190:. Pacciardi, although he had joined, was not able to participate due to lack of a valid passport. Instead, Carlo Sforza attended the proceedings after having obtained authorization from the American authorities, presenting an eight-point agenda that was approved by over 10,000 attendees. It proposed a free plebiscite for the Italian people to choose their form of government—in which the victory of the democratic republic was hoped for—and for Italy to join the
254:, after a voyage that was not without uncertainties and dangers, they promptly put the clandestine Giustizia e LibertĂ radio into operation, broadcasting all day long attacks on the regime and on the monarchy that was guilty of having been complicit, and cooperating with the principal antifascist groups. In August Tarchiani and others in the group succeeded in sailing for
197:
At the end of the proceedings, the conference approved by acclamation a concluding motion, in which was affirmed: "The conference ultimately trusts in Carlo Sforza, who has already assumed, by unanimous and spontaneous nomination, the position of spiritual head of the
Italian antifascists and the
277:
held that loyalty toward the legitimate government must also extend to the person of the sovereign and the institution of the monarchy. This disagreement with the
British prime minister sank Carlo Sforza's aspirations to national leadership, as it entailed a real veto by the British over his
135:
Tarchiani quickly assumed the position of secretary of the association. Through the
Mazzini Society, Sforza and Tarchiani planned to obtain the support of the US government for the creation of an Italian National Committee as a form of
120:
182:
The
Mazzini Society had greater success in its relations with the Italian community of Central and South America, where an antifascist network and a "Free Italy" movement were formed, headquartered in
1024:
1151:
826:
719:
581:
Tirabassi, Maddalena. "La
Mazzini Society (1940-46): un'associazione di antifascisti italiani negli Stati Uniti" in Giorgio Spini, Gian Giacomo Migone, and Massimo Teodori (eds.),
170:
At the same time, the
Mazzini Society served as the organizer for a collection of funds for Italian antifascist exiles, though it ruled out a course of unified action with the
877:
1315:
273:
government until the nation was completely liberated from the Nazis. However, while Sforza narrowly and literally interpreted the document he signed, British Prime
Minister
167:. The increasing prominence of Tarchiani and Sforza in the Mazzini Society consequently led to the progressive distancing of Gaetano Salvemini from active decision making.
872:
1101:
201:
Nonetheless, the US authorities' attitude toward this project did not go any farther than a tepid understanding, and the analogous contacts that they attempted with the
714:
174:. Randolfo Pacciardi was among those favorable to an accord with the Communists but, being in the minority on this question, he quit the Mazzini Society in June 1942.
428:
was substantially favorable to admitting
Communists into the Committees for Victory, while he steadfastly opposed admitting anyone who had earlier supported fascism.
1256:
186:. The understandings between the Mazzini Society and Free Italy led to the organizing of an Italian-American Congress that took place from August 14 to 17, 1942, in
1350:
1038:
1300:
920:
731:
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743:
765:
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Authorization for Sforza to return to Italy was, on the other hand, subordinated by the US government (and in particular Under
Secretary of State
964:
952:
237:
also took part. The following
February Tarchiani and Cianca resigned, being opposed to dilution of the association's liberal democratic basis.
1271:
682:
433:
155:
This course of political action sought to nominate Carlo Sforza as leader of the Italian antifascist movement abroad and, implicitly, future
655:
1234:
790:
1365:
899:
796:
1146:
1029:
1156:
349:
1118:
831:
1185:
533:
See the statements by Winston Churchill to the House of Commons on September 21, 1943, reported in: Varsori, p. 290.
269:) to the signing of a document by which the former foreign minister pledged not to oppose in any way the actions of the
198:
task of forming an Italian National Council, giving him the authority to organize it in the most opportune conditions."
95:
in June 1940 many Italian antifascists, exiled beyond the Alps, were forced to emigrate again; they found refuge in the
1076:
724:
56:
became the president. Among its organizers was a group of republicans belonging to the antifascist resistance movement
1355:
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588:
Tirabassi, Maddalena. "Enemy Aliens or Loyal Americans?: The Mazzini Society and the Italian-American Communities".
1081:
1007:
882:
24:
political association, formed on a democratic and republican basis, situating itself within the tradition of the
233:, and Vanni Buscemi Montana to form unitary committees, called Committees for Victory, in which anarchists like
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1322:
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Between December 1942 and January 1943 there was an internal crisis in the association over an attempt at
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36:, a leading figure of Italian reunification in the mid-19th century, who had worked from exile.
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in 1941–42, as well as an "Italian legion" under Randolfo Pacciardi, who had commanded the
8:
1213:
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and returned to Italy in 1946. Gaetano Salvemini returned in 1949, after having obtained
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244:, Garosci, Tarchiani, and Cianca sailed back to Europe on the transatlantic liner
1220:
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230:
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vol. 4 no. 6 (June 1943), p. 175–179. Online at Marxists Internet Archive.
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246:
202:
495:
Ritratto di Carlo Sforza, col carteggio Croce-Sforza e altri documenti inediti
1339:
942:
703:
283:
214:
99:. Many of them joined the Mazzini Society: Aldo Garosci, Alberto Cianca, and
96:
61:
1227:
601:
L'antifascismo italiano negli Stati Uniti durante la Seconda guerra mondiale
1241:
620:
442:
425:
234:
208:
183:
116:
77:
25:
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21:
894:
867:
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Ennio Di Nolfo, "Carlo Sforza, diplomatico e oratore" in Carlo Sforza,
306:
187:
53:
301:, and finally retired to Italy in 1954. Renato Poggioli served in the
194:
and an organized international system of cooperation and solidarity.
289:
Pacciardi was able to return to Italy only after the liberation of
270:
555:, ed. Domenico ZucĂ ro, Milan: SugarCo Edizioni, 1974, p. 17.
310:
302:
259:
251:
608:
Gli alleati e l'emigrazione democratica antifascista (1940-1943)
309:
1943–45 and remained in America after the war, becoming a full
177:
450:
255:
889:
290:
599:(1942-1946): l'organo ufficiale della Mazzini Society" in
68:, Michele Cantarella, Roberto Bolaffio, interim president
873:
Tribunale speciale per la difesa dello Stato (1926–1943)
209:
The crisis and return of the antifascist exiles to Italy
159:
in an Italian liberal democracy liberated from both the
715:
Fascist and anti-Fascist violence in Italy (1919–1926)
576:
Mazzini News: organo della Mazzini Society (1941-1942)
293:
on June 24, 1944. Tullia Calabi Zevi reported on the
690:
313:professor in 1950; he died in California in 1963.
286:government was about to resign in November 1944.
119:, who had belonged to the short-lived antifascist
115:in Paris in 1937; and the former foreign minister
130:
52:, on September 24, 1939; later on the journalist
32:immigrants in the late 1930s. It was named after
1337:
603:(Rome: Archivio Trimestrale, 1984), pp. 295–313.
278:nomination as President of the Council when the
250:, which was converted into a troopship. Once in
152:and came to the United States in December 1941.
1351:Anti-fascist organizations in the United States
656:Reference at the Rosselli family's archive site
585:. (Venice: Marsilio Editori, 1976), pp. 141–58.
497:, Florence: Le Monnier, 1975, pp. 410-11.
111:, who founded the Mazzinian weekly periodical
676:
583:Italia e America dalla Grande Guerra ad Oggi
791:Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals
178:The Italian-American Congress of Montevideo
60:. Besides Ascoli and Salvemini, there were
797:Assassination attempts on Benito Mussolini
683:
669:
142:advance of Allied troops in North Africa
39:
1338:
641:" (1999). Online at Primo Levi Center.
28:, and created in the United States by
664:
553:I nodi della politica estera italiana
103:, who came from Giustizia e LibertĂ ;
1186:Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana
1025:Legione Proletaria Filippo Corridoni
445:is among the authors often cited by
80:. Its newsletter was the periodical
225:, proposed by the Italian-American
44:The Mazzini Society was founded by
13:
1077:Maximalist Italian Socialist Party
14:
1377:
1366:Organizations established in 1939
1152:Alleanza Nazionale per la LibertĂ
909:Antifascist martyrs and prisoners
631:
282:leaned toward picking him as the
107:, the political secretary of the
590:Rivista di Studi Anglo-Americani
1008:Formazioni di difesa proletaria
691:Italian antifascism (1919–1943)
561:
545:
536:
527:
518:
509:
500:
493:Letter reported in Livio Zeno,
487:
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431:Tutta la veritĂ sul caso Tresca
419:
720:Massacre of Palazzo d'Accursio
410:
397:
388:
376:
367:
358:
340:
331:
322:
131:Alberto Tarchiani as secretary
1:
592:4–5 (1984–1985), pp. 399–425.
484:, Rome: 2006, pp. 41-43.
280:National Liberation Committee
127:under Tarchiani's direction.
878:Casellario politico centrale
646:Washington's Plans for Italy
121:Unione Democratica Nazionale
7:
1142:Italian resistance movement
1128:Organizations and movements
827:1940 San Mauro Forte revolt
761:1922 Italian general strike
626:Italian resistance movement
614:
93:German occupation of France
10:
1382:
900:Italian fascist censorship
639:My Political Autobiography
610:. Florence: Sansoni, 1982.
471:Varsori, pp. 285-288.
462:Varsori, pp. 236–237.
50:Northampton, Massachusetts
1205:
1172:
1134:
1127:
1059:
1000:
908:
857:
696:
524:Di Nolfo, pp. 41-43.
405:L'Italia dal 1914 al 1944
1356:Italian-American history
1087:Communist Party of Italy
1067:Italian Republican Party
810:Italian antifascists in
506:Varsori, p. 257 ff.
394:Varsori, p. 175 ff.
373:Varsori, p. 159 ff.
316:
242:Allied landing in Sicily
109:Italian Republican Party
74:Giuseppe Antonio Borgese
1257:La Rivoluzione liberale
1119:Unitary Socialist Party
1072:Italian Socialist Party
710:Bloody Christmas (1920)
595:Tirabassi, Maddalena. "
347:Biography at www.pri.it
337:Varsori, p. 52 ff.
140:, with the progressive
1092:Sardinian Action Party
1082:Italian People's Party
817:International Brigades
637:Calabi Zevi, Tullia. "
1361:Italy in World War II
1346:Italian anti-fascists
1097:Italian Liberal Party
822:Battle of Guadalajara
542:Di Nolfo, p. 46.
515:Zeno, p. 300 ff.
482:Discorsi parlamentari
258:, landing—finally—at
650:Fourth International
416:Sforza, p. 188.
364:Varsori, p. 150-151.
299:American citizenship
240:After the July 1943
161:Fascist dictatorship
123:party and worked at
88:('Nations united').
40:Birth and membership
1180:Giustizia e LibertĂ
1051:Garibaldi Battalion
1039:Matteotti Battalion
916:Ferruccio Ghinaglia
804:Non abbiamo bisogno
778:1922 Turin massacre
732:Massacre of Sarzana
574:Mercuri, Lamberto.
328:Varsori, p. 126-27.
146:Garibaldi Battalion
138:government in exile
58:Giustizia e LibertĂ
981:Rosselli brothers
785:Aventine Secession
744:Massacre of Empoli
606:Varsori, Antonio.
436:2007-09-27 at the
352:2011-06-17 at the
229:Girolamo Valenti,
157:head of government
105:Randolfo Pacciardi
1333:
1332:
1206:Antifascist press
1201:
1200:
1060:Political parties
1019:Arditi del Popolo
948:Giovanni Amendola
938:Giacomo Matteotti
921:Giuseppe Di Vagno
812:Spanish Civil War
766:Massacre of Parma
697:Historical events
571:. New York, 1942.
567:Mazzini Society.
441:by Mauro Canali (
407:, p. 175 ff.
275:Winston Churchill
150:Spanish Civil War
125:La Giovine Italia
113:La Giovine Italia
101:Alberto Tarchiani
46:Gaetano Salvemini
1373:
1326:
1311:
1282:
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1164:Azione Cattolica
1160:
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1047:
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933:Giovanni Minzoni
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841:Massacre of Bari
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205:had no success.
192:Atlantic Charter
66:Lionello Venturi
34:Giuseppe Mazzini
30:Italian-American
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1192:Mazzini Society
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227:trade unionists
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70:Renato Poggioli
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117:Carlo Sforza
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90:
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82:Mazzini News
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78:Carlo Tresca
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26:Risorgimento
17:
15:
1321: [
1306: [
1277: [
1272:Non Mollare
1262: [
1240: [
1155: [
1105: [
1042: [
1028: [
968: [
956: [
924: [
881: [
844: [
830: [
799:(1925–1932)
769: [
747: [
735: [
723: [
706:(1919–1920)
22:antifascist
1340:Categories
1013:Red Guards
895:Internment
868:Squadrismo
307:translator
247:Queen Mary
223:Communists
219:Socialists
188:Montevideo
172:Communists
84:and later
54:Max Ascoli
1235:Il Popolo
453:magazine)
217:with the
91:With the
1294:Il Mondo
1188:(France)
1182:(France)
1173:In exile
1135:In Italy
615:See also
434:Archived
350:Archived
271:Badoglio
165:monarchy
163:and the
1318:
1303:
1274:
1259:
1237:
1228:L'UnitĂ
1214:Avanti!
578:, 1990.
311:Harvard
303:US Army
260:Salerno
252:England
148:in the
20:was an
850:(1940)
807:(1931)
793:(1925)
787:(1924)
449:, the
447:Gnosis
284:Bonomi
76:, and
1325:]
1310:]
1281:]
1266:]
1244:]
1194:(USA)
1159:]
1109:]
1046:]
1032:]
990:Nello
985:Carlo
972:]
960:]
928:]
885:]
848:]
834:]
773:]
751:]
739:]
727:]
451:SISDE
317:Notes
305:as a
256:Italy
890:OVRA
291:Rome
221:and
16:The
648:."
48:in
1342::
1323:it
1308:it
1279:it
1264:it
1242:it
1157:it
1107:it
1044:it
1030:it
970:it
958:it
926:it
883:it
846:it
832:it
771:it
749:it
737:it
725:it
384:n.
262:.
72:,
64:,
684:e
677:t
670:v
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