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of intensity tuning has also been observed. In this type of cell, the response actually decreases as sound intensity increases above a specific level. Almost all cells in the MMGN appear to respond for the duration of the stimulus, and have very little adaptation. Individual cells still appear to be preferentially tuned to certain frequencies, but they often have more than one and are broadly tuned within these cell frequencies. It is not clear whether there truly is one, none, or many tonotopic organizations maps present in the MMGN. Anaesthetics tend to have large effects on cells within the MMGN, making responses difficult to study. Finally, the behaviour of MMGN cells are complicated by the fact that sensory stimulation from other modalities modifies the responsiveness of many, but not all, cells in the MMGN.
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The MMGN seems to functionally be responsible for detection of the relative intensity and duration of a sound. It shows a wide range of responses to auditory stimuli. Binaural interactions found in the MMGN include EE, EI, and IE types. Both broadly and narrowly tuned cells have been observed. A type
686:
similar way to those in the IC. The primary difference being that the iso-frequency bands are arranged such that lateral regions are most responsive to low frequencies and medial regions are responsive to high frequencies. Spatiotopic and modulotopic maps (as in the IC) however have not been well
654:
input to these cells comes from two sets of dendritic trees oriented on opposite poles of the cell. The long axis of the relay cells lie parallel to each other running superior-inferiorly with the dendritic trees of cells within the same iso-frequency band overlapping. This is similar to the
673:) input to the relay cells at the synaptic nests. The target of their axons however, is not clear. Some interneurons appear to target relay cells, while others target other interneurons. There is also at least one type of interneuron that appears to not be involved in the synaptic nests.
507:(AC). It is made up of a number of sub-nuclei that are distinguished by their neuronal morphology and density, by their afferent and efferent connections, and by the coding properties of their neurons. It is thought that the MGN influences the direction and maintenance of attention.
737:
Many types of responses are present in the DMGB that appear to vary by sub-nuclei. Generally, the responses are broadly tuned, but some cells appear to respond only to complex stimuli. Other cells are multi modal, often responding to somatosensory as well as auditory stimuli.
687:
supported by mammalian studies. Both monaural (10%) and binaural cells (90%) exist in the MGN. The monaural cells are primarily responsive to sound in the contralateral hemifield. Binaural cells are typically similar to the EE or EI type found in the IC.
663:. In this synapse, relay cells are excited by input from the IC axons. At the same time, they are inhibited by dendritic synapses from the interneurons of the VMGB. This type of synaptic nesting is characteristic of other regions in the thalamus as well.
706:(Excitatory excitatory) type neurons are characterized by excitatory responses to monaural stimulations of both ears. This response may either be higher than the monaural response (EE– facilitation) Or lower (EE– occlusion)
515:
The MGN has three major divisions; ventral (VMGN), dorsal (DMGN) and medial (MMGN). Whilst the VMGN is specific to auditory information processing, the DMGN and MMGN also receive information from non-auditory pathways.
728:
At least two principal cell types have been found, along with two distinct types of interneurons. Several sub-nuclei have been identified based on morphology. No frequency-specific layering has been found in the DMGN.
712:(Excitatory inhibitory) type neurons Are characterized by monaural excitation (usually from the contralateral ear). The ipsilateral neuron is inhibited when contralateral ear is stimulated at the same time
751:
Cells in the medial subnucleus of the medial geniculate body (MMGN) have large irregular shaped dendritic trees. There is no clear segregation based on the source of these inputs.
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The VMGN is thought to be primarily responsible for relaying frequency, intensity and binaural information to the cortex. The responses in the VMGN appear to be organized in a
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dendritic organization of the IC, but with a different orientation. The dendrites of relay cells form a synaptic nest with ascending axons from the
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There are a large number of cell types present in the dorsal subnucleus of the medial geniculate body (DMGN):
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There are two main cell types in the ventral subnucleus of the medial geniculate body (VMGN):
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Auditory pathway (Medial geniculate body labeled at upper right, second from top)
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Scheme showing central connections of the optic nerves and optic tracts.
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616:* Somatosensory and vestibular influences are also present
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may be too technical for most readers to understand
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499:and represents the thalamic relay between the
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825:Hind- and mid-brains; postero-lateral view.
801:Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
789:Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
146:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1591:
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903:
889:
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1342:Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation)
228:Learn how and when to remove this message
210:Learn how and when to remove this message
100:Learn how and when to remove this message
84:, without removing the technical details.
813:Dissection of brain-stem. Dorsal view.
669:These interneurons provide inhibitory (
1910:
867:Web Archives (archived 2001-11-27)
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82:make it understandable to non-experts
1337:Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss)
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144:adding citations to reliable sources
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1376:Parvocellular neurosecretory cell
1371:Magnocellular neurosecretory cell
553:Reticular nucleus of the thalamus
31:This article has multiple issues.
1259:Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
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463:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
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614:* Reticular nucleus of thalamus
39:or discuss these issues on the
1873:Ventral posterolateral nucleus
1496:Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
288:Ventral posterolateral nucleus
1:
1859:Lateral vestibulospinal tract
854:
754:
732:
638:
293:Ventral posteromedial nucleus
1855:Medial vestibulospinal tract
1012:Stria medullaris of thalamus
692:Definitions of abbreviations
650:(or principal neurons): The
510:
7:
1893:Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
1414:Suprachiasmatic (melatonin)
677:
667:Intrathalamic Interneurons:
648:Thalamocortical relay cells
159:"Medial geniculate nucleus"
10:
1939:
1824:Lateral vestibular nucleus
1017:Thalamic reticular nucleus
877: (archived 2006-11-10)
849:Brainstem. Posterior view.
495:) is part of the auditory
387:corpus geniculatum mediale
313:Lateral geniculate nucleus
1820:Medial vestibular nucleus
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1735:Medial geniculate nuclei
1553:Nuclei campi perizonalis
1479:Retinohypothalamic tract
585:* Other thalamic nuclei
278:Ventral anterior nucleus
1753:Primary auditory cortex
1703:Superior olivary nuclei
1474:Medial forebrain bundle
1404:Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH)
598:* LLN (ipsi and contra)
549:** ICP (contralateral)
283:Ventral lateral nucleus
1491:Mammillothalamic tract
1254:Subthalamic fasciculus
1188:Pallidothalamic tracts
1183:Mammillothalamic tract
1165:Interthalamic adhesion
700:= Inferior colliculus
489:medial geniculate body
263:Anterior nuclear group
1851:Vestibulospinal tract
1518:is diencephalon, but
1239:Dentatothalamic tract
1198:Lenticular fasciculus
1160:Midline nuclear group
579:** Pericentral nuclei
547:** ICC (ipsilateral)
298:Lateral nuclear group
273:Ventral nuclear group
268:Medial dorsal nucleus
258:Midline nuclear group
1838:Flocculonodular lobe
1636:Otoacoustic emission
1222:Trigeminal lemniscus
983:Subcommissural organ
955:Habenular commissure
627:* PAF (ipsilateral)
140:improve this article
1543:Subthalamic nucleus
1361:posterior pituitary
1229:Spinothalamic tract
1203:Thalamic fasciculus
871:Brainconnection.com
865:Library of Congress
657:inferior colliculus
623:* AAF (ipsilateral)
621:* AII (ipsilateral)
602:Superior colliculus
596:* ICC (ipsilateral)
544:Inferior colliculus
501:inferior colliculus
1749:Acoustic radiation
1721:Inferior colliculi
1244:Acoustic radiation
659:and intrathalamic
634:Ventral subnucleus
625:* AI (ipsilateral)
612:** Secondary (AII)
607:Periolivary nuclei
581:** External nuclei
569:* Posterior (PAF)
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1886:Vestibular cortex
1816:Vestibular nuclei
1780:Vestibular system
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1717:Lateral lemniscus
1641:Tullio phenomenon
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1266:Medullary laminae
1234:Lateral lemniscus
1193:Ansa lenticularis
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950:Habenular trigone
764:Additional images
742:Medial subnucleus
716:Dorsal subnucleus
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610:* Auditory cortex
583:* Auditory cortex
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588:Auditory cortex
565:* Anterior (AAF)
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567:* Primary (AI)
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1098:
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1080:
1076:
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1068:
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984:
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845:
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828:
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739:
730:
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688:
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684:tonotopically
672:
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618:
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555:(ipsilateral)
554:
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541:
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531:
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508:
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503:(IC) and the
502:
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200:December 2016
192:
189:
185:
182:
178:
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171:
168:
164:
161: –
160:
156:
155:Find sources:
149:
145:
141:
135:
134:
130:
125:This article
123:
119:
114:
113:
104:
101:
93:
90:December 2016
83:
79:
73:
70:This article
68:
59:
58:
53:
51:
44:
43:
38:
37:
32:
27:
18:
17:
1879:
1866:
1844:
1831:
1809:
1795:
1742:
1734:
1728:
1710:
1680:
1658:
1548:Zona incerta
1522:is glandular
1485:
1463:
1456:White matter
1437:Ventromedial
1400:
1359:
1309:Infundibulum
1280:Hypothalamus
1209:
1175:White matter
1153:Centromedian
1148:Intralaminar
1139:
1108:
1104:Metathalamus
1044:
940:Pineal gland
913:diencephalon
758:
750:
736:
727:
724:
709:
708:
703:
702:
697:
696:
691:
689:
681:
666:
661:interneurons
647:
642:
532:
527:
522:
514:
492:
488:
484:
480:
478:
428:A14.1.08.808
424:A14.1.08.303
412:birnlex_1670
386:
317:
308:Metathalamus
224:
206:
197:
187:
180:
173:
166:
154:
138:Please help
126:
96:
87:
71:
47:
40:
34:
33:Please help
30:
1846:spinal cord
1535:Subthalamus
1442:Dorsomedial
1392:vasopressin
1319:Grey matter
1032:Grey matter
965:Grey matter
925:Epithalamus
917:human brain
861:Buffalo.edu
376:Identifiers
1912:Categories
1833:cerebellum
1665:Hair cells
1383:Supraoptic
855:References
747:Cell types
721:Cell types
639:Cell types
394:NeuroNames
170:newspapers
36:improve it
1797:inner ear
1660:inner ear
1516:Posterior
1508:Pituitary
1352:Endocrine
1328:Autonomic
652:dendritic
511:Divisions
127:does not
42:talk page
1881:cerebrum
1868:thalamus
1744:cerebrum
1730:thalamus
1712:midbrain
1691:Anterior
1520:anterior
1486:efferent
1464:afferent
1388:oxytocin
1140:midline:
997:Thalamus
945:Habenula
777:Thalamus
755:Function
733:Function
678:Function
523:Division
497:thalamus
406:NeuroLex
346:Thalamus
303:Pulvinar
1789:Pathway
1773:General
1766:Balance
1651:Pathway
1619:General
1612:Hearing
1605:hearing
1601:balance
1432:Lateral
1424:Emotion
1288:Surface
1082:Lateral
1053:Ventral
1045:paired:
1005:Surface
933:Surface
915:of the
873:at the
863:at the
533:Outputs
370:Striate
342:Part of
337:Details
184:scholar
148:removed
133:sources
76:Please
1695:Dorsal
1401:other:
1129:K cell
1124:M cell
1119:P cell
1037:nuclei
528:Inputs
365:Artery
353:System
306:MTh =
301:PUL =
296:LNG =
291:VPM =
286:VPL =
271:VNG =
256:MNG =
186:
179:
172:
165:
157:
1330:zones
487:) or
467:[
456:62211
382:Latin
316:MG =
311:LG =
281:VL =
276:VA =
266:MD =
261:AN =
191:JSTOR
177:books
1811:pons
1697:) →
1682:pons
1603:and
1211:PCML
671:GABA
593:MMGN
577:* IC
574:DMGN
539:VMGN
479:The
444:5702
440:5667
419:TA98
163:news
131:any
129:cite
1075:VPL
1071:VPM
493:MGB
485:MGN
451:FMA
435:TA2
399:355
142:by
80:to
1914::
1857:,
1822:,
1751:→
1719:→
1701:→
1693:,
1671:→
1667:→
1143:MD
1114:LG
1109:MG
1092:LP
1087:LD
1067:VP
1062:VL
1058:VA
1048:AN
710:EI
704:EE
698:IC
605:*
600:*
557:*
551:*
542:*
442:,
408:ID
45:.
1883::
1870::
1861:)
1853:(
1848::
1835::
1826:)
1818:(
1813::
1804:→
1799::
1746::
1737:→
1732::
1723:→
1714::
1705:→
1689:(
1684::
1675:→
1662::
1592:e
1585:t
1578:v
1559:)
1555:(
1390:/
1363::
1297:/
1073:/
1069:/
1060:/
1034:/
904:e
897:t
890:v
491:(
483:(
471:]
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225:(
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207:(
202:)
198:(
188:·
181:·
174:·
167:·
150:.
136:.
103:)
97:(
92:)
88:(
74:.
52:)
48:(
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