. In order to prevent the eyes from being strained by the excess of light at the time the transparent views are changed a rough glass is placed between the two lenses when there is no photograph between the eye and the lamp. Two flat bars...sliding in a groove on the internal frame of the door...are provided, which adjust themselves to the size of the smaller views, such as portraits, etc. and ...the size of the diapbragms used should also be proportionate to that of the photographs to be viewed.
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the two reflectors...are opened so as to throw light on the same, but if by transmitted light, the reflectors are closed, the door...opened, and the light at the middle of the aperture passes through the back of the photographic view. Its effects are more striking with artificial light; and a gas burner or petroleum lamp answers the purpose very well.
240:
By these improvements the magnifying of the views is considerably increased; the relief is more developed, but without exaggeration; the defects of sphericity are reduced to a minimum; greater clearness is obtained; and by the inclosing of the views in a frame, the eye is prevented from wandering to
349:
Megalethoscope prints continued to be produced into the 1890s, and in the twentieth century, simpler, mirrored devices, like the shomescope (1914), snapscope (1925 to 1935), some of them toys, including the reflectoscope (1930s), were claimed to provide three-dimensional effect from two-dimensional
306:
The advent of the albumen print process in the early 1850s meant that photography became a medium of mass visual communication in the hands of early entrepreneurs and from the mid 1850s onwards who produced semi-industrial quantities of copies of pictures from commissioned photographers, processing
248:
The observer places himself before the eye-glass ... of the apparatus ... moves forward or draws back the lens, by means of the two lateral handles ... to suit his sight; and according as the photographic view is required to be on the wide or narrow side, the instrument ... is turned a quarter turn
244:
Each view is so disposed that it may be seen by reflection or as a transparency, and by day or by artificial light. The instrument is first placed on a table in front of a window, and the photographie view is introduced through the aperture... if it be desired to view the object by reflected light,
273:
of megalethoscope views was applied to scenes of events, and as a way to re-enact history, such as a daylight view of an empty St Mark's Square that could be transformed with back lighting into a night scene showing illuminations and lively crowds celebrating of the annexation of the Veneto by the
139:
in London in 1862. The megalethoscope was produced for him by cabinetmaker
Demetrio Puppolin, whose name is inscribed on different models. It was a substantial status symbol, an often elaborate item of furniture that only the well-to-do could afford; some are highly decorated with pearl inlay and
59:, perforated and mounted on a curved frame. Night effects were achieved when viewing pictures in transmitted light from a fitted oil or kerosine lamp and a daytime version of the same scene was seen when lit by the reflected light from two side mirrors. They are sophisticated versions of the
333:. Despite Ponte's legal battles between 1868 and 1876 to prevent it, Carlo Naya began to manufacture and sell the Aletoscopio and Megalethoscopio (in some versions labelled a 'graphoscope') which Ponti tried to counter by issuing variations of the instrument under other names including
187:
and modelling. The instrument's arrangement minimises surrounding indicators of depth that would let us know this is a flat picture, and also because the image is magnified to nearer the scale of the real scene the picture is depicting. As the light coming from the lens to the eyes is
307:
thousands of prints a month by hundreds of employees. Ponti photographed, and commissioned others, to produce specially prepared photographs for use in the
Megalethoscope, distributing all the imagery with his own stamp, so that attribution is often contended.
257:
may be either backlit by an internal light source—usually an oil or kerosene lantern—or lit by daylight admitted via a system of opening doors. The plates for some versions of the megalethoscope are curved with slotted wooden braces for optical correction of
289:
at night, a popular
Venetian tourist experience. Ponti's success benefitted from his familiarity with, and repetition of, traditional painted views, and his distribution network through commercial studios beyond Venice, including that of
135:, Lettere ed Arti in Venice, earning an honourable mention there in May. He obtained a patent in January 1862 and commenced marketing it and photographs to be viewed using the instrument. His invention was awarded Grand Prix at the
262:, and pinprick perforations and mechanically thinned areas on the albumen prints have been made for viewing the photographic images under reflected and transmitted light to suggest day or night lighting, fantastic effects (
222:
of 1867 noted minor improvements over the alethoscope that were made to later models of the megalethoscope, but the relative size of the two otherwise similar instruments is their distinguishing difference;
544:. C. Ponti 1862. Advertisement for Ponti's photographs of Venice and Italy. Wood-engraved ill. of the medal awarded Ponti at the London International Exhibition of 1862. Printed on gray wove paper
341:. Well aware of their market value, Naya counter-sued Ponti for the many views that he had taken and were sold with Ponti's megalethoscope, though many were actually taken by Naya's assistants.
310:
Ponti and his one-time collaborator, and later rival, in Venice were two of the well-known suppliers of travel photographs, beside the brothers
Alinari in Florence, Giacchino Altobelli in Rome,
542:
Charles Ponti
Opticien Et Photographe De S.m. Le Roi D'italie : Inventeur Et Fabriquant De L'alethoscope ... : Place S.l Marc N. 52. Venise Riva Degli Schiavoni (Quai) N. 4180
318:
and
Constantino Brusa in Milano, and the Studio Incorpora in Palermo. Ponti collaborated with Francesco Maria Zinelli and Giuseppe Beniamino Coen to handle the volume of his sale.
734:
Heylen, Sylke; Maes, Herman (1999). "Megalethoscope Plates: A Case Study: Conservation
Treatment of Megalethoscope plates from the Collection of the Museum for Art and History".
275:
937:
132:
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which was of a different design and effect. Improvements to the megalethoscope over the alethoscope, mainly the addition of a compound lens, are detailed in
172:, but also for connoisseurs of art and architecture, in large quantities and to an international clientele through outlets in Europe, England and America.
658:
Verwiebe, Birgit (September 1995). "L'illusione nel tempo e nello spazio. Il megaletoscopio di Carlo Ponti, un apparecchio fotografi co degli anni 1860".
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The megalethoscope and the alethoscope are capable of a certain illusion of relief. Photographic views are seen enlarged through a wide, thick
676:
Bantjes, Rod (October 2021). "The
Optical Machine's Asynchronic Progress: Perceptual Paradigms and 3-D Enhancement Technologies, 1700–1925".
967:
43:, from the Greek “true”, “exact” and “vision”) which it largely superseded, and both are instruments for viewing single photographs with a
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larger than those for the alethoscope. Ponti produced and published his imagery mostly for the tourist market in the waning era of the
598:
Brand-Claussen, Bettina; Green, Malcolm (2001). "The Witch's Head
Landscape: A Pictorial Illusion from the Prinzhorn Collection".
131:
invented the alethoscope in 1860. He presented the device to the Société française de photographie in 1861, then in April, to the
1292:
230:
2. the substitution of several diaphragms, opening on a hinge...so as to inclose large and medium sized photographic views and
753:
Dune, Corinne (1 September 1996). "La photographie en spectacle : traitements de papiers albuminés peints transparents".
152:
Attributed to Carlo Ponti (after 1871) Burning of the Hotel de Ville, Paris, daytime view. Megalethoscope albumen transparency
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Travel around the world in 19th-century prints, drawings and photographs : June 21-October 2, 1994, Stanford Art
Gallery
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1. The two lenses which may be removed through the small door for the purpose of cleaning them, instead of one fixed lens;
160:
Attributed to Carlo Ponti (after 1871) Burning of the Hotel de Ville, Paris, night view. Megalethoscope albumen transparency
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Ponti's rights to the alethoscope and megalethoscope lapsed after1866, due to administrative confusion after the
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723:. III, Third Series (March 1868). London & Glasgow: Longmans, Green, Reader, & Dyer: 111. March 1868.
503:. III, Third Series (March 1868). London & Glasgow: Longmans, Green, Reader, & Dyer: 111. March 1868.
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Paoli, Sylvia (2013). "Ponti, Carlo (c. 1822–1893) Optician and photographer". In Hannavy, John (ed.).
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The megalethoscope, invented by Charles Ponti, optician & photographer. : Its object and use
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196:; the image appears suspended at an indeterminable range. The broad, thick lens could also enhance
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Instead of modernity : the Western canon and the incorporation of the Hispanic (c. 1850-75)
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Carlo Ponti, Interlaken, Switzerland, night view albumen print shown rear-lit in megalethoscope
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Ginger, Andrew (2020). "Departure: To leap beyond yet nearer bring". In Ginger, Andrew (ed.).
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212:; and depth clues in the image, which were usually architectural interiors or exteriors in
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Optician, photographer and publisher of views for the tourist and art-connoisseur markets,
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Huhtamo, Erkki (2006). "Elements of screenology: Toward an archaeology of the screen".
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The entire unit could be rotated for either horizontal or vertical format images. The
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marquetry, and they often held collections of photographs in a cabinet beneath.
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3. the method of fixing ordinary portraits and small photographic views.
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The megalethoscope was for the viewing of single, usually 25 x 34 cm.,
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Iglesias, Rodrigo Martin (2015). "Mundos Virtuales y Pantallas".
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Sets of images take the viewer on a simulated trip along the
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Iglesias, Rodrigo MartĂn (2011). "A travĂ©s de la pantalla".
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Navigationen-Zeitschrift fĂĽr Medien-und Kulturwissenschaften
790:
Jornadas Nacionales de InvestigaciĂłn en Arte en Argentina
274:
rest of Italy. Another of the transparencies shows the
241:
the margin at the expense of the stereoscopic effect.
16:
19th-century optical instrument for viewing photographs
234:, for the single diaphragm used in the Alethoscope;
83:
these devices were, and are, often confused with the
938:
George Eastman House blog post on the Megalethoscope
904:. United Kingdom: J.B. Lippincott. pp. 237–241.
143:
597:
933:George Eastman House Online Megalethoscope Viewer
2760:
902:Home Handicraft for Boys: Learning Through Doing
684:(4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 1119–1142.
662:(in Italian). 16/17 (Autumn/Winter 1995): 53–61.
396:Before the crash : early video game history
847:. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 49, 55–58.
442:Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography
1139:
961:
877:"Alethoscope - Single Lens, Italy, 1860-1870"
517:Magic visions before the advent of the cinema
335:Amfoteroscopio, Dioramoscopio, Pontioscopio,
2691:Conservation and restoration of photographs
399:. Detroit: Wayne State U.P. pp. 36–7.
208:at the edges of the lens may contribute to
75:which descends from the eighteenth century
2428:Comparison of digital and film photography
1146:
1132:
968:
954:
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325:, when Venice, along with the rest of the
179:that creates an illusion of the subjects'
47:to enlarge and to create some illusion of
2648:Photographs considered the most important
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51:. They were used to view photographic
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919:Image of an alethoscope advertisement
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438:
123:Description of Ponti's Megalethoscope
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514:Minici, Carlo Alberto Zotti (2001).
434:
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392:
388:
386:
276:burning of the HĂ´tel de Ville, Paris
2643:Museums devoted to one photographer
841:Pelizzari, Maria Antonella (2011).
736:Topics in Photographic Preservation
507:
329:, became part of the newly created
13:
2190:Timeline of photography technology
834:
666:
14:
2820:
2779:Audiovisual introductions in 1861
2774:Audiovisual introductions in 1860
912:
445:. Routledge. pp. 1144–1146.
421:
383:
323:Third Italian War of Independence
144:Description, operation and effect
2741:
2731:
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721:The Practical Mechanic's Journal
501:The Practical Mechanic's Journal
478:. Italy: Mazzotta. p. 196.
220:The Practical Mechanic's Journal
89:The Practical Mechanic's Journal
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633:Gallery., Stanford Art (1994).
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216:, help to create the illusion.
830:. Manchester University Press.
639:. Stanford University Museum.
572:
547:
534:
492:
467:
360:
1:
2240:Painted photography backdrops
2172:Golden triangle (composition)
1447:35 mm equivalent focal length
353:
71:before 1862. Lke the similar
924:Princeton University Library
881:Museums Victoria Collections
520:(in Italian). Il poligrafo.
105:Princeton University Library
94:
23:Carlo Ponti's Megalethoscope
7:
2809:Virtual reality accessories
1950:Intentional camera movement
10:
2825:
2638:Most expensive photographs
1995:Multi-exposure HDR capture
809:Blucher Design Proceedings
294:in the United Kingdom and
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474:Mannoni, Laurent (1970).
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266:) and to add colours.
2804:19th-century photography
2572:Digital image processing
393:Wolf, Mark J.P. (2012).
137:International Exhibition
103:Ponti's Megalethoscope (
2245:Photography and the law
63:, and were designed by
2592:Gelatin silver process
1616:Science of photography
1601:Photographic processes
1579:Perspective distortion
719:"The Megalethoscope".
690:10.1353/tech.2021.0155
678:Technology and Culture
499:"The Megalethoscope".
251:
161:
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124:
116:
108:
24:
2794:Photography equipment
2050:Schlieren photography
1589:Photographic printing
1512:Exposure compensation
844:Photography and Italy
612:10.1353/aim.2001.0001
554:Ponti, Carlo (1862).
476:Le Mouvement Continué
451:10.4324/9780203941782
339:Cosmorama Fotografico
225:
206:chromatic aberrations
159:
151:
122:
114:
102:
79:predating photography
31:is a larger version (
22:
2799:Photography in Italy
1834:Straight photography
1472:Chromatic aberration
202:binocular stereopsis
49:three-dimensionality
2701:photographic plates
2386:Digital photography
1564:Hyperfocal distance
1477:Circle of confusion
900:Hall, A.N. (1935).
372:The Free Dictionary
255:albumen photographs
133:Istituto di Scienze
2769:Precursors of film
2205:Autochrome Lumière
2200:Analog photography
2025:Pigeon photography
1814:Social documentary
1293:discontinued films
977:Precursors of film
162:
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125:
117:
109:
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2557:Collodion process
2493:Chromogenic print
2480:Color photography
1990:Multiple exposure
1965:Lo-fi photography
1492:Color temperature
1121:
1120:
1018:Electrotachyscope
1008:Chronophotography
854:978-1-86189-769-5
796:(2011). La Plata.
527:978-88-7115-299-8
460:978-0-203-94178-2
406:978-0-8143-3450-8
185:perspective depth
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2744:
2734:
2733:
2612:Print permanence
2562:Cross processing
2520:CMYK color model
2505:Color management
2458:Foveon X3 sensor
2453:Three-CCD camera
2097:Miniature faking
2055:Sabattier effect
1667:Astrophotography
1522:Zebra patterning
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331:Kingdom of Italy
260:lens aberrations
232:cartes de visite
210:chromostereopsis
198:depth perception
177:magnifying glass
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2784:Optical devices
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2525:RGB color model
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2142:Diagonal method
2128:
1868:
1772:Photojournalism
1635:
1467:Black-and-white
1435:
1414:Slide projector
1409:Movie projector
1288:available films
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1098:Théâtre Optique
1068:Phenakistiscope
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2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2394:Digital camera
2390:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2220:Camera obscura
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2162:Rule of thirds
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1930:Harris shutter
1927:
1925:Hand-colouring
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1611:Red-eye effect
1608:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1517:Exposure value
1514:
1509:
1504:
1502:Depth of focus
1499:
1497:Depth of field
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1063:Phantasmagoria
1060:
1055:
1050:
1048:Megalethoscope
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1028:Kaiserpanorama
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
998:Camera obscura
995:
990:
984:
981:
980:
973:
972:
965:
958:
950:
941:
940:
935:
930:
928:Megalethoscope
921:
914:
913:External links
911:
908:
907:
892:
868:
853:
833:
818:
799:
780:
745:
726:
711:
665:
650:
625:
606:(1): 407–443.
600:American Imago
590:
571:
546:
533:
526:
506:
491:
484:
466:
459:
420:
405:
382:
358:
357:
355:
352:
346:
343:
312:Giorgio Sommer
303:
300:
166:albumen prints
145:
142:
96:
93:
53:albumen prints
29:megalethoscope
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2821:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2749:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:Photographers
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2547:Bleach bypass
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2534:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:primary color
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:Reversal film
2498:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2465:Image sharing
2463:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:United States
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:Daguerreotype
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:Stopping down
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2035:Rephotography
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:Long-exposure
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:Architectural
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1621:Shutter speed
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1574:Metering mode
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1487:Color balance
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1452:Angle of view
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1399:Manufacturers
1397:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1114:
1113:Zoopraxiscope
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1043:Magic lantern
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1033:Kinematoscope
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
982:
978:
971:
966:
964:
959:
957:
952:
951:
948:
944:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
903:
896:
882:
878:
872:
864:
860:
856:
850:
846:
845:
837:
829:
822:
815:(3): 465–472.
814:
810:
803:
795:
791:
784:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
757:(in French).
756:
749:
741:
737:
730:
722:
715:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
672:
670:
661:
654:
646:
642:
638:
637:
629:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
594:
586:
582:
575:
567:
563:
559:
558:
550:
543:
540:Ponti Carlo.
537:
529:
523:
519:
518:
510:
502:
495:
487:
485:88-202-1164-5
481:
477:
470:
462:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:
435:
433:
431:
429:
427:
425:
416:
412:
408:
402:
398:
397:
389:
387:
373:
369:
368:"Alethoscope"
363:
359:
351:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
316:Giacomo Brogi
313:
308:
299:
297:
293:
292:Francis Frith
288:
283:
281:
280:Paris Commune
277:
272:
267:
265:
261:
256:
250:
246:
242:
238:
235:
233:
228:
224:
221:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:accommodation
191:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
158:
150:
141:
138:
134:
130:
121:
113:
106:
101:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
2713:Polaroid art
2607:K-14 process
2602:Instant film
2597:Gum printing
2552:C-41 process
2537:Photographic
2438:Image sensor
2433:Film scanner
2087:Sun printing
2020:Print toning
1807:space selfie
1777:Pictorialism
1707:Ethnographic
1687:Conservation
1559:Guide number
1554:Focal length
1073:Praxinoscope
1047:
993:Anorthoscope
942:
901:
895:
884:. Retrieved
880:
871:
843:
836:
827:
821:
812:
808:
802:
793:
789:
783:
758:
754:
748:
739:
735:
729:
720:
714:
681:
677:
659:
653:
635:
628:
603:
599:
593:
584:
580:
574:
560:. C. Ponti.
556:
549:
541:
536:
516:
509:
500:
494:
475:
469:
441:
395:
375:, retrieved
371:
362:
348:
345:Developments
338:
334:
320:
309:
305:
296:Pompeo Pozzi
284:
269:A degree of
268:
263:
252:
247:
243:
239:
236:
229:
226:
219:
218:
200:by creating
174:
163:
126:
88:
80:
41:alethoscopio
40:
39:, (Italian:
36:
32:
28:
26:
2718:Stereoscopy
2582:E-6 process
2577:Dye coupler
2510:color space
2423:Digiscoping
2416:camera back
2331:Philippines
2260:Visual arts
2250:Glass plate
2235:Heliography
2134:Composition
2109:Ultraviolet
2065:Stereoscopy
2060:Slow motion
2045:Scanography
1960:Kite aerial
1900:Contre-jour
1792:Post-mortem
1782:Pornography
1762:Neues Sehen
1697:Documentary
1631:Zone System
1606:Reciprocity
1532:Film format
1462:Backscatter
1440:Terminology
1310:beauty dish
1209:rangefinder
1174:light-field
1155:Photography
1093:Thaumatrope
1088:Stereoscope
1083:Shadow play
1038:Kinetoscope
1003:Chromatrope
988:Alethoscope
587:(2): 31–64.
314:in Naples,
287:Grand Canal
278:during the
214:perspective
129:Carlo Ponti
85:stereoscope
73:graphoscope
65:Carlo Ponti
37:alethoscope
2789:3D imaging
2763:Categories
2708:Lomography
2539:processing
2488:Print film
2404:comparison
2371:Uzbekistan
2321:Luxembourg
2281:Bangladesh
2230:Dufaycolor
2210:Box camera
2167:Simplicity
2124:Zoom burst
2119:Xerography
2114:Vignetting
2104:Time-lapse
2092:Tilt–shift
1985:Mordançage
1975:Luminogram
1940:Holography
1935:High-speed
1915:Fill flash
1895:Burst mode
1873:Techniques
1854:Vernacular
1849:Underwater
1844:Toy camera
1824:Still life
1752:Monochrome
1742:High-speed
1692:Cloudscape
1682:Conceptual
1584:Photograph
1569:Lens flare
1549:Film speed
1431:Zone plate
1377:wide-angle
1362:long-focus
1108:Zograscope
1078:Raree show
886:2023-03-01
377:2019-08-23
354:References
298:in Milan.
264:diavoletti
190:collimated
181:plasticity
170:Grand Tour
91:of 1867.
77:zograscope
55:that were
35:-) of the
2658:Norwegian
2622:Stop bath
2567:Developer
2195:Ambrotype
2157:Lead room
2080:Slit-scan
2015:Photogram
2010:Panoramic
1920:Fireworks
1905:Cyanotype
1747:Landscape
1392:telephoto
1340:reflector
1335:monolight
1330:lens hood
1315:cucoloris
1251:safelight
1162:Equipment
1058:Peep show
1053:Mutoscope
1023:Flip book
1013:Cosmorama
863:587209562
775:886969366
767:1277-2550
706:239766079
660:Fotologia
645:913299924
620:142592862
415:809532788
271:animation
95:Invention
61:peep show
2737:Category
2443:CMOS APS
2341:Slovenia
2269:Regional
2215:Calotype
2152:Headroom
2030:Redscale
1945:Infrared
1890:Brenizer
1864:Wildlife
1787:Portrait
1732:Forensic
1722:Fine-art
1657:Aircraft
1647:Abstract
1527:F-number
1507:Exposure
1482:Clipping
1457:Aperture
1325:hot shoe
1246:enlarger
1241:Darkroom
1103:Zoetrope
742:: 23–30.
698:34690160
566:79947651
57:coloured
2748:Outline
2684:Related
2376:Vietnam
2361:Ukraine
2296:Denmark
2276:Albania
2255:Tintype
2182:History
2147:Framing
2040:Rollout
2005:Panning
1955:Kirlian
1859:Wedding
1737:Glamour
1717:Fashion
1702:Eclipse
1672:Banquet
1594:Albumen
1404:Monopod
1382:fisheye
1350:softbox
1199:pinhole
1189:instant
1179:digital
2746:
2735:
2668:street
2663:Polish
2356:Turkey
2351:Taiwan
2336:Serbia
2326:Norway
2301:Greece
2286:Canada
1880:Afocal
1839:Street
1819:Sports
1802:Selfie
1757:Nature
1712:Erotic
1677:Candid
1652:Aerial
1640:Genres
1542:medium
1419:Tripod
1387:swivel
1300:Filter
1278:holder
1273:format
1169:Camera
861:
851:
773:
765:
704:
696:
643:
618:
564:
524:
482:
457:
413:
403:
327:Veneto
302:Rights
69:Venice
2673:women
2631:Lists
2587:Fixer
2470:Pixel
2399:D-SLR
2346:Sudan
2316:Korea
2311:Japan
2306:India
2291:China
2075:Strip
2000:Night
1980:Macro
1885:Bokeh
1829:Stock
1797:Ruins
1537:large
1367:prime
1345:snoot
1305:Flash
1283:stock
1258:Drone
1219:still
1204:press
1194:phone
1184:field
702:S2CID
616:S2CID
2696:film
2411:MILC
1910:ETTR
1767:Nude
1727:Fire
1626:Sync
1424:head
1372:zoom
1357:Lens
1320:gobo
1268:base
1263:Film
1234:view
859:OCLC
849:ISBN
794:VIII
771:OCLC
763:ISSN
755:Coré
694:PMID
641:OCLC
562:OCLC
522:ISBN
480:ISBN
455:ISBN
411:OCLC
401:ISBN
45:lens
33:mega
27:The
2448:CCD
1229:toy
1224:TLR
1214:SLR
926:'s
686:doi
608:doi
447:doi
337:or
282:.
67:of
2765::
879:.
857:.
811:.
792:.
769:.
738:.
700:.
692:.
682:62
680:.
668:^
614:.
604:58
602:.
583:.
453:.
423:^
409:.
385:^
370:,
183:,
1147:e
1140:t
1133:v
969:e
962:t
955:v
889:.
865:.
813:2
777:.
759:1
740:8
708:.
688::
647:.
622:.
610::
585:6
568:.
530:.
488:.
463:.
449::
417:.
107:)
81:,
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