262:. Krishna who had the foresight of everything that had happened, concludes that the hour of his departure from this world has come. Restraining his senses, he sits in high yoga. Some of the powder cast into the Prabhasa sea had been swallowed by a fish. Inside the fish, the powder had become a metal piece. Jara (skt. 'old age'), a hunter, catches that fish and finds the metal. He sharpens it to make an arrow and goes for hunting, during which, seeing red marks on Krishna's left foot, and mistaking it for a deer's eye, shoots the arrow at it. On approaching the supposed prey to capture it, he beheld Krishna rapt in yoga, and touches his feet for being an offender. Krishna comforts him and then ascends upwards to the heavens, filling the entire sky with splendor.
326:, and explains how he feels for failing those that depended on him for their safety and security. Sage Vyasa explains that it was the destiny of those warriors, Krishna suffered it too, although he was competent to baffle the curses, Arjuna and his brothers have served the purpose of their lives, those weapons with which he achieved success no longer needs him, and had gone to the place from where they came from. So it is time for them to retire and renounce their kingdom. Arjuna takes leave of Vyasa, meets with
20:
1852:
1072:
295:, which did not appear at his bidding. The concourse was very large, the bandits assailed it at different points, Arjuna tries his best to protect it, but fails. In his very sight, ladies were dragged away, while some went away with bandits of their own accord, when they found none to save them. Supported by servants, Arjuna struck the bandits with his shafts sped from
115:(episode) traditionally has 9 adhyayas (sections, chapters) and has no secondary sub-parvas (parts or little episodes). Of the 80,000 verses in the critical edition of the Mahabharata - Mausala Parva represents about 0.25% of all verses of the Epic. This makes it one of the smallest episodes of the Epic.
394:
conducted various studies since 1955, particularly since late 1970s. These studies found remnants of various temples in
Gujarat, variously dated to be from 9th century, 1st century and 1st millennium BC. The studies have also found ceramic artifacts, votive jars with inscriptions praising the sea god
248:
grass in his hand, which miraculously becomes a bolt of iron - it is with this iron rod that he begins to slay the violent. Others try to imitate him by plucking the grass, which transforms into iron bolts in their hands due to the curse. Everyone, inebriated with alcohol, attacks everyone else. Soon
411:
was to reconstruct the history of maritime trade, shipbuilding and cultural status of the ancient city of Dwarka. Excavations done at two sites on the seaward side of Dwarka brought to light submerged settlements, a stone-built jetty of large size and triangular stone anchors with three holes. The
185:
sees through the prank. In a fit of rage, he curses that Samba will give birth to an iron bolt that will destroy his entire clan. The frightened youth inform
Krishna about what had happened, Krishna was aware of the impending destruction of the Yadava clan and didn't wish to ordain or prevent it,
257:
to come with help. While Daruka was gone, Krishna sends Vabhru to protect the ladies of his kingdom from robbers tempted by wealth. However, as soon as he proceeds to a distance, an iron bolt flies and impales Vabhru, killing him. Krishna goes to
Dvaraka and consoles his father Vasudeva, before
239:
who, on the field of battle, sat in prayer. Krishna glances angrily at
Kritavarma. They begin to argue about who did more wrong during the Kurukshetra War. In the ensuing fracas, Satyaki decapitates Kritavarma with his sword, then begins striking down others present there. Krishna runs over to
373:
The details in
Mausala Parva have served as a source for scholarly studies on whether the Mahabharata is entirely fictional, or if it is partly based on an ancient war in India. The chapters in Mausala Parva that describe Dwarka, its submergence in the Prabhasa sea, and others episodes of the
299:
bow, but soon however his inexhaustible quivers were out of shafts. Then afflicted with grief, he tries to fight with his bow, but until that time those bandits had retreated, taking ladies away with them. Arjuna regarded it all as the work of destiny, while thinking of his non-appearance of
291:, ceasing turned, with his followers, towards the place where bandits attacked. Smiling the while, Arjuna addresses them but they disregarded his words, fell upon him. With great difficulty, he succeeded in activating his bow. When the battle had become furious, he tries to invoke his
209:. Pests multiply. Sinful acts multiply, yet no one feels any shame. Wives deceive their husbands, and husbands deceive their wives. Everyone has the same terrifying dreams. People insult and humiliate their seniors and teachers. Krishna asks everyone to go on a pilgrimage to the
286:
women to rest in pleasant forests, mountains and by the sides of delightful streams. Arrived at the country of five waters, they made an encampment there. Bandits overwhelmed by cupidity and temptation attack them, seeing them being protected by only one bowman. The son of
894:
Nayak & Rao (1992), Existence And
Location Of Dvaraka City of MahĆ£bhĆ£rata Era And Its Subsequent SubmergenceāA Reality or A Myth?. New Trends in Indian Art and Archaeology, SR Rao's 70th Birthday Felicitation Volume, New Delhi, published by
428:
colonial officials discovered the Epic to consist of only eight books, instead of eighteen. It is unclear if this implies the original Epic had only eight books as and when it arrived in
Indonesia, or some books were lost as the Epic spread in
407:, have been conducted by the ASI. The first investigations carried out on land in 1963 revealed many artifacts. The objective of the investigations conducted by the Marine Archaeology Unit of the National Institute of Oceanography and the
265:
Daruka reaches to
Pandavas and tells them the whole incident. Arjuna sets out for seeing them. He met there Vasudeva and 500,000 people who killed each other lying there. He tells them to prepare for their leave within a week.
908:
Iyengar, R. N., & Radhakrishna, B. P. (2005), Evolution of the
Western Coastline of India and the probable location of Dwaraka of Krsna: Geological perspectives, Journal of the Geological Society of India, 66(3), pages
274:. Then Arjuna made rites who died there, according to their order of seniority. With Yadava old men, women and children who are the only survivors, including the 16,000 devotees (women who were saved by Krishna, from
178:(sages), who were visiting Dvaraka for an audience with Krishna. The young man playfully pretended to be a woman and claimed that he is pregnant and asks the rishis to predict the gender of the baby.
345:
Debroy, in 2011, notes that updated critical edition of
Mausala Parva, after removing verses generally accepted so far as spurious and inserted into the original, has 9 adhyayas (chapters) and 273
374:
Mahabharata have attracted the attention of scholars. It has led to the hypothesis that if any city named Dwarka existed in ancient India, it is likely to have been in the modern Indian state of
135:. In anger and grief over the death of her hundred sons, her brothers, and of other members of her clan, Gandhari cursed Krishna that his Yadava kinsmen too would die in a fratricidal strife.
253:(Krishna's charioteer) and Krishna. Balarama survives because he withdrew from that spot before the fight. Krishna asks Daruka to go to the Pandavas, tell them what had happened and to ask
300:
celestial weapons, refusal of his bow to obey him; and exhaustion of his shafts. Taking with him the remnant of the Vrishni women, and the wealth that was still with them, reached
965:
D. Van Hinloopen Labberton (1913), The Mahabharata in Mediaeval Javanese, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, pages 1-22
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190:
and it was asked to pulverize the iron bolt into a powder and cast it into the Prabhasa sea and to prevent the distribution of intoxicating spirits in the kingdom.
338:
Mausala Parva was composed in Sanskrit. Several translations in English are available. Two translations from the 19th century, now in public domain, are those by
154:
36 years after the end of the Kurukshetra war. The kingdom is peaceful and prosperous, the youth of Yadavas have become frivolous and hedonistic. Krishna's son
143:
The chapter begins with the announcement at the court of the Pandavas that many Yadava men were killed in an internecine war fought with flails made of
235:(son of Krishna) applauds Satyaki's words and disregards Kritavarma. Kritavarma in return reminds Satyaki how he (Satyaki) cruelly slayed the unarmed
872:
Rao, S. R., Tripati, S., & Gaur, A. S. (1992), A preliminary exploration of Prabhasa-Somnath, Journal of Marine Archaeology, 3, pages 13-16
403:, Gujarat. These have been dated to be between 500 BC and 1500 BC. Archaeological investigations at Dwarka, both on shore and offshore in the
786:
Ushasri (2001), Bharatam (Dviteeya Bhagam), Telugu Edition, Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam's Religious Publication Series. No.: 111, Page 494
760:
Ushasri (2001), Bharatam (Dviteeya Bhagam), Telugu Edition, Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam's Religious Publication Series. No.: 111, Page 493
91:
The Mausala Parva is significant for serving as a basis of archaeological studies for the Mahabharata, as well as being one of the eight
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598:
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https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/parva#:~:text=Parva%20means%20'episode'.,ceremonies%2C%20various%20arts%20and%20sciences
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John Murdoch (1898), The Mahabharata - An English Abridgment, Christian Literature Society for India, London, pages 132-137
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prevent him from doing further voilence. However, others are impelled by fate in the face of Krishna to slay Satyaki and
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returning to his brother Balarama in the forest. He sees him departing from this world, giving up his life through
244:, who tries to save Satyaki. Krishna beholding his own slain son Pradyumna as well as Satyaki, takes up, in wrath,
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of the Prabhasa sea. They do. When they arrive, the Yadavas revel in merrymaking, dance and drink much alcohol.
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282:. As they are leaving, waters rise, Dvaraka sinks into the sea. Arjuna proceeded by slow marches, causing the
56:
has eight chapters. One of the 3 shortest episodes within the epic, the Mausala Parva describes the demise of
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clan that killed many of them. The story of infighting of the Yadavas becomes the reason why the
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Indian Archaeology in Retrospect: Archaeology and historiography: history, theory, and method
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Arjuna becomes depressed and full of doubts about his warrior abilities. He approaches
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and Manmatha Nath Dutt. The translations vary with each translator's interpretations.
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The entire parva has been "transcreated" and translated in verse by the poet Dr.
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978:
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795:
C Rajagopalachari (2008), Mahabharata, 52nd Edition, Bhavan's Book University.
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C Rajagopalachari (2008), Mahabharata, 52nd Edition, Bhavan's Book University.
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settlements are in the form of exterior and interior walls, and fort bastions.
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The city then witnesses several dark omens, including the disappearance of the
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grass. Yudhishthira asks for details. Mausala Parva then recites the details.
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Mausala Parva is one of the eight books that were discovered in parts of
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and killing the remaining Pandavas' army while they were sleeping (see
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46:) is the sixteenth of the eighteen episodes of the ancient Indian epic
304:. He installs warriors at different positions at different locations.
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861:Ī Ī±Ī½Ī“Ī±Ī¹Ī· and SÄ«tÄ: On the Historical Background of the Sanskrit Epics
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Ancient Indian Warfare: With Special Reference to the Vedic Period
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by Vyasadeva with commentary by Nilakantha - Worldcat OCLC link
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brothers renounce their kingdom and begin their walk towards
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and made into his queens) of Krishna, together set off for
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100:
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88:, events recited in the last two books of the Mahabharata.
920:"Significant finds at Dwaraka - Today's Paper - The Hindu"
433:. D. Van Hinloopen Labberton reports the eight parvas as:
270:
dies the next day while he is meditating, while his wives
863:, Journal of the American Oriental Society, pages 361-373
415:
945:. Indian Council of Historical Research. p. 361.
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everyone who is battling is dead, except for Vabhru,
932:
316:and others entered the woods to practice penances.
751:, Penguin Books, page xxiii - xxiv of Introduction
668:
666:
664:
567:The Mahabharata: Book 1: The Book of the Beginning
475:Previous book of Mahabharata: Ashramavasika Parva
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676:Jaya: An Illustrated Retelling of the Mahabharata
569:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, p 478
158:dresses up as a woman and his friends meet Rishi
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480:Next book of Mahabharata: Mahaprasthanika Parva
743:Bibek Debroy, The Mahabharata : Volume 3,
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582:. Gurgaon: Penguin Books India, pp xxiii - xxvi
131:confronted Krishna, a meeting described in the
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981:, English Translation by Kisari Mohan Ganguli
637:The Mahabharata: A Modern Rendering, Volume 2
624:
592:
590:
588:
987:, English Translation by Manmatha Nath Dutt
532:The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa
186:Samba summoned and reported to Krishna and
76:'s death, and a civil war fought among the
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1011:
585:
554:The Mahabharata (Volume 16): Mausala Parva
52:. It traditionally has nine chapters. The
603:. University of California. p. 263.
369:Archaeological studies on the Mahabharata
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511:https://sanskritdictionary.com/?q=musala
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672:
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600:The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology
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939:Settar, S.; Korisettar, Ravi (2002).
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219:, inebriated with wine, goes over to
713:. University of Lucknow. p. 163
416:Chronology and spread of Mahabharata
999:by Ramnarayandutt Shastri, Volume 5
997:Mousala Parva in Sanskrit and Hindi
883:Recent Trends in Indian Archaeology
223:, criticizes him for scheming with
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330:and tells them what had happened.
150:The events start near the city of
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16:Sixteenth book of the Mahabharata
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1291:48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra
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119:Background to the Mausala Parva
31:depicted at right. Painting by
885:, Social Scientist, pages 3-15
679:. Penguin Books. p. 332.
640:. Iuniverse USA. p. 526.
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388:Archaeological Survey of India
27:(blue figure) and his brother
1:
815:A Sanskrit-English Dictionary
597:Doniger, Wendy (1980-10-13).
485:
312:, ascended the funeral pyre.
201:(Krishna's conch), Krishna's
64:had ended, the submersion of
565:van Buitenen, J.A.B. (1973)
68:under the sea, the death of
7:
707:Singh, Sarva Daman (1965).
526:Ganguli, K.M. (1883-1896) "
468:
424:. In islands of Indonesia,
123:After the end of the great
60:in the 36th year after the
10:
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308:, Saivaya, Haimavatu, and
272:join him in a funeral pyre
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991:Mausala Parva in Sanskrit
580:The Mahabharata, Volume 1
556:. Calcutta: Elysium Press
205:and the plough weapon of
812:Monier Monier-Williams,
382:. With funding from the
72:by drowning in the sea,
1835:Epic-Puranic chronology
673:Doniger, Wendy (2010).
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534:(12 Volumes). Calcutta
107:Structure and chapters
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409:Government of Gujarat
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340:Kisari Mohan Ganguli
334:English translations
384:Government of India
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578:Debroy, B. (2010)
552:Dutt, M.N. (1905)
36:
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952:978-81-7304-322-2
833:"Bhagvata Purana"
647:978-0-595-40188-8
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42:(lit. Episode of
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1594:Role in the
1449:Bhurishravas
1331:Vyagaprastha
1316:Pranaprastha
1311:Indraprastha
1307:Panchagrama
1284:Indraprastha
1207:Main tribes
1187:Svargarohana
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1167:Ashvamedhika
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139:Plot summary
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110:
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1744:Upapandavas
1644:Parashurama
1596:Mahabharata
1534:Ghatotkacha
1459:ChitrÄngadÄ
1454:ChitrÄngada
1414:Babruvahana
1409:Ashwatthama
1364:Chakravyūha
1326:Tilaprastha
1296:Kurukshetra
1035:Mahabharata
459:Prasthdnika
405:Arabian Sea
386:(GoI), the
380:Maharashtra
302:Kurukshetra
225:Ashwatthama
199:Panchajanya
160:Vishvamitra
49:Mahabharata
1784:Vrishasena
1779:Vrishaketu
1724:Shishupala
1709:Shakuntala
1604:Kritavarma
1564:Jayadratha
1559:Jarasandha
1554:Janamejaya
1504:Duryodhana
1429:Bhagadatta
1376:Characters
1359:Vishvarupa
1349:Svayamvara
1279:Hastinapur
1192:Harivamsha
1162:Anushasana
803:, Page 437
777:, Page 436
717:17 October
692:17 October
653:17 October
616:17 October
486:References
397:Bet Dwarka
349:(verses).
314:Satyabhama
276:Narakasura
221:Kritavarma
133:Stri Parva
1830:Vedic era
1719:Shikhandi
1689:Satyavati
1659:Pururavas
1654:Purochana
1649:Parikshit
1514:Dushyanta
1509:Dushasana
1464:Damayanti
1384:Abhimanyu
1275:Capitals
1253:Janapadas
925:The Hindu
422:Indonesia
310:Jambavati
242:Pradyumna
233:Pradyumna
1869:Category
1856:Category
1825:Kingdoms
1734:Sudeshna
1729:Subhadra
1699:Shantanu
1674:Sahadeva
1524:Gandhari
1519:Ekalavya
1479:Draupadi
1424:Balarama
1399:Ambalika
1301:Jyotisar
1238:Gandhara
1221:Pandavas
1216:Kauravas
1147:Sauptika
469:See also
268:Vasudeva
207:Balarama
188:Ugrasena
168:Vashista
129:Gandhari
111:Mausala
74:Vasudeva
70:Balarama
29:Balarama
1820:Avatars
1813:Related
1804:Yuyutsu
1769:Vikarna
1704:Shakuni
1694:Savitri
1684:Satyaki
1679:Sanjaya
1669:Rukmini
1624:Nahusha
1614:Lomasha
1589:Krishna
1579:Kindama
1574:Kichaka
1544:Hidimbi
1539:Hidimba
1499:Durvasa
1494:Duhsala
1489:Drupada
1444:Bhishma
1434:Bharata
1419:Bahlika
1211:Bharata
1177:Mausala
1120:Bhishma
1083:Books (
909:285-292
455:Mausala
447:Bhishma
376:Gujarat
347:shlokas
306:Rukmini
297:Gandiva
284:Vrishni
217:Satyaki
203:chariot
164:Durvasa
152:DvÄrakÄ
82:Pandava
66:Dvaraka
58:Krishna
25:Krishna
1794:Yayati
1774:Virata
1764:Vidura
1754:UttarÄ
1749:Uttara
1714:Shalya
1629:Nakula
1549:Iravan
1404:Arjuna
1394:Ambika
1342:Events
1269:Places
1243:Matsya
1201:Tribes
1157:Shanti
1142:Shalya
1115:Udyoga
1110:Virata
949:
799:
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443:Udyoga
439:Virata
401:Dwarka
255:Arjuna
251:Daruka
197:, the
176:rishis
172:Narada
93:Parvas
86:heaven
78:Yadava
44:Flails
1789:Vyasa
1739:Ulupi
1664:Rukmi
1639:Pandu
1619:Madri
1609:Kunti
1584:Kripa
1569:Karna
1529:Ganga
1484:Drona
1439:Bhima
1233:Kunti
1137:Karna
1132:Drona
1100:Sabha
1085:parva
1052:Vyasa
530:" in
426:Dutch
324:Vyasa
289:Kunti
246:erakÄ
183:rishi
156:Samba
145:erakĆ”
113:Parva
1634:Nala
1389:Amba
1228:Yadu
1152:Stri
1105:Vana
947:ISBN
797:ISBN
771:ISBN
745:ISBN
719:2013
694:2013
681:ISBN
655:2013
642:ISBN
618:2013
605:ISBN
461:and
260:yoga
181:One
101:Bali
99:and
97:Java
38:The
1095:Adi
435:Adi
395:at
378:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
