2994:
2712:
again built new planned cities outside the old walled cities, where
European settlers largely resided with modern Western-style amenities. This was part of a larger "policy of association" adopted by Lyautey which favoured various forms of indirect colonial rule by preserving local institutions and elites, in contrast with other French colonial policies favouring assimilation. The desire to preserve historic cities was also consistent with one of the trends in European ideas about urban planning at the time which argued for the preservation of historic cities in Europe – ideas which Lyautey himself favored. Scholar
2885:
2811:
58:
2979:
2874:
2735:
3767:
4679:
4692:
27:
2668:, the old city was preserved but it was physically linked with the European town, making it easier to police, while its traditional economic and administrative systems were marginalized, rendering it dependent on the European districts. The most important preserved historic towns or medinas today include those of
2716:
has argued that French urban policies and regulations created a kind of urban "apartheid" between the indigenous
Moroccan urban areas – which were forced to remain stagnant in terms of urban development – and the new planned cities which were mainly inhabited by Europeans and expanded to occupy rural
2603:
that began in 1830 and brought the country under colonial control resulted in significant destruction of the urban fabric of its historic cities. Colonial rule also led to the dismantling of many traditional urban institutions, the disruption of local culture, and even a certain level of depopulation
2711:
to oversee the urban development of cities under his control. One important colonial policy with long-term consequences was the decision to largely forego development of existing historic cities and to deliberately preserve them as sites of historic heritage, the "medinas". The French administration
2624:
towns. In
Algiers, most of the historic lower town was demolished and remodeled along European lines after the French conquest. The only part of the old city that remained relatively untouched was the upper town, which contained the citadel
2656:) outside the established historic cities. These new planned towns were almost exclusively inhabited by European colonists while the indigenous population predominantly resided in the old districts, resulting in a certain level of
2604:
over time. Fewer cities have preserved their pre-colonial urban fabric in
Algeria by comparison with neighbouring countries, but significant remains have been preserved in historic cities such as
1268:
3217:
2638:
The fate of traditional walled cities in
Tunisia and Morocco, which also came under French colonial rule over the next hundred years, was quite different. The
3847:
3486:
141:
3166:
Troin, Jean-François (2017). "Urbanization and
Development: The Role of the Medina in the Maghreb". In Amirahmadi, Hooshang; El-Shakhs, Salah S. (eds.).
2596:
in North Africa, the region was home to many major cities which had long been centres of culture, commerce, and political power over many centuries.
3122:
The old walled part of a North
African town. Hence formerly (in colonial times): the non-European section of a North African town (now historical).
2717:
lands outside the city which were formerly used by
Moroccans. This separation was partly softened by wealthy Moroccans who started moving into the
3557:
4649:
1944:
4077:
256:
3521:
3251:
3139:
Sari, Djilali (2013). "The Role of the
Medinas in the Reconstruction of Algerian Culture and Identity". In Slyomovics, Susan (ed.).
2532:
4593:
3193:
Hoexter, Miriam; Shuval, Tal. "Algiers". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
1919:
4654:
4293:
3625:
3261:
3177:
3150:
1308:
3446:
Abu-Lughod, Janet (1875). "Moroccan Cities: Apartheid and the
Serendipity of Conservation". In Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim (ed.).
3304:"La fabrique publique de l'espace public confrontée aux intérêts privés. Lyautey, Prost et les "bâtisseurs" de Casablanca"
4588:
1924:
1686:
850:
1283:
3550:
1929:
3286:
3227:
3084:
2774:
2661:
1959:
1273:
3642:
3494:
4562:
2752:
1785:
470:
3354:
Wagner, Lauren; Minca, Claudio (2014). "Rabat retrospective: Colonial heritage in a Moroccan urban laboratory".
4659:
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67:
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181:
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1371:
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517:
411:
3827:
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4746:
4572:
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3781:
3397:
Holden, Stacy E. (2008). "The Legacy of French Colonialism: Preservation in Morocco's Fez Medina".
1775:
855:
642:
2171:
4736:
3930:
3630:
3091:
Literally 'city'. This term is often used in North Africa to describe the older part of the city.
2745:
2518:
2411:
586:
512:
465:
20:
4119:
3671:
3303:
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2024:
1939:
1842:
1780:
1651:
1601:
1250:
1238:
820:
88:
3590:
3142:
The Walled Arab City in Literature, Architecture and History: The Living Medina in the Maghrib
3072:
1186:
4325:
3728:
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1989:
1914:
1591:
83:
41:
4671:
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3723:
3718:
3708:
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3600:
3580:
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2923:, the first medina of Fes (considered one of the largest car-free urban areas in the world)
2617:
1376:
500:
495:
383:
108:
103:
98:
93:
78:
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8:
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176:
113:
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3219:
Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800
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2009:
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2256:
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3448:
African Themes: Northwestern University Studies in Honor of Gwendolen M. Carter
3024:
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2004:
1530:
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1021:
683:
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557:
490:
416:
3319:
4696:
4451:
3713:
3277:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Tunisia, Republic of".
2878:
2822:
2584:
city. The term comes from the Arabic word simply meaning "city" or "town".
2577:
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49:
31:
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1116:
1051:
959:
882:
735:
730:
537:
455:
426:
421:
276:
2978:
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policies, as witnessed in Algeria, were also implemented in Tunisia. In
4496:
4456:
4267:
4002:
3915:
3851:
3535:
2905:
2837:
2759: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2631:) and the former residence of the rulers, and thus became known as the
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2376:
2356:
2351:
1949:
1815:
1636:
1445:
1223:
1156:
1103:
969:
872:
755:
522:
378:
313:
201:
146:
4603:
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2967:
298:
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3997:
3920:
3865:
3812:
2915:
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2119:
2084:
2059:
1862:
1820:
1810:
1460:
984:
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368:
171:
136:
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211:
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989:
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2156:
2114:
1994:
1596:
1423:
1298:
1293:
974:
934:
902:
720:
688:
328:
2650:. In Tunisia the French generally built new planned cities (the
1337:
4527:
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4385:
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4335:
4262:
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2019:
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26:
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912:
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4103:
4052:
4007:
3992:
3986:
3960:
3955:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3870:
3751:
2942:
2669:
2665:
2503:
2433:
2366:
2316:
2311:
2296:
2079:
2044:
2039:
2029:
2014:
1882:
1872:
1795:
1545:
1480:
1322:
1303:
1166:
1121:
1111:
1086:
1071:
944:
835:
780:
775:
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710:
363:
358:
231:
196:
156:
131:
126:
4532:
4491:
4277:
4251:
4108:
4027:
3843:
3001:
2681:
2381:
2301:
2054:
1887:
1877:
1391:
1342:
939:
830:
246:
191:
166:
2642:
took place in 1881 and resulted in the establishment of a
2576:'city') is a historical district in a number of
3279:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
3399:
APT Bulletin: The Journal of Preservation Technology
2564:
16:
Old city section found in many North African cities
3103:
3450:. Northwestern University Press. pp. 77–111.
30:Mule moving goods through the car-free medina in
4708:
3276:
3551:
2526:
2699:over that country in 1912. The first French
2592:Prior to the rise and intrusion of European
3353:
3558:
3544:
3445:
3430:
2533:
2519:
1945:On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy
3192:
3112:. Oxford University Press. September 2022
2775:Learn how and when to remove this message
2646:, while nominally retaining the existing
3565:
3463:"10 Beautiful Cities to Explore by Foot"
3331:
3329:
3070:
2992:
2977:
2883:
2872:
2809:
2660:during the colonial period. Some French
2587:
25:
3415:
3335:
4709:
3396:
3349:
3347:
3301:
2580:cities, often corresponding to an old
1920:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
3539:
3326:
3215:
3169:Urban Development in the Muslim World
3165:
3409:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3186:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3130:
2757:adding citations to reliable sources
2728:
3460:
3390:
3344:
2796:, a medina named after its fortress
2554:
1925:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
1580:National literatures of Arab States
13:
4594:Influences on Western architecture
3270:
3077:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
3064:
2724:
1930:The Incoherence of the Incoherence
14:
4758:
3512:
3433:Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco
3236:
3209:
3127:
2877:View of the medina (old city) of
4690:
4677:
3765:
3253:French Urbanism in Foreign Lands
2733:
56:
4563:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
3479:
3454:
3439:
3424:
3420:. Flammarion. pp. 192–194.
3340:. Flammarion. pp. 192–194.
2744:needs additional citations for
3295:
3256:. Springer. pp. 144–146.
3172:. Routledge. pp. 94–108.
3159:
3096:
1:
3435:. Princeton University Press.
3195:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
3145:. Routledge. pp. 69–80.
3057:
4655:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
3487:"VISIT THE MEDINA OF TOZEUR"
2721:during the colonial period.
7:
3461:Lew, Josh (29 April 2021).
3281:. Oxford University Press.
3216:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
3045:
2697:another French Protectorate
2565:
2095:One Thousand and One Nights
10:
4763:
4023:Islamic geometric patterns
3431:Abu-Lughod, Janet (1980).
3079:. Routledge. p. 182.
2973:
2929:, the second medina of Fes
2868:
2787:
2640:French conquest of Tunisia
1858:Arcs of Descent and Ascent
925:Andalusian classical music
851:Arabic musical instruments
182:Islamic geometric patterns
18:
4668:
4612:
4581:
4555:
4505:
4457:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
4434:
4318:
4311:
4237:
4194:
4143:
4091:
3969:
3885:
3836:
3774:
3763:
3744:
3737:
3573:
3222:. Yale University Press.
3071:Petersen, Andrew (1996).
1905:The Theology of Aristotle
1372:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry
1269:Love in Arabic literature
518:Arabic geometric patterns
481:Islamic hardstone carving
412:Ancient South Arabian art
4573:Museum with No Frontiers
3376:10.1177/0042098014524611
2805:
1274:Arabic erotic literature
471:Palestinian wood carving
4684:Architecture portal
3531:Carfree Cities: Morocco
3416:Aouchar, Amina (2005).
3336:Aouchar, Amina (2005).
3320:10.3406/geoca.2002.2749
3302:Garret, Pascal (2002).
1781:Islamic Aristotelianism
1776:Early Arabic Philosophy
21:Medina (disambiguation)
4589:Indo-Saracenic Revival
3989:(multicoloured ashlar)
3250:Njoh, Ambe J. (2015).
3005:
2990:
2982:View of the medina of
2896:
2881:
2818:
2418:South Arabian deities
1940:Theologus Autodidactus
821:Rhythm in Arabic music
34:
4326:Congregational mosque
3784:(four-arch structure)
2996:
2981:
2887:
2876:
2813:
2644:French "Protectorate"
2620:, as well as in many
2588:Historical background
2247:North Arabian deities
2151:Fictional Arab people
1990:Atlantis of the Sands
1915:The Book of the Apple
496:Islamic ivory carving
29:
4727:Islamic architecture
4650:Ottoman architecture
4640:Moorish architecture
4635:Islamic architecture
4630:Iranian architecture
4053:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
3907:(or müezzin mahfili)
3567:Islamic architecture
2753:improve this article
1377:Modern Arabic poetry
1052:Gnawa (North Africa)
893:Classical Arab music
19:For other uses, see
4722:Berber architecture
4717:Arabic architecture
4687: •
4674: •
4660:Yemeni architecture
4645:Mughal architecture
4625:Berber architecture
4620:Arabic architecture
4284:Salsabil (fountain)
4018:Islamic calligraphy
3519:Map of Tunis medina
3368:2014UrbSt..51.3011W
2633:"Casbah" of Algiers
2050:Iram of the Pillars
1309:Mirrors for princes
856:Great Book of Music
589:(Arabian Peninsula)
177:Islamic calligraphy
4742:Historic districts
4361:Kuttab (or maktab)
3524:2004-10-10 at the
3006:
2991:
2897:
2882:
2819:
2658:racial segregation
2172:Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad
2000:Beast of the Earth
1955:Sicilian Questions
1786:Islamic Platonism
1739:Arabic mathematics
1289:Arabic short story
1284:Literary_criticism
476:Islamic embroidery
446:Arabic calligraphy
35:
4704:
4703:
4551:
4550:
4307:
4306:
4294:Shading Umbrellas
4078:Stucco decoration
3978:For overview, see
3793:Four-centred arch
3362:(14): 3011–3025.
3263:978-3-319-25298-8
3179:978-1-351-31818-1
3152:978-1-135-28126-7
2794:Casbah of Algiers
2785:
2784:
2777:
2648:Tunisian monarchy
2575:
2563:
2543:
2542:
1843:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
1754:Arabic technology
1749:Arabic psychology
1734:Arabic Golden Age
501:Islamic Metalwork
257:Stucco decoration
4754:
4697:Islam portal
4695:
4694:
4693:
4682:
4681:
4316:
4315:
3981:Islamic ornament
3860:South Asian dome
3788:Discharging arch
3769:
3742:
3741:
3586:Anatolian Seljuk
3560:
3553:
3546:
3537:
3536:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3493:. Archived from
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3351:
3342:
3341:
3333:
3324:
3323:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3247:
3234:
3233:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3136:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3107:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3068:
2800:Casbah of Dellys
2780:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2760:
2737:
2729:
2719:Villes Nouvelles
2714:Janet Abu-Lughod
2701:resident general
2691:In Morocco, the
2653:Villes Nouvelles
2599:In Algeria, the
2570:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2212:Princess Jasmine
2197:Layla and Majnun
2182:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
2130:She-Camel of God
2125:Shams al-Ma'arif
1935:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
1801:Sufi metaphysics
1729:Arabic geography
1724:Arabic astronomy
1719:Arabic astrology
1714:Arabic chemistry
1279:Arabic grimoires
1259:
1032:Chaabi (Morocco)
1027:Chaabi (Algeria)
811:Arab tone system
630:
622:
614:
606:
598:
590:
461:Arabic miniature
187:Islamic ornament
60:
37:
36:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4747:Medina quarters
4707:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4691:
4689:
4676:
4664:
4608:
4599:Moorish Revival
4577:
4547:
4513:Albarrana tower
4501:
4430:
4417:in modern Iran)
4331:Dar al-Muwaqqit
4303:
4254:(fountain type)
4239:
4233:
4196:
4190:
4181:Reflecting pool
4176:Persian gardens
4171:Paradise garden
4139:
4116:(entrance hall)
4087:
4043:Nagash painting
3965:
3887:
3881:
3832:
3803:Lambrequin arch
3770:
3761:
3733:
3704:Sudano-Sahelian
3569:
3564:
3526:Wayback Machine
3515:
3510:
3509:
3500:
3498:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3471:
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3327:
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3191:
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3128:
3115:
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3102:
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3097:
3087:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3048:
2998:Souk El Khodhra
2976:
2871:
2808:
2790:
2781:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2750:
2738:
2727:
2725:List of medinas
2662:assimilationist
2601:French conquest
2590:
2539:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2412:Isāf and Nā'ila
2243:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2145:Zarqa al Yamama
2010:Book of Wonders
1979:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1900:Liber de Causis
1806:Sufi philosophy
1770:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1744:Arabic medicine
1708:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1257:
1251:Epic literature
1213:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1106:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1042:Fann at-Tanbura
861:Kitab al-Aghani
797:
787:
786:
785:
645:
635:
634:
628:
620:
612:
604:
596:
588:
582:
572:
571:
570:
568:
451:Arabic graffiti
403:
393:
392:
391:
389:
294:Albarrana tower
237:Reflecting pool
227:Nagash painting
119:
70:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4760:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4737:Urban planning
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4702:
4701:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
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4657:
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4613:Category pages
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4487:Medina quarter
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4273:Riwaq (arcade)
4270:
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4260:
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4161:Islamic garden
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3808:Multifoil arch
3805:
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3798:Horseshoe arch
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3513:External links
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3314:(3): 245–254.
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2705:Hubert Lyautey
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2209:
2204:
2199:
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2187:Kara Ben Nemsi
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2162:Abdul Alhazred
2159:
2148:
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2137:
2132:
2127:
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2112:
2107:
2102:
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2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1962:
1960:Fusus al-Hikam
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
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1855:
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1833:Al-aql al-faal
1824:
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1813:
1808:
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1798:
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1557:
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1515:
1506:Arabic prosody
1502:
1501:
1498:
1493:
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1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
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1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
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1286:
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1266:
1261:
1258:(ryhmed prose)
1253:
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1215:
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1019:
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997:
992:
987:
982:
980:Qudud Halabiya
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
930:Andalusi nubah
927:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
878:Arabic hip hop
875:
864:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
816:Algerian scale
813:
808:
799:
798:
793:
792:
789:
788:
784:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
761:Robe of honour
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
702:
701:
696:
694:Tarboush (fez)
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
647:
646:
641:
640:
637:
636:
633:
632:
629:(North Africa)
624:
616:
608:
600:
592:
583:
578:
577:
574:
573:
566:
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560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
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528:Damascus steel
525:
520:
515:
504:
503:
498:
493:
488:
486:Islamic garden
483:
478:
473:
468:
466:Arabic pottery
463:
458:
453:
448:
437:
436:
435:
434:
429:
419:
414:
405:
404:
399:
398:
395:
394:
387:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
349:Medina quarter
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
285:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
217:Multifoil arch
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
162:Horseshoe arch
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
72:
71:
66:
65:
62:
61:
53:
52:
50:Arabic culture
46:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4759:
4748:
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4698:
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4673:
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4605:
4602:
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4526:
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4521:
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4511:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4472:Hasht-Bihisht
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
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4427:
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4409:
4407:
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4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4346:Jama'at Khana
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4314:
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4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4166:Mughal garden
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
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4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
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3898:
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3867:
3864:
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3849:
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3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
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3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
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3773:
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3758:
3755:
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3692:
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3680:
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3675:
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3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3556:
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3549:
3547:
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3532:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3497:on 2023-02-07
3496:
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3427:
3419:
3412:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3356:Urban Studies
3350:
3348:
3339:
3332:
3330:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3290:
3288:9780195309911
3284:
3280:
3273:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3231:
3229:9780300218701
3225:
3221:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3181:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3123:
3111:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3088:
3086:9781134613663
3082:
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3067:
3063:
3053:
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3033:
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3018:
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3008:
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3003:
2999:
2995:
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2821:
2820:
2817:
2812:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2779:
2776:
2768:
2765:December 2022
2758:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2742:This section
2740:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:Treaty of Fes
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2594:colonial rule
2585:
2583:
2579:
2578:North African
2573:
2567:
2561:
2552:
2548:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2514:
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2505:
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2500:
2497:
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2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2227:Talia al Ghul
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
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2163:
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2158:
2155:
2154:
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2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
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2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
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2088:
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2081:
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2063:
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2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2005:Book of Idols
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
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1901:
1898:
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1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:Aql bi-l-fi'l
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1791:Islamic Logic
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1752:
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1043:
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1038:
1037:Egyptian folk
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
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986:
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796:
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790:
782:
779:
777:
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769:
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734:
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724:
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672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
650:
644:
639:
638:
631:
627:Arab Maghreb
625:
623:
617:
615:
609:
607:
605:(Mesopotamia)
601:
599:
595:Arab Mashriq
593:
591:
585:
584:
581:
576:
575:
569:
564:
561:
559:
558:Pseudo-Arabic
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
509:
508:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
491:Islamic glass
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
442:
441:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
423:
420:
418:
417:Nabataean art
415:
413:
410:
409:
408:
402:
397:
396:
390:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
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312:
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128:
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123:
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110:
107:
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100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
75:
69:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
51:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
28:
22:
4688:
4675:
4672:Islamic arts
4486:
4452:Caravanserai
3977:
3931:Loudspeakers
3856:Persian dome
3818:Pointed arch
3616:Indo-Islamic
3606:Great Seljuk
3499:. Retrieved
3495:the original
3491:Globe Secret
3490:
3481:
3470:. Retrieved
3466:
3456:
3447:
3441:
3432:
3426:
3417:
3411:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3359:
3355:
3337:
3311:
3308:Géocarrefour
3307:
3297:
3278:
3272:
3252:
3218:
3211:
3194:
3188:
3168:
3161:
3141:
3121:
3114:. Retrieved
3109:
3105:"medina, n."
3098:
3090:
3076:
3066:
2771:
2762:
2751:Please help
2746:verification
2743:
2718:
2707:, appointed
2703:in Morocco,
2695:established
2690:
2651:
2637:
2626:
2598:
2591:
2546:
2544:
2474:Dhul Khalasa
2417:
2416:
2246:
2241:Spirituality
2217:Ra's al Ghul
2192:King Marsile
2150:
2149:
2075:Magic carpet
1964:
1893:
1892:
1826:
1825:
1662:Saudi Arabia
1578:
1577:
1504:
1503:
1429:
1428:
1382:
1381:
1353:
1352:
1314:
1313:
1244:
1243:
1216:
1091:
1017:Algerian Raï
1005:
1004:
918:
917:
866:
865:
846:Quarter tone
806:Arabic maqam
800:
704:
703:
648:
567:
543:Hedwig glass
506:
505:
439:
438:
406:
388:
348:
309:Caravanserai
287:
286:
120:
118:
73:
68:Architecture
32:Fez, Morocco
4299:Windcatcher
4280:(courtyard)
4033:Mosque lamp
4013:Girih tiles
3970:Decorations
3848:Arabic dome
3418:Fès, Meknès
3338:Fès, Meknès
2921:Fes el Bali
2911:Chefchaouen
2709:Henri Prost
2618:Constantine
2177:Battal Gazi
1362:Anthologies
1162:Raqs Sharqi
1117:Belly dance
960:Iraqi maqam
888:Arabic jazz
883:Arabic rock
736:Fouta towel
538:Girih tiles
456:Arab carpet
427:Fatimid art
422:Islamic art
277:Windcatcher
142:Arabic dome
4711:Categories
4582:Influences
4497:Well house
4268:Mashrabiya
3916:Hussainiya
3852:Onion dome
3643:Indonesian
3631:Qutb Shahi
3501:2021-01-05
3472:2022-12-06
3467:Treehugger
3405:(4): 5–11.
3110:OED Online
3058:References
2906:Casablanca
2888:Medina in
2814:Medina in
2449:Dhat-Badan
2377:Theandrios
2357:Baalshamin
2352:Atarsamain
2207:Palamedes
1950:Muqaddimah
1910:Al-isharat
1816:Avicennism
1768:Philosophy
1637:Mauritania
1446:Muwashshah
1411:Khamriyyah
1211:Literature
1157:Ouled Nail
970:Muwashshah
873:Arabic pop
432:Mamluk art
379:Well house
314:Bimaristan
202:Mashrabiya
4556:Resources
4319:Religious
4289:Shabestan
4247:Hypostyle
4229:Shadirvan
3998:Arabesque
3921:Imamzadeh
3886:Religious
3866:Semi-dome
3813:Ogee arch
3782:Chahartaq
3745:Materials
3672:Almoravid
3647:Malaysian
3384:145686603
3203:1873-9830
3197:. Brill.
3004:, Tunisia
2958:Taroudant
2933:Marrakesh
2916:Essaouira
2560:romanized
2292:Al-Kutbay
2120:Shadhavar
2085:Mount Qaf
2060:Karkadann
1977:Mythology
1863:Asabiyyah
1821:Averroism
1652:Palestine
1574:Mutadārik
1571:Mutaqārib
1562:Mujtathth
1414:Tardiyyah
1234:Classical
1177:Schikhatt
1142:Khaleegy
919:Art music
746:Jellabiya
659:Battoulah
513:Arabesque
507:Features
369:Shadirvan
172:Hypostyle
137:Arabesque
121:Features
89:Nabataean
4670:Part of
4506:Military
4442:Baradari
4435:Civilian
4258:Jharokha
4219:Mechouar
4156:Charbagh
4099:Andaruni
4073:Socarrat
4038:Muqarnas
3936:Maqsurah
3828:Vaulting
3757:Tadelakt
3738:Elements
3687:Zayyanid
3667:Aghlabid
3522:Archived
3073:"medina"
3052:Altstadt
3046:See also
3020:Monastir
3015:Kairouan
3010:Hammamet
2927:Fes Jdid
2863:Benghazi
2828:Ghadames
2674:Kairouan
2407:Yarhibol
2387:Malakbel
2257:Al-‘Uzzá
2167:Ali Baba
2140:Zulfiqar
1827:Concepts
1811:Farabism
1602:Djibouti
1559:Muqtaḍab
1553:Munsariħ
1496:Ghinnawa
1471:Riddles
1456:Mathnawi
1218:Language
1172:Shamadan
1137:Hagallah
990:Tahmilah
771:Takchita
731:Durra'ah
726:Djellaba
705:Clothing
679:Madhalla
669:Keffiyeh
649:Headwear
603:Mashriq
597:(Levant)
553:Muqarnas
272:Voussoir
267:Vaulting
262:Tadelakt
252:Socarrat
222:Muqarnas
42:a series
40:Part of
4732:Maghreb
4604:Mudéjar
4568:ArchNet
4518:Alcázar
4391:Musalla
4376:Maqbara
4366:Madrasa
4356:Külliye
4351:Khanqah
4341:Gongbei
4240:cooling
4238:Passive
4204:Chhatri
4197:objects
4195:Outdoor
4144:Gardens
4120:Mirador
4058:Shabaka
4048:Qashani
4003:Banna'i
3946:Minaret
3888:objects
3878:(eaves)
3876:Chhajja
3823:Squinch
3724:Umayyad
3719:Timurid
3709:Swahili
3694:Ottoman
3677:Almohad
3662:Moorish
3652:Iranian
3621:Bengali
3601:Fatimid
3596:Chinese
3591:Ayyubid
3581:Abbasid
3364:Bibcode
3116:7 April
2988:Tunisia
2974:Tunisia
2968:Tétouan
2953:Tangier
2894:Morocco
2890:Tangier
2869:Morocco
2858:Tazirbu
2848:Tripoli
2833:Gharyan
2788:Algeria
2622:Saharan
2614:Nedroma
2610:Tlemcen
2606:Algiers
2574:
2566:madīnah
2562::
2499:Yaghūth
2469:Basamum
2424:Almaqah
2392:Orotalt
2347:Al-Qaum
2342:Aglibol
2277:Chaabou
2272:Dushara
2222:Sindbad
2202:Othello
2157:Aladdin
2115:Shaddad
1995:Bahamut
1706:Science
1682:Tunisia
1667:Somalia
1642:Morocco
1627:Lebanon
1597:Comoros
1592:Bahrain
1587:Algeria
1565:Muḍāriʿ
1500:Humayni
1424:Hamasah
1316:Islamic
1299:Tezkire
1294:Tabaqat
1187:Tanoura
1127:Deheyeh
1022:Bedouin
975:Qasidah
935:Bashraf
908:Khaliji
903:Al Jeel
756:Macawis
721:Burnous
689:Tantour
684:Taqiyah
621:(Sudan)
619:Mawset
613:(Egypt)
611:Mawset
587:Khalij
580:Cuisine
523:Banna'i
329:Madrasa
299:Alcázar
152:Gardens
147:Banna'i
109:Moorish
104:Fatimid
99:Abbasid
94:Umayyad
79:Islamic
4528:Kasbah
4477:Kasbah
4467:Hammam
4462:Ghorfa
4447:Bazaar
4426:Zawiya
4415:takyeh
4386:Mosque
4336:Dargah
4263:Kucheh
4209:Eidgah
4135:Zenana
4083:Zellij
4068:Sitara
4063:Shamsa
3951:Minbar
3941:Mihrab
3926:Kiswah
3911:Gonbad
3775:Arches
3729:Yemeni
3699:Somali
3682:Hafsid
3657:Mamluk
3636:Mughal
3626:Deccan
3574:Styles
3382:
3285:
3260:
3226:
3201:
3176:
3149:
3083:
3035:Tozeur
3030:Sousse
2984:Sousse
2938:Meknes
2901:Asilah
2853:Waddan
2843:Murzuk
2686:Sousse
2684:, and
2678:Mahdia
2628:qasaba
2616:, and
2582:walled
2551:Arabic
2549:(from
2547:medina
2479:Haukim
2464:Qaynan
2459:Ta'lab
2454:Haubas
2444:Salman
2439:Athtar
2307:Azizos
2262:Al-Lat
2135:Wāḳwāḳ
2105:Qutrub
2100:Qareen
2090:Nasnas
2070:Luqman
2065:Kujata
2020:Dandan
1985:Ababil
1687:U.A.E.
1622:Kuwait
1617:Jordan
1556:Khafīf
1546:Rajaz
1491:Nabati
1486:Mawwal
1476:Kharja
1466:Nasīb
1461:Ruba'i
1451:Urjūza
1441:Qasida
1436:Diwan
1417:Khawal
1407:Ghazal
1397:Rithā'
1383:Genres
1355:Poetry
1348:Aqidah
1333:Hadith
1328:Tafsir
1264:Maqama
1239:Modern
1192:Yowlah
1182:Tahtib
1152:Mizmar
1132:Guedra
1082:Shaabi
1067:Mezwed
1062:Mawwal
1047:Fijiri
1012:Ataaba
1000:Waslah
995:Taqsim
985:Sama'i
965:Mawwal
955:Malhun
950:Layali
867:Genres
841:Teslim
826:Taqsim
801:Theory
766:Sirwal
751:Kaftan
699:Turban
674:Litham
563:Zellij
548:Kiswah
533:Damask
407:Styles
384:Zawiya
374:Tekyeh
344:Mosque
324:Kasbah
319:Hammam
304:Bazaar
282:Zellij
212:Mosaic
114:Mamluk
84:Yemeni
74:Styles
4543:Ribat
4538:Qalat
4523:Amsar
4482:Mahal
4421:Türbe
4411:Takya
4406:Surau
4401:Rauza
4396:Qubba
4381:Mazar
4371:Maqam
4312:Types
4224:Sebil
4114:Liwan
4104:Harem
4092:Rooms
4008:Girih
3993:Alfiz
3987:Ablaq
3961:Zarih
3956:Qibla
3905:Dikka
3900:Bedug
3895:Anaza
3871:Tajug
3837:Roofs
3752:Qadad
3714:Tatar
3611:Hausa
3380:S2CID
3040:Tunis
2943:Rabat
2823:Derna
2806:Libya
2670:Tunis
2666:Tunis
2555:مدينة
2504:Yatha
2494:Ya'uq
2434:Anbay
2372:Suwa'
2367:Hubal
2337:Abgal
2327:Manāt
2322:Manāt
2317:Quzah
2312:Bajir
2297:Asira
2282:Manaf
2267:Manāt
2252:Allah
2080:Marid
2045:Ifrit
2040:Houri
2030:Ghoul
2025:Falak
2015:Buraq
1894:Texts
1883:Qadar
1873:Irfan
1853:Peace
1848:Dhati
1796:Kalam
1692:Yemen
1677:Syria
1672:Sudan
1657:Qatar
1632:Libya
1607:Egypt
1568:Sarīʿ
1550:Ramal
1541:Hazaj
1536:Wāfir
1531:Kamil
1526:Basīṭ
1522:Madīd
1518:Ṭawīl
1481:Zajal
1430:Forms
1420:Fakhr
1388:Madih
1367:Poets
1323:Quran
1304:Rihla
1245:Prose
1229:Paleo
1167:Samri
1122:Dabke
1112:Ardah
1104:Dance
1087:Zajal
1072:Samri
945:Dulab
898:Opera
836:Lazma
795:Music
781:Tiraz
776:Thawb
741:Izaar
716:Bisht
711:Abaya
643:Dress
440:Types
364:Sabil
359:Ribat
354:Qalat
339:Mazar
334:Maqam
288:Types
242:Riwaq
232:Qadad
197:Liwan
157:Girih
132:Alfiz
127:Ablaq
4533:Ksar
4492:Souq
4413:(or
4278:Sahn
4252:Howz
4214:Fina
4186:Riad
4151:Bagh
4130:Qa’a
4125:Hosh
4109:Iwan
4028:Jali
3844:Dome
3283:ISBN
3258:ISBN
3224:ISBN
3199:ISSN
3174:ISBN
3147:ISBN
3118:2024
3081:ISBN
3025:Sfax
3002:Sfax
2963:Taza
2948:Salé
2682:Sfax
2635:.
2572:lit.
2484:Nasr
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2397:Ruda
2382:Wadd
2332:A'ra
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2110:Roc
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2035:Hinn
1888:Qalb
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1647:Oman
1612:Iraq
1513:Bayt
1402:Waṣf
1392:Hija
1343:Fiqh
1338:Sīra
1256:Saj
1224:Old
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1077:Sawt
1057:Liwa
1006:Folk
940:Dawr
831:Jins
664:Haik
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247:Sahn
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3372:doi
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3000:in
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2755:by
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1197:Zār
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401:Art
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