746:
734:
648:
1242:
3032:
40:
193:
3920:
3941:
1228:
487:
3021:
3930:
540:
419:
1044:. If there are very deep cuts in emissions, sea level rise would slow between 2050 and 2100. It could then reach by 2100 slightly over 30 cm (1 ft) from now and approximately 60 cm (2 ft) from the 19th century. With high emissions it would instead accelerate further, and could rise by 1.01 m (
2026:
Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.). Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US,
145:
melt, increasing the amount of water in the oceans, while the existing seawater also expands with heat. Because most of human settlement and infrastructure was built in response to a more-normalized sea level with limited expected change, populations affected by sea level rise will need to invest in
1012:
Between 1901 and 2018, the average sea level rose by 15â25 cm (6â10 in), with an increase of 2.3 mm (0.091 in) per year since the 1970s. This was faster than the sea level had ever risen over at least the past 3,000 years. The rate accelerated to 4.62 mm (0.182 in)/yr
469:. In reality, the geoid surface is not directly observed, even as a long-term average, due to ocean currents, air pressure variations, temperature and salinity variations, etc. The location-dependent but time-persistent separation between local mean sea level and the geoid is referred to as (mean)
1107:
water. Damage to ports disrupts sea trade. The sea level rise projected by 2050 will expose places currently inhabited by tens of millions of people to annual flooding. Without a sharp reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, this may increase to hundreds of millions in the latter decades of the
290:
and 1.304 m (4 ft 3.3 in) below the average sea level. In France, the Marégraphe in
Marseilles measures continuously the sea level since 1883 and offers the longest collated data about the sea level. It is used for a part of continental Europe and the main part of Africa as the
1072: ft) by 2100. In the long run, sea level rise would amount to 2â3 m (7â10 ft) over the next 2000 years if warming stays to its current 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) over the pre-industrial past. It would be 19â22 metres (62â72 ft) if warming peaks at 5 °C (9.0 °F).
204:
Precise determination of a "mean sea level" is difficult because of the many factors that affect sea level. Instantaneous sea level varies substantially on several scales of time and space. This is because the sea is in constant motion, affected by the tides,
1934:; Xiao, C.; AĂ°algeirsdĂłttir, G.; Drijfhout, S. S.; Edwards, T. L.; Golledge, N. R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R. E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; PĂ©an, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.).
1558:
Sreejith, K.M.; Rajesh, S.; Majumdar, T.J.; Rao, G. Srinivasa; Radhakrishna, M.; Krishna, K.S.; Rajawat, A.S. (January 2013). "High-resolution residual geoid and gravity anomaly data of the northern Indian Ocean â An input to geological understanding".
351:) is the elevation (on the ground) or altitude (in the air) of an object, relative to a reference datum for mean sea level (MSL). It is also used in aviation, where some heights are recorded and reported with respect to mean sea level (contrast with
725:. Two major mechanisms are currently causing eustatic sea level rise. First, shrinking land ice, such as mountain glaciers and polar ice sheets, is releasing water into the oceans. Second, as ocean temperatures rise, the warmer water expands.
1173:. Sometimes these adaptation strategies go hand in hand. At other times choices must be made among different strategies. Poorer nations may also struggle to implement the same approaches to adapt to sea level rise as richer states.
2618:
1040:'s temperature by many decades, and sea level rise will therefore continue to accelerate between now and 2050 in response to warming that has already happened. What happens after that depends on human
168:
Earth's radius at sea level is 6,378.137 km (3,963.191 mi) at the equator. It is 6,356.752 km (3,949.903 mi) at the poles and 6,371.001 km (3,958.756 mi) on average. This
2331:
2251:
375:
is increasingly used to define heights; however, differences up to 100 metres (328 feet) exist between this ellipsoid height and local mean sea level. Another alternative is to use a
2682:
2652:
2087:
This corresponds to a mean sea-level rise of about 7.5 cm over the whole altimetry period. More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr.
1123:
is likely to be two to three times greater than the global average by the end of the century. Yet, of the 20 countries with the greatest exposure to sea level rise, twelve are in
2390:
Shaw, R., Y. Luo, T. S. Cheong, S. Abdul Halim, S. Chaturvedi, M. Hashizume, G. E. Insarov, Y. Ishikawa, M. Jafari, A. Kitoh, J. Pulhin, C. Singh, K. Vasant, and Z. Zhang, 2022:
1975:
406:. A mountain's highest point or summit is typically illustrated with the AMSL height in metres, feet or both. In unusual cases where a land location is below sea level, such as
2615:
2538:
1196:. Generally, the pressure used to set the altimeter is the barometric pressure that would exist at MSL in the region being flown over. This pressure is referred to as either
1208:(ATIS). Since the terrain elevation is also referenced to MSL, the pilot can estimate height above ground by subtracting the terrain altitude from the altimeter reading.
676:
are smoothed out, typically a year or more. One must adjust perceived changes in LMSL to account for vertical movements of the land, which can occur at rates similar to
1212:
are divided into boxes and the maximum terrain altitude from MSL in each box is clearly indicated. Once above the transition altitude, the altimeter is set to the
2165:
Climate Change 2007: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2017:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1943:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1307:
2369:
2498:
2394:
2019:
1946:
1768:
1873:
561:"eustatic" refers to global changes in sea level relative to a fixed point, such as the centre of the earth, for example as a result of melting ice-caps.
2339:
1370:
2008:
3660:
2217:
1346:
2657:
457:. In the absence of external forces, the local mean sea level would coincide with this geoid surface, being an equipotential surface of the Earth's
286:
Sea-Gauge. In Hong Kong, "mPD" is a surveying term meaning "metres above
Principal Datum" and refers to height of 0.146 m (5.7 in) above
1464:
Nicholls, Robert J.; Marinova, Natasha; Lowe, Jason A.; Brown, Sally; Vellinga, Pier; GusmĂŁo, Diogo de; Hinkel, Jochen; Tol, Richard S. J. (2011).
258:) can result from a real change in sea level, or from a change in the height of the land on which the tide gauge operates, or both. In the UK, the
3650:
2709:
2243:
1903:
614:
can calculate a "mean altitude" by averaging the heights of all points on the surface. This altitude, sometimes referred to as a "sea level" or
184:, whose surface dips as much as 106 m (348 ft) below the global mean sea level (excluding minor effects such as tides and currents).
668:
is defined as the height of the sea with respect to a land benchmark, averaged over a period of time long enough that fluctuations caused by
2160:
453:
It is often necessary to compare the local height of the mean sea surface with a "level" reference surface, or geodetic datum, called the
753:
Many factors can produce short-term changes in sea level, typically within a few metres, in timeframes ranging from minutes to months:
1971:
1593:
721:
change (global as opposed to local change) is due to change in either the volume of water in the world's oceans or the volume of the
2130:
200:
records in geologically stable environments show a rise of around 200 millimetres (7.9 in) during the 20th century (2 mm/year).
575:"isostatic" refers to changes in the level of the land relative to a fixed point in the earth, possibly due to thermal buoyancy or
2647:
2534:
2159:; Gregory, J.; Gulev, S.; Hanawa, K.; Le Quéré, C.; Levitus, S.; Nojiri, Y.; Shum, C. K.; Talley, L. D.; Unnikrishnan, A. (2007).
3566:
247:
refers to a spatial average over the entire ocean area, typically using large sets of tide gauges and/or satellite measurements.
3933:
2981:
2749:
1205:
1442:
2172:
2124:
384:
180:
of the Earth, which approximates the local mean sea level for locations in the open ocean. The geoid includes a significant
3981:
3213:
1662:
2494:
Mycoo, M., M. Wairiu, D. Campbell, V. Duvat, Y. Golbuu, S. Maharaj, J. Nalau, P. Nunn, J. Pinnegar, and O. Warrick, 2022:
1688:
2702:
1140:
1120:
998:
213:, and so forth. The mean sea level at a particular location may be calculated over an extended time period and used as a
3103:
3808:
3235:
3123:
1713:
3655:
2926:
1213:
526:
1533:
3113:
3073:
2361:
2211:
327:
2495:
2391:
239:
averaged out. Then MSL implies the SWL further averaged over a period of time such that changes due to, e.g., the
3843:
2829:
2611:
2509:
2405:
1935:
2163:. In Solomon, S.; Qin, D.; Manning, M.; Chen, Z.; Marquis, M.; Averyt, K. B.; Tignor, M.; Miller, H. L. (eds.).
3976:
3923:
3516:
2695:
1865:
1849:
1824:
1799:
1733:; Greysukh, Alexander; Zlotnicki, Victor (1994). "Evaluating models of sea state bias in satellite altimetry".
508:
17:
2667:
1470:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
1139:
of ecosystems and countries also varies, which will result in more or less pronounced impacts. The greatest
2971:
2005:
1613:
Gregory, Jonathan M.; Griffies, Stephen M.; Hughes, Chris W.; Lowe, Jason A.; et al. (29 April 2019).
1420:
1301:
2200:
699:. Changes in ground-based ice volume also affect local and regional sea levels by the readjustment of the
2642:
2178:
1349: â Facility that monitors physical, sedimentological and ecological variables for the North Sea area
836:
339:
218:
158:
3031:
1466:"Sea-level rise and its possible impacts given a 'beyond 4°C (39.2°F)world' in the twenty-first century"
146:
climate adaptation to mitigate the worst effects or, when populations are at extreme risk, a process of
3168:
548:
504:
300:
31:
1075:
Rising seas affect every coastal and island population on Earth. This can be through flooding, higher
3703:
3108:
3068:
1895:
1318:
1136:
282:
and its other former parts, now independent states, the sea level is measured from the zero level of
271:
2275:"New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding"
595:, when land rises after the weight of ice is removed. Conversely, older volcanic islands experience
118:. A common and relatively straightforward mean sea-level standard is instead a long-term average of
3986:
3833:
3208:
3198:
3138:
2774:
2744:
1264:
1041:
850:
470:
407:
304:
3870:
3853:
3690:
3183:
3048:
2986:
2976:
2869:
1286:
1166:
1100:
497:
3865:
3803:
3230:
2916:
2105:
Climate
Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia
554:
Several terms are used to describe the changing relationships between sea level and dry land.
181:
3698:
3680:
3188:
3083:
2718:
1615:"Concepts and Terminology for Sea Level: Mean, Variability and Change, Both Local and Global"
1394:
695:. The weight of the ice sheet depresses the underlying land, and when the ice melts away the
655:
1304: â Height based on large area surrounding object; often used in U.S. for antenna towers
733:
310:
Satellite altimeters have been making precise measurements of sea level since the launch of
3885:
3718:
3421:
3278:
3143:
2854:
2672:
2443:
2286:
2108:
2058:
1742:
1626:
1568:
1477:
1183:
872:
745:
708:
696:
615:
592:
356:
107:
8:
3880:
3765:
3760:
3486:
3158:
3118:
2834:
2100:
2098:
1295:
1201:
1193:
738:
692:
428:
364:
169:
126:
2447:
2290:
2062:
1746:
1630:
1572:
1481:
1355: â Vertical datum used as the basis for deriving altitudes on maps (UK and Ireland)
3966:
3823:
3536:
3526:
3491:
3391:
3376:
3273:
2593:
2472:
2431:
2307:
2274:
1511:
1385:
1358:
1312:
1255:
1158:
994:
669:
647:
642:
596:
255:
103:
1330:
461:
field which, in itself, does not conform to a simple sphere or ellipsoid and exhibits
165:
means above present sea level, comparing sea levels in the past with the level today.
3905:
3895:
3838:
3818:
3501:
3466:
3401:
3381:
3371:
3253:
2941:
2799:
2683:
Sea level rise â How much and how fast will sea level rise over the coming centuries?
2637:
2477:
2459:
2312:
2207:
2168:
2120:
1845:
1820:
1795:
1503:
1495:
1170:
1026:
704:
603:
from the weight of cooling volcanos. The subsidence of land due to the withdrawal of
565:
462:
173:
125:
Sea levels can be affected by many factors and are known to have varied greatly over
3971:
3860:
3828:
3798:
3607:
3592:
3461:
3396:
3288:
3203:
3133:
3058:
2839:
2809:
2739:
2734:
2583:
2573:
2517:
2467:
2451:
2413:
2302:
2294:
2206:(Report). International Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press. 2001.
2112:
2076:
2066:
2028:
1750:
1634:
1576:
1515:
1485:
1434:
1283: â Level of water from which depths displayed on a nautical chart are measured
466:
1289: â List of extreme geographical points and other geophysical records on Earth
3665:
3561:
3511:
3476:
3436:
3328:
3298:
3148:
3098:
3008:
2966:
2899:
2824:
2784:
2622:
2513:
2502:
2409:
2398:
2023:
2012:
1717:
1580:
1154:
1148:
787:
399:
380:
250:
One often measures the values of MSL with respect to the land; hence a change in
214:
147:
2161:"Observations: Ocean Climate Change and Sea Level: §5.5.1: Introductory Remarks"
1654:
1241:
1161:, or protecting against sea level rise through hard-construction practices like
3775:
3770:
3675:
3670:
3506:
3446:
3441:
3173:
3063:
2884:
2819:
2794:
2298:
2081:
1684:
1639:
1614:
1379:
1352:
1274:
1209:
1014:
1005:
677:
631:
627:
544:
360:
311:
275:
267:
259:
134:
130:
87:
83:
3020:
2521:
2417:
2071:
2046:
2032:
749:
Warming temperatures and melting glaciers are currently raising the sea level.
3960:
3945:
3793:
3713:
3602:
3521:
3496:
3431:
3361:
3268:
3163:
3040:
2961:
2921:
2894:
2804:
2754:
2516:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US, pp. 2043â2121.
2463:
2412:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US, pp. 1457â1579.
2156:
1931:
1730:
1499:
1324:
1233:
722:
712:
611:
75:
2638:
Sea Level Rise:Understanding the past â Improving projections for the future
2578:
2561:
2436:
Proceedings of the Japan
Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences
1709:
3900:
3848:
3788:
3739:
3617:
3612:
3587:
3571:
3546:
3263:
3153:
3093:
2879:
2789:
2764:
2481:
2316:
1507:
1490:
1465:
1435:"Climate Science Special Report. Chapter 12: Sea Level Rise. Key finding 1"
1414:
1364:
1247:
1151:. Sea level rise will make many of them uninhabitable later this century.
618:, serves equivalently as a reference for the height of planetary features.
403:
352:
115:
2562:"Adaptation or Manipulation? Unpacking Climate Change Response Strategies"
2432:"Sea-level rise caused by climate change and its implications for society"
1017:
due to human activities is the main cause. Between 1993 and 2018, melting
3890:
3622:
3551:
3416:
3356:
3323:
3313:
3308:
3193:
3128:
3088:
3078:
3053:
2936:
2909:
2889:
2849:
2814:
1529:
1280:
1112:
1076:
832:
818:
651:
604:
458:
287:
111:
95:
91:
2687:
2597:
2455:
2092:
192:
39:
3708:
3556:
3531:
3426:
3406:
3333:
3318:
3303:
3293:
3258:
3178:
2998:
2993:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2844:
2244:"The three-degree world: cities that will be drowned by global warming"
1338:
1132:
1116:
1104:
1096:
1018:
600:
558:"relative" means change relative to a fixed point in the sediment pile.
511: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
395:
236:
222:
197:
119:
99:
3940:
2588:
2506:
2402:
2016:
1754:
1227:
868:
209:, atmospheric pressure, local gravitational differences, temperature,
3780:
3627:
3541:
3386:
3225:
3220:
3003:
2931:
2859:
2779:
2769:
2726:
1844:(4th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
1819:(4th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
1794:(4th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
1258: â Height measured with respect to the underlying ground surface
1189:
1144:
1128:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1025:
accounted for 44% of sea level rise, with another 42% resulting from
688:
576:
439:
434:
283:
142:
79:
44:
486:
27:
Geographical reference point from which various heights are measured
3875:
3597:
3456:
3348:
3338:
3283:
2759:
2116:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1972:"WMO annual report highlights continuous advance of climate change"
1929:
1925:
1923:
1921:
924:
684:
579:
effects, disregarding changes in the volume of water in the oceans.
569:
296:
262:(the 0 metres height on UK maps) is the mean sea level measured at
210:
48:
2099:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2011).
2044:
1373: â sub-commission of the International Association of Geodesy
473:. It varies globally in a typical range of ±1 m (3 ft).
295:
uses the reference to measure heights below or above sea level at
3744:
3734:
2904:
2874:
2488:
2384:
2242:
Holder, Josh; Kommenda, Niko; Watts, Jonathan (3 November 2017).
1162:
1084:
1022:
962:
854:
659:
588:
584:
323:
138:
2662:
1993:
1918:
1087:. There are many knock-on effects. They lead to loss of coastal
3451:
2864:
2154:
1367:, also known as Marine terrace â Emergent coastal landform
943:
890:
Seasonal water balance among oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian)
279:
263:
217:. For example, hourly measurements may be averaged over a full
1945:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US.
367:
approximating the entire Earth, which is what systems such as
3813:
3632:
3411:
3366:
1790:
Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "Relative rise in sea level".
1200:
or "altimeter" and is transmitted to the pilot by radio from
1037:
1030:
715:
and local ocean temperature changes can affect LMSL as well.
700:
539:
454:
444:
388:
376:
372:
292:
177:
71:
1165:
are hard approaches. There are also soft approaches such as
3245:
2678:
SystĂšme d'Observation du Niveau des Eaux Littorales (SONEL)
2553:
1964:
1382: â Drop relative to land rebounding from weight of ice
1124:
1119:
will greatly affect the severity of impacts. For instance,
673:
319:
315:
240:
206:
67:
2507:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
2403:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
2235:
1216:(ISA) pressure at MSL which is 1013.25 hPa or 29.92 inHg.
2648:
Global sea level change: Determination and interpretation
2143:
Box SYN-1: Sustained warming could lead to severe impacts
1612:
1557:
1463:
1197:
418:
368:
2677:
2560:
Thomsen, Dana C.; Smith, Timothy F.; Keys, Noni (2012).
2354:
2273:
Kulp, Scott A.; Strauss, Benjamin H. (29 October 2019).
2193:
2148:
2107:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p.
1729:
1343: â Outdated official vertical datum used in Germany
1153:
Societies can adapt to sea level rise in multiple ways.
2266:
2038:
1390:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1291:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1260:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
607:
is another isostatic cause of relative sea level rise.
2668:
Rising Tide Video: Scripps Institution of Oceanography
1769:"Sea Level 101: What Determines the Level of the Sea?"
1308:
List of places on land with elevations below sea level
564:"steric" refers to global changes in sea level due to
391:(part of WGS84). Details vary in different countries.
363:. An alternative is to base height measurements on a
43:
This marker indicating sea level is situated between
2653:
Environment Protection Agency Sea level rise reports
1974:. World Meteorological Organization. 21 April 2023.
1375:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1223:
266:
in Cornwall between 1915 and 1921. Before 1921, the
2535:"IPCC's New Estimates for Increased Sea-Level Rise"
2241:
1936:"Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change"
1327: â Altitude above quasigeoid or mean sea level
1315: â Period of rapid post-glacial sea level rise
1188:Pilots can estimate height above sea level with an
235:(SWL) is the level of the sea with motions such as
2673:Sea Levels Online: National Ocean Service (CO-OPS)
1371:Regional Reference Frame Sub-Commission for Europe
728:
371:do. In aviation, the reference ellipsoid known as
90: – that is used, for example, as a
3661:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
1858:
1347:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
1277: â Time scale used in scientific disciplines
543:Sea level sign seen on cliff (circled in red) at
3958:
2559:
1388: â Rise of land masses after glacial period
923:Seasonal water density changes (temperature and
3651:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
2336:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
221:to determine the mean sea level at an official
1598:Bulletin of the National Research Council 1932
1361: â Altitude above geoid or mean sea level
1321: â Vertical datum used in parts of Europe
801:Meteorological and oceanographic fluctuations
333:
2703:
2201:TAR Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis
1298: â Type of altitude above mean sea level
1143:in the near term will occur in the low-lying
901:Seasonal variations in slope of water surface
122:readings at a particular reference location.
82:may be measured. The global MSL is a type of
2155:Bindoff, N. L.; Willebrand, J.; Artale, V.;
2332:"Sea Levels Rising Fast on U.S. East Coast"
2272:
2045:WCRP Global Sea Level Budget Group (2018).
1815:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "Eustatic".
2710:
2696:
1036:Sea level rise lags behind changes in the
764:Diurnal and semidiurnal astronomical tides
307:elevation, which dates back to the 1690s.
2717:
2587:
2577:
2471:
2306:
2080:
2070:
1840:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "Steric".
1638:
1489:
527:Learn how and when to remove this message
1135:and the Philippines. The resilience and
744:
732:
646:
538:
417:
191:
38:
1839:
1814:
1789:
1608:
1606:
1553:
1551:
14:
3959:
2982:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
2429:
2362:"2022 Sea Level Rise Technical Report"
2047:"Global sea-level budget 1993âpresent"
1587:
1432:
1335: â Vertical datum used in Germany
1206:automatic terminal information service
413:
2691:
2372:from the original on 29 November 2022
1978:from the original on 17 December 2023
1906:from the original on 20 November 2016
1896:"Global Warming Effects on Sea Level"
1691:from the original on 27 December 2021
1665:from the original on 10 December 2018
1530:"Earth Radius by Latitude Calculator"
741:caused a much lower global sea level.
683:Some land movements occur because of
636:
610:On planets that lack a liquid ocean,
402:variations in elevation are shown by
114:altitude and, consequently, aircraft
3929:
2643:Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level
2329:
2223:from the original on 5 December 2021
1952:from the original on 24 October 2022
1876:from the original on 2 November 2011
1603:
1548:
1445:from the original on 8 December 2019
509:adding citations to reliable sources
480:
196:Sea level measurements from 23 long
2254:from the original on 3 January 2020
1685:"Ordnance Survey Benchmark locator"
1536:from the original on 15 August 2021
1121:sea level rise in the United States
999:Effects of climate change on oceans
839:(may also follow long-term pattern)
137:. When temperatures rise, mountain
70:surface level of one or more among
24:
3809:National Oceanographic Data Center
3236:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
3124:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
2658:Properties of isostasy and eustasy
2541:from the original on 28 March 2020
1655:"Still-water level - AMS Glossary"
410:, the elevation AMSL is negative.
330:on the Jason-2 satellite in 2008.
301:European Vertical Reference System
133:is mainly caused by human-induced
25:
3998:
3656:Global Sea Level Observing System
2631:
2330:Choi, Charles Q. (27 June 2012).
2133:from the original on 30 June 2023
1397: â Geodetic reference system
1214:international standard atmosphere
988:
465:such as those measured by NASA's
398:features such as mountains, on a
322:, TOPEX/Poseidon was followed by
86: – a standardised
3939:
3928:
3919:
3918:
3114:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
3030:
3019:
1240:
1226:
1004:This section is an excerpt from
965:(catastrophic long-period waves)
485:
328:Ocean Surface Topography Mission
3844:Ocean thermal energy conversion
3567:VineâMatthewsâMorley hypothesis
2612:Federal Aviation Administration
2604:
2537:. Yale University Press. 2013.
2527:
2423:
2323:
1988:Press Release Number: 21042023.
1888:
1833:
1808:
1783:
1761:
1735:Journal of Geophysical Research
1723:
1703:
1561:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
729:Short-term and periodic changes
496:needs additional citations for
2663:Measuring Sea Level from Space
2614:, Code of Federal Regulations
2167:. Cambridge University Press.
1677:
1647:
1522:
1457:
1426:
1408:
1058: ft) or even 1.6 m (
187:
182:depression in the Indian Ocean
13:
1:
1401:
687:adjustment to the melting of
3104:El NiñoâSouthern Oscillation
3074:CraikâLeibovich vortex force
2830:Luke's variational principle
1594:US National Research Council
1581:10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.11.010
1439:science2017.globalchange.gov
1423:. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
1421:National Oceanography Centre
1302:Height above average terrain
1159:accommodating coastal change
314:in 1992. A joint mission of
7:
3982:Oceanographical terminology
1219:
1177:
1141:impact on human populations
976:Abrupt change in land level
759:Periodic sea level changes
666:Local mean sea level (LMSL)
476:
345:Height above mean sea level
340:Height above mean sea level
334:Height above mean sea level
219:Metonic 19-year lunar cycle
159:height above mean sea level
78:from which heights such as
10:
4003:
3169:Ocean dynamical thermostat
3017:
2299:10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z
1640:10.1007/s10712-019-09525-z
1181:
1013:for the decade 2013â2022.
1003:
992:
640:
625:
549:Death Valley National Park
337:
102:, or, in aviation, as the
32:Sea level (disambiguation)
29:
3914:
3753:
3727:
3704:Ocean acoustic tomography
3689:
3641:
3580:
3517:MohoroviÄiÄ discontinuity
3475:
3347:
3244:
3109:General circulation model
3039:
2745:BenjaminâFeir instability
2725:
2522:10.1017/9781009325844.017
2496:Chapter 15: Small islands
2418:10.1017/9781009325844.012
2072:10.5194/essd-10-1551-2018
2051:Earth System Science Data
2033:10.1017/9781009157896.001
1716:27 September 2022 at the
1712:, Hong Kong Observatory.
1416:What is "Mean Sea Level"?
1319:Metres above the Adriatic
956:
937:
884:
800:
758:
621:
274:. Since the times of the
3834:Ocean surface topography
3209:Thermohaline circulation
3199:Subsurface ocean current
3139:Hydrothermal circulation
2972:Waveâcurrent interaction
2750:Boussinesq approximation
2006:Summary for Policymakers
1872:. Schlumberger Limited.
1265:Amsterdam Ordnance Datum
1042:greenhouse gas emissions
851:Ocean surface topography
680:(millimetres per year).
471:ocean surface topography
408:Death Valley, California
272:Victoria Dock, Liverpool
243:, also have zero mean.
157:generally refers to the
3871:Sea surface temperature
3854:Outline of oceanography
3049:Atmospheric circulation
2987:shallow water equations
2977:Waves and shallow water
2870:Significant wave height
2579:10.5751/es-04953-170320
1287:Extreme points of Earth
1269:Normaal Amsterdams Peil
599:rise, due to isostatic
3866:Sea surface microlayer
3231:Wind generated current
2430:Mimura, Nobuo (2013).
1491:10.1098/rsta.2010.0291
1271: â Vertical datum
1101:increasing salt levels
1099:may reduce because of
750:
742:
662:
551:
450:
201:
172:, combined with local
127:geological time scales
52:
3977:Physical oceanography
3699:Deep scattering layer
3681:World Geodetic System
3189:Princeton Ocean Model
3069:CoriolisâStokes force
2719:Physical oceanography
2621:26 April 2009 at the
2366:oceanservice.noaa.gov
2279:Nature Communications
1900:www.climatehotmap.org
1619:Surveys in Geophysics
1395:World Geodetic System
993:Further information:
748:
736:
650:
591:results in isostatic
542:
421:
303:is calibrated to the
233:still-water sea level
195:
62:, often shortened to
42:
3719:Underwater acoustics
3279:Perigean spring tide
3144:Langmuir circulation
2855:Rossby-gravity waves
1866:"Eustatic sea level"
1659:glossary.ametsoc.org
1184:Altitude in aviation
885:Seasonal variations
873:southern oscillation
806:Atmospheric pressure
709:Atmospheric pressure
697:land slowly rebounds
616:zero-level elevation
593:post-glacial rebound
505:improve this article
357:atmospheric sciences
291:official sea level.
108:atmospheric pressure
30:For other uses, see
3881:Science On a Sphere
3487:Convergent boundary
3159:Modular Ocean Model
3119:Geostrophic current
2835:Mild-slope equation
2566:Ecology and Society
2456:10.2183/pjab.89.281
2448:2013PJAB...89..281M
2291:2019NatCo..10.4844K
2082:20.500.11850/287786
2063:2018ESSD...10.1551W
1842:Glossary of geology
1817:Glossary of geology
1792:Glossary of geology
1771:. NASA. 3 June 2020
1747:1994JGR....9912581G
1631:2019SGeo...40.1251G
1573:2013JAESc..62..616S
1482:2011RSPTA.369..161N
1296:Geopotential height
1202:air traffic control
1194:barometric pressure
1167:dune rehabilitation
1111:Local factors like
912:River runoff/floods
739:Last Glacial Period
429:Reference ellipsoid
414:Difficulties in use
365:reference ellipsoid
3537:Seafloor spreading
3527:Outer trench swell
3492:Divergent boundary
3392:Continental margin
3377:Carbonate platform
3274:Lunitidal interval
2512:2022-02-28 at the
2501:2023-06-30 at the
2408:2022-02-28 at the
2397:2023-04-12 at the
2022:2023-05-26 at the
2011:2021-08-11 at the
1386:Sea level equation
1359:Orthometric height
1313:Meltwater pulse 1A
1256:Above ground level
995:Ocean heat content
877:6 mo every 5â10 yr
853:(changes in water
778:2-week to 1-year P
751:
743:
719:Eustatic sea level
691:at the end of the
663:
643:Eustatic sea level
637:Local and eustatic
597:relative sea level
552:
451:
394:When referring to
256:relative sea level
202:
170:flattened spheroid
104:standard sea level
53:
3954:
3953:
3946:Oceans portal
3906:World Ocean Atlas
3896:Underwater glider
3839:Ocean temperature
3502:Hydrothermal vent
3467:Submarine volcano
3402:Continental shelf
3382:Coastal geography
3372:Bathymetric chart
3254:Amphidromic point
2942:Wave nonlinearity
2800:Infragravity wave
2174:978-0-521-88009-1
2126:978-0-309-15176-4
1932:Hewitt, Helene T.
1870:Oilfield Glossary
1755:10.1029/94JC00478
1476:(1934): 161â181.
1192:set to a defined
1171:beach nourishment
1137:adaptive capacity
1027:thermal expansion
986:
985:
775:Long-period tides
705:true polar wander
678:sea level changes
566:thermal expansion
537:
536:
529:
463:gravity anomalies
229:Still-water level
174:gravity anomalies
161:(AMSL). The term
100:marine navigation
16:(Redirected from
3994:
3944:
3943:
3932:
3931:
3922:
3921:
3861:Pelagic sediment
3799:Marine pollution
3593:Deep ocean water
3462:Submarine canyon
3397:Continental rise
3289:Rule of twelfths
3204:Sverdrup balance
3134:Humboldt Current
3059:Boundary current
3034:
3023:
2840:Radiation stress
2810:Iribarren number
2785:Equatorial waves
2740:Ballantine scale
2735:Airy wave theory
2712:
2705:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2625:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2581:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2531:
2525:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2427:
2421:
2392:Chapter 10: Asia
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2338:. Archived from
2327:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2205:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2177:. Archived from
2152:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2074:
2057:(3): 1551â1590.
2042:
2036:
2002:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1940:
1930:Fox-Kemper, B.;
1927:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1731:Glazman, Roman E
1727:
1721:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1625:(6): 1251â1289.
1610:
1601:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1493:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1430:
1424:
1412:
1391:
1376:
1292:
1267:, also known as
1261:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1049:
949:Minutes to hours
946:(standing waves)
756:
755:
532:
525:
521:
518:
512:
489:
481:
467:GRACE satellites
379:-based vertical
326:in 2001 and the
21:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3987:Vertical datums
3957:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3938:
3910:
3749:
3723:
3685:
3666:Sea-level curve
3637:
3576:
3562:Transform fault
3512:Mid-ocean ridge
3478:
3471:
3437:Oceanic plateau
3343:
3329:Tidal resonance
3299:Theory of tides
3240:
3149:Longshore drift
3099:Ekman transport
3035:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3015:
2967:Wave turbulence
2900:Trochoidal wave
2825:Longshore drift
2721:
2716:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2623:Wayback Machine
2609:
2605:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2514:Wayback Machine
2503:Wayback Machine
2493:
2489:
2428:
2424:
2410:Wayback Machine
2399:Wayback Machine
2389:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2328:
2324:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2181:on 20 June 2017
2175:
2153:
2149:
2136:
2134:
2127:
2097:
2093:
2043:
2039:
2024:Wayback Machine
2013:Wayback Machine
2003:
1994:
1981:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1938:
1928:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1728:
1724:
1718:Wayback Machine
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1611:
1604:
1592:
1588:
1556:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1433:USGCRP (2017).
1431:
1427:
1419:Liverpool, UK:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1389:
1374:
1332:Normalhöhennull
1290:
1259:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1210:Aviation charts
1186:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1155:Managed retreat
1149:Pacific islands
1068:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1009:
1001:
991:
809:Hours to months
788:Chandler wobble
731:
654:between ocean,
645:
639:
634:
624:
583:The melting of
533:
522:
516:
513:
502:
490:
479:
449:
416:
400:topographic map
387:and the global
342:
336:
270:was MSL at the
190:
155:above sea level
148:managed retreat
110:is measured to
76:bodies of water
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4000:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3936:
3926:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3886:Stratification
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3778:
3776:Color of water
3773:
3771:Benthic lander
3768:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3676:Sea level rise
3673:
3671:Sea level drop
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3507:Marine geology
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3447:Passive margin
3444:
3442:Oceanic trench
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3174:Ocean dynamics
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3064:Coriolis force
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2885:Stokes problem
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2820:Kinematic wave
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2633:
2632:External links
2630:
2627:
2626:
2603:
2552:
2526:
2487:
2442:(7): 281â301.
2422:
2383:
2353:
2322:
2265:
2234:
2212:
2192:
2173:
2147:
2125:
2117:10.17226/12877
2091:
2037:
1992:
1963:
1917:
1887:
1857:
1850:
1832:
1825:
1807:
1800:
1782:
1760:
1722:
1702:
1676:
1646:
1602:
1586:
1547:
1521:
1456:
1425:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1383:
1380:Sea level drop
1377:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1353:Ordnance datum
1350:
1344:
1336:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1284:
1278:
1275:Before Present
1272:
1262:
1252:
1251:
1237:
1221:
1218:
1182:Main article:
1179:
1176:
1015:Climate change
1010:
1006:Sea level rise
1002:
990:
989:Recent changes
987:
984:
983:
980:
977:
973:
972:
969:
966:
959:
958:
954:
953:
950:
947:
940:
939:
935:
934:
931:
928:
920:
919:
916:
913:
909:
908:
905:
902:
898:
897:
894:
891:
887:
886:
882:
881:
878:
875:
865:
864:
861:
858:
847:
846:
843:
840:
829:
828:
825:
822:
814:
813:
812:â0.7 to 1.3 m
810:
807:
803:
802:
798:
797:
794:
791:
783:
782:
779:
776:
772:
771:
768:
765:
761:
760:
730:
727:
723:oceanic basins
713:ocean currents
638:
635:
632:sea level rise
628:Past sea level
623:
620:
612:planetologists
587:at the end of
581:
580:
573:
562:
559:
545:Badwater Basin
535:
534:
493:
491:
484:
478:
475:
448:
447:
442:
437:
431:
426:
422:
415:
412:
361:land surveying
355:), and in the
338:Main article:
335:
332:
312:TOPEX/Poseidon
305:Amsterdam Peil
276:Russian Empire
268:vertical datum
260:ordnance datum
189:
186:
176:, defines the
135:climate change
131:sea level rise
88:geodetic datum
84:vertical datum
56:Mean sea level
26:
18:Mean sea-level
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3999:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3935:
3927:
3925:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:Marine energy
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3761:Acidification
3759:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3714:SOFAR channel
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3522:Oceanic crust
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3497:Fracture zone
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3432:Oceanic basin
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3362:Abyssal plain
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3269:Internal tide
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3164:Ocean current
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3022:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2962:Wave shoaling
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2922:Ursell number
2920:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:Internal wave
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:Breaking wave
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2342:on 4 May 2021
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2202:
2196:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1989:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1770:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1741:(C6): 12581.
1740:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1710:"Tide: Notes"
1706:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1552:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1325:Normal height
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1234:Oceans portal
1229:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1007:
1000:
996:
981:
978:
975:
974:
970:
967:
964:
961:
960:
955:
951:
948:
945:
942:
941:
936:
932:
929:
926:
922:
921:
917:
914:
911:
910:
906:
903:
900:
899:
895:
892:
889:
888:
883:
879:
876:
874:
870:
867:
866:
862:
860:Days to weeks
859:
857:and currents)
856:
852:
849:
848:
844:
842:Days to weeks
841:
838:
837:precipitation
834:
831:
830:
826:
823:
820:
816:
815:
811:
808:
805:
804:
799:
795:
792:
789:
785:
784:
780:
777:
774:
773:
769:
766:
763:
762:
757:
754:
747:
740:
735:
726:
724:
720:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
633:
629:
619:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
578:
574:
571:
567:
563:
560:
557:
556:
555:
550:
546:
541:
531:
528:
520:
510:
506:
500:
499:
494:This section
492:
488:
483:
482:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:gravitational
456:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
432:
430:
427:
424:
423:
420:
411:
409:
405:
404:contour lines
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
199:
194:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
151:
149:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
121:
117:
116:flight levels
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3901:Water column
3849:Oceanography
3824:Observations
3819:Explorations
3789:Marginal sea
3782:
3740:OSTM/Jason-2
3642:
3572:Volcanic arc
3547:Slab suction
3264:Head of tide
3154:Loop Current
3094:Ekman spiral
2880:Stokes drift
2790:Gravity wave
2765:Cnoidal wave
2606:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2543:. Retrieved
2529:
2490:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2386:
2374:. Retrieved
2365:
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2340:the original
2335:
2325:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2248:The Guardian
2247:
2237:
2225:. Retrieved
2213:0521-80767-0
2195:
2183:. Retrieved
2179:the original
2164:
2157:Cazenave, A.
2150:
2142:
2135:. Retrieved
2104:
2094:
2086:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2004:IPCC, 2021:
1987:
1980:. Retrieved
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1942:
1908:. Retrieved
1899:
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1869:
1860:
1841:
1835:
1816:
1810:
1791:
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1763:
1738:
1734:
1725:
1705:
1693:. Retrieved
1679:
1667:. Retrieved
1658:
1649:
1622:
1618:
1597:
1589:
1564:
1560:
1538:. Retrieved
1524:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1447:. Retrieved
1438:
1428:
1415:
1410:
1365:Raised beach
1339:
1331:
1268:
1248:World portal
1204:(ATC) or an
1187:
1127:, including
1110:
1077:storm surges
1074:
1035:
1011:
957:Earthquakes
880:Up to 0.6 m
819:storm surges
786:Pole tides (
752:
718:
717:
693:last ice age
682:
665:
664:
652:Water cycles
609:
582:
553:
523:
517:January 2024
514:
503:Please help
498:verification
495:
452:
393:
353:flight level
348:
344:
343:
309:
299:, while the
252:relative MSL
251:
249:
244:
232:
228:
227:
203:
167:
162:
154:
152:
124:
63:
59:
55:
54:
36:
3891:Thermocline
3608:Mesopelagic
3581:Ocean zones
3552:Slab window
3417:Hydrography
3357:Abyssal fan
3324:Tidal range
3314:Tidal power
3309:Tidal force
3194:Rip current
3129:Gulf Stream
3089:Ekman layer
3079:Downwelling
3054:Baroclinity
3041:Circulation
2937:Wave height
2927:Wave action
2910:megatsunami
2890:Stokes wave
2850:Rossby wave
2815:Kelvin wave
2795:Green's law
2616:Sec. 91.121
2545:1 September
2285:(1): 4844.
2258:28 December
1982:18 December
1695:21 December
1669:10 December
1567:: 616â626.
1449:27 December
1281:Chart datum
1113:tidal range
1097:Crop yields
982:Up to 10 m
833:Evaporation
605:groundwater
572:variations.
288:chart datum
188:Measurement
96:cartography
92:chart datum
74:'s coastal
3961:Categories
3829:Reanalysis
3728:Satellites
3709:Sofar bomb
3557:Subduction
3532:Ridge push
3427:Ocean bank
3407:Contourite
3334:Tide gauge
3319:Tidal race
3304:Tidal bore
3294:Slack tide
3259:Earth tide
3179:Ocean gyre
2999:Wind setup
2994:Wind fetch
2957:Wave setup
2952:Wave radar
2947:Wave power
2845:Rogue wave
2775:Dispersion
2589:10535/8585
2346:22 October
2185:25 January
2101:"Synopsis"
2027:pp. 3â32,
1956:18 October
1910:2 December
1851:0922152349
1826:0922152349
1801:0922152349
1402:References
1340:Normalnull
1133:Bangladesh
1117:subsidence
1108:century.
1105:irrigation
1089:ecosystems
1081:king tides
1019:ice sheets
971:0.1â10+ m
952:Up to 2 m
863:Up to 1 m
827:Up to 5 m
793:14-month P
781:<0.1 m
770:0.1â10+ m
689:ice sheets
656:atmosphere
641:See also:
626:See also:
601:subsidence
435:plumb line
396:geographic
245:Global MSL
237:wind waves
223:tide gauge
198:tide gauge
143:ice sheets
141:and polar
129:. Current
120:tide gauge
3967:Sea level
3691:Acoustics
3643:Sea level
3542:Slab pull
3479:tectonics
3387:Cold seep
3349:Landforms
3226:Whirlpool
3221:Upwelling
3004:Wind wave
2932:Wave base
2860:Sea state
2780:Edge wave
2770:Cross sea
2464:0386-2208
1540:22 August
1500:1364-503X
1441:: 1â470.
1190:altimeter
1145:Caribbean
1129:Indonesia
1093:mangroves
845:<0.1m
767:12â24 h P
685:isostatic
440:Continent
359:, and in
284:Kronstadt
153:The term
112:calibrate
106:at which
80:elevation
64:sea level
45:Jerusalem
3924:Category
3876:Seawater
3603:Littoral
3598:Deep sea
3457:Seamount
3339:Tideline
3284:Rip tide
3214:shutdown
3184:Overflow
2917:Undertow
2760:Clapotis
2619:Archived
2598:26269087
2539:Archived
2510:Archived
2499:Archived
2482:23883609
2406:Archived
2395:Archived
2370:Archived
2317:31664024
2252:Archived
2218:Archived
2137:11 April
2131:Archived
2020:Archived
2009:Archived
1976:Archived
1947:Archived
1904:Archived
1874:Archived
1775:17 April
1714:Archived
1689:Archived
1663:Archived
1600:page 270
1534:Archived
1508:21115518
1443:Archived
1220:See also
1178:Aviation
1163:seawalls
1115:or land
1085:tsunamis
1023:glaciers
963:Tsunamis
938:Seiches
930:6 months
925:salinity
915:2 months
904:6 months
893:6 months
824:1â5 days
660:glaciers
589:ice ages
585:glaciers
577:tectonic
570:salinity
477:Dry land
383:such as
297:Alicante
211:salinity
139:glaciers
66:) is an
49:Dead Sea
47:and the
3972:Geodesy
3934:Commons
3804:Mooring
3754:Related
3745:Jason-3
3735:Jason-1
3618:Pelagic
3613:Oceanic
3588:Benthic
2905:Tsunami
2875:Soliton
2473:3758961
2444:Bibcode
2308:6820795
2287:Bibcode
2227:23 July
2059:Bibcode
1880:10 June
1743:Bibcode
1627:Bibcode
1569:Bibcode
1516:8238425
1478:Bibcode
1067:⁄
1053:⁄
979:Minutes
944:Seiches
907:
896:
869:El Niño
855:density
817:Winds (
324:Jason-1
68:average
3623:Photic
3452:Seabed
2865:Seiche
2596:
2480:
2470:
2462:
2376:4 July
2315:
2305:
2210:
2171:
2123:
2015:. In:
1848:
1823:
1798:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1083:, and
933:0.2 m
622:Change
433:Local
385:NAVD88
280:Russia
264:Newlyn
3814:Ocean
3783:Alvin
3633:Swash
3477:Plate
3422:Knoll
3412:Guyot
3367:Atoll
3246:Tides
3009:model
2895:Swell
2727:Waves
2594:JSTOR
2572:(3).
2505:. In
2401:. In
2221:(PDF)
2204:(PDF)
1950:(PDF)
1939:(PDF)
1512:S2CID
1091:like
1038:Earth
1031:water
968:Hours
796:5 mm
701:geoid
674:tides
670:waves
455:geoid
445:Geoid
425:Ocean
389:EGM96
381:datum
377:geoid
373:WGS84
293:Spain
278:, in
241:tides
215:datum
178:geoid
72:Earth
3781:DSV
3766:Argo
3628:Surf
3084:Eddy
2547:2015
2478:PMID
2460:ISSN
2378:2022
2348:2022
2313:PMID
2260:2018
2229:2021
2208:ISBN
2187:2017
2169:ISBN
2139:2022
2121:ISBN
1984:2023
1958:2022
1912:2016
1882:2011
1846:ISBN
1821:ISBN
1796:ISBN
1777:2024
1697:2021
1671:2018
1542:2021
1504:PMID
1496:ISSN
1451:2018
1169:and
1147:and
1125:Asia
1021:and
997:and
918:1 m
835:and
737:The
703:and
672:and
658:and
630:and
568:and
349:AMSL
320:CNES
318:and
316:NASA
254:or (
207:wind
163:APSL
98:and
2610:US
2584:hdl
2574:doi
2518:doi
2468:PMC
2452:doi
2414:doi
2303:PMC
2295:doi
2113:doi
2077:hdl
2067:doi
2029:doi
1751:doi
1635:doi
1577:doi
1486:doi
1474:369
1198:QNH
1103:in
1029:of
507:by
369:GPS
231:or
94:in
60:MSL
3963::
2592:.
2582:.
2570:17
2568:.
2564:.
2476:.
2466:.
2458:.
2450:.
2440:89
2438:.
2434:.
2368:.
2364:.
2334:.
2311:.
2301:.
2293:.
2283:10
2281:.
2277:.
2250:.
2246:.
2216:.
2141:.
2129:.
2119:.
2111:.
2103:.
2085:.
2075:.
2065:.
2055:10
2053:.
2049:.
1995:^
1986:.
1941:.
1920:^
1902:.
1898:.
1868:.
1749:.
1739:99
1737:.
1687:.
1661:.
1657:.
1633:.
1623:40
1621:.
1617:.
1605:^
1596:,
1575:.
1565:62
1563:.
1550:^
1532:.
1510:.
1502:.
1494:.
1484:.
1472:.
1468:.
1437:.
1157:,
1131:,
1095:.
1079:,
1033:.
711:,
707:.
547:,
225:.
150:.
2711:e
2704:t
2697:v
2600:.
2586::
2576::
2549:.
2524:.
2520::
2484:.
2454::
2446::
2420:.
2416::
2380:.
2350:.
2319:.
2297::
2289::
2262:.
2231:.
2189:.
2115::
2109:5
2079::
2069::
2061::
2035:.
2031::
1960:.
1914:.
1884:.
1854:.
1829:.
1804:.
1779:.
1757:.
1753::
1745::
1720:.
1699:.
1673:.
1643:.
1637::
1629::
1583:.
1579::
1571::
1544:.
1518:.
1488::
1480::
1453:.
1069:3
1065:1
1062:+
1060:5
1055:3
1051:1
1048:+
1046:3
1008:.
927:)
871:/
821:)
790:)
530:)
524:(
519:)
515:(
501:.
347:(
58:(
51:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
