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doing they damaged his college experience, emotional well-being, reputation and career prospects. His lawyers argued that
Columbia allowed Sulkowicz to create and propose "performances depicting as a rapist" even though the university cleared him of any wrongdoing. Among examples of what they described as "public harassment", they cited Sulkowicz's public display of drawings which the lawyers said depicted Nungesser's genitals as part of the project (Sulkowicz left open the question of whether these drawings were of him or stories about him), as well as depictions of the alleged sexual assault, as violations of Columbia's gender-based misconduct policy, which prohibits "unwelcome remarks about the private parts of a person's body" and "graffiti concerning the sexual activity of another person". The lawsuit alleged that Columbia was responsible because the university sponsored and supervised the project. The university's lawyers say the university is "not responsible or liable" for Sulkowicz's conduct
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was entirely consensual. In April 2013, 8 months after the encounter, Sulkowicz filed a complaint with the university. Sulkowicz says she filed a complaint after encountering two female students who said they had also been victimized by
Nungesser. One was a former girlfriend who said she was emotionally abused during their long-term relationship, and stated that she later recognized their sexual relations as having been non-consensual. The other said that on one occasion Nungesser had moved toward her aggressively, grabbed her arms, and attempted to kiss her. Shortly after Sulkowicz filed a complaint, the two other students with whom she was acquainted also filed complaints with the university against the same student. Columbia ultimately cleared him of responsibility in all three cases.
33:
281:
413:, who dismissed the suit on March 12, 2016. Nungesser filed an amended complaint on April 25, 2016. In July 2017, the university announced that it had reached a settlement with him; terms of the settlement were not disclosed. The university said in a statement: "Columbia recognizes that after the conclusion of the investigation, Paul's remaining time at Columbia became very difficult for him and not what Columbia would want any of its students to experience. Columbia will continue to review and update its policies toward ensuring that every studentâaccuser and accused, including those like Paul who are found not responsibleâis treated respectfully and as a full member of the Columbia community."
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that he was not permitted to use written communications between himself and the alleged victim as evidence, and expressed disbelief that anyone could believe he was guilty even after his accusers failed to meet what he deemed the low burden of proof in the university hearing process. He also stated that since
Sulkowicz's protest serves as her senior thesis, it is being supervised and implicitly endorsed by a Columbia faculty member.
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discrimination against women in universities and colleges, which included quotas, requiring higher grades from women, and offering them reduced choice in degree programs. Five other students later joined the complaint against
Columbia, which also alleged that the university was in violation of Title II, a provision against discrimination on the basis of disability, and the
336:
parameters of the project. Written on the walls of her studio in the university's Watson Hall, these included that
Sulkowicz had to carry the mattress when on university property; that it had to remain on campus when she was not there; and that she was not allowed to ask for help in carrying it, but could accept if help was offered.
246:, a law upholding gender equality in federally-funded institutions. Among other issues, the complaint alleged that the institutions discourage students from reporting sexual assault, that alleged perpetrators are not removed from campus, and that sanctions are too lenient. The Department of Education's
359:
After graduation
Sulkowicz said she had known the university would not expel Nungesser, and had expected to carry the mattress for nine months, the length of a pregnancy, which was an important part of the work: "To me, the piece has very much represented a guy did a horrible thing to me and I tried
215:
degree at
Columbia University. Sulkowicz alleges that she was slapped, choked, and anally raped by Nungesser in Sulkowicz's dorm room, on the first day of her second year in August 2012, during what began as a consensual sexual encounter. Nungesser denies the allegation, insisting that the encounter
397:
lawsuit against
Columbia University, its trustees, university president Lee Bollinger, and Sulkowicz's senior-thesis supervisor, Jon Kessler, alleging they exposed him to gender-based harassment and a hostile educational environment in allowing the project to go forward. Nungesser said that in so
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that the mattress performance is not an act of artistic expression, but instead one orchestrated to bully him and force him to leave
Columbia. He said that on the National Day of Action, protesters followed him around, carrying mattresses to one of his classes and taking his picture. He also said
381:
Nungesser's parents criticized the university, including its decision to let
Sulkowicz take the mattress to the graduation ceremony: "This has been a deeply humiliating experience. ... A university that bows to a public witch-hunt no longer deserves to be called a place of enlightenment, of
347:
Sulkowicz said the work would end when Nungesser was expelled from or otherwise left Columbia, and that she would take the mattress to her graduation ceremony if necessary. In the end Sulkowicz carried it to the graduation ceremony on May 19, 2015, despite a request from the school that students
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magazine: "He was the first person who helped without some sort of preconstructed belief for why they were going to help. He was like, 'Oh, look, a struggling girlâlet me help her and be a nice human being.' That was probably the most honest interaction I had." Sulkowicz kept a diary throughout,
145:
Fellow student Paul Nungesser, whom Sulkowicz accused, was found not responsible by a university inquiry into the allegations, and police declined to pursue a criminal complaint against him, citing a lack of reasonable suspicion. Nungesser called Sulkowicz's accusation "untrue and unfounded" and
335:
Purchased online from Tall Paul's Tall Mall, the 50-lb (23-kg), dark-blue, extra-long twin mattress is of the kind Columbia places in its dorms, similar to the one on which Sulkowicz said that she was raped. Sulkowicz spent the summer of 2014 creating the rules of engagement, which defined the
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says: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance." It was passed on June 23, 1972, in response to
537:
Women's Leadership Forum in September 2014: "That image should haunt all of us ..." In October 2014, Columbia students carried 28 mattresses on campus, one for each student who joined the federal Title IX complaint, then left them outside the home of university president
542:; they were fined $ 471 for the clean-up. A group called "Carry That Weight" organized a "National Day of Action to Carry That Weight" on October 29, 2014, during which students carried mattresses on 130 US campuses and several elsewhere. Sulkowicz received the
617:
criticized Sulkowicz's work as "shaming without proof" and accused Sulkowicz and her supporters of "saving themselves from having to answer any questions and destroying men's lives with lies and innuendo". In his article "If anything's art, art's nothing",
924:
The University announced that it had settled the suitâfor which Nungesser submitted a new complaint after his initial one was dismissed last yearâin a conciliatory statement sent to Spectator Thursday ... The University did not disclose the terms of the
389:
about her feelings on the treatment of her son at Columbia, Nungesser's mother said, "This is a feeling of lawlessness." His father said that he sometimes fears his son will leave the school as a "cynic" and a "suspicious man".
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352:, who had been shaking other graduates' hands, turned away as if to pick something up, and did not shake her hand; the university said this happened because the mattress was in the way. The next day posters appeared in
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said the invitation was "undeserved and violates the principles of confidentiality and gender equality of Title IX", and that Sulkowicz had "failed to establish any wrongdoing" on the part of Nungesser.
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stated that she believed Sulkowicz was likely "shading the truth" and argued that, while campus rape was a real problem, advocates did not pay enough attention to the possibility of false allegations.
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in her dorm room in 2012 was expelled or otherwise left the university. Sulkowicz carried the mattress until the end of the spring semester, as well as to the graduation ceremony in May 2015.
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an act of bullying. In 2015, Nungesser filed a lawsuit against the university and several administrators alleging that the school exposed him to gender-based harassment by allowing
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protections and arguing that Nungesser's lawsuit suggests Columbia was obligated to prevent Sulkowicz from speaking publicly on an important issue. The case was heard by Judge
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should not bring "large objects which could interfere with the proceedings". Several women helped carry the mattress on stage. As Sulkowicz approached, university president
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of her filing the police report, which she had recorded on a cellphone. The mattress later became the focus of the piece. Sulkowicz's thesis was supervised by artist
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and the university's written policies regarding confidentiality, the university was criticized by both parties and their parents for its handling of the issue.
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and concluded, "if everything is art, then art can be used for anything. And in the process meaning and value dissolve and art becomes hopelessly debased."
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magazine, included it in his list of the best 19 art shows of 2014, calling "clear, to the point, insistent, adamant ... pure radical vulnerability".
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332:: "I do think that nowadays art pieces can include whatever the artist desires and in this performance art piece it utilizes the elements of protest ..."
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as "a parody of the worst aspects of that kind of grievance-oriented feminism", adding that a feminist work "should empower women, not cripple them".
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described it as "strict and lean, yet inclusive and open ended, symbolically laden yet drastically physical", writing that comparisons to the
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1271:
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859:
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971:
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amounting to 59,000 words at the end of the work, recording the artist's experiences as well as the misunderstandings of commentators.
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Begun in September 2014, the piece involved Sulkowicz carrying a 50-pound (23 kg) mattress, of the kind that Columbia uses in its
1915:
1817:
1678:
1299:
3041:
2133:
1772:"University 'charges students hundreds of dollars' to clean up mattresses from Emma Sulkowicz anti-sexual assault solidarity protest"
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In early September 2014 Sulkowicz began carrying the mattress on campus. A homeless man was one of the first to help. Sulkowicz told
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823:
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3021:
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1972:
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to go forward. In 2017, the university settled the suit for undisclosed terms, and pledged to reform its disciplinary policies.
2251:
906:
752:
3051:
1060:
654:
257:. The district attorney's office interviewed Sulkowicz and Nungesser in August, but did not pursue charges, citing lack of
223:, which broke the story on December 11, 2013, without naming those involved. In April 2014 Sulkowicz appeared with Senator
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139:
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1942:
1650:
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Some commentators questioned Sulkowicz's account of the assault and argued that the performance was unfair to Nungesser.
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2796:
1861:
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1496:
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2095:
997:
1582:
2872:
2686:
1382:
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783:"It's hard to ignore a woman toting a mattress everywhere she goes, which is why Emma Sulkowicz is still doing it"
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561:
543:
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94:
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The case attracted wider attention when the three female students who filed complaints gave interviews to the
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The piece stirred controversy with praise from art critics and criticism from some commentators. Art critic
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cited it as "almost certainly ... one of the most important artworks of the year", comparing it to
2259:
2179:
254:
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2877:
2546:
2203:
1180:"Students file federal complaint against Columbia, alleging Title IX, Title II, Clery Act violations"
1195:
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2227:
2195:
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911:
660:
637:
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1958:
1104:
475:
1516:"Columbia student accused of rape amends lawsuit to include 'the mattress attends graduation'"
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movement and "a nightmare" for the accused. Caught between defending and enabling Sulkowicz's
3031:
2576:
2556:
2403:
2165:
2012:
1476:
1129:
497:
466:
228:
2756:
1804:"Ms. Wonder Awards Honor Young Grassroots Leaders in Anti-Violence and Fair Wage Movements"
1296:
614:
406:
328:. Sulkowicz described the work as "an endurance performance art piece". Sulkowicz told the
269:
258:
1754:"Students Bring Out Mattresses In Huge 'Carry That Weight' Protest Against Sexual Assault"
8:
3011:
3006:
2601:
2571:
2486:
2243:
1673:
1501:
1445:
1402:"In Columbia University rape case, accuser and accused are now fighting it out in public"
1387:
1368:
1002:
946:
838:
828:
514:
353:
128:
90:
2431:
2080:
525:, said he could not think of another case where art had triggered a movement in the way
485:
317:
2980:
2857:
2776:
2536:
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557:
505:
480:
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developed, Kessler and Sulkowicz discussed the nature of endurance art and the work of
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178:
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2806:
2691:
2339:
1892:
1718:
174:
1818:"Kirsten Gillibrand blasted for decision to invite Columbia 'mattress girl' to SOTU"
998:"Meet the College Women Who Are Starting a Revolution Against Campus Sexual Assault"
2912:
2847:
2791:
2766:
2711:
1289:"Two Weeks Into Performance, Columbia Student Discusses the Weight of Her Mattress"
1039:""Accessible, Prompt, and Equitable"? An Examination of Sexual Assault at Columbia"
195:
2671:
824:"Alleged Columbia Rapist âDismayed and Disappointedâ by Accuserâs SOTU Invitation"
2511:
2471:
2446:
2142:
1714:
1441:"Accused Rapist's Parents Criticize Columbia for Allowing Mattress at Graduation"
1303:
629:
530:
440:
402:
293:
235:
208:
72:
401:
On August 28, 2015, Columbia's lawyers asked that the case be dismissed, citing
2904:
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2501:
2491:
2466:
2283:
2219:
2100:
2004:
1996:
1736:"How 'Carry That Weight' Is Changing the Conversation on Campus Sexual Assault"
597:
313:
165:"pure radical vulnerability" and one of the best art shows of 2014. Journalist
120:
54:
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1834:
1328:
1315:
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734:
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On April 24, 2014, 23 students filed a federal complaint against Columbia and
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2187:
1981:
1920:
1699:"How a mattress became a symbol for student activists against sexual assault"
1267:
1229:"Frustrated by Columbia's inaction, student reports sexual assault to police"
1210:"Columbia University Is Under Federal Investigation For Sexual Assault Cases"
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2481:
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2090:
1383:"Posters Around Columbia Campus Call Emma Sulkowicz a 'Pretty Little Liar'"
471:
461:
325:
80:
1158:"Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand Seeks Funds To Fight College Campus Sex Assaults"
2985:
2887:
2781:
2706:
2631:
2456:
2371:
2085:
1091:"As Another Accusation Bites the Dust, Columbia Rape Saga Takes New Turn"
804:"Mattress Protest at Columbia University Continues Into Graduation Event"
642:
574:
509:
305:
212:
158:
124:
1632:"Columbia Settles With Student Cast as a Rapist in Mattress Art Project"
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2761:
2716:
2656:
2626:
2606:
2596:
2541:
1916:"Columbia mattress rape case is not justiceâit's shaming without proof"
582:
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The political response was marked too. Nato Thompson, chief curator of
432:
2960:
2950:
2736:
2566:
2521:
2451:
2299:
2157:
1888:"Camille Paglia: Columbia Anti-Rape Mattress Project Is Not Feminism"
733:
For "endurance performance art", Emma Sulkowicz (September 2, 2014).
708:
554:
301:
297:
284:"Carry that Weight Together", Columbia University, September 10, 2014
98:
1557:"Columbia Cites Free Speech In Defense Of Allowing Mattress Protest"
1497:"Lawyers for Emma Sulkowicz's Alleged Rapist Accuse Her of Misandry"
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described the work and events surrounding it as "a triumph" for the
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2721:
2636:
2461:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2028:
1609:"Lawsuit Against Columbia Over 'Mattress Protest' Returns To Court"
703:
394:
239:
138:, around campus. Sulkowicz said the piece would end when a student
2111:
411:
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
2801:
1719:
Address to Democratic National Committee Women's Leadership Forum
1423:"Accusers and the Accused, Crossing Paths at Columbia University"
1161:
1021:"Accusers and the Accused, Crossing Paths at Columbia University"
1950:
1342:"Going From Class to Class With Emma Sulkowicz and Her Mattress"
2945:
2212:
Couple in The Cage: Two Undiscovered Amerindians Visit the West
2172:
1679:"Marina AbramoviÄ is Down With Emma Sulkowicz's Mattress Piece"
457:
1534:"University Defends Mattress-Carrying Project Against Lawsuit"
688:
pronouns. This article uses feminine pronouns for consistency.
585:
as one of the year's fifty most influential Jewish-Americans.
356:
near the university calling Sulkowicz a "pretty little liar".
1364:"Will Emma Sulkowicz's Protest Mattress Wind Up in a Museum?"
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
1583:"Lawsuit Against Columbia Over 'Mattress Protest' Dismissed"
2882:
2816:
321:
135:
981:
300:
of herself moving a bed out of a room, accompanied by the
1281:
1074:"Fight Against Sexual Assaults Holds Colleges to Account"
1722:
818:
816:
123:
conducted as a senior thesis during the final year of a
1693:
1691:
1263:
1261:
1259:
972:"Have We Learned Anything From the Columbia Rape Case?"
296:
Summer School of Art and Music. Her first effort was a
1728:
1600:
1272:"In a Mattress, a Lever for Art and Political Protest"
1246:
1244:
1242:
1142:"Columbia drops ball on jock 'rapist' probe: students"
373:
Paul Nungesser said in a December 2014 interview with
253:
On May 14, 2014, Sulkowicz filed a complaint with the
1862:"Camille Paglia: How Bill Clinton is like Bill Cosby"
1358:
1356:
1354:
1198:, United States Department of Justice, June 23, 2012.
1096:
886:"The Other Side of the College Sexual Assault Crisis"
813:
780:
1907:
1688:
1256:
1196:"Equal Access to Education: Forty Years of Title IX"
1174:
1172:
1170:
834:"Emma Sulkowicz Was âLet Downâ by Obama SOTU Speech"
382:
intellectual and academic freedom." Asked by German
1239:
1014:
1012:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
1943:"Robert Fulford: If anythingâs art, art's nothing"
1651:"Columbia Student's Striking Mattress Performance"
1433:
1351:
1053:
292:in the summer of 2014 as a senior thesis while at
1167:
900:
898:
880:
878:
876:
798:
796:
2998:
1751:
1669:"Marina Abramovic Is a Fan of the Mattress Girl"
1009:
955:
1508:
1220:
1124:For interview with Sulkowicz that mentions the
1072:Richard Pérez-Peña, Kath Taylor (May 3, 2014).
907:"Columbia settles Nungesser's Title IX lawsuit"
1491:
1489:
1420:
1207:
1083:
895:
873:
793:
276:rules of engagement, Columbia University, 2014
2127:
1966:
1018:
452:Numerous art critics responded positively to
1375:
744:
1885:
1580:
1486:
1226:
1066:
939:
729:
727:
308:, a professor at Columbia. As the idea for
264:
3017:Civil rights protests in the United States
2134:
2120:
1973:
1959:
1914:Riley, Naomi Schaefer (February 8, 2015).
1531:
996:Vanessa Grigoriadis (September 21, 2014).
781:Soraya Nadia McDonald (October 29, 2014).
368:
1810:
1648:
1306:, Columbia University School of the Arts.
1287:Jillian Steinhauer (September 17, 2014).
1140:story, Tara Palmeri (December 11, 2013),
1102:
854:
852:
850:
848:
250:opened an investigation in January 2015.
2276:Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight)
2053:Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight)
935:
933:
776:
774:
750:
724:
420:
360:to make something beautiful out of it."
290:Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight)
279:
268:
194:
112:Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight)
1816:Valerie Richardson (January 26, 2015).
1806:. Feminist Newswire. November 19, 2014.
832:; Katie Van Syckle (January 21, 2015).
566:Families Advocating for Campus Equality
2999:
2252:How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare
1853:
1734:Rebecca Nathanson (December 1, 2014).
1629:
1606:
1554:
1416:
1414:
904:
845:
697:
2115:
1954:
1913:
1859:
1770:Gander Kashmira (November 13, 2014).
1752:Alexandra Svokos (October 29, 2014).
1532:Neumeister, Larry (August 28, 2015).
1061:"Columbia Student: I Didn't Rape Her"
930:
822:Katie Van Syckle (January 20, 2015).
771:
751:McNamara, Sylvie (October 28, 2019).
628:compared Sulkowicz's work to that of
3072:Student protests in New York (state)
1886:Quackenbush, Casey (July 30, 2015).
1421:Kaminer, Ariel (December 22, 2014).
1031:
735:"Emma Sulkowicz: "Carry That Weight"
655:Columbia University rape controversy
191:Columbia University rape controversy
2141:
1667:Rachel Corbett (October 24, 2014).
1411:
1208:Tyler Kingkade (January 12, 2015).
1019:Ariel Kaminer (December 22, 2014).
753:"Did Emma Sulkowicz Get Redpilled?"
572:In 2015, Sulkowicz was included in
13:
1697:Sarah Kaplan (November 28, 2014).
1677:; Josh Niland (October 27, 2014).
1128:, Christoph Cadenbach (May 2015),
546:'s Susan B. Anthony Award and the
416:
14:
3093:
3082:Sex scandals in the United States
1980:
1439:Katie Van Syckle (May 20, 2015).
1400:Sarah Kaplan (February 4, 2015).
1105:"I Am Not a 'Pretty Little Liar'"
940:Jerry Saltz (December 10, 2014).
3042:Performance art in New York City
1460:"What Happened on the Mattress?"
1059:Cathy Young (February 3, 2015).
884:Max Kutner (December 10, 2015),
560:invited Sulkowicz to attend the
393:In April 2015 Nungesser filed a
31:
1935:
1879:
1827:
1781:
1764:
1745:
1708:
1661:
1649:Ben Davis (September 4, 2014).
1642:
1623:
1574:
1548:
1525:
1469:
1452:
1394:
1362:Andy Battaglia (May 28, 2015).
1340:Noel Duan (September 9, 2014).
1334:
1321:
1309:
1201:
1189:
1151:
1118:
942:"The 19 Best Art Shows of 2014"
905:Holmes, Aaron (July 13, 2017).
562:2015 State of the Union Address
544:National Organization for Women
3037:Morningside Heights, Manhattan
3022:History of Columbia University
2976:Survival Research Laboratories
1860:Daley, David (July 28, 2015).
1630:Taylor, Kate (July 14, 2017).
1607:Kutner, Max (April 25, 2016).
1581:Kutner, Max (March 12, 2016).
1178:Emma Bogler (April 24, 2014).
970:Emily Bazelon (May 29, 2015).
674:
64:September 2014 â May 2015
16:American performance art piece
1:
1941:National Post (May 1, 2015),
1495:Jessica Roy (June 25, 2015):
1458:Rudi Novotny (June 2, 2015).
1329:Sulkowicz (September 2, 2014)
1316:Sulkowicz (September 2, 2014)
892:. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
858:Max Kutner (April 28, 2015),
718:
184:
2873:LaBeouf, Rönkkö & Turner
1514:Ashe Schow (July 22, 2015):
1381:Jessica Roy (May 20, 2015);
1227:Emma Bogler (May 16, 2014).
1089:Cathy Young (May 20, 2015).
802:Kate Taylor (May 20, 2015).
588:
553:In January 2015, New York's
548:Feminist Majority Foundation
363:
244:Education Amendments of 1972
227:at a press conference about
7:
3052:Public art in New York City
1481:SĂŒddeutsche Zeitung Magazin
976:The New York Times Magazine
860:"The Anti-Mattress Protest"
648:
484:(1977). Performance artist
140:Sulkowicz alleged raped her
45:at graduation, May 19, 2015
10:
3098:
3027:Endurance art performances
2180:Breathing in/breathing out
1302:February 13, 2015, at the
1134:Suddeutche Zeitung Magazin
1103:Anonymous (May 21, 2015).
255:New York Police Department
188:
115:(2014â2015) was a work of
3077:Rape in the United States
2923:
2896:
2878:Los Angeles Urban Rangers
2840:
2422:
2149:
2071:
1988:
1791:. Susan B. Anthony Awards
447:
238:, alleging violations of
177:and Nungesser's right to
117:endurance/performance art
86:
68:
60:
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30:
23:
2971:Performance art in China
2236:Empathy and Prostitution
1789:"Meet Our 2014 Honorees"
1233:Columbia Daily Spectator
1184:Columbia Daily Spectator
912:Columbia Daily Spectator
739:Columbia Daily Spectator
667:
661:Empathy and Prostitution
330:Columbia Daily Spectator
265:Creation and performance
203:Emma Sulkowicz attended
199:Sulkowicz, December 2014
2364:The Death of The Artist
2260:I'm too sad to tell you
2061:The Death of The Artist
1520:The Washington Examiner
1253:, at c. 38:50 min.
607:In an editorial in the
369:Reaction by the accused
248:Office for Civil Rights
3067:Women in New York City
2812:Mierle Laderman Ukeles
2204:Ceci N'est Pas Un Viol
1717:(September 19, 2014).
1270:(September 22, 2014).
476:Leslie Labowitz-Starus
444:
285:
277:
211:, and in 2011 began a
200:
3062:Campus sexual assault
2404:Untitled (Rape Scene)
2356:The Artist Is Present
2166:Amen or The Pederasty
2045:The Artist Is Present
2013:Five Day Locker Piece
1475:Christoph Cadenbach:
550:'s Ms. Wonder Award.
498:Stations of the Cross
467:Untitled (Rape Scene)
424:
283:
272:
229:campus sexual assault
198:
175:freedom of expression
2547:Guillermo Gómez-Peña
1822:The Washington Times
635:In an editorial for
615:Naomi Schaefer Riley
602:Mattress Performance
527:Mattress Performance
454:Mattress Performance
437:Mattress Performance
310:Mattress Performance
274:Mattress Performance
259:reasonable suspicion
163:Mattress Performance
152:Mattress Performance
148:Mattress Performance
43:Mattress Performance
24:Mattress Performance
2602:Natalie Jeremijenko
2244:Food for the Spirit
1835:"Forward 50 2015 â"
1758:The Huffington Post
1723:Democracy in Action
1703:The Washington Post
1561:The Huffington Post
1555:Neumeister, Larry.
1406:The Washington Post
1331:, from c. 2:00 min.
1318:, from c. 2:23 min.
1214:The Huffington Post
787:The Washington Post
443:, December 14, 2014
435:(left), discussing
385:SĂŒddeutsche Zeitung
354:Morningside Heights
129:Columbia University
95:Morningside Heights
91:Columbia University
26:(Carry That Weight)
2981:Viennese Actionism
2858:COUM Transmissions
2777:Carolee Schneemann
2622:Ragnar Kjartansson
2396:Three Weeks in May
1841:. November 7, 2015
1636:The New York Times
1427:The New York Times
1276:The New York Times
1078:The New York Times
1063:, The Daily Beast.
1041:. January 23, 2014
1025:The New York Times
870:, PaceMonitor.com.
808:The New York Times
558:Kirsten Gillibrand
490:The New York Times
481:Three Weeks in May
445:
375:The New York Times
288:Sulkowicz devised
286:
278:
225:Kirsten Gillibrand
201:
131:in New York City.
2994:
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2966:Participatory art
2807:Melati Suryodarmo
2692:Charlotte Moorman
2340:Seven Easy Pieces
2109:
2108:
1893:New York Observer
1721:. Transcribed at
1327:For Watson Hall,
512:, art critic for
108:
107:
3089:
3057:Works about rape
2913:Kusama: Infinity
2792:Barbara T. Smith
2767:Rachel Rosenthal
2712:Pauline Oliveros
2432:Marina AbramoviÄ
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318:Marina AbramoviÄ
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2447:Laurie Anderson
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2284:One & Other
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508:were apparent.
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417:Other responses
403:First Amendment
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294:Yale University
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209:Upper East Side
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741:, at 2:22 min.
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626:Robert Fulford
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596:Social critic
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314:Tehching Hsieh
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189:Main article:
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1566:October 18,
1045:January 19,
925:settlement.
759:. Vox Media
643:Mona Charen
575:The Forward
510:Jerry Saltz
492:art critic
470:(1973) and
306:Jon Kessler
213:visual arts
179:due process
159:Jerry Saltz
125:visual arts
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3007:2014 works
3001:Categories
2853:Concept 21
2762:Duke Riley
2727:Eiko Otaki
2717:Mihai Olos
2662:Miki Malör
2657:James Luna
2627:Yves Klein
2607:Joan Jonas
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2542:Coco Fusco
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2380:The Shadow
2268:Luminosity
1899:August 16,
1871:August 10,
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1540:August 29,
1536:. ABC News
1251:Smith 2014
719:References
624:columnist
600:described
583:Forward 50
433:art critic
185:Background
127:degree at
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2158:7000 Oaks
1592:March 12,
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171:survivor
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682:she/her
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387:Magazin
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2399:(1977)
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