1288:– international media watchdog – criticized the Armenian government for maintaining a tight grip on the country's broadcast media and accused them of routinely harassing local journalists challenging them. According to the CPJ report, new amendments to Armenian broadcasting law in 2010 positioned President Sarkisian "to maintain control over the country's docile television and radio stations, most of which were owned by pro-government politicians and businessmen." The report also claims that the Armenian police officers "routinely harassed, assaulted, and arrested journalists" in 2010. "Prosecutors regularly colluded in this practice by failing to investigate police officers, even filing charges on occasion against journalists who protested abuses, CPJ research showed."
1295:, President Kocharian controversially declared a 20-day State of Emergency on 1 March, and used it to ban all public gatherings and censor all media (both Internet and in print) to include only information sponsored by the state. Also, the authorities closed several opposition newspapers along with their websites, including A1+ and Haykakan Zhamanak. Furthermore, the government blocked access to the YouTube website which contained videos from the 1 March protest and late-night clashes with police that showed special forces firing automatic weapons directly into the crowd. Also blocked was the radio transmission and website access to Armenian Liberty, a service of
594:, as failing to promote media pluralism in the digital age, despite amendments. The shortcomings include "a limit to the number of broadcast channels; a lack of clear rules for the licensing of satellite, mobile telephone and online broadcasting; the placement of all forms of broadcasting under a regime of licensing or permission by the Regulator; the granting of authority to the courts to terminate broadcast licences based on provisions in the law that contain undue limitations on freedom of the media; and a lack of procedures and terms for the establishment of private digital channels."
1076:
2189:
1153:
1084:
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1093:
1566:
801:
5357:
4570:
5367:
4580:
3562:
1314:
52:
648:
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583:(Article 4). It also establishes the Public TV and Radio Company as a state enterprise with special status (Article 28); its management body is the Public TV Council, composed of 5 members appointed by the President. The same law establishes the National Commission of Television and Radio (NCTR) as an independent agency for the regulation of licensing and monitoring of private TV and radio companies (Article 37).
963:
908:. Cable TV has a limited range, while satellite TV is widespread in Yerevan. Three Armenian satellite channels – H1, Shant and Armenia – cater to Armenian communities in Europe and North America. In the year 2008 TRBNA upgraded the main circuit to digital distribution system based on DVB-IP and MPEG2 standards.
926:) was controversially forced off the air in 2002, damaging pluralism in the Armenian media landscape and the country's international reputation. A1+ continued working as an internet-based news agency. Gala faced closure in 2015, being denied a digital TV license during the digitalisation switchover process.
1608:
The law, amended in June 2010, stipulates that the following entities cannot be founders of private television and radio broadcasting companies: state and local public agencies, member of the
Council of the Public Television and Radio Company, members of the Nation Commission for Television and Radio
1435:
In June 2015 journalists from different media outlets (including Radio
Azatutyun (RFE/RL), Hetq.am, Gala TV, Haykakan Zhamanak, News.am, PanArmenian.net, Epress.am, 1in.am, and ArmTimes.com) suffered physical attacks, verbal abuse and mistreatment by the police while covering public demonstrations in
861:
but they cover only part of the country. These broadcasts provide different kind of music: traditional one is offered by Radio Hay FM 104.1 MHz, the
European, American and Russian pop music one by Radio Van FM 103.0 MHz, Radio Ardzaganq FM 103.5 MHz and Radio Avrora FM 100.6 MHz,
601:
Law was passed in 2003. Yet, its implementation has stalled. 2014 amendments aimed at operationalise it, but to no avail yet. While courts have been responsive, government departments have declined access requests, and many Soviet-era files remain classified. Other relevant laws for the media sector
1371:
news agency (a paper known for its opposition stance), was severely beaten on his way home from work in
Yerevan. Three unknown individuals reportedly assailed and severely beat Kiviryan causing him serious head and face injuries. His condition was reported as "serious but stable" after he was taken
929:
In 2010, the
Armenian government passed a set of controversial amendments to Armenian law on broadcasting that enables government regulators to grant or revoke licenses without explanation, as well as impose programming restrictions that would confine some stations to narrow themes such as culture,
555:
prohibits incitement to national, racial and religious hatred, propaganda of violence. The
Constitution also establishes the right to seek, receive, convey and disseminate information and provide foreigners with the same rights to information as citizens. Yet, law is most often unevenly applied or
1247:
Broadcast media require licenses from the
National Commission on Television and Radio (NCTR), which is composed of 8 members (4 appointed by the President, 4 by the Parliament) for a 6-years mandate. The licensing systems hinders media freedom and diversity. Print and online media are exempt from
1141:
A major way of connecting to the
Internet used to be dial-up. This was caused by very high prices of Internet access, and only very few people could use other types of connections until Beeline, Vivacell MTS and Orange started selling portable USB-modems. The average price for one hour of dial-up
616:
Broadcast media require licenses from the
National Commission on Television and Radio (NCTR), which is composed of 8 members (4 appointed by the President, 4 by the Parliament) for a 6-years mandate. The licensing systems hinders media freedom and diversity. Print and online media are exempt from
1678:
It is difficult to know who the media owners really are, but often they are politicians or well-known businesspeople (often affiliated with political groups), that then influences media editorial policy. According to most experts media are not considered as business per se. Concentration limits
1539:
Access to the
Internet in Armenia is largely unfettered, although evidence of second and third-generation filtering is mounting. Armenia's political climate is volatile and largely unpredictable. In times of political unrest, the government has not hesitated to put in place restrictions on the
664:
TV is the main medium in Armenia, and most of its channels are controlled or friendly with the government, as broadcast media require a license. The print sector is small and in decline, while online media are rising. Russian-language media are widely available. Ownership of the media is often
1596:
Transparency of media ownership refers to the public availability of accurate, comprehensive and up-to-date information about media ownership structures. A legal regime guaranteeing transparency of media ownership makes possible for the public as well as for media authorities to find out who
1543:
Armenia's internet access is delivered by Russian providers, occasionally resulting in censorship by Russian ISPs. In 2012 Russian authorities blocked kavkazcenter.com, resulting in it being blocked in Armenia. In 2014 five other websites were blocked due to filtering by the Russian
862:
etc. and the classical one by Vem Radio FM 101.6 MHz. Usually, the used language is Armenian or Russian. FM-102.4 broadcast in French but other radios have programmes in German. Azatutyun broadcasts news and analysis three times a day on the frequencies of
1701:
is composed of four radio stations. According to IREX it "represents what could be considered a model public media outlet, allowing for a wide spectrum of views and opinions and providing balanced, impartial, and neutral coverage", but its audience is limited.
551:. The Constitution also guarantees the "Freedom of mass media and other means of mass information shall be guaranteed" and that "The state shall guarantee the existence and activities of an independent and public radio and television service. Article 47 of the
5322:
1763:
Lobbying by media and media support organizations was temporary successful: in December 2015 the parliament approved a bill allowing regional stations to continue analog broadcasting within their communities. Officials cited as a reason the need to provide
1328:
Frequent attacks on journalists of non-state sponsored media is a serious threat to Armenia's press freedom. The number of assaults has recently declined, but the physical integrity of journalists remain at stake. Nine attacks were reported in 2014 by the
1087:
A window display at Orange's flagship Northern Avenue branch advertises various smartphones and a 3G Internet WiFi router. In November 2009, Orange became Armenia's third mobile telecommunications provider, offering a very competitively priced 3G Internet
1130:. Armenia is connected to the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic cable system via Georgia, which runs along the railroad from Poti to Tbilisi to the Armenian border near Marneuli. At Poti, the TAE cable connects to the undersea Georgia-Russia system
698:
In 2009, Armenia registered 747 newspapers and 328 magazines. All main press publications are politically affiliated, with negative consequences on editorial independence. Daily circulation numbers are very low, ranging between 1,500 and 3,000.
5332:
1628:
Media outlets in Armenia are many and diverse, and law against concentration exist. However, law are bypassed and there are concentration problems. The passage from analog to digital broadcasting was particularly damaging for media pluralism.
1752:
The transition allowed only one digital broadcasting license for each of the 10 provinces. This was criticized by independent experts because it would force dozens of regional stations to close, thus reducing the plurality of regional media.
1724:
reached Armenia later than other countries but strongly, slowing down the development of the media and advertising industry somewhere around 2014. The reduction of commercial advertising was partially compensated by political advertising.
563:
was eliminated in 2010, but the civil code established high monetary penalties, up to 2,000 times the minimum salary. A draft amendment that would make online media liable for defamatory comments was put forward in 2014; it was postponed
5246:
5531:
5291:
1619:
proposed the reform of the law: the proposed amendment aims at including within the scope of the law digital media as well, obliging this kind of media outlets to disclose the same ownership information required to print media.
946:, will be taken off the air in 2015 because of the amendments. Both A1+ and GALA TV failed to win new licenses in supposedly competitive tenders administered by the National Commission on Television and Radio in late 2010. The
884:
that began transmissions in 1956. According to the Television Association Committee of Armenia, the TV penetration rate in Armenia is 80% according to 2011 data. TV remains the main source of information for Armenian citizens.
5668:
5481:
5729:
1604:
is regulated in the 2003 Law on the Mass Media, which obliges print media to publish data regarding ownership structures and management. The law does not cover digital media, which were created and widely developed later.
5327:
5744:
5696:
5588:
5286:
5191:
5701:
5553:
5296:
1431:
journalist had her recorder and photocamera seized by the Head of the Armenian diaspora in Kazakhstan after questioning at a public event in Yerevan. The official then ordered his bodyguards to remove her from the
665:
opaque. Public media outlets receive preferential treatment from the authorities, while private media are not financially sustainable and rely heavily on their owners and sponsors, hindering editorial independence.
2491:
5706:
5241:
5206:
5161:
1540:
Internet as a means to curtail public protest and discontent. According to Article 11 of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on Police, law enforcement has the right to block content to prevent criminal activity.
922:, virtually all Armenian TV stations, including the Yerevan-based national networks, are controlled by or loyal to the government. The only major private network that regularly aired criticism of the government (
5653:
5131:
5126:
5021:
631:, and in favour of Armenia's Special Investigation Service, establishing that publishing information on ongoing investigation without prior authorization is a criminal offense. The ruling was widely criticised.
5623:
5563:
5543:
5251:
5226:
5141:
5121:
5071:
5041:
5734:
5558:
5337:
5216:
5211:
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1609:(NCTR), political parties, religious organisations, the president, members of the government, members of the National Assembly and judges, and persons "affiliated with them", as defined in the amended law.
5754:
5739:
5686:
5633:
5608:
5281:
5231:
5186:
5166:
5156:
5056:
4535:
5724:
1384:, condemned the act and, noting that almost all cases of violence against the journalists taken part in the past have not been disclosed, called upon the police to investigate and disclose his assailants.
5526:
5521:
5511:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5456:
5451:
5441:
5431:
5256:
5171:
5151:
5036:
1502:
1330:
1229:
896:, Armenia, AR, Yerkir Media, Hayrenik (for children), H2 and Dar21. Major Russian channels (ORT and RTR with full retransmission, as well as Kultura and Mir) are widely available throughout the country;
1460:
In 2007 the television station Gala broadcast a speech by an opposition presidential candidate. Since then, the government asked the station to change transmitter and they did not receive a new digital
5749:
5648:
5618:
5603:
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5578:
5548:
5501:
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5111:
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5146:
5101:
5096:
1514:
newspaper for €34,000 in damages for allegedly slanderous readers’ comments. A Yerevan court ordered the seizure of the newspaper's properties as an interim measure pending the final decision. The
1115:, which has been used for AM radio stations and for domain hacks. Internet penetration reached 46% in 2014. Public wi-fi access points in parks and cafés in Yerevan have contributed to its growth.
1218:
Media organisations in Armenia include the Journalists Union of Armenia, Yerevan Press Club (YPC), the Association of Investigative Journalists (HETQ) and the All Armenian Mass Media Association (
613:. The latter established the right to access public information and detailed the lawful limitations to such right (state, official, bank or trade secrets; privacy rights; pre-investigation data).
1274:
in Armenia is limited. Some independent channels, such as A1+, Noyan Tapan, and Russian NTV, have had their frequencies taken away by the government. Journalists covering a demonstration against
1477:
news portal, were ordered by Armenian courts to disclose their confidential sources. Journalists were later charged for failing to comply with a court order. The situation was denounced by the
1452:
The committee to Protect Freedom of Expression (CPFE) reported 43 cases of pressure on media workers in 2014 (57 in 2013). The government control the main broadcast media and, for this reason,
4545:
846:
As of 2008, Armenia has 9 am stations, 17 FM stations, and one shortwave station. Additionally, there are approximately 850,000 radios in existence. Primary network provider is TRBNA.
1771:
Experts considered this not as a viable long-term solution. In fact, the switch off was postponed more than once until 26 October 2016, and 11 regional TV companies were forced to close.
1667:
media in Armenia are diverse, but television stations are controlled by the state or wealthy business. In practice the law is not fully respected. E.g. Panarmenian Media Group (formerly
2997:
2268:
1183:(Rating and statistics for Armenian web resource) popular sites in Armenia include Hetq online, A1+ online, PanArmenian Network, News.am, Armenia Now, Armenia Today, Panorama.am, and
639:
There is no specific Press Council in Armenia. Journalists and media outlets can be prosecuted in court, and have one month to explain errors and convince the court of its innocence.
1648:... broadcasts of domestically produced programmes by television-radio companies on one television (radio) channel may not be less than 55 per cent of the overall monthly airtime ...
1175:
Ucom telecom company has built up the first FTTH (Fiber to the home) Network in Armenia providing convergent Triple play services including Internet, IPTV and Digital Phone services.
4504:
950:
ruled in 2008 that A1+'s licence was improperly revoked, but in 2014 the station had not been returned any licence. A1+ merely manages to broadcast a working-days news programme on
2203:(Statistical Indicators for the Electronic Communications Market), Autoriteti Komunikimeve Elektronike Dhe Postare (Electronic Communications and Postal Authority), November 2011.
911:
TV channels lack economic sustainability, and their editorial independence is hindered by financial needs. They are often sponsored by political parties for propaganda purposes.
987:
788:, the government introduced a 20-days "state of emergency". During this time most of the journals were forced to suspend publishing activities or report only official news.
2488:
4540:
2276:
1206:
Armenia's constitution recognises the right to form and join trade unions, with some restrictions for members of the armed forces or police. The main trade union is the
4955:
1532:
Armenia is listed as engaged in substantial filtering in the political area and selective filtering in the social, conflict/security, and Internet tools areas by the
5461:
4912:
4509:
4374:
1402:
756:
677:
4284:
889:
5506:
5081:
4945:
1518:
denounced the judgement, and recalled that "compensation... should be proportional to actual damages and should not lead to the closure of a news outlet".
1464:
In Mary 2015 Armenia's prosecutor-general warned journalists that reporting on ongoing investigations without prior authorization would constitute a crime.
740:
1497:
Civil defamation is still used by politicians and businessmen to put pressure on the media since high fines are foreseen – deemed disproportionate by the
4965:
4950:
1364:
710:
4935:
1494:
was eliminated. In 2011 the Constitutional Court ruled that "critical assessment of facts" and "evaluation judgments" cannot be charged for defamation.
1111:
There are approximately 1,400,000 internet users and approximately 65,279 internet hosts in Armenia. The country code (Top level domain) for Armenia is
5593:
1172:
Armenian ISP Icon Communications has selected Alcatel-Lucent to design, deploy and maintain a commercial WiMAX 802.16e-2005 (Rev-e) network in Armenia.
914:
Televisions outlets must obtain licenses for operate from the (highly politicised) National Commission on Television and Radio (NCTR). Other than the
1241:
854:
227:
2247:
1345:, was violently attacked and sustained a severe head injury for which he had to be hospitalized. The attack was likely connected to his reporting.
1368:
1145:
As of March 2010, it is estimated that there are about 100,000 broadband subscribers in Armenia. DSL connectivity is offered by Beeline, Cornet,
3004:
511:
remains restricted, among threats of violence, strong political inferences, and expensive defamation lawsuits. Armenia ranks 49th in the 2023
5583:
5446:
5031:
3757:
2263:
777:
1965:"OSCE media freedom representative meets Armenian President, encourages public discussion and transparency in broadcast reform | OSCE"
1292:
1039:
The Armenian Association of Film Critics and Cinema Journalists (AAFCCJ) gathers the workers in the mass media sector. It is a public NGO.
463:
5638:
5466:
2355:
2134:
1738:
1692:
1180:
1265:
5663:
5613:
5573:
5471:
5436:
5426:
5026:
2632:"Safety of journalists must be ensured at all times, OSCE Representative says, following attacks on journalists in Armenia | OSCE"
1510:
1469:
1409:
were assaulted and later detained by the police during an opposition demonstration. The case, raised to the Armenian authorities b the
1395:
624:
2760:"SUMMARY: 2015 Report on Media in Armenia by Investigative Journalists NGO/AEJ-Armenia and the Committee to Protect Freedom of Speech"
1013:
describing the ill fate of two lovers, who were engaged by their families to each other since childhood, but because of violations of
5691:
5658:
5628:
5516:
5476:
5412:
5236:
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2226:
1825:
1474:
1406:
951:
939:
919:
628:
5790:
3233:
2544:
1440:
1308:
1207:
2200:
5271:
4484:
2468:"Ban on independent news coverage in Armenia is contrary to OSCE commitments, says OSCE media freedom representative | OSCE"
373:
2843:
2646:"OSCE Representative urges authorities in Armenia to ensure journalists' rights to report in a free and safe manner | OSCE"
5785:
5403:
4616:
2674:"Forcing journalists to disclose confidential sources infringes work of media in Armenia, OSCE representative says | OSCE"
2449:
2118:
2089:
2053:
1947:
2856:
863:
1705:
In 2014 Soviet-era cable radio was terminated, particularly affecting old people who had this kind of radio in the kitchen.
1348:
In 2009, unresolved cases of violence against journalists included those of Lusine Barseghyan from the opposition newspaper
4998:
4211:
3742:
1688:
1388:
785:
3732:
3675:
3592:
3082:
2530:"OSCE media freedom representative expresses concern over continuing violence against journalists in Armenia | OSCE"
2499:
1616:
1033:
488:. Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on
3514:
1391:, some of them having their equipment damaged or seized. Nobody was prosecuted by the police, due to "lack of evidence".
3509:
1118:
Armentel's (the national communications company's) only fiber optic connection to the Internet enters Armenia through
579:. The latter guarantees right to freedom of selection, production and broadcast of TV and radio programme and forbids
4459:
4169:
3246:
2028:
1597:
effectively owns, controls and influences the media as well as media influence on political parties or state bodies.
2318:
1979:"OSCE media freedom representative calls for amendments to Armenia's draft broadcast law to promote media pluralism"
4742:
4036:
1641:) was adopted in June 2010. The law prohibits ownership of more than one channel in the same area of broadcasting.
1377:
1285:
931:
456:
400:
17:
2691:"OSCE media freedom representative expresses concern over growing number of libel lawsuits in Armenia | OSCE"
2660:"OSCE media freedom watchdog concerned about increased tension in Armenia's media freedom environment | OSCE"
1999:"Armenian broadcasting law fails to guarantee media pluralism, says OSCE media freedom representative | OSCE"
4672:
3451:
3446:
1749:
was originally scheduled for completion in 2015, but doubts were expressed that the deadline could be respected.
1353:
232:
3133:
2759:
5780:
5775:
4075:
3763:
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947:
169:
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is the only one state-owned news agency. There are eight private agencies: Shant, Noyan Tapan, Arminfo, Arka,
3842:
3812:
3648:
2719:
1048:
693:
2788:
1577:
812:
4086:
4003:
3770:
3695:
3261:
3226:
2599:"OSCE media freedom representative concerned about obstruction of journalists' work in Armenia | OSCE"
2569:
1714:
1275:
702:
In the country's media landscape, the most popular daily newspapers include the leading liberal newspaper
383:
180:
1169:. It uses 802.16e protocol in the 3.6–3.8 GHz frequency diapason. It provides 27 Mbit/sec speed.
4879:
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4070:
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3852:
3827:
3727:
3546:
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3288:
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449:
265:
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1420:
journalist Marine Khachatryan suffered an attack in September 2014, but notwithstanding the call by the
1072:
offers both 2G and 3G as well as 4G services. All of them provide internet connection on mobile phones.
5396:
4940:
4717:
4609:
4294:
3540:
1765:
1664:
435:
395:
390:
117:
3108:
726:(Nation). Periodicals published in Russian are also very popular in Armenia and include the newspaper
496:, and other sales-related revenues. Armenia's press freedoms improved considerably following the 2018
4055:
3752:
3627:
3622:
3607:
3535:
3504:
1717:. For 12 years (2002–2014) advertising of strong alcoholic beverages was prohibited on radio and TV.
1025:
516:
237:
149:
2820:
2498:. Background report prepared by Mr William Horsley, special representative for media freedom of the
1142:
Internet access was about 48 cents, plus 20 cents for using phone line (summary 68 cents per hour).
5013:
4991:
4907:
4804:
4799:
4499:
4404:
4226:
4204:
4060:
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1820:
1261:
734:
656:
508:
497:
336:
154:
66:
4113:
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3802:
3722:
3705:
3680:
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1815:
1698:
1398:, was detained and assaulted by police officers while covering a public demonstration in Yerevan.
1201:
850:
841:
716:
552:
540:
504:
430:
2934:
1060:
There are three mobile phone operators currently in Armenia: Viva Cell MTS, Orange and Beeline.
4764:
4108:
3870:
3797:
3710:
2964:
1757:
1069:
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609:
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is the national public radio channel. Armenia has dozens of private radio stations, including
5389:
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4419:
3901:
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3685:
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2807:
1810:
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875:
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There is no law exempting journalists from testimony or protecting their sources in Armenia.
378:
351:
292:
5381:
2319:"Armenian Media Landscape Formative Research for the Alternative Resources in Media Program"
1918:"National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia | Official Web Site | parliament.am"
1695:
report they "have acted consistently as a quite obedient tool in the hands of authorities".
888:
Armenia has 48 private television stations alongside 2 public networks (National 1 (H1) and
4864:
4344:
4339:
4234:
3998:
3862:
3747:
3717:
3690:
3617:
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1131:
720:(Republic of Armenia) – the official gazette of the government, published since 1990 – and
548:
331:
100:
73:
4976:
2909:
2221:
934:
suggested that these amendments are primarily aimed at keeping the independent TV station
8:
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3030:
2512:"Recent assaults on journalists in Armenia threaten free press, says OSCE representative"
1527:
1126:) and then connects to the rest of the Internet via an undersea fiber-optic cable in the
1106:
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321:
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59:
42:
2618:"Journalists' rights in Armenia must be ensured, says OSCE Representative | OSCE"
1439:
At least three journalists were obstructed or assaulted, in the period leading to the
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2852:
2545:"Ambushed: Attack on journalist raises concerns over safety of profession in Armenia"
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1788:
1428:
1381:
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has 3.3 million mobile phone subscribers in total, and a 120% penetration rate.
997:
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311:
287:
279:
251:
174:
107:
33:
2889:(Report). Transparency International Anticorruption Center. 2015. pp. 148–159
1687:
The state had a monopoly in the media market until the early 2000s. Currently the
4960:
4902:
4869:
4859:
4839:
4829:
4814:
4809:
4789:
4759:
4727:
4712:
4687:
4514:
4449:
4414:
4349:
4329:
4319:
4279:
4264:
4259:
4118:
3488:
3375:
3348:
3283:
2572:(Press release). Human Rights Defender of Armenia. April 30, 2009. Archived from
2495:
2272:
2251:
2230:
2122:
2093:
2057:
2032:
1951:
1734:
1721:
1453:
1152:
1065:
1002:
681:
425:
205:
2731:
1083:
4854:
4779:
4749:
4555:
4474:
4434:
4409:
4389:
4324:
4299:
4289:
4274:
4103:
3926:
3471:
2706:
1505:(CPFE) had counted 17 civil defamation lawsuits against media workers in 2014.
520:
260:
89:
1501:. Almost 30 lawsuits were counted between May 2010 and November 2011. The NGO
5769:
5360:
4573:
4394:
4359:
4314:
4309:
3920:
3817:
3466:
3461:
3406:
3370:
3185:
1880:
1742:
1321:
966:
728:
651:
857:, Radio Jazz, Radio Avrora, Radio Van, Nor (New) Radio, Radio Hay, City FM,
4128:
4123:
3906:
3642:
3582:
3456:
3441:
2722:, adopted on April 16, 2001, Official Bulleting No 15(147) of May 31, 2001.
1802:
1545:
1424:
the Armenian Special Investigative Service refused to open a criminal case.
1092:
493:
197:
3160:
2025:
1644:
The law limits the broadcast of programmes produced in foreign countries:
5370:
4583:
4143:
3303:
2288:
1741:, for not promoting broadcast pluralism in the digital era. Passage from
1061:
775:
are published outside the country. English-language publications include
489:
3109:"TV Stations At Mercy of Analog Broadcasting Are Unsure of Their Future"
2177:
1565:
1548:. ISPs claimed the blocks were due to technical error and were removed.
1079:
Headquarters of VivaCell MTS, Armenia's leading mobile services provider
800:
3612:
3436:
1672:
1491:
1281:
were attacked when police intervened to detain the protestors in 2005.
673:
580:
560:
481:
2573:
1612:
Information about beneficial ownership is inaccessible to the public.
4013:
3431:
3426:
1896:
1515:
1498:
1478:
1421:
1410:
1266:
Human rights in Armenia § Freedom of expression and of the media
1127:
1019:(a tradition of honor), the girl was married by her father. In 1969,
881:
858:
722:
591:
1313:
3401:
3323:
3211:
2302:
2265:
Georgia's Function as a Transit Country and Sustainable Development
1983:
1668:
1394:
In December 2013, Vardan Minasyan, a journalist with the newspaper
1179:
Online media are growing. According to the local monitoring centre
1123:
901:
893:
751:
744:(Republic of Armenia). Other noteworthy publications are the daily
647:
528:
405:
125:
4594:
3057:"No End in Sight for Armenia's Transition to Digital Broadcasting"
1341:, Armenia's most prominent investigative journalist and editor of
51:
4133:
3561:
3328:
3308:
3242:
2673:
2645:
2631:
2617:
2598:
2511:
1978:
1601:
1184:
1166:
1162:
1146:
1054:
970:
905:
746:
485:
4189:
3134:"Media NGOs: Digitalization process need to be better regulated"
2690:
2659:
2529:
2467:
1998:
1964:
1615:
In 2015 Liana Sayadyab, the Head of the Armenian Section of the
760:(Forth authority), both considered opposition party newspapers.
3338:
3333:
3318:
3035:
IRIS Legal Observations of the European Audiovisual Observatory
2165:
2138:
1760:, allowing only national ones, that require large investments.
1691:
owns four channels, one of which is satellite. According to an
1417:
1135:
962:
943:
935:
923:
915:
704:
524:
3083:"For Many Armenian TV Stations, Digital Switch Spells Closure"
2734:, Media.am, December 25, 2012. Retrieved on December 14, 2014.
2201:"Treguesit Statistikore Te Tregut Te Komunikimeve Elektronike"
1796:
1387:
Several journalists were attacked during the campaign for the
5411:
4138:
3343:
3161:"Deadline For Digital Broadcasting In Armenia Again Extended"
2162:"Western Watchdog Deplores Government Control Of Armenian TV"
1884:
1401:
In February 2014, Ani and Sarkis Gevorkyan, journalists with
1360:, the Chairman of the Investigative Journalists' Association.
1096:
A Beeline service store on Amiryan Street in downtown Yerevan
1015:
2431:
2382:"Armenia's Icon to deploy WiMAX network with Alcatel-Lucent"
1436:
Yerevan. Some of them had their equipment seized or damaged.
784:
During the Yerevan's Freedom Square' protests following the
634:
5006:
3298:
2277:
Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International Studies
1342:
1302:
1225:
1112:
897:
942:, another, functioning independent broadcaster based in
904:(in Russian) are the only foreign broadcasters covering
2341:
2212:
Country_code_top-level_domain#Commercial_and_vanity_use
1521:
2851:. Kyiv: EaP Media Freedom Watch. 2015. pp. 6–20.
2702:
2700:
2413:
1413:, was dropped. Gevorkyan's later appeal was dismissed.
2395:
2236:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
1756:
Moreover, the law did not envisaged private regional
1240:
The regulatory authority for the media sector is the
2910:"Armenia's Public TV is Ceding its Leading Position"
2356:"Comstar Launches National Wimax Network In Armenia"
1886:|date=October 14, 2020 }}, 2020 Press Freedom report
1778:
2697:
1309:
List of journalists killed in Europe § Armenia
2144:
1270:While the media has a degree of independence, the
1156:A Ucom service store in Yerevan's Arabkir district
2887:National Integrity System Assessment Armenia 2014
1228:active in the media field in Armenia include the
5767:
2845:Eastern Partnership Media Freedom Landscape 2014
2789:"Mapping Digital Media: Armenia. Country report"
2746:, Freedom House. Retrieved on December 14, 2014.
2290:Black Sea Fiber Optic Cable System: Connectivity
767:living outside the country's territory, several
2737:
1251:
2194:
1663:According to a report by the local chapter of
1623:
1161:Cornet launched a nationwide WiMAX network in
5397:
4992:
4610:
4205:
3227:
2685:
2683:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
568:after domestic and international criticisms.
457:
2794:. Open Society Foundation. November 12, 2013
2593:
2591:
2128:
1713:Commercial advertising is prohibited on the
1485:
1293:2008 Armenian presidential election protests
623:In June 2014, a Yerevan court ruled against
3054:
2962:
2766:. Association of European Journalists. 2015
2732:"Armenia Subject to Censorship from Russia"
2612:
2610:
2608:
2135:"Embattled TV Raising Money To Stay On Air"
1739:OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media
1729:Passage from analog to digital broadcasting
5413:Transparency of media ownership in Europe
5404:
5390:
4999:
4985:
4617:
4603:
4212:
4198:
3234:
3220:
3190:Committee to Protect Freedom of Expression
3106:
3031:"Armenia: New Amendments to Broadcast Law"
2680:
2244:Armenia Suffers Widespread Internet Outage
2187:
2063:
2045:
2043:
2041:
1503:Committee to Protect Freedom of Expression
1447:
1331:Committee to Protect Freedom of Expression
1230:Committee to Protect Freedom of Expression
869:
464:
450:
3055:Harutyunyan, Mesrop (September 9, 2015).
2907:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2588:
2542:
2489:The Protection of media freedom in Europe
1826:Transparency of media ownership in Europe
1733:The broadcast law has been criticized by
1235:
635:Status and self-regulation of journalists
3080:
2720:Law of the Republic of Armenia on Police
2605:
2343:Internet Society of Armenia – Statistics
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2079:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1441:Armenian constitutional referendum, 2015
1312:
1208:Confederation of Trade Unions of Armenia
1151:
1091:
1082:
1074:
961:
646:
577:Law on Television and Radio Broadcasting
534:
5007:Transparency of media ownership in Asia
3028:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2709:, OpenNet Initiative, November 17, 2010
2479:
2477:
2335:
2038:
1912:
1910:
1352:; Hrach Melkumyan, the acting Chief of
1303:Attacks and threats against journalists
14:
5768:
3158:
3107:Barseghyan, Anna (December 24, 2015).
2935:State of the Media Industry in Armenia
2908:Vardanyan, Gegham (January 26, 2012).
2872:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2783:
2781:
2754:
2752:
1679:circulation of information and ideas.
1333:(they were 10 in 2013 and 4 in 2012).
1190:
1138:. The BSFOCS is co-owned by Armentel.
1068:only offer 2G,3G and 4G LTE services.
938:off the air. It also pointed out that
5385:
4980:
4598:
4193:
3215:
3159:Gishia, Ruzanna (December 29, 2015).
3081:Mirzoyan, Gayane (October 27, 2014).
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2307:, Black Sea Fiber Optic Cable System.
2293:, Black Sea Fiber Optic Cable System.
2099:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1928:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1042:
1001:(1926) was the first Armenian silent
831:
3241:
3003:(Report). IREX. 2016. Archived from
2998:Media Sustainability Index – Armenia
2983:
2474:
1907:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1639:On Television and Radio Broadcasting
1560:
1522:Internet censorship and surveillance
1490:In 2010, the criminal liability for
1467:In July 2015 two media outlets, the
1389:Armenian presidential election, 2013
1242:Ministry of Communication of Armenia
795:
786:Armenian presidential election, 2008
4624:
2827:
2778:
2749:
2500:Association of European Journalists
2223:Fiber Optic Cable Damage in Georgia
2125:, EJC Press Landscapes (circa 2009)
2096:, EJC Press Landscapes (circa 2009)
2060:, EJC Press Landscapes (circa 2009)
2035:, EJC Press Landscapes (circa 2009)
1954:, EJC Press Landscapes (circa 2009)
1617:Association of European Journalists
1600:Transparency of media ownership in
1034:Yerevan International Film Festival
880:Public television channels include
571:Specialized media laws include the
24:
3758:President of the National Assembly
2949:
2744:"Freedom on the Net 2014: Armenia"
2316:
2005:
1632:
1551:
1324:(ombudsman) of Armenia (2006–2012)
1136:Black Sea Fiber Optic Cable System
507:guarantees freedom of speech, yet
25:
5802:
4219:
3207:
2570:"Violence against the journalist"
2543:Grigoryan, Armine (May 1, 2009).
2450:"Armenia - Amnesty International"
2076:CIA World Factbook, 2009: Armenia
1837:
1675:, Armnews, ATV and formerly TV5.
1213:
1036:(GAIFF) was established in 2004.
5365:
5356:
5355:
4578:
4569:
4568:
3560:
1945:Armenia #National media policies
1795:
1781:
1564:
1378:Human Rights Defender of Armenia
1286:Committee to Protect Journalists
932:Committee to Protect Journalists
799:
668:
642:
50:
5791:Mass media in Europe by country
3178:
3152:
3126:
3100:
3074:
3048:
3022:
2963:Iskandaryan, Alexander (2016).
2927:
2901:
2725:
2712:
2666:
2652:
2638:
2624:
2562:
2536:
2522:
2504:
2460:
2452:. March 1, 2006. Archived from
2442:
2424:
2406:
2388:
2374:
2348:
2310:
2296:
2282:
2257:
2215:
2206:
2171:
1556:
1354:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
1195:
892:); private TV channels include
750:(Times), which is published in
732:(Voice of Armenia), the weekly
590:was negatively assessed by the
5323:British Indian Ocean Territory
4536:British Indian Ocean Territory
2707:"ONI Country Profile: Armenia"
2483:Parliamentary Assembly of the
1991:
1971:
1957:
1889:
991:(1924) was the first Armenian
948:European Court of Human Rights
763:As a consequence of the large
687:
13:
1:
5786:Mass media in Asia by country
2254:, EurasiaNet, August 7, 2006.
1831:
1544:telecommunications regulator
1049:Telecommunications in Armenia
791:
694:List of newspapers in Armenia
684:, News-Armenia and Photolur.
2937:(Report). Yerevan Press Club
1653:Art. 8, broadcasting statute
1252:Censorship and media freedom
523:region, and ranking between
7:
4071:Armenian Brotherhood Church
4066:Armenian Evangelical Church
3417:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
1774:
1766:digital television adapters
1658:
1624:Concentration and pluralism
1134:which then connects to the
1100:
930:education, and sports. The
588:Law on Television and Radio
165:Armenian Brotherhood Church
160:Armenian Evangelical Church
10:
5807:
3541:Armenian national movement
2250:September 4, 2008, at the
2121:February 13, 2016, at the
2092:February 13, 2016, at the
2056:February 13, 2016, at the
2031:February 13, 2016, at the
1950:February 13, 2016, at the
1768:to low-income households.
1665:Transparency International
1525:
1508:In 2011 a lawyer sued the
1306:
1255:
1199:
1104:
1046:
975:
873:
835:
691:
556:completely disapplicated.
5715:
5677:
5419:
5351:
5310:
5270:
5012:
4926:
4888:
4630:
4564:
4523:
4483:
4225:
4156:
4096:
4056:Armenian Apostolic Church
4046:
3979:
3892:
3883:
3861:
3793:
3784:
3733:National Security Service
3671:
3662:
3578:
3569:
3558:
3536:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
3523:
3505:First Republic of Armenia
3497:
3452:1508–1828 Iranian Armenia
3394:
3271:
3253:
2229:December 9, 2008, at the
1486:Civil defamation lawsuits
1165:and 18 biggest cities of
1026:The Color of Pomegranates
957:
517:Reporters Without Borders
150:Armenian Apostolic Church
5072:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4285:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4061:Armenian Catholic Church
3676:Administrative divisions
3029:Richter, Andrei (2010).
2233:, Arminco, June 5, 2008.
1821:Media freedom in Armenia
1536:(ONI) in November 2010.
1262:Media freedom in Armenia
391:Churches and monasteries
337:Weightlifting in Armenia
155:Armenian Catholic Church
5333:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4546:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3638:Shikahogh State Reserve
3289:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
1816:Human rights in Armenia
1448:Political interferences
1367:, a coordinator of the
1356:'s Yerevan bureau; and
1202:Trade unions in Armenia
1009:and based on a play of
870:Television broadcasting
851:Public Radio of Armenia
842:Public Radio of Armenia
717:Hayastani Hanrapetutyun
559:Criminal liability for
553:Constitution of Armenia
541:Constitution of Armenia
505:Constitution of Armenia
233:Illuminated manuscripts
5462:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4673:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4109:Armenian eternity sign
3871:South Caucasus Railway
2815:Cite journal requires
2271:March 5, 2009, at the
1656:
1325:
1236:Regulatory authorities
1157:
1097:
1089:
1080:
982:List of Armenian films
973:
661:
610:Freedom of Information
599:Freedom of information
347:Rugby union in Armenia
5781:Mass media by country
5776:Mass media in Armenia
3482:Treaty of Turkmenchay
2494:July 2, 2016, at the
2168:), February 15, 2011.
1811:Censorship in Armenia
1646:
1637:A new broadcast law (
1403:Chorrord Ishkhanutyun
1322:Human Rights Defender
1316:
1284:In January 2011, the
1258:Censorship in Armenia
1155:
1095:
1086:
1078:
1032:The "Golden Apricot"
1011:Alexander Shirvanzade
965:
876:Television in Armenia
757:Chorrord ishghanutyun
650:
573:Telecommunication Law
535:Legislative framework
478:mass media in Armenia
352:Basketball in Armenia
5247:United Arab Emirates
4460:United Arab Emirates
3803:AMX (stock exchange)
1897:"Armenia | RSF"
1747:digital broadcasting
1427:In September 2014 a
1376:medical center. The
1337:On 17 November 2008
549:freedom of the press
374:World Heritage Sites
332:Wrestling in Armenia
5678:States with limited
5274:limited recognition
4889:States with limited
4487:limited recognition
3813:Central Depository
3515:Independent Armenia
3294:Kura–Araxes culture
2164:, Armenia Liberty (
2137:, Armenia Liberty (
2051:Armenia Print media
1528:Internet in Armenia
1191:Media organisations
1107:Internet in Armenia
769:Armenian newspapers
515:report compiled by
513:Press Freedom Index
322:Football in Armenia
254:and performing arts
3843:Telecommunications
3764:more on government
3588:Armenian highlands
3366:Kingdom of Armenia
3359:Satrapy of Armenia
3192:. November 7, 2016
3138:Yerevan Press Club
2718:Article 11 of the
2362:on October 5, 2011
2141:), March 19, 2008.
1576:. You can help by
1534:OpenNet Initiative
1326:
1158:
1098:
1090:
1081:
1043:Telecommunications
1005:film, directed by
974:
832:Radio broadcasting
811:. You can help by
741:Respublika Armenia
714:(Armenian Times),
662:
604:Law on Advertising
539:Article 27 of the
43:Culture of Armenia
5763:
5762:
5379:
5378:
5316:other territories
4974:
4973:
4592:
4591:
4529:other territories
4187:
4186:
4152:
4151:
4004:Ethnic minorities
3879:
3878:
3780:
3779:
3743:Political parties
3728:National Assembly
3696:Foreign relations
3658:
3657:
3556:
3555:
3531:Armenian genocide
3412:Bagratuni Armenia
3381:Byzantine Armenia
3354:Achaemenid Empire
3339:Kingdom of Urartu
2858:978-617-7157-12-9
2485:Council of Europe
1922:www.parliament.am
1789:Journalism portal
1715:public television
1689:public television
1594:
1593:
1429:Haykakan Zhamanak
1382:Armen Harutyunyan
1365:Argishti Kiviryan
1363:On 30 April 2009
1358:Edik Baghdasaryan
1350:Haykakan Zhamanak
1339:Edik Baghdasaryan
1318:Armen Harutyunyan
1297:Radio Free Europe
1053:As of June 2014,
978:Cinema of Armenia
900:(in English) and
829:
828:
773:Armenian language
765:Armenian diaspora
711:Haykakan zhamanak
545:freedom of speech
519:, leading in the
498:Velvet Revolution
484:outlets based in
474:
473:
342:Boxing in Armenia
16:(Redirected from
5798:
5716:Dependencies and
5420:Sovereign states
5406:
5399:
5392:
5383:
5382:
5369:
5359:
5358:
5328:Christmas Island
5014:Sovereign states
5001:
4994:
4987:
4978:
4977:
4927:Dependencies and
4631:Sovereign states
4619:
4612:
4605:
4596:
4595:
4582:
4572:
4571:
4541:Christmas Island
4227:Sovereign states
4214:
4207:
4200:
4191:
4190:
4172:
4165:
3890:
3889:
3853:Waste management
3791:
3790:
3669:
3668:
3576:
3575:
3564:
3477:Karabakh Khanate
3386:Sasanian Armenia
3269:
3268:
3265:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3010:on April 8, 2017
3009:
3002:
2994:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2960:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2883:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2850:
2840:
2825:
2824:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2785:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2756:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2576:on July 17, 2012
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2508:
2502:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2358:. Archived from
2352:
2346:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2314:
2308:
2300:
2294:
2286:
2280:
2261:
2255:
2240:
2234:
2219:
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2142:
2132:
2126:
2114:Anais Melikyan,
2112:
2097:
2085:Anais Melikyan,
2083:
2077:
2074:
2061:
2049:Anais Melikyan,
2047:
2036:
2024:Anais Melikyan,
2022:
2003:
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1995:
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1943:Anais Melikyan,
1941:
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1561:
1279:Robert Kocharyan
1272:freedom of press
1021:Sergei Parajanov
1007:Hamo Beknazarian
993:documentary film
838:Radio in Armenia
824:
821:
803:
796:
738:(New Times) and
466:
459:
452:
327:Chess in Armenia
228:Medieval authors
54:
45:
29:
28:
21:
18:Media of Armenia
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5287:Northern Cyprus
5273:
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4805:North Macedonia
4626:
4625:Media of Europe
4623:
4593:
4588:
4560:
4528:
4519:
4500:Northern Cyprus
4486:
4479:
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4129:National anthem
4092:
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3975:
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3818:Dram (currency)
3776:
3654:
3565:
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3493:
3489:Russian Armenia
3447:Ottoman Armenia
3390:
3376:Parthian Empire
3349:Orontid dynasty
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1735:Dunja Mijatovic
1722:Great Recession
1661:
1655:
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1635:
1633:Legal framework
1626:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1574:needs expansion
1559:
1554:
1552:Media ownership
1530:
1524:
1488:
1456:is widespread.
1454:self-censorship
1450:
1311:
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1268:
1256:Main articles:
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4104:Armenian Cross
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3833:Pension reform
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3753:Prime Minister
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3623:Municipalities
3620:
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3608:Extreme points
3605:
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3510:Soviet Armenia
3507:
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3472:Erivan Khanate
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3344:Median kingdom
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3251:
3250:
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3209:
3208:External links
3206:
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2456:on 2006-03-01.
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2317:Pearce, Katy.
2309:
2304:BSFOCS: Owners
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2127:
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2087:Armenia #Radio
2078:
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1214:Media agencies
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1176:
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1149:, and others.
1105:Main article:
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988:Soviet Armenia
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5702:South Ossetia
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4941:Faroe Islands
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4913:South Ossetia
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4765:Liechtenstein
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4510:South Ossetia
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4220:Media of Asia
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4027:
4026:Social issues
4024:
4020:
4017:
4016:
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4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
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3990:
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3462:Afsharid Iran
3460:
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3400:
3399:
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3374:
3372:
3371:Roman Armenia
3369:
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3357:
3356:
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3036:
3032:
3025:
3006:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2970:
2969:Freedom House
2966:
2959:
2957:
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2436:mediaforum.am
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2046:
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2042:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1994:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1881:Freedom House
1877:
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1621:
1618:
1613:
1610:
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1603:
1598:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1572:This section
1570:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1549:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1513:
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1476:
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1471:
1466:
1463:
1459:
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1455:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
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1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1369:ARMENIA Today
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1332:
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1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1108:
1094:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1070:Viva Cell MTS
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1050:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:
994:
990:
989:
983:
979:
972:
968:
967:Moscow Cinema
964:
955:
954:frequencies.
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
927:
925:
921:
917:
912:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
883:
877:
867:
865:
864:Radio Yerevan
860:
856:
852:
847:
843:
839:
823:
820:February 2016
814:
810:
807:This section
805:
802:
798:
797:
789:
787:
782:
780:
779:
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
758:
753:
749:
748:
743:
742:
737:
736:
731:
730:
729:Golos Armenii
725:
724:
719:
718:
713:
712:
707:
706:
700:
695:
685:
683:
679:
675:
669:News agencies
666:
659:
658:
657:The New Times
653:
652:Video podcast
649:
643:Media outlets
640:
632:
630:
626:
621:
618:
614:
612:
611:
605:
600:
595:
593:
589:
586:The 2010 new
584:
582:
578:
574:
569:
567:
562:
557:
554:
550:
546:
542:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:media freedom
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
467:
462:
460:
455:
453:
448:
447:
445:
444:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
415:
414:
407:
404:
402:
401:Caravanserais
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
385:
382:
381:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
363:
362:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
313:
307:
306:
299:
296:
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291:
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286:
285:
281:
275:
274:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
253:
247:
246:
239:
236:
234:
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229:
226:
225:
221:
215:
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207:
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199:
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178:
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171:
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163:
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158:
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151:
148:
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141:
135:
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127:
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119:
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109:
106:
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88:
87:
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78:
75:
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71:
68:
65:
64:
61:
58:
57:
53:
49:
48:
44:
40:
39:
35:
31:
30:
27:
19:
5707:Transnistria
5312:Dependencies
5242:Turkmenistan
5207:Saudi Arabia
4918:Transnistria
4525:Dependencies
4455:Turkmenistan
4420:Saudi Arabia
4124:Mount Ararat
4114:Coat of arms
4085:
4035:
3981:Demographics
3968:
3902:Architecture
3808:Central Bank
3769:
3762:
3706:Human rights
3681:Constitution
3647:
3643:Shirak Plain
3583:Ararat Plain
3545:
3457:Safavid Iran
3442:Kara Koyunlu
3194:. Retrieved
3189:
3180:
3168:. Retrieved
3164:
3154:
3142:. Retrieved
3137:
3128:
3116:. Retrieved
3112:
3102:
3090:. Retrieved
3086:
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3060:
3050:
3038:. Retrieved
3034:
3024:
3012:. Retrieved
3005:the original
2973:. Retrieved
2968:
2939:. Retrieved
2929:
2917:. Retrieved
2913:
2903:
2891:. Retrieved
2862:. Retrieved
2844:
2808:cite journal
2796:. Retrieved
2768:. Retrieved
2763:
2739:
2727:
2714:
2668:
2654:
2640:
2626:
2578:. Retrieved
2574:the original
2564:
2552:. Retrieved
2548:
2538:
2524:
2516:www.osce.org
2515:
2506:
2462:
2454:the original
2444:
2435:
2426:
2417:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2376:
2366:February 23,
2364:. Retrieved
2360:the original
2350:
2342:
2337:
2325:. Retrieved
2312:
2303:
2298:
2289:
2284:
2264:
2259:
2243:
2238:
2222:
2217:
2208:
2196:
2178:
2173:
2130:
2081:
1993:
1982:
1973:
1959:
1921:
1900:
1891:
1803:Media portal
1770:
1762:
1755:
1751:
1732:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1699:Public radio
1697:
1686:
1683:Public media
1677:
1662:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1627:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1585:January 2017
1582:
1578:adding to it
1573:
1557:Transparency
1546:Roskomnadzor
1542:
1538:
1531:
1509:
1507:
1496:
1489:
1468:
1451:
1373:
1327:
1290:
1283:
1269:
1246:
1239:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1205:
1196:Trade unions
1178:
1144:
1140:
1117:
1110:
1059:
1052:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1014:
996:
986:
985:
928:
913:
910:
887:
879:
848:
845:
817:
813:adding to it
808:
783:
776:
762:
755:
745:
739:
735:Novoe vremya
733:
727:
721:
715:
709:
703:
701:
697:
672:
663:
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