91:
316:
523:). Between May 14 and 17 there was no existing law in the streets of Lisbon, allowing the members of the Carbonária and Formiga Branca to pillage, assassinate and conduct political retributions on their enemies; more than 20 police officers and officer cadets were summarily executed in the streets, police stations were attacked, private homes assaulted and clubs whose proprietors supported Pimenta de Castro were vandalized. Some Republican vigilantes proceeded to attack the newspapers that supported Pimenta de Castro, the monarchist's papers, and Machado Santo's
25:
380:
544:"The truth is that the Formiga Branca, as an association or revolutionary institution, does not exist. What is referred to as the Formiga Branca is only people that love the Republic, today as on the 5th of October, and who, for great love, zealously watch and defend her. The Portuguese Republican Party does not have to repudiate this Formiga Branca, because the Portuguese Republican Party has to be, and is, a popular Party, in the exact sense of the term."
123:
280:. At the height of political instability, when many of the Parties in the legislature were openly hostile to each other and the Assembly was unmanageable, the former president (finding no consensus) wishing to reduce the influence of the Portuguese Republican Party, dissolved the National Assembly unilaterally, and, on 25 January 1915, installed
335:
As the government had been appointed when the
Assembly was not in session, the politicians demanded the resumption of sittings on March 4. This was refused, since the President was under no legal obligation to open the Assembly. Refused admittance to the National Assembly, the politicians gathered at
483:
During subsequent hours on May 14, members of
Pimenta de Castro's government escaped to the protection of the barracks in the Largo do Carmo, due to the disproportionate forces that were armed against them, and by the end of the afternoon had surrendered. Around 4 p.m.,
287:
Castro immediately appointed several military officers in various ministries, dissolved the
National Assembly, and ran the government as a dictator. He allowed the re-opening of monarchist organizations, three monarchist papers, and their members amnestied, including
336:
the Palácio da Mitra, and decided to openly attack the government; they established, as a legally constituted assembly, that the acts of
Pimenta de Castro and President Arriaga were unlawful, undemocratic and void, and were willing to take power by force.
311:
On 24 February 1915, Castro's government directly issued a new electoral law. Furthermore, it used the military to stop
Parliament from resuming its sittings on March 4 and did not schedule elections before 7 March 1915, ignoring the law.
549:
The attacks motivated the French, Spanish and
English governments to send contingents to mitigate the violence and allow the new government to reestablish order, as well as protect their nationals. The revolt lasted until 19 May 1915.
90:
315:
499:
was quite violent; many residents and protestors battled the police and were mortally wounded or injured, during the events of the insurrection: 200 people were killed, and approximately, 1000 were injured.
508:. The aggressor was immediately lynched by the gathered crowd. The majority of the deaths did not occur from the bombardments on May 14, but occurred in the following days, as members of the
505:
297:
588:, was nominated to head the government, but was unable to take-up his position, as he was in the hospital from the injuries sustained during the revolt.
580:
Sá Cardoso would gather with other members of the victorious group at the balcony of the Lisbon town hall to proclaim their victory. With order restored
561:
The revolt was victorious in substituting the unpopular dictatorship of Castro, for a
Constitutional Junta in 1915, and forcing the resignation of
371:
and
Formiga Branca (especially if it seemed that the army would not support the attempt, or if it was determined that they could not be trusted).
421:
360:
210:
808:
565:. Manuel de Arriaga resigned days after the coup, Pimenta de Castro and Machado Santos were eventually arrested and dispatched to
393:
On the morning of May 14, a group of revolutionaries that included naval marines, army soldiers, some men from the Fiscal Guard (
841:
705:
of the
Portuguese Republican Party, guaranteeing the safety of its leaders and handling many of the dirty deeds of the Party.
677:
570:
402:
328:
150:
851:
367:, supported by the Navy (the group that was most favorable to the republicans) and armed civil groups, in particular the
289:
782:
772:
553:
A hundred-two people were killed during the revolt. Hundreds were injured, of which about 250 were injured severely.
430:
68:
46:
39:
456:
The reaction from the Castro government troops was timid and apprehensive. The 16th
Infantry, commanded by Colonel
292:(who had led monarchist counter-revolutionary campaigns into northern Portugal). As a result of these actions
449:. Shortly after 4 a.m., the Army Arsenal was attacked by armed citizens and members of the Fiscal Guard, with
820:
301:
574:
173:
846:
504:, the former prime minister, was blinded by a gunshot in the location of the Entroncamento, by Senator
352:
198:
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261:
257:
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468:. The artillery attempted to bombard the ships, but their forces were repulsed from the heights of
339:
It was at this time that they decided to form a Revolutionary Junta to seize power. In addition to
33:
340:
237:
206:
469:
385:
501:
389:, used in the bombardment and support of revolutionary forces in the Tagus River on May 14, 1915
202:
732:
273:
50:
798:
168:
809:
A summary of the political events of 1915, from the Centro de Estudos do Pensamento Político
814:
566:
477:
8:
406:
394:
533:, would later eulogize the members of the Formiga Branca, in the pages of the newspaper
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was fearful that loyal government troops in Lisbon would counter-attack and traveled to
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shot three blanks and, together with other rebel vessels, took position in front of
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to command the Navy's revolutionary forces. The coup d'état would be similar to the
96:
581:
417:
occupied the Naval Arsenal, in Lisbon, immediately taking possession of the arms.
437:. The rebel navy forces proceeded to take control of other ships anchored in the
348:
460:, encircled the Naval Arsenal, but were violently bombarded by the ships in the
751:
Subsídios para a História Política e Militar da Revolução de 14 de Maio de 1915
457:
623:
585:
830:
509:
414:
368:
802:
757:] (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: Tipografia da Cooperativa Militar.
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249:
379:
461:
438:
453:'s support. The rebel forces took over the Arsenal three hours later.
625:
Governo de Pimenta de Castro: um general no labirinto da I República
425:
245:
127:
122:
434:
241:
821:
A historical blog with information/pictures from the revolt
622:
Marçal, Bruno José Navarro; Leal, Ernesto Castro (2010).
272:
The Revolt was the consequence of the events during the
755:
Papers on a History of the Revolution of 14th May, 1915
260:
and returning the government to the principles of the
701:
The Formiga Branca was an informal semi-clandestine
222:
102 dead and hundreds wounded, of which 250 severely
99:
watches the proclamation of the Constitutional Junta
766:. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press.
512:and Formiga Branca pursued the combatants and made
774:Republican Portugal: A Political History 1910–1926
748:
584:became President and the Democratic Party leader,
828:
323:'s government has Parliament shut down, senator
232:(1915) was a politico-military uprising led by
488:accepted to give his resignation to President
248:, with the objective of taking power from the
723:Pimenta de Castro surrendered himself at the
764:Portugal: A Twentieth Century Interpretation
777:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
621:
428:, led the rebels in taking control of the
761:
749:Correia dos Santos, João António (1915).
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
480:in order to shore up republican forces.
378:
314:
32:This article includes a list of general
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308:were branded traitors to the Republic.
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571:1915 Portuguese legislative election
413:) and accompanied by members of the
151:1915 Portuguese legislative election
18:
815:A history portal on the 1915 Revolt
13:
672:. Lisboa: Tinta da China Edições.
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
863:
792:
632:
612:
670:Lisboa revolucionária: 1908-1975
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714:Douglas L. Wheeler, 1978, p.122
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686:
603:
327:protests to an officer of the
1:
842:Political history of Portugal
692:João António dos Santos, 1915
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374:
267:
799:A summary of the 1915 Revolt
725:Guarda Nacional da Republica
573:was scheduled, in which the
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7:
771:Wheeler, Douglas L (1998).
411:Guarda Nacional Republicana
359:and they were dependent on
95:The population in front of
10:
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852:Military coups in Portugal
609:Tom Gallagher, 1983, p. 25
290:Henrique Paiva de Couceiro
729:Republican National Guard
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403:National Republican Guard
331:(Portugal, 4 March 1915).
329:Republican National Guard
258:Portuguese First Republic
221:
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179:
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103:
88:
83:
668:Rosas, Fernando (2007).
464:, including the cruiser
383:Portuguese Navy cruiser
805:Foundation (Portuguese)
762:Gallagher, Tom (1983).
420:Around 3 a.m., captain
353:José de Freitas Ribeiro
302:António José de Almeida
284:to run the government.
199:José de Freitas Ribeiro
53:more precise citations.
16:1915 revolt in Portugal
577:would once again win.
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398:
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357:António Maria da Silva
332:
191:António Maria da Silva
180:Commanders and leaders
441:. At 3:20 a.m.,
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347:, the Junta included
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217:Casualties and losses
207:Alfredo de Sá Cardoso
169:Portuguese Government
506:João José de Freitas
495:Although rapid, the
365:5 October revolution
203:José Norton de Matos
139:Republican victory
391:
341:General Sá Cardoso
333:
325:Bernardino Machado
298:Machado dos Santos
238:General Sá Cardoso
84:14 May 1915 Revolt
847:Conflicts in 1915
679:978-989-671-025-5
567:Angra do Heroísmo
563:Manuel de Arriaga
520:reprisal killings
514:ajustes de contas
490:Manuel de Arriaga
486:Pimenta de Castro
466:NRP Vasco da Gama
386:NRP Vasco da Gama
321:Pimenta de Castro
306:Manuel de Arriaga
294:Pimenta de Castro
282:Pimenta de Castro
278:Manuel de Arriaga
262:1911 Constitution
254:Pimenta de Castro
240:which started in
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145:Pimenta de Castro
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575:Democratic Party
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474:Álvaro de Castro
447:Terreiro do Paço
345:Álvaro de Castro
234:Álvaro de Castro
195:Álvaro de Castro
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97:Lisbon City Hall
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143:End of General
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586:João Chagas
502:João Chagas
462:Tagus River
439:Tagus River
256:during the
252:of General
174:Republicans
111:14 May 1915
51:introducing
831:Categories
727:(English:
592:References
510:Carbonária
424:, using a
415:Carbonária
407:Portuguese
395:Portuguese
375:The revolt
369:Carbonária
274:Presidency
268:Background
34:references
735:in Lisbon
731:) in the
628:(Thesis).
557:Afterward
518:English:
478:Santarém
426:longboat
246:Portugal
128:Portugal
116:Location
801:at the
743:Sources
536:O Mundo
472:. Yet,
435:Cruiser
401:), the
47:improve
781:
676:
569:. The
355:, and
242:Lisbon
135:Result
36:, but
753:[
597:Notes
779:ISBN
674:ISBN
343:and
236:and
228:The
108:Date
276:of
833::
634:^
614:^
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529:.
492:.
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516:(
405:(
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