Mawza Exile - Knowledge

741:(1678 CE) and in 1,991 (1679 CE), how that the king made a decree and demolished all the synagogues of all the towns of Yemen, and there were some of the books and sacred writings that were desecrated at the hand of the gentiles, on account of our great iniquities, so that we could no longer make our prayers, save only a very few secretly within their houses. Afterwards, the king made a decree against the Jews to expel them into the wilderness of Mawzaʻ, while they, demolished also their houses. However, there were some who managed to sell their house; what was worth one-thousand gold pieces they sold for one-hundred, and what was worth one-hundred gold pieces they sold for ten. So that, by these things, we were for a reproach amongst the nations, who continuously sought after ways by which they might cause us to change , O may God forbid! So, all of the exiles of Israel stood up and laid aside their most beloved and precious possessions as a means by which God's name might be sanctified, blessed be He, including their fields and their vineyards, and delivered themselves up as martyrs for God's name sake, blessed be He. And if one had need of going out into the marketplace, he could not avoid being the object of hatred and spite, while there were those who even attacked him or called him by abusive language, so that there was fulfilled in this, our generation, the scripture that says, 578:) by themselves with their burial grounds, and also the family of Levites and the Israelites, each of them dwelling by themselves in their cities and with their own burial grounds. Now, unto this day, those Levites dwell separately in those said districts, although a few Israelites have newly arrived to dwell in their midst. In every place, the gentiles have given to them a parcel of ground, on a rental basis, in order that they may construct shelters in which to live, set apart from them, seeing that their enemies had already taken their own towns and houses and vineyards and fields. Thus, they were pleased to dwell with them and to be occupied in the various fields of labour, according to their diverse skills, in order that they might find sustenance thereby for their beings: among which were those who plastered with earth, and of those who crushed limestone, and of those who were potters, and some who were wood craftsmen, and others silversmiths, while still others blacksmiths and some who were merchants; There were yet others who were couriers, some who were weavers, others tailors, and some who were knowledgeable in prophylactic matters; others who were physicians, and others who chiseled away the surface of millstones, and some of whom who were porters. Now their magnanimity did not permit them to just lay back in idleness. 281:, and do not take pity upon any of your delectable things, lest the king should be sorely angry with you, will kill you and your children, your aged men and your young men. Now if you should forsake your God whom you trust, and enter into our own religion, it will be well with you, seeing that He is no longer with you, but has already abandoned you in our hands; being able to do with you as we please!' …Now, there is no one who helps us, whether of the deputies or of the ministers, for when they saw that we had given-up our souls unto martyrdom for His name sake, and that we had been obedient to His word and speech, they then conspired against us to eradicate our name with fierce anger. They said , 'this despised and wretched nation, they have rejected our religion (i.e. Islam), whereas neither largess, nor gratis, would have made them come over.' …They banded together against us, they and their kings, their male servants and handmaids, so that small babes spat upon him who is greatest amongst us. …Now, God has hidden His face from us, 'while we have all faded like a leaf' 790:) went into exile, they took up his burden. The sun and the moon were extinguished at their departure! A multitude of the handmaid's sons have ruled over them. / Wrath, and also jealousy, they've poured out upon them. So that they have inherited all of the glory, even their sublime honour! Whilst the dwelling place of God's glory, they have been given power to destroy! Midrash, as also the Talmud and the Torah, they have abolished. / Constable and elder were, both, drawn away by their hands. Orion and Pleiades, as well as the crescent moon, have become dim! / Even all the luminous lights, their light has turned into darkness! The beauty of their homes and their money they had entirely looted. / Every oppressor and every governor have prepared their bow for shooting. Preserve, O Master of the universe, those who are your peculiar friends, / Hadoram (i.e. 802:אזיל דמעותי כמטר יזלו / על כל בני חמדה בגלות הלכו. נשו לטובתם וגם נתדלדלו / נסעו בחפזון בציה דרכו. יום גלתה אוזל וסבלו סבלו / שמש וירח בצאתם נדעכו. שפעת בני אמה עליהם משלו / חמה וגם קנאה עליהם שפכו. לכלל יקר הדרת כבודם נחלו / ומעון כבוד האל להחריב נמלכו. מדרש וגם תלמוד ותורה בטלו / שוטר וגם זקן ידיהם משכו. עיש וגם כימה וסהר אפלו / גם כל מאורי אור מאורם חשכו. את כל נאות ביתם וכספם שללו / כל צר וכל מושל לקשתם דרכו. שמרה אדון עולם ידידים נסגלו / הדורם עדת האל אחריך נמשכו. ראשי ישיבתם לגלות סבלו / לעשות רצון האל ומצות ערכו. יגאל אדון עולם ידידים נחלו / תורה ותושיה ובה נתברכו. לכבוד כתב ידך ביום שנקהלו / תזכר ותצילם בעת יתהלכו. שלם שמי כתוב בחרוזים ננעלו / שמחו בתורת אל ולשמו ברכו. 502: 603: 1453:, in the year 1,989 (=1678 CE), by order of al-Mahdi and Muhammad ben Ahmad" (End Quote). Yehudah Ratzaby (1984, p. 149) also brings down a manuscript extracted from the binding of an old book, now at the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York (239), in which the author complains: "The razing of the synagogue of Būsān on the fourth day of the week which is the third day of the year 1,989 (= 1678 CE), and the enemies forbade us to gather as a quorum of ten for prayer and three scrolls of Law were slashed to pieces. May He in His mercy save us and all Israel from all the decrees." See: Tobi (1999), pp. 78 -79) 869:) has already given the order that we not remain in our places. Whether rich man or poor man, or he that is respectable, together they have gone forth; let us proceed according to our ability, under the influences of Saturn's horoscope; its evil portent will bring destruction. If its light flickers, it is about to change. The wisdom of the Blessed God has decreed upon the Sages of Israel, even the chosen sons of Jacob. Our elder, Suleiman the Helmsman, will be the judge of those attempting to bypass . In his hand there is the Imām's order for all to see, while there is nothing disparaging about the matter. 859:. My companion, tighten the camel's gear and we'll begin moving after the ass. Let us proceed to 'Adinah, then to 'Amirah, and to al-'Ammār, while there we shall make camp. As for the young ones and those who were weak, their tears flowed like riverine brooks. 'Idaynah, receive those who are beloved! Go out to the gate of the city to welcome them! Now is the hour of testing those who are friends. Let them take pleasure in the weary fugitive, so that his fatigue might depart from him. Lo! They are the sons of the tribes and of those who are pious; those who are highborn and of gentility. 1200:(Letter of Tidings), and which was believed to have been disseminated amongst the community at large. Only excerpts of the letter have survived. The enactments called out for a more strict observance of certain laws which, heretofore, had been observed with leniency. Such strictures were to be incumbent upon the entire community and which, in the Rabbis' estimation, would have given to the community some merit in the face of oppression or persecution. Not all of these enactments, however, were upheld by the community, since some enactments were seen as breaking-away from tradition. 28: 794:), God's congregation, have been drawn after you! The heads of their academies have borne patiently the exile, / to do even the will of God, having valued the commandments. Redeem, O Master of the universe, your friends who have inherited / the Divine Law and sound wisdom, by which they have been blest! For the honour due to the writing of thine own hand on the day when they were gathered, / may you call to remembrance and deliver them during the time of their flight. My name is Shalem; 'tis written in the locked rhyme. / Rejoice in God's Divine Law, and bless His name!" 353: 123:(purity of religion), succeeded al-Mutawakkil Isma'il, but perpetuated the same hostilities toward his Jewish subjects as those made by his predecessor. Everything reached its climax between the years 1677 and 1680, when he ordered the destruction of the synagogues in Sana'a and elsewhere. By early summer of 1679, he gave an ultimatum unto his Jewish subjects, namely, that they had the choice of either converting to Islam, in which they'd be allowed to remain in the country, or of being killed by the sword. He gave to them three months to decide what they would do. 518:(the Jewish Quarter). This place attracted other migrant Jews from the other towns and villages from which they had been expelled and soon grew into a suburb, situate about one kilometer beyond the walls which then existed on the extreme west-side of the city. The first synagogue to be built in this place was the Alsheikh synagogue, which housed the most prized possessions: Torah scrolls and old, handwritten manuscripts. Jewish houses were made "low, seldom more than two storeys, and built of sun-baked brick dressed with mud." Today, the place is called 238:, as the crow flies. The reason being for this urgent request was that, by taking into consideration their troubles in a barren wasteland, those that will remain of them will be more inclined to repent and to choose the way of Islam, in which case it will be easier to hoist them from that place and to bring them back unto their former places. The grandees reminded the king how they had been faithful in implementing his orders. At hearing this, the king agreed and sent orders to the effect that Jewish exiles should be conducted only to Mawza'. 203: 1139:, replete with pillows and cushions, and there, on the next day (Sabbath afternoon), the invited guests would repeat the seven benedictions for the bridegroom and bride, followed by prayer inside the tent, before being dismissed to eat of their third Sabbath meal, at which time some accompanied the bridegroom to his own house to eat with him there. The significance of this practice, according to Maharitz, was that they made the seven blessings even when not actually eating in that place, a practice which differs from today's custom. 20: 908:) calls out to all wise men, and says: 'Have you neglected the study of the Law? It is the reason for their ignorance. Let them repent before the masters and return unto their Lord. The day of redemption is nigh, and He shall gather together their dispersed. There is a time for drinking wine, together with dainties, and there is a time for delving in wisdom. He, whose wine makes him heavy laden, let him sleep from his weariness and from his burden. Let him wake-up to drink a second cup, such as may be imposed upon him. 254: 405:

nearly filled up one large room. They were of the opinion that they could appease the king, and that they would return to take their books. And it came to pass when they were gone away, that that man arose and set fire to them, and burnt them all. On that very hour, Israel became impoverished in all things, whether on account of their shortage of books, or on account of their own novellæ and commentaries being burnt. Nothing remained except a few things of what little they had, of scrolls of the Law and

182:, 10 August 1679), his edict was put into effect, and he ordered the Jews of Sana'a to take leave of their places, but gave more space to the provincial governors of Yemen to begin the expulsion of all other Jews in Yemen to Zeila', and which should be accomplished by them in a time period not to exceed twelve months. The Jews of Sana'a had, meanwhile, set out on their journey, leaving behind them their homes and possessions, rather than exchange their religion for another. In doing so, they brought 1109:, and they built there houses for their dwelling quarters and built for themselves an enclosing wall which extended as far as to the wall of the city built like unto a fortress. In only a short time God assisted them, and they built there a large city and one that was spacious. They also acquired wealth and they rose to prominence, while many of the villagers likewise seized with them, that they might dwell in the city, until it became full of people. At that time, Mori Yiḥya Halevi was the 313: 368:) gives a most captivating account of these harrowing events borne by the Jews of Sana'a in the years leading up to their expulsion, as also when they left their city, based on a hand-written document preserved and copied down by subsequent generations. Some have judged the sum and bearing of these events as a mere microscopic example of the sufferings experienced by the Jewish inhabitants as a whole, in each and every city throughout Yemen. Thus, he gives the following account: 127:

and intervened on their behalf. They came before the king and enquired concerning the decree, and insisted that the Jews had been loyal to their king and had not offended the Arab peoples, neither had they done anything worthy of death, but should only be punished a little for their "obduracy" in what concerns the religion of Islam. The king, agreeing to their counsel, chose not to kill his Jewish subjects, but decided to banish them from his kingdom. They were to be sent to

1527:. Rabbi Shelomo ben Saadia al-Manzeli (1610–1690) is said to have returned to his post after the Mawza Exile, serving as both President of the court at Ṣan'ā' and the city's spiritual instructor. He helped draft a series of enactments meant at bettering the spiritual condition of the Jewish community, by way of merit, and thereby hoping to prevent the recurrence of harsh decrees against the community in the future. See: Gavra (2010), vol. 1, p. 70. 540:) meant to humiliate the Jews and which not only forbade their riding upon donkeys and horses, but also from walking or passing to the right side of any Muslim. Jews were to pass only on the left side of all Muslims. They also petitioned the king that a Jew would be prohibited by an edict from raising his voice against any Muslim, but to behave in a lowly and contrite spirit, and that offenders would be made punishable by flogging. 89: 2255:(ibid.) refers merely to when the groom and bride are invited to make the "seven benedictions" in another house where, during the seven days of feasting, a supper had been made on behalf of a circumcision, or some other ceremonial meal other than what was specifically made on the groom's behalf, in which it is not permitted to say for them the "seven benedictions." See also Rabbi Ḥayim Kessar's Questions & Responsa 1097:, may the memory of the righteous be blessed, who brought about multiple forms of distempers upon that cruel king, who then regretted the evil and sent to call out unto them a conciliatory message, that they return to their place – with the one exception that they not dwell with them in the royal city built as a fortress. He then gave to them a possession, being a grand inheritance outside of the city, which is 1074:; a salty land, and one of very fearsome heat, while they were all tender and accustomed to delicacies. Many of them died along the way, while those who came there could not bear the climate of that place and its infirmities. Two thirds of them succumbed and perished, and they had entertained the notion that all of them would perish either by the plague, by famine or by thirst, may God forbid. 1058:) years ago while they were dwelling in that chief metropolis, when the daughter of the king became pregnant outside of wedlock, and they laid the blame upon a Jewish man, one of the king's courtiers and of those who behold his countenance. However, the king's wrath wasn't assuaged until he had banished all of the Jews from that city and the surrounding regions, expelling them to the region of 266:, only four years after the community's return to Dhurān, the author describes the sufferings of the Jews who were forced to leave their homes and to go into Mawza‛. One important revelation that emerges from his account of these events is that the Jews of Yemen had tried to pacify the king's wrath by paying large sums of money to him, but which money the king refused to accept: 344:, speaking somewhat about this time, writes: "For the duration of one year since this decree was first issued, they went as sheep to the slaughter from all the districts of Yemen, while none remained of all those districts who did not go into exile, excepting the district of Nihm towards the east, and the district of al-Jawf, as well as the eastern district of Khawlan." 877:

dwell in Yemen, seeing that He is a Shepherd and the Faithful God. We shall then hear the song of the sons of Heman (i.e. the sons of Zerah, the son of Judah). Let him then take away the poison of the adder, which is most bitter. Let him command Yinnon (i.e. the Messiah) and the Prefect (i.e. Elijah, the forerunner of the Messiah), and let him say to him: 'Draw nigh!'

702:. Therein is found a vivid description of the events which transpired in that fateful year and which reads as follows: "Among the mosques built in the vicinity of al-Sā'ilah, northwards from the path which leads from al-Sā'ilah to al-Quzālī, and the mosque Ben al-Ḥussein built by the Imam of the Qasimid dynasty, the son of Muhammad (i.e. al-Mahdi Ahmad b. al-Ḥasan b. 1196:), came together in the newly built Alsheikh synagogue and decided to put in place a series of enactments meant at bettering the spiritual condition of the community, and which they hoped would prevent the recurrence of such harsh decrees against the Jewish community in the future. These enactments were transcribed in a document entitled 190:

brethren when they passed through their communities in the coming weeks or days. The king's soldiers were sent to escort the exiles unto their final destination, while the king himself had sent orders to the governors of the outlying districts and places where it was known that the Jewish exiles were to pass through while

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already sold our fields, have forsaken our houses, and have submitted to the decree of our lord, .' The young men wept, as also the pious men, when His anger was turned against us. Consider, O Lord, and reflect upon how many distinguished men, as well as those who were delicately raised, have been humiliated!

590:, some eighty-three years following the community's return to Sana'a. He estimated their numbers at only two-thousand. These had built, up until 1761, fourteen synagogues within the new Jewish Quarter. In 1902, before the famine of 1905 decimated more than half of the city's Jewish population, German explorer 770:, which same poem is meant to be chanted as a slow dirge by one or, at the most, two individuals, who are then answered by others who sit in attendance. It is sung without the accompaniment of musical instruments, although a tin drum is sometimes used, in accordance with what is customary and proper for the 1089:, on account of our great iniquities. Notwithstanding, it is by the mercies of the Lord that we have not perished. He (i.e. God) did not prolong the days of their exile, but sent great distempers upon the king and upon his household. (They say that this was on account of the virtue of that pious Rabbi, the 103:(1644–1676), there was a crucial turning point in the condition of Jews living under the Imamate kingdom of Yemen. He endorsed the most hostile policies toward his Jewish subjects, partly due to the claim that the Jews were aiding the Ottoman Turks during the local uprising against them. The rise of the 900:

are complaining about how destruction and evil have come over them. They recall the conversations revolving around the Divine Law spoken , and the vines and the flowers ; they recall also the social gatherings where wine was served, and the chalices, and the splendour of their wedding feasts, where

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coastal plain. During their long trek there, the king's soldiers pressed them on. Many of the sick and elderly and children died along the way. Others would later succumb to the harsh weather conditions of that place. All, however, suffered from hunger and thirst. Eventually, the community of Sana'a

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Around the beginning of September 1679, approximately one month after the Jews of Sana'a had set out for Mawza‛, Jews that hailed from Dhurān – a village situated about three days' walking distance southwest of Sana'a – were also evacuated from their village. In a letter written in 1684 to the Jewish

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who was reported as saying, "There shall not be two religions in Arabia." When it was determined that these laws did indeed apply to Yemen, since the country was an indivisible part of the Arabian Peninsula, it then became incumbent upon Jews living in Yemen to either convert to Islam or to leave the

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In conclusion, that He who is congenial (i.e. God) might conceal us in the covert of His mercy. The Benevolent One shall not forget us, while we shall proclaim the eminence of His bountiful grace. He that will console us, may he be merited with a good life. He that gives to us clothing, may his own

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By the merit of our forefathers, by the favour Levi who is of Jacob's seed, make level along the route in your wilderness for the son who is, both, comely and good. And by the nut tree garden may you sedate my heart which is in pain. As for Gabriel and the rooster, I have heard them in the street,

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The Exile of Mawzaʻ brought about demographic changes that could be felt all across Yemen. In Sana'a, to distinguish the original inhabitants from incoming migrant Jews, all newcomers who chose to dwell in the newly built Jewish Quarter were given surnames, each one after the place from which he was

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Now while they ventured out in exile, several wise and pious men perished along the way, and several families were utterly taken away from off the face of the earth. Now, it has been told to us that about eighty souls died in one short period of time during one single journey in the desert, near the

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The king's words led to no small consternation amongst his Jewish subjects in Yemen, who immediately declared a time of public fasting and prayer, which they did both by night and day. Their plight soon became known to the local Yemeni tribesmen, whose chiefs and principal men pitied their condition

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of the east) were spared this fate by virtue of their Arab patrons who refused to obey the king's orders. Many would die along the route and while confined to the hot and arid conditions of this forbidding terrain. After one year in exile, the exiles were called back to perform their usual tasks and

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The Mashtaite has said: O God, remove mine affliction. Our strength is brought low in Yemen, in the days of my exile. In both small and great matters, I think about my case. Now, by the abundance delights have been diminished. O gracious God! He who instructs my tongue to speak, Heaven forbid that

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which dispenses of life. Neither had there remained any of them, save ten people for every hundred , while the majority of them did not return to settle in their former place, but were scattered in all the districts of Yemen. That is, aside from the family of the Levites, most of whom returned and

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At that time, the Muslims passed a new edict which forbade Jews from dwelling within Muslim neighborhoods, so as not to "defile their habitations," although they were at liberty to work in the city. Those who traversed between the Jewish Quarter and the city would go by foot, while those who were

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literature , as well as several leather-bound books which had been composed by the early scholars in their own hand-writing, for they were not able to carry them because of the encumbrance along the way, since they had been driven out on a sudden, they and their wives and children. Now these books

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The author goes on to explain how that, when they reached their destination, they wept bitterly, since many of them had perished as in a plague, and they were unable to bury them because of the excruciating heat. When some of their party had tried to escape at night, approximately seventy men, the

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movement in Yemen in 1666 exacerbated the problems facing the community, calling into question their status as protected wards of the State. One decree led to another. The king initially demanded their conversion to Islam and when they refused, he made them stand out in the sun without apparel for

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62:10), where he brings down a certain opinion which states that it is not permissible for the groom and bride to be entertained in another person's house other than in his own house during the seven days of wedding festivities, unless he and his bride were to leave their own house or town for an

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Weep, O Rachel, in our city for wandering sons! Stir up our forefathers, let them arise, standing upon their feet, so that they may make mention of our fathers who, with grace, insist upon God's unison. May God's favour accompany us, in whose shadow we fervently desire. Let him gather those who

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Rabbi Suleiman al-Naqqāsh, by his wisdom and care for his community, had preemptively made arrangements for the community's safety and upkeep by sending written notifications to the Jewish communities which lay along the route, requesting that they provide food and assistance to their poor Jewish

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The Appendix treats on ancient Jewish houses in San'a before the expulsion of Jews from the city, based on five legal deeds of sale drawn up before 1679, and proves beyond doubt that the newer houses in the new Jewish Quarter were built according to exactly the same plan as those in their former

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Now during the time of this exile and perdition, they had lost all of their precious belongings, and their handwritten books, as well as their peculiar compositions which they possessed of old. I have also seen their synagogues and places of study used by them of old in the city of the gentiles;

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then took leave, and have wandered unto those select places, even unto the habitation of vipers and brute beasts. Even from al-Mahjam and from Dar'ān it was decreed over us to leave; by authorization of an edict which has overcome us. Now, we shall wait in Mawza'; there we shall dwell in the far

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estimated the Jewish population of Sana'a at somewhere between six and eight thousand. G. Wyman Bury, who visited the Jewish Quarter of Sana'a in 1905 noted a decrease in the city's population from 1891, estimated at 50,000 people (Jews and Muslims alike), to only about 20,000 people in 1905. By

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Those Jews who survived, who returned either to Sana'a or to the other towns and villages, were mostly ill from being exposed to the changes in climate and from the poor quality of drinking water. In Sana'a, they were required to relinquish their ownership over their houses and fields within the

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I am curtailed of my sleep from dismay, while tears run down my cheeks. When our elder, al-Naqqāsh, had arrived, all of the Jews were shaken-up. 'Let us go out into the barren wasteland, a place of monstrous beasts and every kind of lion. Happy is he who returns safely from that place. We have

435:, and when he had then finished his reading, he began to expound , and the spirit of God moved him, and he said that the present decree had been given from the start since ancient times, and is alluded to and is cleverly arranged and has been preserved in the acrostic at the end of each word , 158:). The Jews of Sana'a were given but short notice about the things that were about to happen to them. They had been advised to sell their houses, fields and vineyards, and that all property which they were unable to sell would automatically be confiscated and accrue to the Public Treasury (Ar. 388:

and captured it. And in the year one thousand, nine-hundred and eighty-seven (1676 CE), he destroyed the synagogues of the Jews. Then in the year one thousand, nine-hundred and eighty-eight (1677 CE) there was a famine, and in the year one thousand, nine-hundred and eighty-nine (1678 CE) he

245:, southeast Sana'a), all of which places lie within Sana'a's periphery. The Jews had sent fifteen letters to the king in al-Ghirās, asking him to forgive them of whatever offence they may have committed and to permit them to remain in their former settlements, yet none of these did he answer. 786:"I shall shed my tears – like rain they shall pour down / over all the pleasant sons who have gone forth into exile. They have forgotten what pertains to their happiness, and have also been diminished. / They journeyed in haste; along the parched ground they trod. On the day when 'Uzal (i.e. 574:, stretching as far as the extremity of the land of Arḥab, being also a walking distance of one and a half days. These trace their lineage to Sasson the Levite, their ancestor, seeing that there was a law for the early Jews in Yemen for each family to dwell separately; the family of priests ( 336:

went personally before the king with a petition to bring back his Jewish subjects. The king acquiesced and sent emissaries bearing food and water to call them back to their former cities. Some returned only to find their homes taken by usurping occupants. Others decided to move and to settle

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Hijri (= 29 September 1677), nearly two years before the actual expulsion. The matter was delayed only because the governor wished to consult first with the religious scholars of his city. All this may have been done without the foreknowledge of the Jewish community. See: van Koningsveld,

1040:, visited the Jewish community in Yemen, less than 200 years after the Exile of Mawza', but still heard vivid accounts from the people about the things that befell their ancestors during that fateful event. Later, he made a written account of the same in his momentous ethnographic work, 270:….On account of our many iniquities, God stirred up the spirit of the king who dwells in this country to banish us; we and our wives and our children, unto a barren desert, a place of serpents and scorpions and scorching fire; wrath pursues , so that there has been fulfilled in us : 912:

wishes be fulfilled. My salutations go out unto those of my companions on this happy, but powerful night; until Venus comes out . That which my God has decreed shall come to pass, while for every thing there is a reason. The birds will once again trill at the top of the ben tree (

2271:# 2), where he says that after the wedding, it was never a custom in Yemen that a man's bride accompanied him when he was invited to eat in the home of others. He reasons that, since she is not with him, they should not say the seven benedictions for the bridegroom alone. 839:(i.e. corresponds with the 2nd day of the lunar month Elul), saying, 'My companions, arise and ascribe singularity unto the Merciful One, and read that has been inscribed! Hearken to these matters, and let not your mind be distracted, for the appointed time is at hand. 332:

was joined by other Jewish communities from across Yemen. In Mawzaʻ they remained for one full year, until 1680, when the king's non-Jewish subjects began to complain about their lack of farm implements which had been exclusively made by Jewish craftsmen. The governor of

2243:# 252, although the enactment seemed to have been rejected by Maharitz, in favour of Israel's older practice in Yemen. Rabbi Shalom Yitzhaq Halevi informs us that the Yemenite custom in his day was as that taught by Maharitz, and rectifies the discrepancy between the 485:! By the end of the year, the blessed God took mercy upon them and the king was appeased by agreeing to bring back the Jews, only he did not permit them to return to their former houses, but rather to build for themselves houses outside of the city. And so it was. 108:

three days, which was later followed by harsher decrees. It is said that al-Mutawakkil Isma'il consulted with the religious scholars of Islam and sought to determine whether or not the laws concerning Jews in the Arabian Peninsula applied also to Yemen, citing

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One Jewish poet bewails their fate at this time, saying: "Since the day that they removed the turbans from our heads (i.e. 1666), we are full of orders which he decrees . He has placed over our heads who is the master of oppression!" See: Ratzaby (1961), p.

1502:

was also a scholar, well-versed in Torah, but this was not a condition for his office. Among his duties, he was a representative of the community in all its affairs before the government. He was also entrusted with the duty of collecting the annual poll-tax

552:

He (i.e. the king) then commanded to give license unto the Jews to return unto the country and to build for themselves tents, although set apart from the houses of the Muslims so that they will not defile them. Those who were banished then came up from the

147:

was concentrated in the neighborhood of al-Sā'ilah, within the walled city, as one enters Bab al-Shaʻub (the Shaʻub Gate) on Sana'a's north side. The chief rabbi of the Jewish community at that time was an elder to whom they gave the title of Prince

548:(Vicissitudes of Time), being one of the earliest Jewish accounts of the expulsion (initially compiled by Yaḥyā ben Judah Ṣa'di in 1725) and which work has since undergone several recensions by later chroniclers, we read the following testimony: 389:

expelled Israel unto the desert of Mawzaʻ, which is a horrific place, and one known for its excruciating heat; its air being bad. No man could proceed upon the ground on account of their over weariness and the blisters which effected their feet.

165:

By late 1679, when the king saw that they were unrelenting in their fathers' faith, he then decided to follow through with what he had determined for them and issued a decree, banishing all Jews in his kingdom to the Red Sea outpost known as

2041:

Lit. "...have wandered unto Khabt," perhaps being the Al-Khabt in the Abyan District, in the far south-eastern reaches of Yemen, near the Indian Ocean. Yehudah Ratzaby suggests that the sense here is to two towns, the one being called

285:. We went with shame and with reproach, in hunger and in thirst, and in nakedness and in deprivation of all things, unto that place which the king had decreed over us, for he had no wish for money, but rather in seeing our destruction. 536:

either aged or ill would make use of beasts of burden to carry them into the city, the Jewish Quarter being then at a distance of about one-kilometer from the city's walls. The king then passed a series of discriminatory laws (Ar.

544:

exiled, so that a man who came from the district of Sharʻab was called so-and-so, al-Sharʻabi, or he that came from the village of Maswar was called so-and-so, al-Maswari. In the words of the Jewish chronicler who wrote

522:(Ar. قاع العلفي). The lands upon which they built the new Jewish Quarter were lands provided by the king, but the Jews were later required to pay a monthly tenancy fee for the land, and which money accrued to the Muslim 384:, the son of Ḥasan, reigned in his stead, who was called al-Ḥasni, who expelled the Turks, and ruled by strength of arms, and was a man of exploits, and went up north and captured those districts, and went as far as to 1863:(1932), vol. 2, p. 969, s.v. דופי הזמן. A microfilm copy of this work is available at the National Library of Israel in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Givat Ram Campus), Manuscript Dept., Microfilm reel # F-9103. 2076:.) Second edition, Jerusalem 1972, pp. 2–3. The original Judeo-Arabic text can also be had at the Hebrew University National Library (Givat Ram Campus), Jerusalem, Manuscript Dept., Microfilm reel # F-9103. 615:

One of the outcomes of the king's notorious decree was that Jewish property passed into Muslim hands. A Jewish public bath house in Sana'a was relinquished and passed into the proprietorship of the Muslim

277:. He has destroyed our synagogues, and has darkened the light of our eyes. 'Go away! unclean!' they cry out unto us, while the taskmasters are in a hurry, saying: 'Go away from here; purify yourselves!' 2218:(Prayer precentor). Maharitz would later adamantly oppose the enactment, since it sought to cancel the ancient tradition in Yemen in this regard in which it had always been a practice to make only one 668:= synagogue) into a mosque, / for bowing down unto God or standing , by that decree, he would have still been most triumphant. Now the time of this event happened to concur with the date that is in 113:

country. Yet, since the king fell ill and was bedridden, he did not presently perform his plan to expel the Jews from his kingdom, but commanded the heir to his throne, al-Mahdi Ahmad, to do so.

3420: 725:

Rabbi Amram Qorah, in the same work, brings down Rabbi Pinheas ben Gad Hacohen's account of events, whose testimony he found written in the margin of the first page of a Prayer Book (

510:

city's wall, in the neighborhood of al-Sā'ilah, and were directed to build humble abodes in a new area outside of the city's walls, in a place then known as the "hyena's field" (Ar.

415:

village of Mawzaʻ, on account of iniquities. On that upcoming Sabbath when they reached the village of Mawzaʻ it happened to be the Sabbath reading for the biblical lection known as

566:

settled in their place. Now their dwelling place was from the town of ash-Sharafah, eastward of Wadi al-Sirr, stretching as far as the town of al-'Arus which lies in the region of

290:

next morning when the sun arose they were stricken down by the intense heat, and there they died. The author concludes by saying, "Now, this decree of exile was at the beginning of

722:), and which apparently had been composed by the said judge, in which he describes the exploits of the king who banished the Jews and who converted their synagogue into a mosque. 714:

on the west side of Sana'a, just as it has been intimated by the scholarly judge, Muhammad b. Ibrahim al-Suḥuli, etc." Rabbi Amram Qorah then proceeds to bring down the words or

304:." Here, the author makes a play on words; the Hebrew word for "ended" (Heb. תם) having the numerical value of 440, the same as the year when abbreviated without the millennium. 1594:

to convert to Islam or else face punishment, they are to prefer punishment rather than exchange their religion for another, and, in so doing, they bring sanctity to God's name.

893:

you have forgotten me! Unto Whom belong signs and wonders. Behold, it was upon us that He bestowed His bounty, and He has chosen Moses, the son of Amram, our beloved prophet!

488:

After these things, they settled in that place wherein the king had given to them to dwell, and they built houses. Now, in those days they appointed over themselves a Prince (

1646:

Hebrew expression of contriteness, signifying the people's acceptance of God's judgments and which expression is based on the Jewish teaching that all of God's ways are just.

1146:, mentions a historical note about the old synagogue in Sana'a, before the expulsion of Jews from the city in 1679, and which is written in the glosses of an old copy of the 1135:

for the bridegroom and bride on a Friday morning, following the couple's wedding the day before. On Friday (Sabbath eve) they would pitch a large tent within a garden called

241:

By the time the Jews of Sana'a reached Dhamar, they had already been joined by the Jewish villagers of Siān and Tan'im (located about 9.3 miles (15 km) eastward of

3224: 955:

They have destroyed all of the cities, and have cast their fear upon the Sages. There is none who takes an interest in our case, nor anyone who will take pity upon us.

4271: 764:

Another man who witnessed these events, Shalem 'Ashri, also wrote a suppliant poem about the events of that year – the Exile of Mawzaʻ, now preserved in the Yemenite

921:

Another record of these events, composed here in poetic verse (although the rhyme has been lost in the translation), is the poem composed by Sālim ben Sa'īd, in

901:

would delight himself in them, become inebriated, but would avoid that which is obscene or mockery; pure wine, whatever kind at hand, whose colour was as gold!

411:

s, and the other books which had been taken by the heads of the people in their own hands for their own needs in study and in reading from the books of the Law.

1290:

A history of Arabia Felix or Yemen, from the commencement of the Christian era to the present time : including an account of the British settlement of Aden

3967: 943:"I shall commence by addressing Him who is upon the throne , even He that is an Omniscient God, the Creator of all creatures; He who causes the dumb to speak. 4154: 815:

with only two stanzas written in Hebrew, the author gives a long testimony about the events which transpired during that year of exile. The poem is entitled,

3571: 230:, this time requesting that the king rescind his order to expel all Jews unto the Red Sea outpost of Zeila', but to be content with their banishment to the 4074: 392:

Now, during that same year, when they departed from Sana'a to go unto Mawzaʻ, there was a certain gentile unto whom they committed for safekeeping several

4783: 2050:. Initially, the king had agreed that Jews be permitted to resettle in these towns, but later changed his mind. See: Ratzaby (1961), pp. 378-379, note *4. 2206:, s.v. ערב, instead of the traditional forty blasts which had been observed earlier. Another enactment sought to make it a standard procedure during the 1964:(1988), pp. 9 -10. Moshe Gavra brings down the same account, mentioning that Rabbi Pinheas ben Gad Hacohen of Dhamar had first written this account in a 996:

Your covenant and your signs have been forever. You have intoxicated your people with the waters of Abraham, the covenant between the dissected halves.

3678: 3809: 3686: 3177:

Yemenite Authorities and Jewish Messianism: Aḥmad ibn Nāṣir al-Zaydī's Account of the Sabbatian Movement in Seventeenth Century Yemen and its Aftermath

2068:

Ratzaby (1961), pp. 379-380 (Translation of the original Judeo-Arabic), s.v. poem entitled: אבדע ברב אלערש; The original Judeo-Arabic was published in

881:

whilst my pigeon is at rest; she calls out to the poor: 'Release from their bonds!' In Zion there is to be found relief, whilst our portion is in the

1445:(in manuscript form), p. 112 (Yosef Tobi's Private Collection), there is the following marginal note which reads: "The synagogue was destroyed here, 1002:

They (i.e. the gentiles) cast their fear upon us, while the horsemen inflict us. No one tries to help us, nor is there anyone who takes pity upon us.

823:, who was an eye-witness to these events and whose name is inscribed in the poem in acrostics. The rhyme, however, has been lost in the translation: 210:

Meanwhile, while columns of men, women and children were advancing by foot southward with only bare essentials, along the road leading from Sana'a to

528:(mortmain land) for the upkeep of their own places of worship. Between the new Jewish Quarter and the city walls was a suburb full of gardens called 3510: 3466: 2299: 1466: 710:

1091 (= 1679 CE) in the synagogue of the Jewish Quarter, who banished them from Sana'a and removed them unto a place befitting them, now known as

3217: 1735:

This reading, based on the sequence of the biblical portions that are read throughout the year, would have been read the following year, in 1680.

1498:

was conferred upon a man belonging to the community's most noble and richest family. There was no direct election for this post. In general, the

978:

On the day in which he took them out of their houses, their eyes rained tears of blood. They had gone out a short distance in the dark of night.

949:

He has revealed his ill-intentions on a dark night, one made sullen by the shadow of death; and who has sent against us soldiers and oppressors.

946:

I was curtailed of my sleep this night, while my heart was aching on account the king's decree; he that has made a decree against us by an oath.

154:), Rabbi Suleiman al-Naqqāsh, while the city's chief seat of learning was under the tutelage of Rabbi and Judge, Shelomo ben Saadia al-Manzeli ( 5311: 4145: 2946: 2863: 2771: 2737: 2703: 2571: 2419: 2349: 1590:

no. 92 , Warsaw 1882 (reprinted), p. 47 (Hebrew pagination כד). Here, the author makes it clear that if Jews are collectively compelled by the

5394: 3595: 5508: 1020:

Remember Moses who built for you the Tent of Convocation in the Sinai wilderness, on the day in which your Divine Presence dwelt thereon.

194:

to Zeila', commanding them not to permit any Jew to remain in those cities when they reached them, but to send them on in their journey.

4686: 3486: 3210: 2032:

The English translation (in the collapsible thread) is based on the Hebrew translation of the poem made by Ratzaby (1961), pp. 353-354.

1540:(1958); Qafih (1989), vol. 2, p. 713, note 130. According to Arabic sources, Imām al-Mahdī had ordered the newly appointed governor of 3314: 430:

And I shall bring them into the land of their enemies, perhaps then their uncircumcised heart should be brought under submission etc.

226:, the chiefs of the indigenous Sabaean tribes who had been the patrons of the Jews came together once again and petitioned the king, 150: 660:. Unto him is ascribed dignities, such as were not accorded / before , even in part. Had he not done aught but banish / the Jews of 3306: 587: 2817: 2779: 1859:

the younger" (= Sa'īd, or Se'adyah), the usual rendition for this name given in the reversed order of the Hebrew alphabet. See:

981:

Several distinguished persons, and several disciples of the Sages ; they and their little ones, who were without understanding.

4679: 4557: 3390: 2520:

Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und andern umliegenden Ländern (Description of Travel to Arabia and Other Neighboring Countries)

2214:

to make two prayers: the first, by the congregation praying silently, followed by a repetition of the prayer said aloud by the

984:'You are obliged to go forth into exile; `tis from the Lord of Heaven, who once delivered us from the hand of wicked Pharaoh.' 3159:(2018), "Attitude of the Muslim Authority in Yemen to the Jewish Messianic Movement", in Rachel Yedid; Danny Bar-Maoz (eds.), 1005:

They have humiliated our religion, and have called out to us to become Muslims; even to sin and to desecrate your Divine Law.

5583: 5175: 952:

We lifted up our voices unto God of heaven, : 'Remove from us the evil of this decree. Behold! You are He that governs all!'

296:

5440 (= 1679 CE), and the blessed God redeemed us at the end; the sign of which being: 'The punishment of your iniquity has

5327: 5248: 4917: 4513: 3397: 1017:

Remember me, O God, on account of the Divine Law's hidden mystery! So, too, remember Jacob, 'the man of pure intentions' !

3031: 2023:

An allusion to the tablets of the Ten Commandments, given to the people of Israel while they were gathered at Mount Sinai.

532:(the Single's Well), being once the Turkish Quarter. In subsequent years, the Jewish Quarter was also enclosed by a wall. 5568: 4383: 2364:(in German). Vol. 7.1934. Heidelberg: Carl Winters Kulturgeschichte Bibliothek, I. Reihe: Ethnologische bibliothek. 3345: 1360:

The one exception being Tan'am, which although it lies in the principality of Khawlan, was not spared the fate of exile.

698:

brings down a brief history of the said mosque, taken from a book originally drawn up in Arabic and which was entitled:

5020: 4285: 1949: 5319: 5068: 5061: 4767: 3102: 3072: 3013: 2983: 2639: 2527: 2463: 1218: 1014:

I have concluded my words, my brethren! Take-up my salutations and remain silent! Our hope is in God the Omniscient.

748:

to bear all the afflictions. So, too, was there fulfilled in us by reason of our iniquities the scripture that says,

1226:

Chapters in the Heritage of Yemenite Jewry Under the Influence of Shulhan Arukh and the Kabbalah of R. Yitzhaq Luria

323:

Mawzaʻ is a town situated eleven-days' walking distance from Sana'a, and ca. 12 miles (20 km) from the port of

5486: 5295: 5196: 5118: 5004: 4657: 4650: 3985: 3412: 3156: 3120: 3090: 3060: 896:

The pampered pigeons are cooing in the tops of the citadels. The householders of al-Sā'ilah who have come to visit

80:

labors for the indigenous Arab populations, who had been deprived of goods and services on account of their exile.

1131:(d. 1805) mentions in his Responsa that before the Exile of Mawza the Jews of Sana'a had an old custom to say the 5414: 5303: 4564: 1026:

Praise be to you, O Master of the universe! `Tis from me, Sālim ben Sa'īd, who has written rhymed verse."

1008:

He (i.e. the Imām) has issued against us frequent declarations; shall we not fear the punishment of God on High?

55:, in which Jews living in nearly all cities and towns throughout Yemen were banished by decree of the king, Imām 4079: 5573: 5558: 5104: 4933: 4901: 4729: 4643: 3184: 3124: 2014:

Based on Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Judeo-Arabic translation of Hadoram in Genesis 10:27, which is rendered as Dhamar.

1417: 4376: 602: 5578: 5351: 5343: 5256: 3770: 4846: 2427: 1992:

Based on Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Judeo-Arabic translation of 'Uzal in Genesis 10:27, which is rendered as Sanaa.

5210: 4988: 4909: 4885: 4355: 3458: 4536: 3847: 975:

They wandered unto Mawza' and walked along the paths, in the fierce blaze of heat and with severe thirst.

755:. Yet, the divine Name, blessed be He, gives us strength to bear all those troubles and travails each day. 5548: 5335: 4751: 4636: 2231:

extended period of time, in which case it is then permissible. The enactment is mentioned with regard to

999:

But now, O king of most puissant kings, your people are sadly distressed and are deprived of all things.

1178:). I studied with them a long time ago, during the time when the synagogue of Sana'a was still standing 733:

Now I shall inform you, my brethren, about what has happened to us at this time, since the beginning of

5182: 5132: 4941: 4759: 4693: 4470: 4150: 3726: 3290: 1536:

Rabbi Yosef Qafih believes that they were given advance warning as early as late-summer of 1678. See:

987:

My heart moans over my relatives who are missing. I have no pleasure in sleep, nor in bread or water!

5367: 5240: 5203: 5125: 4806: 3654: 3263: 1669: 317: 1726:

Professor Yosef Tobi says that the date here is in error, and should rather be amended to read 1679.

1062:, a desolate wilderness (a walking distance of ten days' journey in a south-westerly direction from 993:

Praised be the Creator of the heavenly circuits, the Ruler of all , unto whom none can be compared.

5375: 5359: 5090: 5012: 4996: 4463: 4129: 3563: 2194:

One of the enactments called out for making one-hundred blasts of the horn on the Jewish New Year (

377: 100: 885:, just as a son who is dearly loved. We shall then behold the house of our God, and the houses of 352: 51:;‎ 1679–1680) is considered the single most traumatic event experienced collectively by the 5563: 5287: 4348: 2971: 2956:

Ohel Dawid - Descriptive Catalogue of the Hebrew and Samaritan Manuscripts in the Sassoon Library

2222:-prayer. Another enactment concerned the seven benedictions mentioned by Rabbi Yosef Karo in his 501: 393: 4213: 3794: 1544:, Muhammad ibn al-Mutawakkil, to expel the Jews and demolish their synagogues on 1 Shaʻbān 1088 5588: 5543: 5465: 5430: 5232: 5168: 4838: 4456: 4184: 4113: 3943: 3887: 3627: 3496: 3298: 1788: 1520: 1192:

Upon returning to Sana'a, the Chief Rabbis, led by R. Shelomo Manzeli and Yiḥya Halevi (called

922: 812: 776:(a rejoinder). His own name is spelt out in acrostic form in the first letters of each stanza: 561:; one man from a city and two from a family, for most of them had been consumed by the land of 365: 202: 5189: 1011:

Our elders have gone forth into exile by an urgent command, whether willingly or unwillingly.

990:

A flame burns inside of me, ever since the evil tidings reached me; I have become perplexed.

5516: 5402: 4964: 4854: 4543: 4506: 4420: 3710: 3555: 3474: 3428: 3383: 3361: 2920: 2500:

The Mishnah: Seder Mo'ed - A Yemenite Manuscript (סדר מועד של המשנה : כתב־יד בנוסח תימן)

1860: 1852: 1693: 673: 3959: 3927: 958:

He lifted up his right hand and swore, 'They have no choice but to be banished unto Mawza!'

4862: 4822: 4707: 4369: 4097: 4089: 3974: 3951: 3879: 3787: 3758: 3750: 3702: 3646: 3271: 2880: 2835: 1232:

Hathaway, Jane (2005). "The Mawza 'Exile at the Juncture of Zaydi and Ottoman Messianism".

361: 27: 4220: 1855:

attributes the writing to Sa'īd, based on the author's own remark that he is "the son of

8: 4893: 4830: 4775: 4700: 4313: 4121: 4051: 3817: 3611: 3587: 3517: 3373: 2447: 2294: 1848: 1438: 1157: 1143: 570:, a walking distance of about one and a half days; as well as the breadth of the city of 72: 3895: 1054:" dwelt securely, beneath the shadow of the kings of that country, until three-hundred ( 1023:

Do not forget Isaac, your bound , on the day in which he spoke to Abraham face to face.

620:. So, too, the once famous synagogue within Sana'a's walled city and which was known as 135:, where they would be confined for life, or else repent and accept the tenets of Islam. 5423: 5279: 5146: 5097: 4972: 4925: 4492: 4427: 3911: 3871: 3780: 3619: 3144: 3001: 2940: 2857: 2765: 2731: 2697: 2565: 2413: 1267: 1259: 703: 657: 599:

visited Sana'a, the Jewish population in the city had swollen to about seven thousand.

179: 1968:

that he had written for Rabbi Yehudah Ṣa'adi in 1680. See: Gavra (2010), vol. 1, p. 72

5458: 5451: 5444: 5111: 4629: 4600: 3539: 3485: 3353: 3322: 3190: 3180: 3164: 3148: 3108: 3098: 3078: 3068: 3049: 3039: 3019: 3009: 2989: 2979: 2959: 2928: 2908: 2888: 2869: 2845: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2753: 2719: 2685: 2665: 2645: 2635: 2631: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2553: 2533: 2523: 2503: 2486: 2469: 2459: 2455: 2435: 2401: 2385: 2377: 2365: 2343: 2332: 2324: 2199: 1896: 1603: 1308: 1304: 1271: 1251: 1214: 1170: 1160:. The marginal note concerns the accurate pronunciation of the word אישות in Mishnah 591: 4499: 3202: 2247:

and the Yemenite Jewish custom by writing in the glosses of his 1894 edition of the

1127:

There are several references to Jewish life in Sana'a before the expulsion of 1679.

1044:. The full, unabridged account is given here (translated from the original Hebrew): 19: 5493: 4390: 4299: 4044: 3718: 3670: 3547: 3136: 2545: 2087:

And you shall go forth at eventide in their sight, as they that go forth into exile

1784: 1285: 1243: 175: 4550: 4320: 5553: 5472: 4814: 4341: 4327: 4227: 4105: 4037: 3855: 3742: 3603: 3524: 3140: 2515: 2452:

The Yemenites – History, Communal Organization, Spiritual Life (Selected Studies)

1884: 1872: 1836: 1824: 1800: 1756: 1744: 1705: 1582: 1567: 1537: 1478: 1462: 1381: 679: 583: 341: 76: 40: 2005:, the son of Hagar (handmaid of Abraham), and the progenitor of the Arab nation. 253: 5479: 5437: 5139: 4607: 4434: 4278: 4249: 4137: 4030: 3919: 3903: 3503: 2822: 2203: 1446: 1094: 1078: 897: 882: 866: 840: 820: 765: 653: 649: 558: 381: 227: 183: 116: 56: 4306: 3168: 3023: 1247: 5537: 4593: 4397: 4292: 4191: 4168: 4066: 4002: 3863: 3694: 3194: 3112: 3043: 2993: 2963: 2912: 2892: 2849: 2809: 2801: 2745: 2723: 2689: 2610: 2602: 2557: 2537: 2490: 2439: 2405: 2369: 2336: 2211: 2195: 1908: 1296: 1255: 1132: 856: 791: 596: 312: 211: 68: 52: 3995: 3082: 3038:(in Hebrew). Vol. 3. Tel-Aviv/Jaffa - Bnei Brak: Mekhon Shetile zetim. 2932: 2757: 2669: 2649: 2507: 2473: 1507:), as also to settle disputes arising between members of the community. See 1312: 4980: 2900: 2389: 2357: 2116: 1508: 1491: 1322: 1067: 1037: 738: 707: 687: 324: 242: 235: 67:, those Jewish inhabitants who lived in the far eastern quarters of Yemen ( 3053: 2907:(in Hebrew). Vol. 1 (ch. 43). Lyck: Mʹkize Nirdamim / L. Silbermann. 2873: 2128:

Should be amended to read "approximately two-hundred years ago," i.e. 1679

1579:

In accordance with a teaching in Leviticus 22:31–32, and explained in the

632:– the Mosque of the Expulsion, or "of those banished." On the frieze (Ar. 4023: 2711: 2677: 2657: 2623: 2580: 2434:(in Hebrew). Vol. 1–4. Benei Barak: Mechon le'ḥeqer ḥakhmei tayman. 2236: 2178: 2140: 1961: 1945: 1933: 1780: 1681: 1619:

Ratzaby (1961), p. 367, s.v. poem entitled: אבן אלאסבאט אבדע, lines 16–19

1385: 1369: 1128: 695: 664:, who are the 'scum' of the world, and turned their venerable place (Ar. 104: 1164:

1:4, and reads as follows: "Now the Jews of Sana'a read it as אִישׁוּת (

4016: 4009: 3935: 3579: 1666:

Voyages and Travels to India, Ceylon, the Red Sea, Abyssinia, and Egypt

1628:

Ratzaby (1961), p. 369, s.v. poem entitled: אבן אלאסבאט אבדע, lines 4–5

1591: 1263: 1234: 1152: 965:, the habitation of the Divine Law and the seating place of the Sages. 886: 606:

Three Jewish boys standing in the Jewish Quarter of Sana'a - circa 1938

425: 417: 292: 819:– "Tidings have reached us," and is the work of the illustrious poet, 3161:

Ascending the Palm Tree: An Anthology of the Yemenite Jewish Heritage

1541: 1120: 1090: 1077:(Here, J. Saphir brings down a poem written about the event by Rabbi 1063: 962: 852: 844: 787: 715: 661: 571: 401: 234:

coastal town of Mawza', a town about 29 kilometres (18 mi) from

223: 144: 2583:, ed. (1958). "'Qorot Yisra'el be-Teman' by Rabbi Hayyim Habshush". 1228:, Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, pp. 145–158 (in Hebrew) 4362: 3734: 3233: 2839: 567: 385: 109: 1085:

eternal desolations 'and where demons will be found making sport'

2887:(in Hebrew). Vol. 1–4. Jerusalem: Ḳeren Agudat ha-Maharits. 2784: 2585: 2432:

Meḥqarim basiddurei tayman (Studies in the Prayer Books of Yemen)

2002: 1180: 1147: 938:

Poem: "I Shall Commence by Addressing Him who is Upon the Throne"

333: 132: 88: 2295:

The Exile of Mawza, by Dr. Aharon Gaimani of Bar-Ilan University

4334: 3237: 3174: 2306:

The Mawza Exile at the Juncture of Zaydi and Ottoman Messianism

2219: 2207: 1610:, by Uziel al-Nadaf, (Part II) Jerusalem 1992 (Hebrew), pp. 4-5 1059: 969: 843:

the king has decreed over us that we take flight.' The Jews of

772: 625: 562: 554: 492:), even the teacher and rabbi, Yiḥya Halevi, of blessed memory. 407: 397: 372:...In the year one thousand, nine-hundred and eighty-six (1675 328: 263: 231: 5413: 3067:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem: The Magnes Press – Hebrew University. 2664:(in Hebrew). Vol. 1–2. Jerusalem: Eʻeleh betamar, et al. 933:(I shall commence by addressing Him who is upon the throne). 2309: 1450: 905: 835: 640:

were inscribed words with invectives, in gypsum plaster (Ar.

575: 489: 424:

and there stood up the greatest man amongst them to read the

215: 171: 167: 128: 93: 63:ʻ to withstand their fate or to die. Only a few communities, 60: 3984: 2502:(in Hebrew). Ḥolon: Mifʻal ḥaśifat ginze Teman be-Yiśraʼel. 2483:

Sefer Hashirim Hagadol – The Large Song Book, Shalom Shabazi

1767: 1765: 1118: 848:

reaches of the land belonging to the inhabitants of Arabia.

718:

inscribed on the frieze of the mosque in rhymed verse (see:

3241: 1303:. Jerusalem: The Israel Oriental Society, affiliate of the 1280:

My Footsteps Echo - The Yemen Journal of Rabbi Yaakov Sapir

1071: 617: 524: 59:, and sent to a dry and barren region of the country named 3175:

van Koningsveld, P.S.; Sadan, J.; Al-Samarrai, Q. (1990).

2925:

On the Origins of the Jews in Yemen (לקורות היהודים בתימן)

2168:

Gavra (2010), vol. 1, pp. 70–71; ibid. vol. 4, pp. 156–159

1325:), Israel Oriental Society: Jerusalem 1957, pp. 68–75 1187: 3769: 1762: 1055: 219: 3095:

The Jews of Yemen - Studies in Their History and Culture

3008:. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. 1319:

Seventeenth Century Documents on Jewish Houses in San'a

3065:

Studies in 'Megillat Teman' (ʻIyunim bi-megilat Teman)

2844:(in Hebrew). Vol. 1–3 (2nd ed.). Jerusalem. 2263:# 10), who cites from Rabbi Yihya Hacohen's Responsa, 1684:(1958), pp. 246–286; Qafih (1989), vol. 2, pp. 714–715 968:

He forced (?) them to go out into a parched land, the

586:

visited the Jewish Quarter of Sana'a in 1763 during a

3232: 1563: 1561: 1559: 961:

He commanded to destroy the synagogues which were in

505:

Jewish Children in the Jewish Quarter of Sana'a, 1901

272:

And I shall bring them into the land of their enemies

3125:"Politics and Poetry in the Works of Shalom Shabazī" 1911:& v. Wissman (1934), vol. 40, pp. 133-134; 141. 686:), the numerical value of which letters adds up to 248: 3968:Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920) 2958:. Vol. 1–2. London: Oxford University Press. 2744: 2302:, pages רמו-רפו (pp. 254–294 in PDF) (Hebrew) 1556: 759: 2823:Zion – A Quarterly for Research in Jewish History 2136: 2134: 1875:(1958), pp. 246-286; Qafiḥ (1989), vol. 2, p. 716 1747:(1958), pp. 246-286; Qafih (1989), vol. 2, p. 706 380:died, and there was a famine and many died. Then 5535: 1976: 1974: 1717:Tobi (1986), pp. 44-47 (based on MS. #1, Hebrew) 1449:, on Wednesday, the 17th day of the lunar month 1372:(1958), pp. 246–286; Qafih (1989) vol. 2, p. 714 2970: 1980:Hasid (1976), p. 51, s.v. אזיל דמעותי כמטר יזלו 1211:Yemenite Jewry: Origins, Culture and Literature 833:"Tidings have reached us on the second day of 807:In the following poem of the subgenre known as 624:(The Synagogue of the Sages) was turned into a 119:of al-Ghirās, who is also known by the epithet 5312:Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting 2830:. Jerusalem: The Historical Society of Israel. 2327:(1928), "History of Rabbi Sholem al-Shabazi", 2131: 750:And I shall send a faintness into their hearts 3282: 3218: 1988: 1986: 1971: 1820: 1818: 1469:(p. 270 in PDF); Qafiḥ (1989), vol. 2, p. 713 428:, and when they came to the verse that says: 16:Expulsion of Yemenite Jews to Mawza 1679–1680 3030: 2155: 2153: 2085:In accordance with a verse in Ezekiel 12:4, 1481:(1958), p. רסג; Qafiḥ (1989), vol. 2, p. 714 1384:(1958); Qafih (1989), vol. 2, p. 714 (end); 1301:Jewish Domestic Architecture in San'a, Yemen 1105:– the plain wherein is the cistern known as 743:Who will raise up Jacob, for he is too small 610: 197: 99:With the rise to power of the Qāsimīd Imām, 2072:(ed. Dr. L. Blau), vol. 7, Budapest 1923; ( 1672:. Plate 20, by W. Angus, after H. Salt 1805 1292:, Salisbury, N.C.: Documentary Publications 1031: 3487:Persecution of Jews during the Black Death 3225: 3211: 2945:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2862:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2770:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2736:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2702:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2570:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2497: 2418:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2348:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1983: 1815: 1490:Tobi (1986), p. 42, note 68. According to 1242:(1). Cambridge University Press: 111–128. 1081:, and which has already been quoted above) 2978:. London: World of Islam Festival Trust. 2841:Questions & Responsa 'Pe'ulath Ṣadīq' 2376: 2323: 2150: 1839:(1958); Qafih (1989), vol. 2, pp. 706-707 1213:, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 206:Jewish mother and daughter in Yemen, 1949 131:, a place along the African coast of the 23:Silversmith Meysha Abyadh in Sana'a, 1937 5224: 3307:Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus 3000: 2544: 1295: 1231: 601: 500: 351: 316:Moosa (Muza) in 1805, from a drawing by 311: 252: 201: 87: 26: 18: 5509:Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus 2953: 2919: 2816: 2778: 2514: 2446: 1188:Enactments in wake of exile (1680–1690) 855:) were obedient, and they assembled in 5536: 2899: 2879: 2356: 2198:), based on a teaching found in Rabbi 2159:Levi Nahum (1975), Introduction, p. 18 2059:Another appellation for Shalom Shabazi 851:All of the inhabitants of 'Uzal (i.e. 5176:Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre 3206: 2834: 2710: 2684:(in Hebrew) (1 ed.). Jerusalem. 2676: 2656: 2628:Halikhot Teiman (Jewish Life in Sana) 2622: 2615:(Habshush's work originally entitled 2579: 2485:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Yosef Hasid. 2480: 2426: 2177:Subeiri (1976–1992), vol. 3, p. 297; 347: 170:'. On the 2nd day of the lunar month 5328:Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege 4918:Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack 3155: 3119: 3089: 3059: 2752:(in German). Vol. 40. Hamburg. 2398:Arabia Infelix or the Turks in Yamen 2395: 1570:(1958); Qafih (1989), vol. 2, p. 714 656:, the son of him who rose to power, 5053: 4585: 4176: 2522:(in German). Zürich: Manesse-Verl. 1827:(1958); Qafih (1989) vol. 2, p. 706 1093:, even our teacher and Rabbi, Mori 683: 356:Two Jewish Elders from Sana'a, 1904 257:Yemenite Jew blows the shofar, 1947 44: 13: 2550:A History of Arabia Felix or Yemen 2450:(1983). Menahem Ben-Sasson (ed.). 2362:Ethnologie der Jemenitischen Juden 1203: 811:(poetic tale), composed mostly in 14: 5600: 5320:Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting 5069:Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing 5062:Dolphinarium discotheque massacre 2498:Levi Nahum, Yehudah, ed. (1975). 2384:(in German), Berlin: S. Calvary, 2300:Sefunot, Volume 2, Jerusalem 1958 2288: 652:, is the sun of guidance / even 514:), or what later became known as 5296:Toulouse and Montauban shootings 5197:Maxim restaurant suicide bombing 5119:Matza restaurant suicide bombing 249:Evacuation of the Jews of Dhurān 5415:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel 4514:Kremnička and Nemecká massacres 3315:Jewish revolt against Heraclius 2976:San'a'; An Arabian Islamic City 2885:The Complete 'Tiklal 'Eṣ Ḥayyim 2883:(1979b). Shimon Tzalach (ed.). 2316: 2274: 2188: 2171: 2162: 2122: 2110: 2101: 2098:An allusion to Genesis 15:1-21. 2092: 2079: 2062: 2053: 2035: 2026: 2017: 2008: 1995: 1955: 1939: 1927: 1914: 1902: 1890: 1878: 1866: 1842: 1830: 1806: 1794: 1774: 1750: 1738: 1729: 1720: 1711: 1699: 1687: 1675: 1658: 1649: 1640: 1631: 1622: 1613: 1597: 1573: 1530: 1514: 1484: 1472: 1456: 1431: 1113:among them and the Exilarch.)" 828:Poem: "Tidings Have Reached Us" 760:Testimonies preserved in poetry 700:A List of the Mosques of Ṣan'ā' 5105:Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre 4934:Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre 3944:Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation 2748:; v. Wissman, Hermann (1934). 2380:(1902), "Die Juden in Yemen", 1422: 1410: 1400: 1391: 1375: 1363: 1354: 1345: 1336: 400:, and of Bible codices and of 1: 5352:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting 5021:Mahane Yehuda Market bombings 3179:. Leiden: Leiden University. 2119:(1866), vol. 1, pp. 100a-100b 2107:An allusion to Genesis 25:27. 1783:& Lewcock (1983), p. 82; 1329: 781:Poem: "I Shall Shed My Tears" 364:(who is known by the acronym 83: 31:Yemenite Jews of Sana'a, 1907 5584:People from Taiz Governorate 5304:Jerusalem synagogue massacre 5211:Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing 4989:Dizengoff Street bus bombing 3421:Massacres at London and York 3141:10.1080/13537121.2014.889893 2070:Hazofeh – Quartalis Hebraica 1278:Lavon, Yaakov (ed.) (1997). 1142:German-Jewish ethnographer, 916:) in the fruitful orchard." 496: 7: 4752:Night of the Murdered Poets 3036:Siddur Kenesseth Ha-Gedolah 1637:Ratzaby (1972), pp. 203-207 1156:), written with Babylonian 925:. The poem is written as a 92:The port and waterfront of 10: 5605: 5569:17th-century Yemeni people 5183:Davidka Square bus bombing 4894:Antwerp summer camp attack 4768:Shafrir synagogue shooting 4471:Operation Harvest Festival 3580:Massacre of the Assumption 3163:, Rehovot: E'ele BeTamar, 2750:Landeskundliche Ergebnisse 2662:Ketavim (Collected Papers) 2481:Hasid, Yosef, ed. (1976). 904:The Book of the Law (i.e. 706:b. Muhammad), in the year 174:, in the year 1090 of the 5386: 5271: 5249:Tel Aviv shawarma bombing 5204:Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing 5160: 5126:Hebrew University bombing 5082: 5046: 5039: 4956: 4877: 4847:Ben Yehuda Street bombing 4807:Avivim school bus bombing 4798: 4743: 4730:Menarsha synagogue attack 4721: 4694:Ben Yehuda Street bombing 4671: 4621: 4578: 4528: 4484: 4448: 4412: 4263: 4241: 4205: 4167: 3839: 3832: 3638: 3450: 3443: 3372: 3337: 3255: 3248: 3135:(2). Routledge: 240–255. 1248:10.1017/S036400940500005X 1036:In 1859, Lithuanian Jew, 611:Fate of the Old Synagogue 396:and several books of the 307: 198:Unexpected turn of events 138: 5376:Monsey Hanukkah stabbing 5360:Poway synagogue shooting 5257:Jerusalem yeshiva attack 5091:Ghriba synagogue bombing 5013:Island of Peace massacre 4464:Kielce cemetery massacre 2820:(1972). "Galut Mawzaʻ". 2782:(1961). "Galut Mawzaʻ". 2718:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem. 2630:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem: 2454:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem: 2331:(in Hebrew), Jerusalem, 1668:(pub. 1809), Vol. 2, by 1224:Gaimani, Aharon (2005). 1049:Jacob Saphir's Testimony 1032:Jacob Saphir's Testimony 143:The Jewish community in 4910:Vienna synagogue attack 4886:Paris synagogue bombing 4130:The Bloody Day in Jaffa 2927:(in Hebrew). Budapest. 2396:Bury, G. Wyman (1915). 2312:(registration required) 1759:, 1982, p. 81, note 48. 1209:Ahroni, Reuben (1986). 1158:supralinear punctuation 162:), without recompense. 5233:Beersheba bus bombings 4839:Kiryat Shmona massacre 4760:Scorpion Pass massacre 4457:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 3888:Second Kishinev pogrom 3628:Portuguese Inquisition 3272:2nd Alexandrian pogrom 3006:The Jews of Arab Lands 2974:; Lewcock, R. (1983). 2954:Sassoon, D.S. (1932). 1803:(1982), p. 80, note 44 1708:(1989), vol. 2, p. 716 1655:Ratzaby (1972), p. 207 1525:Shaḥrith shel Shabbath 1523:(1979b), vol. 1, s.v. 1428:Tobi (1999), pp. 77-79 817:Waṣalnā hātif al-alḥān 757: 692: 607: 580: 506: 494: 357: 320: 287: 258: 207: 96: 32: 24: 5574:Antisemitism in Yemen 5559:Jewish Yemeni history 5133:Rishon LeZion bombing 4855:Coastal Road massacre 3856:First Kishinev pogrom 3647:Chmielnicki massacres 3556:Schaffhausen Massacre 3475:Armleder persecutions 3429:Rintfleisch massacres 1853:David Solomon Sassoon 1606:(1928); Reprinted in 1351:Ratzaby (1961), p. 79 931:Ibda' birrub al-'arsh 731: 646: 605: 550: 504: 370: 355: 315: 268: 256: 205: 101:al-Mutawakkil Isma'il 91: 30: 22: 5579:17th-century Judaism 5368:Jersey City shooting 5241:Ashdod Port bombings 4823:Lod Airport massacre 4784:Purge of Polish Jews 4708:Kfar Etzion massacre 4214:Częstochowa massacre 3975:1920 Nebi Musa riots 3795:Fourth Odessa pogrom 3751:Second Odessa pogrom 2233:Iggereth Ha-Besoroth 1198:Iggereth Ha-Besoroth 1123:before the expulsion 729:), written in 1710: 337:elsewhere in Yemen. 178:(corresponding with 5190:Café Hillel bombing 4558:Tripolitania pogrom 4356:Kamianets-Podilskyi 3880:Fifth Odessa pogrom 3818:1898 Algerian riots 3759:Third Odessa pogrom 3703:First Odessa pogrom 3588:Spanish Inquisition 3564:Moroccan revolution 3444:14th – 19th century 3374:Rhineland massacres 2576:(reprinted in 1970) 1948:(1954), pp. 10-11 ( 1924:(1990), pp. 156-158 1887:(1992), pp. 416-418 1771:Bury (1915), p. 80. 1586:, vol. 2 (part 4), 1511:(1934) pp. 281–282. 1342:Tobi (2018), p. 135 1307:. pp. 25, 59. 1144:Shelomo Dov Goitein 889:(Heb. Gush Ḥalab). 376:CE) the king named 5549:Expulsions of Jews 5288:Burgas bus bombing 4973:Crown Heights riot 4926:Ras Burqa massacre 4637:Haifa Oil Refinery 4493:Ardeatine massacre 4428:Dzyatlava massacre 3848:Częstochowa pogrom 3459:Shepherds' Crusade 3264:Alexandrian pogrom 3249:1st – 13th century 2257:Haḥayim wehashalom 1812:Tobi (1986), p. 77 1581:Responsa of Rabbi 1443:al-Murshid al-kāfi 1221:, pp. 121–135 1133:seven benedictions 929:and is entitled, ' 608: 507: 394:scrolls of the Law 358: 348:Historical records 321: 259: 208: 180:Gregorian calendar 97: 33: 25: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5503: 5502: 5344:Halamish stabbing 5336:Tel Aviv shooting 5267: 5266: 5220: 5219: 5156: 5155: 5112:Passover massacre 5078: 5077: 5035: 5034: 5031: 5030: 4997:Beit Lid massacre 4952: 4951: 4873: 4872: 4863:Nahariya massacre 4794: 4793: 4739: 4738: 4717: 4716: 4667: 4666: 4630:Fajja bus attacks 4617: 4616: 4574: 4573: 4524: 4523: 4480: 4479: 4444: 4443: 4408: 4407: 4259: 4258: 4237: 4236: 4201: 4200: 4185:Tiberias massacre 4114:Constantine riots 4061: 4060: 3986:Russian Civil War 3828: 3827: 3804: 3803: 3540:Brussels massacre 3534: 3533: 3439: 3438: 3407: 3406: 3333: 3332: 3323:Battle of Khaybar 3299:Bar Kokhba revolt 3157:Tobi, Yosef Yuval 3097:. Leiden: Brill. 2794:Ben-Zvi Institute 2632:Ben-Zvi Institute 2595:Ben-Zvi Institute 2456:Ben-Zvi Institute 2200:Nathan ben Jehiel 1936:(1988), pp. 10-11 1920:van Koningsveld, 1608:Zechor le'Avraham 1439:Tanḥum ben Joseph 1397:Tobi (2014), p. 6 1305:Hebrew University 1088: 1083: 914:Moringa peregrina 754: 747: 622:Kenisat al-'Ulamā 592:Hermann Burchardt 588:Danish expedition 557:, returning from 481: 472: 434: 423: 303: 284: 280: 276: 5596: 5520: 5517:Dagestan attacks 5512: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5403:Beersheba attack 5398: 5379: 5371: 5363: 5355: 5347: 5339: 5331: 5323: 5315: 5307: 5299: 5291: 5283: 5260: 5252: 5244: 5236: 5222: 5221: 5213: 5206: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5158: 5157: 5149: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5080: 5079: 5071: 5064: 5051: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5024: 5016: 5008: 5000: 4992: 4984: 4976: 4968: 4965:Cairo bus attack 4954: 4953: 4945: 4937: 4929: 4921: 4913: 4905: 4897: 4889: 4875: 4874: 4866: 4858: 4850: 4842: 4834: 4831:Ma'alot massacre 4826: 4818: 4810: 4796: 4795: 4787: 4779: 4771: 4763: 4755: 4741: 4740: 4732: 4719: 4718: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4669: 4668: 4660: 4653: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4619: 4618: 4610: 4603: 4596: 4583: 4582: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4546: 4544:Topoľčany pogrom 4539: 4537:Deutsch Schützen 4526: 4525: 4517: 4509: 4507:Sărmașu massacre 4502: 4495: 4482: 4481: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4446: 4445: 4437: 4430: 4423: 4421:Dünamünde Action 4410: 4409: 4401: 4393: 4386: 4384:Kaunas (October) 4379: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4261: 4260: 4252: 4239: 4238: 4230: 4223: 4216: 4203: 4202: 4194: 4187: 4174: 4173: 4160: 4158: 4141: 4133: 4125: 4117: 4109: 4101: 4093: 4085: 4083: 4070: 4067:Zavirtcha pogrom 4054: 4047: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4019: 4012: 4005: 3998: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3955: 3947: 3939: 3931: 3923: 3915: 3907: 3899: 3896:Białystok pogrom 3891: 3883: 3875: 3867: 3859: 3851: 3837: 3836: 3821: 3813: 3797: 3790: 3783: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3746: 3738: 3730: 3722: 3714: 3706: 3698: 3690: 3687:Algiers massacre 3682: 3674: 3671:Massacre of Uman 3666: 3658: 3650: 3631: 3623: 3615: 3607: 3599: 3591: 3583: 3575: 3567: 3559: 3551: 3543: 3527: 3520: 3513: 3506: 3499: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3462: 3448: 3447: 3432: 3424: 3416: 3400: 3393: 3386: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3362:Granada massacre 3357: 3349: 3346:Córdoba massacre 3326: 3318: 3310: 3302: 3294: 3291:The Great Revolt 3280: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3253: 3252: 3227: 3220: 3213: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3171: 3152: 3116: 3086: 3047: 3027: 2997: 2967: 2950: 2944: 2936: 2916: 2896: 2867: 2861: 2853: 2831: 2818:Ratzaby, Yehudah 2813: 2780:Ratzaby, Yehudah 2775: 2769: 2761: 2741: 2735: 2727: 2707: 2701: 2693: 2673: 2653: 2614: 2575: 2569: 2561: 2541: 2511: 2494: 2477: 2443: 2423: 2417: 2409: 2392: 2373: 2353: 2347: 2339: 2282: 2278: 2272: 2249:Tiklāl Etz Ḥayim 2239:(1979), vol. 3, 2216:Shaliach Tzibbur 2192: 2186: 2181:(1979), vol. 3, 2175: 2169: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2148: 2143:(1979), vol. 3, 2138: 2129: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2096: 2090: 2083: 2077: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2051: 2048:Khabt of al-Baqr 2039: 2033: 2030: 2024: 2021: 2015: 2012: 2006: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1981: 1978: 1969: 1959: 1953: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1851:(1983), p. 162. 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1813: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1787:(1859), p. 112; 1778: 1772: 1769: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1727: 1724: 1718: 1715: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1629: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1601: 1595: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1554: 1534: 1528: 1518: 1512: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1470: 1465:(1958), vol. 2, 1460: 1454: 1435: 1429: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1389: 1379: 1373: 1367: 1361: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1316: 1275: 1095:Sālim al-Shabazi 1086: 1075: 752: 745: 690:1091 = 1680 CE). 685: 582:German explorer 479: 470: 432: 421: 375: 301: 282: 278: 274: 46: 5604: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5593: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5523: 5515: 5507: 5499: 5492: 5485: 5478: 5471: 5464: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5429: 5422: 5409: 5401: 5393: 5382: 5374: 5366: 5358: 5350: 5342: 5334: 5326: 5318: 5310: 5302: 5294: 5286: 5278: 5263: 5255: 5247: 5239: 5231: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5167: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5074: 5067: 5060: 5027: 5019: 5011: 5003: 4995: 4987: 4979: 4971: 4963: 4948: 4940: 4932: 4924: 4916: 4908: 4902:Antwerp bombing 4900: 4892: 4884: 4869: 4861: 4853: 4845: 4837: 4829: 4821: 4815:Munich massacre 4813: 4805: 4790: 4782: 4774: 4766: 4758: 4750: 4735: 4728: 4713: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4663: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4628: 4613: 4606: 4599: 4592: 4570: 4563: 4556: 4549: 4542: 4535: 4520: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4491: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4404: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4347: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4284: 4277: 4270: 4255: 4248: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4212: 4197: 4190: 4183: 4163: 4148: 4144: 4136: 4128: 4120: 4112: 4106:Campbell pogrom 4104: 4098:Hebron massacre 4096: 4088: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4057: 4050: 4043: 4036: 4029: 4022: 4015: 4008: 4001: 3994: 3980: 3973: 3966: 3958: 3950: 3942: 3934: 3926: 3918: 3910: 3902: 3894: 3886: 3878: 3870: 3864:Zablotov pogrom 3862: 3854: 3846: 3824: 3816: 3808: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3779: 3765: 3757: 3749: 3743:Damascus affair 3741: 3733: 3725: 3717: 3709: 3701: 3693: 3685: 3677: 3669: 3661: 3653: 3645: 3634: 3626: 3618: 3610: 3604:Lisbon massacre 3602: 3594: 3586: 3578: 3570: 3562: 3554: 3546: 3538: 3530: 3523: 3516: 3509: 3502: 3495: 3481: 3473: 3465: 3457: 3435: 3427: 3419: 3411: 3403: 3396: 3389: 3382: 3368: 3360: 3352: 3344: 3329: 3321: 3313: 3305: 3297: 3289: 3278: 3270: 3262: 3244: 3231: 3201: 3187: 3105: 3075: 3016: 2986: 2938: 2937: 2855: 2854: 2763: 2762: 2729: 2728: 2695: 2694: 2642: 2563: 2562: 2530: 2466: 2411: 2410: 2341: 2340: 2319: 2291: 2286: 2285: 2279: 2275: 2259:(Even Haʻezer, 2193: 2189: 2185:# 252 (p. 153). 2176: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2151: 2139: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2084: 2080: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2046:and the other, 2044:Khabt of Darʻān 2040: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2001:An allusion to 2000: 1996: 1991: 1984: 1979: 1972: 1960: 1956: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1883: 1879: 1871: 1867: 1847: 1843: 1835: 1831: 1823: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1791:(1979), p. 322. 1779: 1775: 1770: 1763: 1755: 1751: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1704: 1700: 1692: 1688: 1680: 1676: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1602: 1598: 1583:David ibn Zimra 1578: 1574: 1566: 1557: 1535: 1531: 1519: 1515: 1494:, the title of 1489: 1485: 1477: 1473: 1461: 1457: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1415: 1411: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1380: 1376: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1317:(see Appendix: 1206: 1204:Further reading 1190: 1125: 1116: 1115: 1051: 1050: 1034: 1029: 1028: 972:and al-Mahjam. 940: 939: 919: 918: 830: 829: 805: 804: 783: 782: 762: 613: 584:Carsten Niebuhr 499: 469: 465: 461: 457: 452: 448: 444: 440: 422:(Lev. 26:3-ff.) 373: 350: 310: 251: 200: 186:to God's name. 141: 86: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5602: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5564:Jewish martyrs 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5513: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5490: 5483: 5476: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5441: 5434: 5427: 5419: 5417: 5408: 5407: 5399: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5372: 5364: 5356: 5348: 5340: 5332: 5324: 5316: 5308: 5300: 5292: 5284: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5253: 5245: 5237: 5228: 5226: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5164: 5162: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5143: 5140:Matzuva attack 5136: 5129: 5122: 5115: 5108: 5101: 5094: 5086: 5084: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5065: 5057: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5017: 5009: 5005:Purim massacre 5001: 4993: 4985: 4977: 4969: 4960: 4958: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4942:Purim stabbing 4938: 4930: 4922: 4914: 4906: 4898: 4890: 4881: 4879: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4859: 4851: 4843: 4835: 4827: 4819: 4811: 4802: 4800: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4788: 4780: 4776:Tripoli pogrom 4772: 4764: 4756: 4747: 4745: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4725: 4723: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4711: 4704: 4701:Cairo bombings 4697: 4690: 4683: 4675: 4673: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4625: 4623: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4604: 4597: 4589: 4587: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4568: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4540: 4532: 4530: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4518: 4510: 4503: 4500:Luduș massacre 4496: 4488: 4486: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4467: 4460: 4452: 4450: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4435:Sarny massacre 4431: 4424: 4416: 4414: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4394: 4387: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4338: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4310: 4303: 4296: 4289: 4282: 4275: 4267: 4265: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4250:Dorohoi pogrom 4245: 4243: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4224: 4221:Dynów massacre 4217: 4209: 4207: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4188: 4180: 4178: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4142: 4138:Przytyk pogrom 4134: 4126: 4122:Thrace pogroms 4118: 4110: 4102: 4094: 4090:Safed massacre 4086: 4071: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4048: 4041: 4034: 4027: 4020: 4013: 4006: 3999: 3991: 3989: 3979: 3978: 3971: 3964: 3956: 3948: 3940: 3932: 3924: 3916: 3908: 3904:Siedlce pogrom 3900: 3892: 3884: 3876: 3868: 3860: 3852: 3843: 3841: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3822: 3814: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3791: 3784: 3776: 3774: 3771:Russian Empire 3764: 3763: 3755: 3747: 3739: 3731: 3727:Safed massacre 3723: 3715: 3707: 3699: 3691: 3683: 3679:Tétouan pogrom 3675: 3667: 3659: 3655:Safed massacre 3651: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3632: 3624: 3616: 3608: 3600: 3592: 3584: 3576: 3572:Cordoba pogrom 3568: 3560: 3552: 3544: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3528: 3521: 3514: 3507: 3500: 3492: 3490: 3480: 3479: 3471: 3467:Navarre pogrom 3463: 3454: 3452: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3425: 3417: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3394: 3387: 3379: 3377: 3367: 3366: 3358: 3350: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3327: 3319: 3311: 3303: 3295: 3286: 3284: 3283:Jewish revolts 3277: 3276: 3268: 3259: 3257: 3250: 3246: 3245: 3230: 3229: 3222: 3215: 3207: 3200: 3199: 3185: 3172: 3153: 3129:Israel Affairs 3117: 3103: 3087: 3073: 3057: 3032:Subeiri, Yosef 3028: 3014: 3002:Stillman, N.A. 2998: 2984: 2968: 2951: 2917: 2897: 2877: 2832: 2814: 2776: 2742: 2708: 2674: 2654: 2640: 2620: 2577: 2546:Playfair, R.L. 2542: 2528: 2512: 2495: 2478: 2464: 2444: 2424: 2393: 2374: 2354: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2313: 2303: 2297: 2290: 2289:External links 2287: 2284: 2283: 2273: 2204:Sefer Ha-Arukh 2187: 2170: 2161: 2149: 2147:# 252 (p. 153) 2130: 2121: 2109: 2100: 2091: 2078: 2061: 2052: 2034: 2025: 2016: 2007: 1994: 1982: 1970: 1954: 1938: 1926: 1913: 1901: 1899:(1902), p. 338 1889: 1877: 1865: 1841: 1829: 1814: 1805: 1793: 1773: 1761: 1749: 1737: 1728: 1719: 1710: 1698: 1686: 1674: 1657: 1648: 1639: 1630: 1621: 1612: 1596: 1572: 1555: 1553:(1990), p. 23. 1529: 1513: 1483: 1471: 1455: 1430: 1421: 1409: 1399: 1390: 1374: 1362: 1353: 1344: 1334: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1297:Rathjens, Carl 1293: 1286:Playfair, R.L. 1283: 1276: 1229: 1222: 1205: 1202: 1189: 1186: 1124: 1119:References to 1117: 1079:Shalom Shabazi 1052: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1033: 1030: 941: 937: 936: 935: 883:Garden of Eden 831: 827: 826: 825: 821:Shalom Shabazi 784: 780: 779: 778: 761: 758: 746:(Amos 7: 2, 5) 638:Masjid al-Jalā 630:Masjid al-Jalā 612: 609: 498: 495: 467: 463: 459: 455: 450: 446: 442: 438: 349: 346: 342:Hayim Hibshush 309: 306: 250: 247: 199: 196: 176:Hijri calendar 140: 137: 117:Al-Mahdi Ahmad 85: 82: 57:al-Mahdi Ahmad 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5601: 5590: 5589:Death marches 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5544:Yemenite Jews 5542: 5541: 5539: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5470: 5467: 5466:Netiv HaAsara 5463: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5432: 5431:Ein HaShlosha 5428: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5280:Itamar attack 5277: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5148: 5147:Hebron ambush 5144: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5109: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5098:Hadera attack 5095: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4551:Kraków pogrom 4548: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4399: 4398:The Holocaust 4395: 4392: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4377:Švenčionėliai 4374: 4371: 4367: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4293:Kaunas (June) 4290: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4229: 4228:Silc massacre 4225: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4193: 4192:Kristallnacht 4189: 4186: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4076: 4075:Oradea pogrom 4072: 4068: 4064: 4063: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3952:Kielce pogrom 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3912:Shiraz pogrom 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3719:Hebron pogrom 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3695:Hep-Hep riots 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3612:Hebron pogrom 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3536: 3526: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3104:9789004112650 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3074:965-223-624-1 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3034:(1976–1992). 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3015:9780827601161 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2985:9780905035048 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2921:Sassoon, D.S. 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2901:Saphir, Jacob 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2826:(in Hebrew). 2825: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2792:. Jerusalem: 2791: 2788:(in Hebrew). 2787: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2716:Sa'arat Teman 2713: 2709: 2705: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2682:Sa'arat Teman 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2641:965-17-0137-4 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2593:. Jerusalem: 2592: 2589:(in Hebrew). 2588: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2529:9783717581925 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2465:965-235-011-7 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2448:Goitein, S.D. 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2378:Burchardt, H. 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2358:Brauer, Erich 2355: 2351: 2345: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2325:Al-Naddaf, A. 2322: 2321: 2311: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2277: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2253:Shulḥan Arukh 2250: 2246: 2245:Shulḥan Arukh 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2224:Shulḥan Arukh 2221: 2217: 2213: 2212:Rosh Hashanah 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2196:Rosh Hashanah 2191: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2165: 2156: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2125: 2118: 2113: 2104: 2095: 2088: 2082: 2075: 2071: 2065: 2056: 2049: 2045: 2038: 2029: 2020: 2011: 2004: 1998: 1989: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1935: 1930: 1923: 1917: 1910: 1905: 1898: 1893: 1886: 1881: 1874: 1869: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1838: 1833: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1809: 1802: 1797: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1768: 1766: 1758: 1753: 1746: 1741: 1732: 1723: 1714: 1707: 1702: 1695: 1690: 1683: 1678: 1671: 1667: 1664:Published in 1661: 1652: 1643: 1634: 1625: 1616: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1576: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1533: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1480: 1475: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1434: 1425: 1419: 1416:Tobi (2014), 1413: 1403: 1394: 1388:(1988), p. 11 1387: 1383: 1378: 1371: 1366: 1357: 1348: 1339: 1335: 1324: 1320: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1219:9780253368072 1216: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1185: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1122: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1103:B'ir al-ʻAzāb 1100: 1096: 1092: 1082: 1080: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 971: 966: 964: 959: 956: 953: 950: 947: 944: 934: 932: 928: 924: 917: 915: 909: 907: 902: 899: 894: 890: 888: 884: 878: 874: 870: 868: 864: 860: 858: 854: 849: 846: 842: 838: 837: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 803: 800: 799: 795: 793: 789: 777: 775: 774: 769: 768: 756: 751: 744: 740: 737:1,990 of the 736: 730: 728: 723: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 691: 689: 681: 677: 676: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 645: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 604: 600: 598: 597:Carl Rathjens 593: 589: 585: 579: 577: 573: 569: 564: 560: 556: 549: 547: 541: 539: 533: 531: 527: 526: 521: 520:Qāʻ al-ʻUlufi 517: 516:Qāʻ al-Yahud 513: 503: 493: 491: 486: 484: 478: 475: 474: 431: 427: 420: 419: 412: 410: 409: 403: 399: 395: 390: 387: 383: 379: 369: 367: 363: 354: 345: 343: 338: 335: 330: 326: 319: 314: 305: 299: 295: 294: 286: 273: 267: 265: 262:community of 255: 246: 244: 243:Bayt al-Ḥāḍir 239: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 204: 195: 193: 187: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 163: 161: 157: 156:resh methivta 153: 152: 146: 136: 134: 130: 124: 122: 118: 114: 111: 106: 102: 95: 90: 81: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 53:Jews of Yemen 50: 42: 38: 29: 21: 5395:Israel riots 5387:2020–present 5040:21st century 4981:AMIA bombing 4565:Cairo pogrom 4146:Brest pogrom 3936:Skver pogrom 3833:20th century 3810:Corfu pogrom 3711:Tzfat pogrom 3662: 3620:Safed pogrom 3596:Arles pogrom 3548:1391 pogroms 3413:Ham massacre 3354:Fez massacre 3176: 3160: 3132: 3128: 3094: 3064: 3061:Tobi, Joseph 3035: 3005: 2975: 2972:Serjeant, R. 2955: 2924: 2904: 2884: 2840: 2827: 2821: 2789: 2783: 2749: 2746:Rathjens, C. 2715: 2712:Qorah, Amram 2681: 2678:Qorah, Amram 2661: 2658:Qafiḥ, Yosef 2627: 2624:Qafiḥ, Yosef 2617:Dofi Hazeman 2616: 2590: 2584: 2581:Qafih, Yosef 2549: 2519: 2499: 2482: 2451: 2431: 2428:Gavra, Moshe 2397: 2382:Ost und West 2381: 2361: 2328: 2317:Bibliography 2276: 2268: 2265:Ḥayei Shalom 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2228:Even Haʻezer 2227: 2223: 2215: 2190: 2182: 2173: 2164: 2144: 2124: 2112: 2103: 2094: 2086: 2081: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2028: 2019: 2010: 1997: 1965: 1957: 1941: 1929: 1921: 1916: 1904: 1892: 1880: 1868: 1856: 1844: 1832: 1808: 1796: 1776: 1752: 1740: 1731: 1722: 1713: 1701: 1696:(1931), p. 6 1689: 1677: 1665: 1660: 1651: 1642: 1633: 1624: 1615: 1607: 1599: 1587: 1580: 1575: 1550: 1545: 1532: 1524: 1516: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1492:Erich Brauer 1486: 1474: 1458: 1442: 1433: 1424: 1412: 1402: 1393: 1377: 1365: 1356: 1347: 1338: 1323:S.D. Goitein 1318: 1300: 1289: 1279: 1239: 1233: 1225: 1210: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1179: 1175: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1151: 1141: 1136: 1126: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1087:(Isa. 13:21) 1076: 1053: 1041: 1038:Jacob Saphir 1035: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 967: 960: 957: 954: 951: 948: 945: 942: 930: 926: 923:Judeo-Arabic 920: 913: 910: 903: 895: 891: 879: 875: 871: 862: 861: 850: 834: 832: 816: 813:Judeo-Arabic 808: 806: 801: 797: 796: 785: 771: 766: 763: 753:(Lev. 26:36) 749: 742: 739:Seleucid Era 734: 732: 726: 724: 719: 712:Qāʻ al-Yahud 711: 699: 693: 674: 669: 665: 647: 641: 637: 633: 629: 621: 614: 581: 551: 546:Dofi Hazeman 545: 542: 537: 534: 530:Bi'r alʻAzab 529: 523: 519: 515: 512:Qāʻ al-simaʻ 511: 508: 487: 482: 476: 471:(Lev. 26:41) 453: 436: 433:(Lev. 26:41) 429: 416: 413: 406: 391: 371: 362:Yiḥyah Salaḥ 359: 339: 322: 297: 291: 288: 279:(Isa. 52:11) 275:(Lev. 26:41) 271: 269: 260: 240: 209: 191: 188: 164: 159: 155: 149: 142: 125: 120: 115: 98: 64: 49:ğalūt mawzaʻ 48: 36: 34: 4744:1950s–1960s 4516:(1944–1945) 4400:(1941–1945) 4149: [ 4078: [ 3988:(1918–1920) 3960:Lwów pogrom 3928:Lwów pogrom 3872:Kiev pogrom 3773:(1881–1884) 3663:Mawza Exile 3649:(1648–1657) 3489:(1348–1350) 3477:(1336–1339) 3423:(1189–1190) 3121:Tobi, Yosef 3091:Tobi, Yosef 2516:Niebuhr, C. 2281:settlement. 2210:-prayer of 1282:, Jerusalem 1168:), with a 1162:Mo'ed Ḳaṭan 1066:), between 863:Ṣafī al-Din 696:Amram Qorah 628:and called 595:1934, when 418:Beḥuḳḳothai 302:(Lam. 4:22) 283:(Isa. 64:5) 121:Ṣafī al-Din 105:Shabbathian 37:Mawza Exile 5538:Categories 4601:Kunmadaras 4010:Justingrad 3518:Strasbourg 3186:9071220079 3169:1041776317 3024:1014811251 2905:Iben Safir 2552:. Bombay. 2400:. London. 1670:Henry Salt 1592:Ismaelites 1330:References 1235:AJS Review 1153:Seder Moed 1042:Iben Safir 798:Original: 648:Our king, 318:Henry Salt 293:anno mundi 84:Background 5272:2010–2019 5225:2004–2009 5047:2000–2009 4579:1946–1999 4300:Szczuczyn 4272:Bucharest 4169:1938–1945 4045:Proskurov 4003:Radomyshl 3920:The Tritl 3840:1900–1937 3639:1600–1899 3451:1300–1599 3338:1000–1299 3317:(614–617) 3309:(351–352) 3301:(132–136) 3234:Massacres 3195:925664356 3149:154704054 3113:906777608 3054:875035308 3044:233372872 2994:263716970 2964:912964204 2941:cite book 2913:459358148 2893:122866057 2881:Saleh, Y. 2874:122773689 2858:cite book 2850:122773689 2836:Saleh, Y. 2810:124058139 2802:0582-3943 2766:cite book 2732:cite book 2724:233096108 2698:cite book 2690:233330667 2611:124058139 2603:0582-3943 2566:cite book 2558:252670244 2538:722315398 2491:868758141 2440:754753878 2414:cite book 2406:316139568 2370:906301173 2337:794909655 2269:responsum 2261:responsum 2251:that the 2241:responsum 2183:responsum 2145:responsum 1950:pp. 23-24 1897:Burchardt 1604:Al-Naddaf 1588:responsum 1272:162969294 1256:0364-0094 1137:al-Jowzah 1091:kabbalist 716:panegyric 636:) of the 497:Aftermath 437:oyyaveihe 402:Midrashic 327:, in the 45:גלות מוזע 5459:Nahal Oz 5452:Kissufim 5445:Kfar Aza 5169:Istanbul 4363:Babi Yar 4328:Jedwabne 3735:Allahdad 3325:(628 CE) 3240:against 3123:(2014). 3093:(1999). 3083:17378558 3063:(1986). 3004:(1979). 2933:19182661 2923:(1931). 2903:(1866). 2838:(1979). 2758:29891171 2714:(1988). 2680:(1954). 2670:61623627 2660:(1989). 2650:79469100 2626:(1982). 2548:(1859). 2518:(1992). 2508:19198821 2474:41272020 2430:(2010). 2360:(1934). 2344:citation 1952:in PDF) 1909:Rathjens 1789:Stillman 1785:Playfair 1781:Serjeant 1467:page רסב 1313:48323774 1299:(1957). 1288:(1978). 1194:Alsheikh 1129:Maharitz 898:al-Mahdi 887:Gischala 867:al-Mahdi 841:Al-Mahdi 704:al-Qasim 658:al-Qasim 650:al-Mahdi 568:Kawkaban 454:= אויביה 426:Reproofs 386:al-Yāfaʻ 366:Maharitz 228:al-Mahdi 192:en route 184:sanctity 110:Muhammad 5494:Yakhini 5362:(2019) 4687:Djerada 4680:Tripoli 4608:Miskolc 4391:Rumbula 4349:Tykocin 4279:Antwerp 4140:(1936) 4024:Zviahel 3293:(66–73) 3238:pogroms 2785:Sefunot 2586:Sefunot 2390:7397944 2329:Ḥoveret 2003:Ishmael 1885:Niebuhr 1861:Sassoon 1849:Goitein 1694:Sassoon 1447:Ḥamidah 1264:4131811 1181:in situ 1148:Mishnah 1099:al-Qaʻa 576:Cohenim 378:Isma'il 133:Red Sea 77:Khawlan 73:al-Jawf 5554:Edicts 5519:(2024) 5511:(2023) 5473:Nir Oz 5424:Be'eri 5405:(2022) 5397:(2021) 5378:(2019) 5370:(2019) 5354:(2018) 5346:(2017) 5338:(2016) 5330:(2015) 5322:(2014) 5314:(2014) 5306:(2014) 5298:(2012) 5290:(2012) 5282:(2011) 5259:(2008) 5251:(2006) 5243:(2004) 5235:(2004) 5023:(1997) 5015:(1997) 5007:(1996) 4999:(1995) 4991:(1994) 4983:(1994) 4975:(1991) 4967:(1990) 4944:(1989) 4936:(1986) 4928:(1985) 4920:(1982) 4912:(1981) 4904:(1981) 4896:(1980) 4888:(1980) 4865:(1979) 4857:(1978) 4849:(1975) 4841:(1974) 4833:(1974) 4825:(1972) 4817:(1972) 4809:(1970) 4786:(1968) 4778:(1967) 4770:(1956) 4762:(1954) 4754:(1952) 4658:Manama 4651:Aleppo 4594:Kielce 4370:Odessa 4342:Ponary 4335:Farhud 4321:Wąsosz 4159:(1937) 4132:(1936) 4124:(1934) 4116:(1934) 4108:(1931) 4100:(1929) 4092:(1929) 4084:(1927) 4069:(1921) 4038:Fastov 3962:(1918) 3954:(1918) 3946:(1917) 3938:(1917) 3930:(1914) 3922:(1912) 3914:(1910) 3906:(1906) 3898:(1906) 3890:(1905) 3882:(1905) 3874:(1905) 3866:(1903) 3858:(1903) 3850:(1902) 3820:(1898) 3812:(1891) 3788:Warsaw 3761:(1871) 3753:(1859) 3745:(1840) 3737:(1839) 3729:(1838) 3721:(1834) 3713:(1834) 3705:(1821) 3697:(1819) 3689:(1805) 3681:(1790) 3673:(1768) 3665:(1679) 3657:(1660) 3630:(1536) 3622:(1517) 3614:(1517) 3606:(1506) 3598:(1484) 3590:(1478) 3582:(1474) 3574:(1473) 3566:(1465) 3558:(1401) 3550:(1391) 3542:(1370) 3525:Zurich 3511:Speyer 3497:Erfurt 3469:(1328) 3461:(1320) 3431:(1298) 3415:(1143) 3398:Mainz 3391:Speyer 3376:(1096) 3364:(1066) 3356:(1033) 3348:(1013) 3193: 3183: 3167: 3147: 3111: 3101: 3081: 3071: 3052: 3042: 3022: 3012: 2992: 2982: 2962: 2931: 2911: 2891: 2872: 2848: 2808: 2800: 2756: 2722: 2688: 2668: 2648: 2638: 2609: 2601: 2556: 2536: 2526: 2506: 2489: 2472: 2462: 2438: 2404: 2388: 2368: 2335: 2308:, via 2220:Mussaf 2208:Mussaf 2117:Saphir 1966:Siddur 1922:et al. 1857:Ḥazmaq 1551:et al. 1542:Sana'a 1509:Brauer 1451:Teveth 1311: 1270: 1262: 1254: 1217: 1176:shuruk 1171:shuraq 1166:ishūth 1121:Sana'a 1064:Sana'a 1060:Tihama 970:Tihama 963:Sana'a 927:nashid 865:(i.e. 857:Dhamar 853:Ṣan'ā' 845:Sana'a 792:Dhamar 788:Ṣan'ā' 773:nashid 727:Siddur 694:Rabbi 680:Arabic 670:ghānim 662:Ṣan'ā' 642:al-juṣ 626:mosque 572:Ṣan'ā' 563:Tihama 559:Mawzaʻ 555:Tihama 538:ghiyār 408:Gemara 398:Talmud 374: 360:Rabbi 340:Rabbi 334:`Amran 329:Tihama 308:Mawzaʻ 264:Hebron 232:Tihama 224:Ta'izz 212:Dhamar 160:al-māl 145:Sana'a 139:Sana'a 129:Zeilaʻ 75:, and 41:Hebrew 5487:Re'im 5480:Nirim 5438:Holit 4957:1990s 4878:1980s 4799:1970s 4286:Gabès 4157:] 4082:] 4031:Pinsk 4017:Skver 3504:Basel 3384:Worms 3256:1–999 3145:S2CID 2310:JSTOR 2237:Saleh 2179:Saleh 2141:Saleh 1962:Qorah 1946:Qorah 1934:Qorah 1873:Qafih 1837:Qafih 1825:Qafih 1801:Qafih 1757:Qafih 1745:Qafih 1706:Qafih 1682:Qafiḥ 1568:Qafih 1538:Qafih 1521:Saleh 1505:ğizya 1479:Qafih 1463:Qafih 1386:Qorah 1382:Qafih 1370:Qafiḥ 1321:- by 1268:S2CID 1260:JSTOR 1107:ʻAzāb 1068:Mocha 906:Torah 836:Rajab 809:qiṣṣa 767:Diwān 720:supra 675:Ghānm 666:bi'ah 654:Aḥmad 634:ṭiraz 525:Waqf 490:Nagid 449:yikan 382:Aḥmad 325:Mocha 298:ended 236:Mocha 216:Yarim 172:Rajab 168:Zeila 94:Zeila 61:Mawza 5161:2003 5083:2002 5054:2001 4722:1949 4672:1948 4644:Aden 4622:1947 4586:1946 4529:1945 4485:1944 4449:1943 4413:1942 4314:Lviv 4307:Iași 4264:1941 4242:1940 4206:1939 4177:1938 4052:Kiev 3996:Lida 3781:Kiev 3274:(66) 3266:(38) 3242:Jews 3191:OCLC 3181:ISBN 3165:OCLC 3109:OCLC 3099:ISBN 3079:OCLC 3069:ISBN 3050:OCLC 3040:OCLC 3020:OCLC 3010:ISBN 2990:OCLC 2980:ISBN 2960:OCLC 2947:link 2929:OCLC 2909:OCLC 2889:OCLC 2870:OCLC 2864:link 2846:OCLC 2806:OCLC 2798:ISSN 2772:link 2754:OCLC 2738:link 2720:OCLC 2704:link 2686:OCLC 2666:OCLC 2646:OCLC 2636:ISBN 2607:OCLC 2599:ISSN 2572:link 2554:OCLC 2534:OCLC 2524:ISBN 2504:OCLC 2487:OCLC 2470:OCLC 2460:ISBN 2436:OCLC 2420:link 2402:OCLC 2386:OCLC 2366:OCLC 2350:link 2333:OCLC 2074:ibid 1546:anno 1500:nasi 1496:nasi 1418:p. 7 1407:378. 1309:OCLC 1252:ISSN 1215:ISBN 1111:Nasi 1072:Aden 1070:and 735:anno 708:A.H. 688:A.H. 684:غانم 672:"; 618:Waqf 483:wzaʻ 222:and 151:nasi 69:Nihm 65:viz. 35:The 3236:or 3137:doi 2235:in 2202:'s 1441:'s 1437:In 1244:doi 1184:." 1056:sic 678:= ( 644:): 473:, 466:יכנ 220:Ibb 218:, ' 5540:: 4155:pl 4153:; 4151:de 4080:hu 3189:. 3143:. 3133:20 3131:. 3127:. 3107:. 3077:. 3018:. 2988:. 2943:}} 2939:{{ 2860:}} 2856:{{ 2828:37 2804:. 2796:. 2768:}} 2764:{{ 2734:}} 2730:{{ 2700:}} 2696:{{ 2644:. 2634:. 2605:. 2597:. 2568:}} 2564:{{ 2532:. 2468:. 2458:. 2416:}} 2412:{{ 2346:}} 2342:{{ 2152:^ 2133:^ 1985:^ 1973:^ 1817:^ 1764:^ 1558:^ 1266:. 1258:. 1250:. 1240:29 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