481:, acquisitions of media outlets and private newspapers by businessmen linked to the government started surfacing, initially with close ties to the newly in-power Muslim Brotherhood, businessmen then shifted in 2013 with the deposition of former President Mohamed Morsi to Gen. Abdel Fattah al-Sisi's support and regime. In 2016 the takeover by businessmen linked to the government and intelligence services escalated rapidly; and the regime's domination of the media is affecting even pro-government media. In addition to those acquisitions, the government tapped into the market with a major new TV network named "DMC" with a range of news, sports, and entertainment channels changing the landscape beyond the "official" outlets that lost their credibility, DMC also imposed a de facto monopoly over filming where other privately owned TV channels are denied access. On the internet, Egypt banned at least 62 websites in a crackdown in June 2017, including Daily Sabah, Medium, Al Jazeera, The Huffington Post, and Mada Masr along with opposition websites, like El-Badil, for containing material that "support terrorism and extremism as well as publish lies", that blockade was followed by a growing list of
705:.(10) Nasser became president of Egypt in 1954 and served until his death in 1970.(10) When Nasser came to power he realized that radio could be utilized as a powerful political tool for two reasons. First, the illiteracy rate in Egypt has been traditionally high.(11) Using radio to spread political ideas, therefore, allowed a greater number of the population to hear his political ideas. Many Egyptians, both literate and illiterate, also enjoyed listening to radio, so this provided an alternative means to propagate his ideologies other than print media.(11) Second, he had the power to expand the radio to all parts of Egypt allowing for the dissemination of his political messages throughout Egypt.(11)
1090:, but changing to its latter name around the ninth issue. It was originally based in Alexandria. Kendall cited the copious letters sent to al-Nadim asking him to keep publishing the newspaper, after al-Nadim announced that he planned to end it, as proof of it having significant popularity. al-Nadim used vernacular Egyptian Arabic to write episodes and sketches in the publication and initially employed simple language as a way of spreading ideas to ordinary citizens, although the newspaper initially switched to classical Arabic. Around the 'Urabi Revolt in 1882 the publication headquarters shifted to Cairo, and Kendall wrote that it "became the official organ" of the revolt.
1143:(Alexandria) was established in 1888, by Najib Ghargur, who did not obtain an official license to create the work. It included versions of European fiction repurposed for an Arabic-speaking audience as well as some of Gharghur's original works. Kendall stated that it was popular and that it was the "most specialized literary journal" of all time, up to 2002, in Egypt. The lack of the license meant the Egyptian authorities closed the publication. Kendall stated that she was unsure of the time the journal closed but she guessed it was 1889. According to Kendall, it was one of two publications that, despite not lasting for a long time, had "greater literary significance".
711:.(10) This program was started on July 4, 1953 and was directed by Ahmed Said.(10) Said was also the chief announcer of the program and had a close relationship with Nasser and his administration. Nasser's political goals for Egypt were seen as strongly revolutionary and adopted positions such as anti-colonialist, anti-imperialist, and anti-Zionist.(10) These positions were highly supported and strongly voiced on the Voice of the Arabs in the mid- to late 1950s.(10) This revolutionary propaganda influenced two significant events in Arab countries in the 1950s.
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extremism.” If any content causes national security concerns or is broadcast as ‘false news’, the
Egyptian Government will put a ban on those media outlets that produced that media. The law known as ‘The SCMR Law’, creates a media regulatory restriction plan that allows the government authorities to be able to block the content and those who want to be able to produce content, or be able to publish a website, have to obtain a license. In order to do that, those would need to go to Egypt's “Supreme Council for the Administration of the Media.”
35:
1074:(Alexandria). Established in 1888 by Khalil Ziniyya. With writers including Najib Gharghur and Najib al-Haddad, the monthly publication included literature, humorous content, intellectual content, and later political content; the last category prompted its shutdown in 1890. Ziniyya had considered re-establishing it but Ibrahim al-Yaziji from Syria suggested to Ziniyya that it remain out of operation. According to Kendall, it was one of two publications that, despite not lasting for a long time, had "greater literary significance".
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530:, printing was a minor, specialized activity until at least the 18th century. From about 1720, the Mutaferrika Press in Istanbul produced substantial amounts of printing, of which some Egyptian clerics were aware at the time. Juan Cole reports that "Bonaparte was a master of what we would now call spin, and his genius for it is demonstrated by reports in Arabic sources that several of his more outlandish allegations were actually taken seriously in the Egyptian countryside."
473:, Reporters Without Borders said "successive governments have tried to control the media and have not hesitated to impose measures restricting journalists' freedom," in 2016, and "the situation of media freedom in Egypt is extremely worrying" in 2017. While state media is "almost always loyal to President al-Sisi," and most pro-Islamist media have been closed, or now broadcast from abroad, journalists and human rights defenders are denied access to parts of the
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1246:- Established in 1877, its editors were Adib Ishaq and Salim al-Naqqash, from Syria. Initially the headquarters were in Cairo; in 1879 they were transferred to Alexandria, but went back to Cairo in 1881. In Kendall's words, Zaydan described it as one of two "pillars in the evolution of Egyptian journalism". Kendall described it as one of two newspapers that, citing Zaydan, "stirred up Alexandrian intellectuals".
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862:'s Supreme Council for Media Regulations (SCMR) will be authorised to place people with more than 5,000 followers on social media or with a personal blog or website under supervision. More than 500 websites have already been blocked in Egypt prior to the new law in 2018. Websites must go through Egypt's “Supreme Council for the Administration of the Media” to acquire a license to publish a website.
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makeup of
Alexandria-based publications increasingly focused on culture while publications focused on political matters moved to Cairo. During that decade the city had twelve newspapers, and there were three new general culture journals that decade. By the 1890s the number of newspapers had increased to 39, and 19 new general cultural journals appeared that decade. In 1899
1006:- (Alexandria) Co-founded by Najib Ghargur and Faraj Mizrahi in 1888, and with writers originating from Egypt and Syria described as "famous" by Kendall, it covered literary affairs and other topics; Kendall stated that the topics covered were "broad". Jurj Marza, from Lebanon, acquired the publication from Gharghur in 1889, and the publication folded later.
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Constitution". The country saw a period of increasing freedom from governmental control during the last years of ousted president Hosni
Mubarak. Although Freedom of the media is guaranteed in the constitution, and the government was increasingly respecting this, however many laws still remain that restrict this right. Back in 2005, and after the
613:, until through the first world war, an average of 1 new journal was being created each year. For Nawal, this was an opportunity to write for and about women and to defend their right's, express her views and discuss their duties. Editions of the journal were published continually for two years, after which she stopped publications.
558:, state institutions and foreign leaders, or "putting out false news harming the reputation and interests of the country". However, unlike many of Egypt's regional counterparts, criticism of the government in general does take place, after amendments to existing press laws in 2006 which however still criminalise
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said the photo was "unprofessional" and said it was an example of "deception" towards the people of Egypt; others said the photo was an attempt to distract attention from Egypt's waning role. However, Osama Saraya, the editor-in-chief, defended the decision saying "The expressionist photo is ...
553:
The written press is very diverse in Egypt, with over 600 newspapers, journals, and magazines. However these are owned mostly or in some way by the government, the opposition or other political parties. Several journalists from private newspapers have been arrested and jailed for breaching laws that
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and VPN providing websites in addition to the blockade of OpenVPN protocol on a national scale. The crackdown was condemned by the
Association for Freedom of Thought and Expression (AFTE), Mada Masr, and by the Index on Censorship. The ATFE stated that "the blocking of websites violates the Egyptian
776:
was sentenced to three years in prison by a military court on charges of insulting the armed forces and publishing false information after he published an article on 28 March titled "The people and the army were never one hand" in which he detailed cases of abuse by the military and criticized the
758:
The government has actively encouraged internet usage, quadrupling over the last few years with around 17 million regular users in 2010, around 21 percent of the population. Internet penetration jumped in 2013 reaching 49.6% of Egypt's 90 million population. The internet is often used for political
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In the late 1800s/early 1900s Egypt had journals in both Arabic and French. In much of the 1800s
Alexandria served as the centre of Egyptian journalism. Circa the mid-to-late 1800s many famous literary journals were established in Alexandria, but moved to Cairo by the 1890s. By the late 1800s the
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Media regulation in Egypt has always been limited, but as in recent years, it has become even more limited. In 2018, a law was put in place to prevent the press and any media outlet from putting out content that violates the
Egyptian Constitution, and/or contain any “violence, racism, hatred, or
743:
After 1958, the role of radio as a powerful political tool declined.(10) By the 1960s radio had been around for many years in Egypt and the emergence of television created competition for the radio. Also, after 1970, radio programs such as the Voice of the Arabs reduced their broadcasting hours
628:
Although originally influenced by western
European and Turkish women's press, these journals evolved throughout the years. Women did not feature on the cover until the 1920s, with drawings previously being preferred due to conventions on veiling. During this time, men started writing women's
763:
does not widely censor the internet, though the state-run
Supreme Administrative Court allowed the Ministry of Information and Ministry of Communication to close down or block websites that are a "threat to national security". However, several people have been detained for insulting
733:.(10) At this time period Iraq had joined the Baghdad Pact, and Nasser saw this as Britain attempting to westernize the Arab world.(10) Due to this the Voice of the Arabs broadcasts were calling on for a revolution by the Iraqi citizens against the royal family and Prime Minister
1230:- Established in 1894 by poet brothers Najib and Amin al-Haddad, it included their works and anti-Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Abdul Hamid II content. Kendall stated that the writing was not as strong as that of 'Abd Allah al-Nadim. It ended in 1899 with Najib's death.
833:
Freedom of expression and belief tend to be suppressed by the
Egyptian media sector to favor pro-government ideology since the coup in 2013. One of the former editors of a major publication Al-Ahram was detained in 2021 for false news of President Sisi to resign.
662:, which allows the Egyptian TV and film industry to supply much of the Arab-speaking world with shows from its Media Production City. The previously tight controls on state TV and radio gave way to even and fair coverage of all political parties involved in the
1098:(Alexandria) - Established by Niqula ʻAbd al-Masih in 1892 and running until about 1902, it focused on culture. Jurj Marza from Lebanon and Antun Nawfal from Syria edited it. Kendall credited the relative longevity to its "innocuous and eclectic" articles.
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over 25 years, as a commander of
Jordanian forces.(10) Although the broadcasts cannot be proven fully as the reason for his dismissal, it is strongly believed that the demonstrations that resulted from the broadcasts influenced the Jordanian presidents
1120:- Established by al-Nadim, it was published from 1892 to 1893 and was based in Cairo. The "episodes" published by al-Nadim in his previous publications also turned up in this one, and Kendall stated that there they retained their "popularity".
692:
By the early 1990s, Egypt had only four FM stations, but the number increased to six by the end of the decade. In 2000 stations moving from the AM band and the introduction of private stations raised the number to ten stations as of 2006.
928:, the latter being from Syria. It was one of two journals that Elisabeth Kendall, author of "Between Politics and Literature: Journals in Alexandria and Istanbul at the End of the Nineteenth Century," described as a replacement for
713:
The first was when the Voice of the Arabs began a series of broadcasts in 1955 that called for Jordanian citizens to campaign against their countries involvement in Baghdad Pact and against their governments close involvement with
2641:
Kendall, Elisabeth. "Between Politics and Literature: Journals in Alexandria and Istanbul at the End of the Nineteenth Century" (Chapter 15). In: Fawaz, Leila Tarazi and C. A. Bayly (editors) and Robert Ilbert (collaboration).
1758:. (2002). "Between Politics and Literature: Journals in Alexandria and Istanbul at the End of the Nineteenth Century" (Chapter 15). In: Fawaz, Leila Tarazi and C. A. Bayly (editors) and Robert Ilbert (collaboration).
684:
Egyptian radio broadcasting (as in both FM and AM bands) began to serve in Egypt in the 1920s as locally owned radios. They began airing radio as The Egyptian State Radio on the 31 May 1934 in an agreement with the
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583: ... should be used responsibly and not touch on the basic foundations of Egyptian society, and family, religion and morals". Over the past two decades, Al-Azhar University censored more than 196 texts.
575:, for publishing a "blasphemous" poem by Hilmi Salem called "On the balcony of Leila Murad" in which God is likened to an Egyptian peasant who farms and milks cows. It came to the attention of authorities at
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was first published in 1908, which fought for women's rights which had already been granted by Islam and argued against the mixing of genders and for veiling. In the same year, Malaka Sa-d first published
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were killed.(10) The Egyptian broadcasts were not the sole cause of this, but Ahmed Said did receive a letter with a piece of es-Said's finger inside that thanked him for the support.(10)
737:.(10) Broadcasts in 1957, in fact, called for the outright assassination of es-Said and the royal family.(10) In 1958, a military coup overthrew the Iraqi government and es-Said and King
1112:, described it as one of two "pillars in the evolution of Egyptian journalism". Kendall described it as one of two newspapers that, citing Zaydan, "stirred up Alexandrian intellectuals".
601:
The period before the creation of Egyptian political parties saw the creation of many women's periodicals and press, from the year 1892, with the creation of the first women's journal
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can be subject to punishment by these laws. This law was put in place to regulate the circulation of misinformation online. Legal action can be taken on those who share false facts.
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514:. He brought with his expedition a French, Arabic, and Greek printing press, which were far superior in speed, efficiency and quality than the nearest presses used in
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880:, published by the French, and headquartered in Alexandria, around the start of the 1800s. The first official Egyptian newspaper, in Arabic and based in Cairo, was
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1038:- Established in 1880, it was originally based in Alexandria, but moved to Cairo in 1887, and was one of two journals that Kendall described as a replacement for
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region and are obliged to report only the official version of terrorist attacks under the terrorism law that was adopted in August 2015. Following the
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in 1999. The Ministry of Information controls content in the state-owned broadcast media. Egypt was the first Arab nation to have its own satellite,
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opposition, blogging, and lively debate amongst the public and by the media which can publish stories that are prohibited in the print media. The
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1030:(Alexandria), established by Rufa'il Mashaqa in 1881, focused on culture. Najib Gharghur began editing it in 1889, and continued until about 1909
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1128:(Alexandria) - Established by Alexandra de Avirieno in 1898, it focused on women and had poet brothers Najib and Amin al-Haddad writing for it.
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during pro-democracy protests, as well as government officials in cases of abuse by the security services. On 10 April 2011, Egyptian blogger
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1014:(Alexandria), established in 1894, it focused on culture, was a general journal, and was co-founded by Rufa'il Mishawa and Najib Gharghur
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1238:(Alexandria) - Established in 1843, published by the Association littéraire d'Egypte, the first cultural-centred publication in Egypt
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moved to Cairo, and by circa 1901 publications in Cairo made up 65% of the total while ones based in Alexandria had declined to 28%.
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1058:(Alexandria), established in 1888 by Salim al-Khuri Bishara, with Najib Ghargur as the editor. The publication hired an artist from
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689:. In 1947 the contract with the Marconi Company was canceled and radio broadcasting was nationalized by the Egyptian government.
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854:'s regulation laws encompass media and journalism publishing. Any form of press release to the public that goes against the
670:-based Al-Jazeera were detained for investigating subjects such as police brutality and "harming the country's reputation".
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1215:- Originally in Turkey but later moving to Egypt, it was established in 1870 and edited by Kiriakopoulos. It ended in 1890.
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10. Boyd, Douglas; Development of Egypt's Radio:'Voice of the Arabs' under Nasser. Journalism Quarterly pp: 645-653
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978:- It was established by Muhammad Farid and Hamza Fath Allah. It was based in Alexandria but moved to Cairo in 1881.
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579:, described as "the government’s highest authority on religion", who then petitioned the courts, who ruled that "
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462:, attributed to its large audience and its historical TV and film industry supplies to the Arab-speaking world.
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Radio has also historically been utilized as a political tool in Egypt beginning under the rule of President
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2501:"Labibah Hashim: Founder of the Fatat al-Sharq periodical | The history of the women's movement in Lebanon"
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a Coptic journal dedicated to the issues Coptic women faced, it published a diverse set of female editors.
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1046:. While it was in Alexandria, Fadl Allah al-Khuri, a Syrian, was the editor. It closed in 1882 due to the
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666:, a first for Egyptian media. However, in 2006 several journalists working for the Cairo branch of the
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There are two state broadcasters and an increasing number of private broadcasters. Figures from the
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substantially. During this same period religious radio programs increased more than any other.(10)
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1848:"Gendered Citizenship: Discourses on Domesticity in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century"
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and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Christoph Herzog; Malek Sharif (eds.).
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periodicals too as it became an accepted literary genre, these often came in a tabloid form.
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990:. He moved to Cairo to establish the paper even though he hitherto was active in Alexandria.
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1545:"Plus ca Change: The Role of the Media in Egypt's First Contested Presidential Elections"
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Looking into the latest acquisition of Egyptian media companies by general intelligence
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A period of ease on media marked the last years of Hosni Mubarak's rule, but since the
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Johann Strauss (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
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a brief, live and true expression of the prominent stance of President Mubarak in the
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2576:"'Till I Become a Minister': Women's Rights and Women's Journalism in pre-1952 Egypt"
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to make illustrations. According to Kendall, it had influences from Italian culture.
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11. Chiba, Yushi; Media History of Modern Egypt: A Critical Review. 2010 pp: 8,11
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and appeared over ten years later. The bilingual Ottoman Turkish and Arabic paper
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1086:- Established in 1881 by al-Nadim, it was a weekly publication originally called
956:, it began in 1887 and had a run of five issues. Gharghur's influences came from
817:. The edited version showed President Mubarak leading instead of Obama. Egyptian
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2938:
2697:
2673:
1952:
1863:
1308:
936:. Officially it was edited by Salim al-Naqqash, but he was not the real editor.
715:
546:
523:
503:
279:
192:
79:
2525:
1151:, an Italian newspaper established in the city of Alexandria in 1858 and 1859.
5425:
5366:
5187:
5152:
5107:
5102:
4853:
4763:
4653:
4508:
4483:
4478:
4256:
4244:
4239:
3919:
3009:
2766:
2537:
2486:
1960:
1913:
1871:
1824:
1313:
1286:
1124:
924:(Alexandria) - Established in 1880, its editors were 'Abd Allah al-Nadim and
810:
802:
769:
222:
69:
2774:
2462:
1995:
5403:
4383:
3973:
3382:
3041:
2478:
1347:
1175:
794:
734:
491:
411:
2624:
729:
The second was broadcasts from 1955 to 1958; which promoted revolution in
494:, declared the era of "free, transparent and independent Egyptian media".
5376:
3402:
3133:
3123:
2916:
1975:
1341:
1323:
1281:
793:
was caught doctoring a photo that had originally depicted U.S. President
659:
616:
Examples of other significant periodicals include Muslim women's journal
606:
145:
140:
1921:
1444:
4414:
3451:
3409:
2034:
2010:
1832:
798:
610:
459:
449:
1889:
4290:
3762:
1905:
1800:
254:
2026:
1816:
538:
2963:
2696:
1275:
589:
515:
507:
4563:
2048:
Jailed Egyptian Blogger on Hunger Strike Now in Critical Condition
89:
2672:
2644:
Modernity and Culture: From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean
2180:
2135:
1890:"The Women's Awakening in Egypt: Culture, Society, and the Press"
1760:
Modernity and Culture: From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean
1059:
963:
986:- Established in 1886, it was based in Cairo and established by
777:
Supreme Council of Armed Forces for undermining the revolution.
2995:
2953:
2800:
2061:"Egyptian Daily "Justifies" Fake Photo of Obama behind Mubarak"
723:
707:
The main program Nasser utilized to voice his politics was the
527:
155:
150:
4982:
3026:
2831:
1456:
RSF: Egyptian intelligence services extend control over media
1445:مقالات:قنوات"دي إم سي": تليفزيون المخابرات لتجميل نظام السيسي
1280:, the first feminist publication, first published in 1982 by
1063:
967:
859:
851:
765:
667:
565:
In 2009 an Egyptian court revoked the publishing license for
559:
519:
455:
405:
2050:
Pulitzer Center. 8 September 2011. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
3439:
1422:
1254:(content in Arabic and French), established in 1879 by the
818:
730:
1166:- (Alexandria) Published around 1827, centred on education
2630:
1423:
RSF - One of the world’s biggest prisons for journalists
490:, Ahmed Selim, office director for Information Minister
2787:
2277:
at Martin Luther University) - Cited: p. 22 (PDF p. 24)
647:
state more than 98 television channels in 1995, and 57
952:(Alexandria) - A satirical publication established by
545:
Egyptian magazine cover featuring Egyptian movie star
5387:
1022:(Alexandria), established in 1878 by Salim al-Hamawi
944:(Alexandria) - Established in 1899 by Najib Gharghur
916:(Alexandria) - Established in 1895 by Najib Gharghur
2463:"A history of Armenian women's writing, 1880-1922"
1220:Le Phœnix : revue de la renaissance orientale
2723:
2091:"Egypt: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report"
1887:
874:The first Arabic-language newspaper in Egypt was
5423:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
1894:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
1584:
1582:
1494:"Egypt bans dozens of independent news websites"
1300:, first women's literary magazine, published by
722:, a veteran soldier and Arabist who had been in
718:.(10) This resulted in the dismissal of General
497:
2727:, ed. (2005). "Egypt: Printing, Broadcasting".
2305:
2303:
2240:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1689:
1687:
1685:
2679:International Book Publishing: An Encyclopedia
2351:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2316:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2246:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
4998:
4579:
4430:
2816:
2368:
2116:"The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy"
1883:
1881:
1579:
1468:"Egypt bans Medium as media crackdown widens"
429:
1197:La Semaine égyptienne Organe du Touring club
696:
2439:"Anis Al-Jalis Magazine | Encyclopedia.com"
2333:
2280:
2212:
1977:Feminism and nationalism in the Third World
1973:
1738:
1700:
1662:
5005:
4991:
4586:
4572:
4437:
4423:
2823:
2809:
2676:; Edith S. Hoshino, eds. (1995). "Egypt".
2267:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1878:
1593:Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East
436:
422:
2700:; Nicholas J. Karolides (2005). "Egypt".
2254:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
1934:
1888:Clancy-Smith, Julia; Baron, Beth (1996).
1407:
1405:
1291:, published from1898 to 1907, founded by
896:), was first printed on 3 December 1828.
4444:
2523:
2391:"Titres de presse francophone en Égypte"
2011:"Readers and the Women's Press in Egypt"
1801:"Readers and the Women's Press in Egypt"
1649:
537:
2573:
2532:, London: Routledge, pp. 158–174,
1845:
1427:
1338:first published in 1944 by Doria Shafik
1269:
1178:, beginning in 1925 and ending in 1940.
962:, a satirical publication published in
826:, his unique role in leading it before
14:
5424:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1402:
905:(Alexandria) - Established in 1895 by
869:
664:Egyptian presidential election of 2005
4986:
4567:
4418:
3849:
3660:
3483:
3324:
2843:
2804:
2113:
2008:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1623:Reporters Without Borders 2008 report
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
4399:
1588:
1491:
571:("creativity"), a small-circulation
28:
4593:
4389:
2749:The 'Sisification' of Egypt's media
2530:The Politics of Biography in Africa
2067:. 18 September 2010. Archived from
1609:
24:
2666:
2580:Women and Media in the Middle East
2473:(3): 42–1386-42-1386. 2004-11-01.
1785:
1555:
1532:
1511:
1304:from January 1902 to December 1903
512:French Campaign in Egypt and Syria
25:
5453:
3770:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces
2781:
2733:. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 806.
2173:
2128:
1650:Krajeski, Jenna (10 April 2009).
1634:Egypt bans 'blasphemous' magazine
1174:, a magazine that was started by
506:was first introduced to Egypt by
5409:
5397:
5371:
5362:
5361:
4894:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4664:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4452:
4398:
4388:
4378:
4369:
4368:
3627:Refugees of the Syrian civil war
2830:
2790:"The francophone press of Egypt"
2618: This article incorporates
2613:
2188:from the original on 2018-07-17.
2143:from the original on 2018-07-17.
843:This section is an excerpt from
596:
404:
88:
33:
5442:Mass media in Africa by country
5012:
4111:Identification card controversy
2730:Encyclopedia of African History
2567:
2517:
2493:
2455:
2431:
2409:
2167:
2122:
2107:
2083:
2053:
2041:
2002:
1967:
1928:
1839:
1643:
1627:
1492:Moon, Mariella (12 June 2017).
1390:Cairo Foreign Press Association
1133:Bulletin de l'Institut égyptien
680:List of radio stations in Egypt
5329:British Indian Ocean Territory
3017:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt
2505:www.womenshistoryinlebanon.org
1485:
1460:
1449:
1438:
1416:
1346:, published from 1945-1957 by
1156:Isis. Revue française d'Égypte
518:. In the Middle East, Africa,
488:Egyptian presidential election
13:
1:
3325:
2788:Martellière, Marie-Delphine.
2751:(Middle East Eye, Sept. 2014)
2524:Halloway, Nada (2021-07-15),
1980:. New Delhi: Kali for Women.
1395:
845:Mass media regulation § Egypt
837:
632:
498:History of the printing press
3644:Twin towns and sister cities
3484:
3156:Assassination of Anwar Sadat
2588:10.5040/9780755604838.ch-003
2419:. National Library of France
1974:Jayawardena, Kumari (1986).
1207:(spelled with one or two rs)
801:ahead of Egyptian President
533:
7:
4172:Vehicle registration plates
3850:
3826:Water supply and sanitation
3661:
2844:
2658:, 9780231114271. Start: p.
2257:. Würzburg. pp. 21–51.
1774:, 9780231114271. Start: p.
1547:. TBS. 2006. Archived from
1365:List of newspapers in Egypt
1353:
780:
747:
10:
5458:
3831:Water resources management
2794:National Library of France
2703:Encyclopedia of Censorship
1953:10.2752/136270499779165626
1864:10.1163/156920806777504562
1370:List of magazines in Egypt
1332:, Muslim journal from 1908
842:
815:Abdullah II of Jordan
751:
677:
636:
609:, originally published in
554:prohibit criticism of the
454:are highly influential in
5357:
5316:
5276:
5018:
4907:
4882:
4601:
4459:
4450:
4364:
4190:
3862:
3858:
3845:
3726:Impact on the environment
3716:Entrepreneurship policies
3669:
3656:
3492:
3479:
3333:
3320:
3288:
3190:
2856:
2852:
2839:
2648:Columbia University Press
2417:"L'Égyptienne. 1925-1940"
1935:El Guindi, Fadwa (1999).
1764:Columbia University Press
1575:Freedom House 2007 report
785:Following peace talks in
768:, state institutions and
697:Radio as a Political Tool
42:This article needs to be
5078:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4649:Central African Republic
3497:Administrative divisions
3173:2011 Egyptian revolution
3114:1952 Egyptian revolution
2910:Lighthouse of Alexandria
2538:10.4324/9781003133452-12
926:Salim ʻAbbas al-Shalafun
673:
483:censorship circumvention
68:This article is part of
5339:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3701:Egyptian stock exchange
2574:Dabbous, Sonia (2004),
2396:French National Library
1525:Country profiles: Egypt
1375:Middle East News Agency
1360:Ministry of Information
770:President Hosni Mubarak
618:Tarqiyat al-Mar'a which
4032:International rankings
3037:Egyptian–Ethiopian War
2620:public domain material
2479:10.5860/choice.42-1386
1846:Elsadda, Hoda (2006).
1204:Le Courier de l'Égypte
1183:L'Égypte contemporaine
894:al-Waqāʾiʿ al-miṣriyya
550:
5437:Mass media by country
4809:São Tomé and Príncipe
4669:Republic of the Congo
3637:Terrorism and tourism
3095:1948 Arab–Israeli War
2927:Library of Alexandria
2467:Choice Reviews Online
1412:Egypt profile - Media
1088:al-Tankīt wa-l-Tabkīt
1079:al-Tankīt wa-l-Tabkīt
856:Egyptian Constitution
541:
5253:United Arab Emirates
4548:United Arab Emirates
4445:Middle Eastern media
4348:World Heritage Sites
4167:Units of measurement
3622:Proposed new capital
3368:Environmental issues
3129:United Arab Republic
3022:Muhammad Ali dynasty
2762:Freedom of the Press
2443:www.encyclopedia.com
2071:on 27 September 2010
2009:Baron, Beth (1994).
1937:"Veiling Resistance"
1799:Baron, Beth (1994).
1270:Women's Publications
1235:Miscellanea Ægyptica
1212:Le Phare du Bosphore
1190:La Décade égyptienne
1163:L'Echo des Pyramides
581:Freedom of the press
300:World Heritage Sites
114:Ancient Egyptian art
5432:Mass media in Egypt
5280:limited recognition
4884:States with limited
4020:Freedom of religion
3915:Mass sexual assault
3280:Timekeeping devices
3178:2013 Rabaa massacre
3151:Egyptian–Libyan War
2708:Facts on File, Inc.
1589:Cole, Juan (2007).
1385:Egyptian literature
1256:Young Egypt Society
1027:al-Ittiḥad al-Miṣrī
870:Former publications
761:Egyptian government
639:Egyptian television
577:Al-Azhar University
522:, and even much of
4210:Art (contemporary)
3890:Capital punishment
3780:Telecommunications
3457:Towns and villages
3425:Qattara Depression
3238:Muslim Brotherhood
3208:Cigarette industry
3068:British occupation
2979:Crusader invasions
2949:Rashidun Caliphate
2626:The World Factbook
2526:"Silenced no more"
2204:has generic name (
2159:has generic name (
1599:Palgrave Macmillan
1336:La Femme Nouvelle,
1293:Alexandra Avierino
889:Vekayi’-i mısriyye
807:Benjamin Netanyahu
709:Voice of the Arabs
703:Gamal Abdel Nasser
645:CIA World Factbook
623:al-jins al-lateef,
551:
508:Napoleon Bonaparte
390:Telecommunications
5385:
5384:
5322:other territories
4980:
4979:
4911:other territories
4684:Equatorial Guinea
4561:
4560:
4412:
4411:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4284:Football stadiums
4215:Botanical gardens
4094:Catholic dioceses
3986:Gender inequality
3910:Human trafficking
3841:
3840:
3775:Tallest buildings
3736:Military industry
3652:
3651:
3593:Political parties
3546:Islamic extremism
3534:Foreign relations
3475:
3474:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3056:French occupation
2974:Fatimid Caliphate
2969:Ikhshidid dynasty
2740:978-1-135-45670-2
2725:Kevin Shillington
2716:978-1-4381-1001-1
2674:Philip G. Altbach
2597:978-1-85043-545-7
2547:978-1-003-13345-2
2275:info page on book
1756:Elisabeth Kendall
1330:Tarqiyat al-Mar’a
1320:al-jins al-lateef
824:Palestinian issue
754:Internet in Egypt
739:Faisal II of Iraq
573:literary magazine
446:
445:
355:Foreign relations
335:Political parties
63:
62:
16:(Redirected from
5449:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5393:
5375:
5365:
5364:
5334:Christmas Island
5020:Sovereign states
5007:
5000:
4993:
4984:
4983:
4972:
4971:(United Kingdom)
4967:Tristan da Cunha
4963:Ascension Island
4955:
4942:
4933:
4909:Dependencies and
4602:Sovereign states
4595:Media of Africa
4588:
4581:
4574:
4565:
4564:
4456:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4416:
4415:
4402:
4401:
4392:
4391:
4382:
4372:
4371:
4177:Waste management
3942:Academic grading
3860:
3859:
3847:
3846:
3819:Railway stations
3797:Cultural tourism
3696:Economic regions
3658:
3657:
3481:
3480:
3322:
3321:
2991:Mamluk Sultanate
2922:Diocese of Egypt
2905:Battle of Actium
2854:
2853:
2841:
2840:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2777:
2744:
2720:
2693:
2634:
2617:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2387:
2366:
2355:
2349:
2342:
2331:
2320:
2314:
2307:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2258:
2244:
2238:
2231:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2189:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2144:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2114:EL-SADANY, MAI.
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1906:10.2307/40000623
1885:
1876:
1875:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1796:
1783:
1753:
1736:
1729:
1698:
1691:
1660:
1659:
1647:
1641:
1631:
1625:
1620:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1586:
1577:
1572:
1553:
1552:
1541:
1530:
1522:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1409:
921:al-ʻAṣr al-Jadīd
883:Jurnāl al-Khidīw
720:John Bagot Glubb
471:2013 coup d'état
438:
431:
424:
409:
408:
371:
311:
246:
100:
92:
82:
72:
65:
64:
58:
55:
49:
37:
36:
29:
21:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5410:
5408:
5398:
5396:
5388:
5386:
5381:
5353:
5321:
5312:
5293:Northern Cyprus
5279:
5272:
5014:
5011:
4981:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4953:
4940:
4931:
4912:
4910:
4903:
4887:
4885:
4878:
4597:
4592:
4562:
4557:
4457:
4446:
4443:
4413:
4408:
4352:
4343:Public holidays
4333:National anthem
4186:
4099:Coptic Churches
4042:Egyptian Arabic
3952:Medical schools
3854:
3837:
3753:Nuclear program
3665:
3648:
3578:Nationality law
3571:Supreme Council
3556:Law enforcement
3488:
3471:
3447:Sinai Peninsula
3430:Red Sea Riviera
3329:
3308:
3284:
3186:
3073:1919 revolution
3061:Revolt of Cairo
2986:Ayyubid dynasty
2964:Tulunid dynasty
2848:
2835:
2829:
2784:
2755:
2741:
2717:
2690:
2669:
2667:Further reading
2636:
2623:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2558:
2548:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2507:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2445:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2401:
2399:
2389:
2388:
2369:
2356:
2352:
2343:
2334:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2281:
2260:
2259:
2245:
2241:
2232:
2213:
2201:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2174:Cairo, Bureau.
2172:
2168:
2156:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2129:Cairo, Bureau.
2127:
2123:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2027:10.2307/1773165
2007:
2003:
1988:
1972:
1968:
1933:
1929:
1886:
1879:
1844:
1840:
1817:10.2307/1773165
1797:
1786:
1754:
1739:
1730:
1701:
1692:
1663:
1652:"Good Shepherd"
1648:
1644:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1610:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1556:
1543:
1542:
1533:
1523:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1380:Cinema of Egypt
1356:
1302:Marie Beylerian
1272:
1140:Ḥadīqat al-Adab
1019:al-Iskarandiyya
988:Salim al-Hamawi
913:al-ʻĀm al-Jadīd
872:
867:
866:
848:
840:
830:or any other."
787:Sharm el-Sheikh
783:
756:
750:
742:
728:
712:
706:
699:
687:Marconi Company
682:
676:
641:
635:
599:
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479:2011 revolution
467:2011 revolution
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410:
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350:Law enforcement
309:
244:
98:
80:
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59:
53:
50:
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38:
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3755:
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3706:Egyptian pound
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3610:Prime Minister
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3415:Northern coast
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3146:Yom Kippur War
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2782:External links
2780:
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2721:
2715:
2698:Jonathon Green
2694:
2688:
2668:
2665:
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2663:
2609:
2608:
2596:
2582:, I.B.Tauris,
2566:
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2211:
2166:
2121:
2106:
2082:
2052:
2040:
2021:(2): 217–240.
2001:
1986:
1966:
1941:Fashion Theory
1927:
1877:
1838:
1811:(2): 217–240.
1784:
1737:
1699:
1661:
1656:The New Yorker
1642:
1640:, 8 April 2009
1626:
1608:
1578:
1554:
1551:on 2006-08-16.
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1327:
1317:
1316:, founded 1906
1309:Fatat al-Sharq
1305:
1295:
1284:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1263:Revue d'Égypte
1259:
1247:
1239:
1231:
1227:Lisān al-ʻArab
1223:
1216:
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937:
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909:
907:Najib Gharghur
871:
868:
849:
841:
839:
836:
782:
779:
752:Main article:
749:
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698:
695:
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672:
637:Main article:
634:
631:
598:
595:
547:Salah Zulfikar
535:
532:
524:Eastern Europe
504:printing press
499:
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418:
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395:Transportation
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18:Media of Egypt
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4:
3:
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5303:South Ossetia
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4724:Guinea-Bissau
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4205:Art (ancient)
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4084:Blasphemy law
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4052:Sign Language
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4047:Saʽidi Arabic
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3684:National Bank
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2095:Freedom House
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2015:Poetics Today
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1314:Labiba Hasham
1311:
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1288:Anis al-Jalis
1285:
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1258:in Alexandria
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1048:'Urabi Revolt
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954:Najib Ghargur
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811:Mahmoud Abbas
808:
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803:Hosni Mubarak
800:
797:walking on a
796:
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727:decision.(10)
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83:
81:Life in Egypt
78:
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67:
66:
57:
45:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
5318:Dependencies
5248:Turkmenistan
5213:Saudi Arabia
4959:Saint Helena
4930:
4834:South Africa
4824:Sierra Leone
4629:Burkina Faso
4533:Saudi Arabia
4295:
4230:Coat of arms
4200:Architecture
4089:Christianity
4069:Prostitution
4015:Human rights
3974:Abaza family
3962:Universities
3927:Demographics
3880:Billionaires
3524:Constitution
3519:Conscription
3502:Governorates
3383:Halfaya Pass
3253:1954–present
3213:Constitution
3168:2010s Crisis
3080:World War II
3042:Urabi revolt
2959:Islamization
2893:31st Dynasty
2888:27th Dynasty
2760:
2748:
2729:
2702:
2678:
2643:
2625:
2612:
2601:, retrieved
2579:
2569:
2559:, retrieved
2529:
2519:
2508:. Retrieved
2504:
2495:
2470:
2466:
2457:
2446:. Retrieved
2442:
2433:
2421:. Retrieved
2411:
2400:. Retrieved
2394:
2357:Kendall, p.
2353:
2344:Kendall, p.
2322:Kendall, p.
2318:
2309:Kendall, p.
2253:
2248:
2242:
2233:Kendall, p.
2179:
2169:
2134:
2124:
2109:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2069:the original
2064:
2055:
2043:
2018:
2014:
2004:
1976:
1969:
1947:(1): 51–80.
1944:
1940:
1930:
1897:
1893:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1808:
1804:
1778:. CITED: p.
1759:
1731:Kendall, p.
1693:Kendall, p.
1655:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1592:
1549:the original
1527:
1501:. Retrieved
1497:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:
1462:
1451:
1440:
1429:
1418:
1348:Doria Shafik
1342:
1335:
1329:
1319:
1307:
1297:
1287:
1276:
1261:
1251:Mișr al-Fatā
1249:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1176:Hoda Sharawy
1171:L'Égyptienne
1169:
1161:
1154:
1148:Il progresso
1146:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1107:
1101:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1069:
1053:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1001:
998:(Alexandria)
993:
981:
973:
959:Il Paparillo
957:
947:
939:
933:
929:
919:
911:
902:Abū al-Nuwās
900:
893:
887:
881:
875:
873:
850:
832:
795:Barack Obama
790:
784:
774:Maikel Nabil
757:
735:Nuri al-Said
700:
691:
683:
642:
627:
622:
617:
615:
602:
600:
588:
585:
566:
564:
552:
549:, March 1961
542:
501:
492:Anas al-Fiqi
464:
448:
447:
412:Egypt portal
285:Human rights
270:Demographics
119:Contemporary
109:Architecture
51:
43:
26:
5377:Asia portal
5278:States with
5198:Philippines
5138:South Korea
5133:North Korea
5028:Afghanistan
5013:Asian media
4886:recognition
4839:South Sudan
4729:Ivory Coast
4394:WikiProject
4155:Scientology
4025:LGBT rights
3947:Law schools
3731:Lighthouses
3674:Agriculture
3403:Mount Sinai
3363:Earthquakes
3163:Mubarak era
3134:Six-Day War
3124:Suez Crisis
3119:Land reform
2866:Prehistoric
2682:. Garland.
2065:Al Manar TV
1858:(1): 1–28.
1343:Bint Al-Nil
1326:, 1908-1925
1324:Malaka Sa-d
1282:Hind Nawfal
949:al-Babaghāʻ
813:, and King
660:Nilesat 101
607:Hind Nawfal
510:during his
458:and in the
146:Raqs sharqi
141:Belly dance
5426:Categories
5416:Journalism
5258:Uzbekistan
5233:Tajikistan
5148:Kyrgyzstan
5128:Kazakhstan
5048:Bangladesh
5038:Azerbaijan
4941:(Portugal)
4899:Somaliland
4819:Seychelles
4784:Mozambique
4769:Mauritania
4754:Madagascar
4709:The Gambia
4644:Cape Verde
4518:Gaza Strip
4306:Newspapers
4296:Mass media
4148:Synagogues
4116:Irreligion
4064:Literature
4059:Liberalism
3998:Healthcare
3900:Corruption
3583:Parliament
3514:Corruption
3509:Civil Code
3452:Suez Canal
3410:Nile Delta
3295:Alexandria
3265:Population
3260:Parliament
3228:Healthcare
3109:Nasser era
2883:Achaemenid
2858:Chronology
2656:0231114273
2603:2022-12-22
2561:2022-12-22
2510:2022-12-22
2448:2022-12-22
2402:2019-07-21
2100:2023-04-17
2075:26 October
1772:0231114273
1601:. p.
1472:Al Jazeera
1396:References
1040:al-Maḥrūsa
1035:al-Maḥrūsa
1011:al-Ibtisam
930:al-Maḥrūsa
838:Regulation
828:Washington
799:red carpet
678:See also:
633:Television
611:Alexandria
543:Al Kawakib
460:Arab World
450:Mass media
345:Corruption
330:Parliament
325:Government
320:Presidency
235:Television
188:Literature
5344:Hong Kong
5298:Palestine
5223:Sri Lanka
5218:Singapore
5098:Indonesia
4774:Mauritius
4522:West Bank
4514:Palestine
4301:Magazines
4291:Egyptians
4126:Ahmadiyya
4037:Languages
4003:Hospitals
3937:Education
3804:Transport
3763:Aswan Dam
3691:Companies
3632:Terrorism
3598:President
3561:Massacres
3551:Judiciary
3529:Elections
3398:Mountains
3327:Geography
3305:Port Said
3248:1939–1954
3243:1928–1938
3198:Anarchism
3141:Sadat era
3085:Sultanate
3032:Khedivate
2932:Christian
2900:Ptolemaic
2556:237764940
2487:0009-4978
2263:cite book
1961:1362-704X
1914:0065-9991
1872:1569-2078
1825:0333-5372
1117:Al Ustadh
1103:al-Tijāra
1055:al-Manāra
1003:al-Ḥaqīqa
975:al-Burhān
877:al-Tanbih
789:in 2010,
556:President
534:The press
265:Education
208:Sculpture
198:Mythology
5367:Category
5288:Abkhazia
5238:Thailand
5193:Pakistan
5173:Mongolia
5168:Maldives
5163:Malaysia
5063:Cambodia
4965: /
4961: /
4954:(France)
4948: /
4926: /
4922: /
4874:Zimbabwe
4849:Tanzania
4699:Ethiopia
4694:Eswatini
4674:Djibouti
4639:Cameroon
4624:Botswana
4374:Category
4338:Olympics
4274:Football
4106:Hinduism
4074:Religion
3981:Feminism
3969:Families
3932:Diaspora
3895:Censuses
3885:Cannabis
3870:Abortion
3814:Airports
3809:Airlines
3785:Internet
3588:Passport
3566:Military
3539:Missions
3486:Politics
3467:Wildlife
3191:By topic
3104:Republic
2939:Sassanid
2775:57509361
2769:, 2016,
2650:, 2002.
2194:cite web
2186:Archived
2176:"Ruters"
2149:cite web
2141:Archived
2131:"Ruters"
1996:14337102
1922:40000623
1638:BBC News
1498:Engadget
1354:See also
1277:Al-Fatat
1109:al-Hilāl
1095:al-Surūr
1084:al-Ṭāʼif
995:Al Fatat
983:al-Falāh
819:bloggers
791:Al Ahram
781:Freedoms
748:Internet
656:channels
653:FM radio
603:al-Fatah
590:Al-Ahram
516:Istanbul
452:in Egypt
340:Military
310:Politics
295:Wildlife
290:Religion
260:Identity
183:Language
178:Holidays
71:a series
54:May 2016
5390:Portals
5263:Vietnam
5178:Myanmar
5158:Lebanon
5088:Georgia
5043:Bahrain
5033:Armenia
4950:Réunion
4946:Mayotte
4937:Madeira
4932:(Spain)
4928:Melilla
4859:Tunisia
4829:Somalia
4814:Senegal
4799:Nigeria
4789:Namibia
4779:Morocco
4744:Liberia
4739:Lesotho
4689:Eritrea
4659:Comoros
4634:Burundi
4609:Algeria
4504:Lebanon
4464:Bahrain
4404:Commons
4323:Museums
4267:regions
4235:Cuisine
4220:Castles
4192:Culture
4162:Smoking
4143:Judaism
4131:Mosques
4010:Housing
3957:Schools
3863:General
3852:Society
3792:Tourism
3721:Fishing
3679:Banking
3663:Economy
3388:Islands
3378:Geology
3373:Fossils
3358:Deserts
3353:Climate
3343:Borders
3289:By city
3275:Saladin
3223:Genetic
3203:Capital
3090:Kingdom
3005:Ottoman
2871:Ancient
2846:History
2765:, USA:
2757:"Egypt"
2423:13 July
2181:Reuters
2136:Reuters
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1900:: 218.
1833:1773165
1503:14 June
1477:14 June
1298:Artemis
1082:a.k.a.
1071:Ar-Rawi
1060:Bologna
964:Bologna
941:al-Āmāl
716:Britain
651:and 14
385:Tourism
370:Economy
245:Society
218:Symbols
173:History
168:Fashion
161:Tanoura
131:Cuisine
99:Culture
44:updated
5308:Taiwan
5243:Turkey
5208:Russia
5143:Kuwait
5123:Jordan
5113:Israel
5073:Cyprus
5058:Brunei
5053:Bhutan
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4869:Zambia
4864:Uganda
4804:Rwanda
4759:Malawi
4719:Guinea
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4469:Cyprus
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4225:Cinema
4079:Baháʼí
3993:Health
3741:Mining
3711:Energy
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2996:Mamluk
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126:Cinema
5404:Egypt
5349:Macau
5268:Yemen
5228:Syria
5203:Qatar
5183:Nepal
5118:Japan
5093:India
5083:Egypt
5068:China
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4844:Sudan
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4749:Libya
4734:Kenya
4714:Ghana
4704:Gabon
4679:Egypt
4619:Benin
4553:Yemen
4538:Syria
4528:Qatar
4474:Egypt
4328:Music
4311:Radio
4252:Films
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4121:Islam
3905:Crime
3746:Mines
3462:Wadis
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3300:Cairo
3218:Copts
3027:Nahda
2917:Roman
2832:Egypt
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2031:JSTOR
1918:JSTOR
1852:Hawwa
1829:JSTOR
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860:Egypt
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3920:Rape
3615:list
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2735:ISBN
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2269:link
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1992:OCLC
1982:ISBN
1957:ISSN
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