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49:
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68:
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1104:’s Mawson Station, wherein the expeditioners used VR headsets to view Australian beach scenes, European nature scenes, and North American nature scenes of forests and urban environments, which were different from the isolation of the whiteness and silence of Antarctica. The research will inform psychological techniques to support long-duration spaceflight such as for astronauts going to Mars.
2115:
531:) and permanently exposed rock for building. The station was built during 1954. Some of the small pre-fabricated huts used in the first years remain on the station, but these are overshadowed by large steel-framed modular buildings dating from a major rebuilding program that started in the late 1970s.
1168:
Mawson
Station is accessible by sea for only a short period each austral summer, between February and March. It has a deep, sheltered natural harbour and is ice-free in February. A direct voyage from Hobart to Mawson takes about 10—12 days, due to variable weather and sea-ice conditions. The
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The first satellite earth-station, which includes a 7.3 m dish antenna, was installed and commissioned at Davis in March 1987. Mawson was commissioned in
January 1988, Casey in March 1988, and Macquarie Island in December
1305:
534:
By 1959, the facilities at Mawson
Station had expanded significantly. Personnel at that time included 6 scientists, 4 technicians, 2 pilots, 2 weather observers, and 10 others. Scientific disciplines represented included
1144:
In early summer when sea ice conditions are most favourable, a ski landing area (SLA) is constructed adjacent to Mawson. As sea ice conditions progressively worsen over summer, operations are moved to
2052:
596:
512:
indicated his support for a proposal by
Douglas Mawson for the establishment of a permanent Australian base in Antarctica. It was another seven years before a suitable ship, the
4519:
1938:
614:, which form the dramatic backdrop to Mawson Station. The Framnes Mountains were named in the 1930s by Norwegian explorers financed by the shipowner and whaling magnate
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Rumdoodle SLA has been in use since the 1950s, and the glacier surface requires annual inspection and preparation prior to use. It is accessible from Mawson by
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Mawson
Station is located at Holme Bay in Mac Robertson Land, East Antarctica, named in January 1930 by Sir Douglas Mawson during the first
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427:. Established in 1954, Mawson is Australia's oldest Antarctic station and the oldest continuously inhabited Antarctic station south of the
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on 22 June 2004, reflecting the post-World War Two revival of
Australia's scientific research and territorial interests in Antarctica.
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603:. It is in a region which Mawson proclaimed as British territory on several occasions in 1930 and 1931 (including at
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1065:. Many other terrain features were mapped, visited or named as a result of this expedition, including
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Mawson
Station is an active base for scientific research programs including an underground
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Virtual reality beaches in
Antarctica beating isolation and helping future astronauts
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607:, Scullin Monolith and Cape Bruce), and later became Australian Antarctic Territory.
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523:, the first director of the AAD, who drew aerial photographs taken during the U.S.
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1236:. Two 300 kW wind turbines were installed in 2003, but one failed in 2017.
431:. It houses approximately 20 personnel over winter and up to 53 in summer.
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2006:, Australian Antarctic Division. 21 July 2022 .Retrieved 28 January 2023.
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2019:
1339:. Department of the Environment, Australian Government. 6 November 2002
1070:
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556:
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527:(OpHjp) of 1946-1947 to select the site for its large natural harbour (
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88:
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16:
This article is about the Mawson
Antarctic base. For other uses, see
1983:
Australian
Antarctic Division: Leading Australia's Antarctic Program
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2601:
1129:
1034:
516:
could be chartered to set up facilities on the southern continent.
469:
211:
1400:"Mawson Station, Mawson Station, EXT, Australia (Place ID 105444)"
3879:
540:
485:
2037:
597:
British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition
3248:
2081:"Mawson Station Heritage Management Plan 2014 - 2019: Volume 2"
2069:"Mawson Station Heritage Management Plan 2014 - 2019: Volume 1"
1113:
560:
258:
3935:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3060:
2295:
2053:
Restoration of Biscoe Hut, one of the original 1954 buildings
349:
A range of amenities including medical and laundry facilities
2085:
Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment
2073:
Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment
1985:. Australian Department of the Environment and Energy. 2017
1968:, Australian Antarctic Division. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
1953:, Australian Antarctic Division. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
1941:, Australian Antarctic Division. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
1033:
traverse along the route of a 242 kilometres (150 mi)
610:
Some notable geographic features in the region include the
392:, is one of three permanent bases and research outposts in
1029:
survey party from Mawson Station carried out a barometric
1885:
Australian Antarctic Division. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
1555:"Report on geodetic and cartographic activities, 1960-65"
2024:
The Silence Calling – Australians in Antarctica, 1947–97
340:
Accommodation with private bedrooms and shared bathrooms
1906:(10). Australian Antarctic Division: 10. Archived from
2091:
4520:
Earth stations in the Antarctic Territory Australia
2167:
2043:
Australian Antarctic Division's Mawson Station page
25:
Antarctic station in Australian Antarctic Territory
4273:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
1292:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
1279:
1277:
1275:
1180:Between 1953 and 1987, Mawson was supplied by the
1632:Gazetteer of the Australian Antarctic Data Centre
4486:
1638:, Department of the Environment and Energy. 2021
1368:. Australian Antarctic Division. 12 August 2010
1272:
2038:Official website Australian Antarctic Division
1860:
1153:on the inland ice plateau 10 km from Mawson.
3951:
3663:
2153:
1228:Mawson is the only Antarctic station to use
1169:approach to Horseshoe Harbour is through the
1112:Mawson is 5,475 km (3,402 mi) from
434:Mawson was named in honour of the Australian
1462:The Australian Geographic book of Antarctica
1356:
1354:
1061:— was identified and named at this time for
1053:. The members of this survey party — led by
1939:Intracontinental ski landing area locations
1546:
1532:Climate statistics for Australian locations
137:
3958:
3944:
3677:
3670:
3656:
2160:
2146:
1620:
1961:
1959:
1825:
1790:
1755:
1490:"International Antarctic Analysis Centre"
1424:
1351:
1232:designed to take advantage of the fierce
1847:United States Department of the Interior
1812:United States Department of the Interior
1777:United States Department of the Interior
1742:United States Department of the Interior
1720:
1707:United States Department of the Interior
1685:
1672:United States Department of the Interior
1607:United States Department of the Interior
1585:
1366:History of Australian Antarctic stations
2018:
1971:
1650:
1552:
1528:"Monthly Climate Statistics for Mawson"
519:The station site was chosen in 1953 by
4487:
1956:
1934:
1932:
1482:
74:
3939:
3651:
3079:
2648:
2179:
2141:
1897:"Wired for sound…and email…and video"
1894:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1398:
1323:
4464:
1951:This week at Mawson: 3 February 2012
1311:from the original on 22 October 2022
1128:Mawson's infrastructure includes an
1929:
1838:Geographic Names Information System
1803:Geographic Names Information System
1768:Geographic Names Information System
1733:Geographic Names Information System
1698:Geographic Names Information System
1663:Geographic Names Information System
1598:Geographic Names Information System
1246:List of Antarctic research stations
13:
2012:
1450:
1212:. This period came to an end when
53:Mawson Station looking toward the
14:
4536:
4525:1954 establishments in Antarctica
2031:
1979:"Lauritzen 'Dan' ships 1953-1987"
1464:. Terrey Hills, New South Wales:
1362:"Mawson station: a brief history"
1123:
480:studies, in particular of nearby
4510:1954 establishments in Australia
4463:
4454:
4453:
4213:
2125:
2113:
2101:
1636:Australian Antarctic Data Centre
1163:
1139:
1092:In 2018, astronaut and academic
1025:During March and April 1960, an
637:Climate data for Mawson Station
573:de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver
139:
73:
66:
47:
2169:Research stations in Antarctica
2063:COMNAP Antarctic Facilities Map
1997:
1944:
1888:
1876:
1843:United States Geological Survey
1808:United States Geological Survey
1773:United States Geological Survey
1738:United States Geological Survey
1703:United States Geological Survey
1668:United States Geological Survey
1603:United States Geological Survey
447:Register of the National Estate
4500:Australian Antarctic Territory
3965:
2180:
2087:. Australian Government. 2014.
2075:. Australian Government. 2014.
1520:
1392:
1387:Australian Philatelic Bulletin
1380:
1013:Source: Bureau of Meteorology
414:Australian Antarctic Territory
346:Several communal sitting areas
160:Australian Antarctic Territory
87:Location of Mawson Station in
1:
1904:Australian Antarctic Magazine
1895:Yates, Peter (1 March 2006).
1436:Australian Antarctic Division
1336:Australian Antarctic Division
1266:
1251:List of Antarctic field camps
1223:
1102:Australian Antarctic Division
626:Mawson Station experiences a
506:Minister for External Affairs
398:Australian Antarctic Division
190:Australian Antarctic Division
1405:Australian Heritage Database
1107:
590:
476:studies, as well as ongoing
465:detector, various long-term
7:
2058:COMNAP Antarctic Facilities
1294:. August 2017. p. 33.
1285:Antarctic Station Catalogue
1239:
1020:
826:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
756:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
343:Large dining room (or mess)
10:
4541:
4515:Commonwealth Heritage List
3080:
2649:
1012:
636:
621:
499:
456:
451:Commonwealth Heritage List
449:in 2001 and listed on the
199:13 February 1954
15:
4449:
4402:
4301:
4265:
4222:
4211:
4166:
4115:
4038:
3973:
3685:
3086:
3075:
2655:
2644:
2553:
2525:
2502:
2464:
2441:
2322:
2294:
2261:
2233:
2190:
2186:
2175:
1571:10.1017/S0032247400058393
1506:10.1017/S0032247400066651
1096:conducted research using
965:
895:
825:
755:
685:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
599:(BANZARE) voyage, aboard
445:Mawson was listed on the
371:
328:
303:
295:
287:
279:
269:
252:
244:
236:
231:
223:
210:
195:
185:
165:
153:
133:
98:
61:
46:
37:
30:
4123:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1256:Marble Rock (Antarctica)
1216:ran aground and sank at
3420:Pole of Inaccessibility
1534:. Bureau of Meteorology
118:67.602746°S 62.873726°E
18:Mawson (disambiguation)
4495:Outposts of Antarctica
3679:Airports in Antarctica
1634:. Kingston, Tasmania:
1553:Lambert, B.P. (1967).
571:. Vehicles included 2
400:(AAD). Mawson lies in
227:15 m (49 ft)
155:Location in Antarctica
2048:Mawson Station webcam
1500:(62): 4765–87. 1959.
1466:Australian Geographic
1460:Scott, Keith (1993).
1410:Australian Government
315:Cosmic ray detection
123:-67.602746; 62.873726
2731:St. Kliment Ohridski
2026:. Allen & Unwin.
1220:on 3 December 1987.
1063:Terence James Elkins
686:Record high °C (°F)
478:conservation biology
4436:Robert Falcon Scott
4093:South magnetic pole
4051:Antarctic Peninsula
4046:Biogeographic realm
2981:Gabriel de Castilla
1136:for communication.
896:Record low °C (°F)
605:Proclamation Island
406:Mac. Robertson Land
358:Small spa and sauna
245: • Winter
237: • Summer
114: /
4374:Telecommunications
4288:Territorial claims
3840:Princess Elisabeth
3740:King George Island
2719:Princess Elisabeth
1728:"Griffiths, Mount"
1468:. pp. 29–31.
1132:satellite antenna
525:Operation Highjump
436:Antarctic explorer
388:, commonly called
176:Mac Robertson Land
4482:
4481:
4441:Ernest Shackleton
4369:Research stations
4314:Antarctic English
4283:National programs
4278:Military activity
4252:COVID-19 pandemic
4209:
4208:
4078:Floristic Kingdom
3983:Antarctic sea ice
3933:
3932:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3181:Drescher Ice Camp
3071:
3070:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2566:Comandante Ferraz
2286:Profesor Escudero
2276:General O'Higgins
1913:on 10 August 2019
1869:, Carla Howarth,
1798:"Wilkinson Peaks"
1763:"Newman Nunataks"
1331:"Living at Davis"
1301:978-0-473-40409-3
1160:ground vehicles.
1017:
1016:
612:Framnes Mountains
529:Horseshoe Harbour
383:
382:
40:Antarctic station
4532:
4467:
4466:
4457:
4456:
4431:James Clark Ross
4403:Famous explorers
4217:
4036:
4035:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3937:
3936:
3800:Novolazarevskaya
3780:McMurdo Williams
3672:
3665:
3658:
3649:
3648:
3632:
3462:
3445:
3433:
3416:
3394:
3352:
3220:Dakshin Gangotri
3204:
3077:
3076:
2646:
2645:
2484:Novolazarevskaya
2352:Dumont d'Urville
2188:
2187:
2177:
2176:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2088:
2076:
2027:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1975:
1969:
1966:Living at Mawson
1963:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1912:
1901:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1833:"Young Nunataks"
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1658:"Armstrong Peak"
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1559:The Polar Record
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1494:The Polar Record
1486:
1480:
1479:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1438:. 21 August 2006
1432:"Mawson science"
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1396:
1390:
1389:, Vol. 16, p. 28
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1289:
1281:
1218:Macquarie Island
1186:research vessels
1182:ice-strengthened
1043:Napier Mountains
634:
633:
616:Lars Christensen
490:emperor penguins
429:Antarctic Circle
379:
206:
204:
149:
145:
143:
142:
129:
128:
126:
125:
124:
119:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
77:
76:
70:
51:
28:
27:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4505:East Antarctica
4485:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4445:
4415:Richard E. Byrd
4398:
4359:Protected areas
4297:
4261:
4218:
4205:
4162:
4116:Bodies of Water
4111:
4100:West Antarctica
4056:East Antarctica
4034:
3969:
3964:
3934:
3929:
3890:Thiel Mountains
3775:McMurdo Phoenix
3681:
3676:
3646:
3637:
3626:
3612:World Park Base
3590:Little Rockford
3456:
3439:
3427:
3410:
3388:
3346:
3198:
3082:
3067:
2768:Julio Ripamonti
2753:González Videla
2665:Almirante Brown
2651:
2632:
2549:
2521:
2498:
2460:
2437:
2318:
2290:
2281:Presidente Frei
2257:
2229:
2182:
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1565:(86): 703–37.
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1412:. 22 June 2004
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3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3078:
3074:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3039:United States
3037:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2986:Juan Carlos I
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2954:Molodyozhnaya
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2778:Union Glacier
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2647:
2643:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2527:United States
2524:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2005:
2000:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1477:
1475:1-86276-010-1
1471:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1454:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1290:(catalogue).
1286:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1164:Sea transport
1161:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1147:Rumdoodle SLA
1140:Air transport
1137:
1135:
1134:Earth station
1131:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:Jay C. Buckey
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:Martin Island
1044:
1040:
1037:journey from
1036:
1032:
1028:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
969:
966:Mean monthly
964:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
894:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
824:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
754:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
684:
640:
635:
631:
629:
628:Polar climate
619:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
532:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
504:In 1946, the
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:
464:
454:
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
378:
374:
370:
363:
361:Climbing wall
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
338:
331:
327:
320:
318:Geomagnetism
317:
314:
313:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
226:
222:
219:
215:
213:
209:
198:
194:
191:
188:
184:
181:
177:
173:
170:
168:
164:
161:
158:
156:
152:
148:
136:
132:
127:
99:Coordinates:
97:
90:
69:
60:
56:
50:
45:
41:
36:
29:
23:
19:
4339:Firefighting
4324:Demographics
4247:Colonization
4242:World War II
3764:
3760:Marble Point
3730:Fossil Bluff
3618:
3606:
3549:
3478:Port Lockroy
3467:
3437:Sodruzhestvo
3371:Druzhnaya IV
3361:Druzhnaya II
3339:Soviet Union
3338:
3332:Sarie Marais
3307:South Africa
3306:
3294:
3277:
3260:
3238:
3232:Giacomo Bove
3226:
3214:
3175:
3158:
3141:
3129:
3117:
3101:Belgrano III
3090:
3055:
3038:
3027:Fossil Bluff
3021:
3009:
2992:
2975:
2943:
2937:Law-Racoviță
2931:
2919:
2913:Machu Picchu
2907:
2895:
2883:
2871:
2859:
2842:
2830:
2818:
2806:
2789:
2763:Jorge Boonen
2737:
2725:
2713:
2701:
2659:
2620:
2608:
2597:South Africa
2596:
2584:
2572:
2560:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2364:Neumayer III
2358:
2341:
2329:
2271:Captain Prat
2252:
2084:
2072:
2023:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1982:
1973:
1946:
1922:
1915:. Retrieved
1908:the original
1903:
1890:
1878:
1873:, 2018-10-10
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1836:
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1801:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1766:
1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1731:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1696:
1693:"Bird Ridge"
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1661:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1631:
1622:
1610:. Retrieved
1596:
1587:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1536:. Retrieved
1531:
1522:
1497:
1493:
1484:
1461:
1440:. Retrieved
1435:
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1403:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1365:
1341:. Retrieved
1334:
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1227:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1188:, including
1179:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1127:
1111:
1091:
1059:Mount Elkins
1041:through the
1024:
625:
609:
600:
594:
579:tractors, 1
575:aircraft, 3
545:geomagnetism
533:
518:
513:
503:
460:
444:
433:
389:
385:
384:
352:A theatrette
22:
4427:(legendary)
4334:Field camps
4232:Expeditions
4158:Weddell Sea
4138:Lake Vostok
4133:Lake Mercer
4005:Ice shelves
3915:Wolf's Fang
3905:WAIS Divide
3770:McMurdo Ice
3725:Enigma Lake
3627: [
3457: [
3440: [
3428: [
3411: [
3403:Pionerskaya
3389: [
3356:Druzhnaya I
3347: [
3300:Dobrowolski
3261:New Zealand
3208:Neumayer II
3199: [
3169:Port Martin
2925:Dobrowolski
2872:New Zealand
2707:Vechernyaya
2585:New Zealand
2517:King Sejong
2504:South Korea
2200:Belgrano II
2020:Bowden, Tim
1538:13 November
565:meteorology
557:ionospheric
537:cartography
521:Phillip Law
474:geomagnetic
364:Green Store
299:Operational
196:Established
167:Subdivision
121: /
55:David Range
4489:Categories
4237:Heroic Age
4088:South Pole
3998:Heat waves
3967:Antarctica
3885:South Pole
3870:Siple Dome
3449:Sovetskaya
3312:Borga Base
3196:Neumayer I
3096:Belgrano I
3015:ITU PolReC
2773:Risopatrón
2335:Eco-Nelson
2304:Great Wall
2225:San Martín
2181:Year-round
2004:Wind power
1315:16 January
1267:References
1224:Wind power
1151:field camp
1085:, and the
1071:Bird Ridge
1055:Syd Kirkby
1035:dog sledge
569:physiology
553:seismology
549:glaciology
510:H.V. Evatt
463:cosmic ray
394:Antarctica
377:aad.gov.au
329:Facilities
304:Activities
232:Population
203:1954-02-13
109:62°52′25″E
106:67°36′10″S
89:Antarctica
4389:Transport
4128:Lake CECs
4105:ice sheet
4061:ice sheet
4030:Volcanoes
4020:Mountains
3975:Geography
3925:Zucchelli
3855:Rumdoodle
3810:O'Higgins
3785:Mid Point
3720:Dome Fuji
3705:Concordia
3624:Weddell-1
3575:Ellsworth
3565:East Base
3543:Station W
3538:Station V
3533:Station T
3528:Station P
3523:Station O
3518:Station N
3513:Station J
3508:Station G
3503:Station F
3498:Station E
3493:Station D
3488:Station C
3483:Station B
3473:South Ice
3327:SANAE III
3249:Dome Fuji
3118:Australia
3106:Ellsworth
3091:Argentina
2865:Zucchelli
2824:Maldonado
2695:Primavera
2675:Decepción
2660:Argentina
2512:Jang Bogo
2412:Vernadsky
2400:Arctowski
2376:Concordia
2347:Concordia
2309:Zhongshan
2235:Australia
2210:Esperanza
2192:Argentina
2132:Australia
2120:Geography
1579:130708258
1214:Nella Dan
1209:Nella Dan
1203:Thala Dan
1197:Magga Dan
1191:Kista Dan
1158:Hägglunds
1118:Fremantle
1108:Logistics
1100:, at the
601:Discovery
591:Geography
563:physics,
514:Kista Dan
425:Australia
418:territory
402:Holme Bay
271:UN/LOCODE
254:Time zone
224:Elevation
212:Named for
172:Holme Bay
147:Australia
4459:Category
4364:Religion
4266:Politics
4184:Wildlife
4153:Ross Sea
4015:Glaciers
3860:SANAE IV
3845:Progress
3795:Neumayer
3755:Marambio
3555:Brockton
3454:Vostok I
3322:SANAE II
3288:Maudheim
3191:Filchner
3049:Shirreff
2964:Russkaya
2959:Progress
2896:Pakistan
2853:Gondwana
2743:Carvajal
2726:Bulgaria
2685:Melchior
2680:Matienzo
2602:SANAE IV
2489:Progress
2215:Marambio
1989:31 March
1917:26 April
1883:Stations
1852:30 March
1817:30 March
1782:30 March
1747:30 March
1712:30 March
1677:30 March
1642:30 March
1612:30 March
1514:27213347
1306:Archived
1240:See also
1173:and the
1130:ANARESAT
1021:Research
1008:1,836.7
961:(−32.8)
946:(−20.2)
941:(−32.4)
936:(−32.6)
931:(−32.8)
926:(−29.2)
921:(−30.1)
916:(−27.9)
911:(−15.3)
583:, and 1
470:aeronomy
4469:Commons
4384:Tourism
4329:Economy
4302:Society
4224:History
4194:Mammals
4083:Islands
4039:Regions
4010:Geology
3988:Climate
3910:Wilkins
3880:Sky Blu
3850:Rothera
3835:Plateau
3825:Pegasus
3690:Bharati
3595:Plateau
3580:Hallett
3381:Lazarev
3344:Druzhba
3317:SANAE I
3266:Hallett
3176:Germany
3164:Charcot
3130:Belgium
3056:Uruguay
2932:Romania
2843:Germany
2831:Finland
2819:Ecuador
2800:Taishan
2748:Collins
2714:Belgium
2702:Belarus
2626:Artigas
2621:Uruguay
2540:McMurdo
2451:Bharati
2431:Rothera
2407:Ukraine
2359:Germany
2314:Qinling
2220:Orcadas
2205:Carlini
2094:Portals
1343:11 July
956:(10.9)
951:(−4.0)
901:(14.0)
886:(26.1)
881:(16.2)
871:(−4.9)
866:(−7.1)
861:(−5.8)
856:(−3.3)
851:(−2.7)
836:(18.9)
831:(27.1)
821:(17.1)
816:(35.6)
811:(27.3)
806:(14.2)
776:(10.8)
771:(19.0)
766:(29.5)
761:(36.5)
751:(51.1)
746:(48.7)
741:(43.0)
736:(33.1)
731:(30.9)
726:(44.1)
721:(41.0)
716:(33.3)
711:(32.7)
706:(32.0)
701:(39.2)
696:(46.4)
691:(51.1)
622:Climate
585:Sno-Cat
561:auroral
541:geology
500:History
457:Purpose
421:claimed
412:in the
372:Website
355:Library
321:Biology
201: (
134:Country
4066:shield
4025:Tundra
3920:Vostok
3830:Petrel
3815:Palmer
3765:Mawson
3750:Maitri
3745:Kohnen
3735:Halley
3570:Eights
3408:Pobeda
3295:Poland
3283:Norway
3278:Norway
3254:Mizuho
3159:France
3123:Wilkes
3111:Sobral
3081:Closed
3010:Turkey
2993:Sweden
2944:Russia
2920:Poland
2901:Jinnah
2884:Norway
2848:Kohnen
2812:Mendel
2795:Kunlun
2783:Yelcho
2690:Petrel
2670:Cámara
2650:Summer
2609:Turkey
2561:Brazil
2554:Others
2545:Palmer
2494:Vostok
2466:Russia
2456:Maitri
2426:Halley
2395:Poland
2383:Norway
2342:France
2323:Europe
2253:Mawson
1577:
1512:
1472:
1442:8 July
1416:8 July
1372:8 July
1298:
1206:, and
1184:polar
1114:Hobart
1005:272.8
1002:258.0
999:235.6
996:150.0
981:114.0
978:167.4
975:220.4
972:257.3
906:(0.9)
891:(6.3)
876:(2.5)
846:(0.7)
841:(8.1)
801:(6.4)
796:(4.1)
791:(5.0)
786:(7.7)
781:(7.7)
642:Month
567:, and
390:Mawson
296:Status
291:Annual
288:Period
275:AQ MAW
144:
4474:Index
4394:Women
4344:Flags
4319:Crime
4257:Years
4199:Krill
4189:Birds
4174:Flora
3900:Union
3895:Troll
3875:Sitry
3865:Showa
3700:Casey
3631:]
3607:Other
3600:Siple
3461:]
3444:]
3432:]
3415:]
3398:Oasis
3393:]
3351:]
3271:Vanda
3244:Asuka
3239:Japan
3227:Italy
3215:India
3203:]
3142:Chile
3044:Lenie
3032:Signy
2976:Spain
2969:Soyuz
2877:Vanda
2860:Italy
2790:China
2738:Chile
2590:Scott
2578:Showa
2573:Japan
2479:Mirny
2443:India
2388:Troll
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