20:
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Often senior employees, these employees are part of a product-oriented project manager's team but also report to another boss in a functional department. A senior employee who may have worked previously for an advertising agency, designing ads for computers, may now be part of a marketing department
145:
praised "consensus building that may have once helped
Digital become the nation's second-largest computer maker" (after IBM). The same article noted the cutting of 20,000 jobs, and that what worked with the PC market didn't work as well with larger systems, such as
72:
For example, by having staff in an engineering group who have marketing skills and who report to both the engineering and the marketing hierarchy, an engineering-oriented company produced "many ground-breaking computer systems." This is an example of
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says “Organization structures do not fail, but management fails at implementing them successfully.” He argues that strategy, structure, processes, rewards and people all need to be aligned in a successful matrix
116:, formed from a 1988 merger and followed by "an ambitious acquisition program." Guiding this was a corporate structure whereby "local operations were organized within the framework of a two-dimensional matrix."
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As for why the term is not publicly and formally affiliated with large numbers of corporations, a 2007 book about how "matrix management made a big splash in the 1970s" said that, "for the most part
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This does not take away from what, a week earlier, the same author wrote: "It fostered internal competition and resulted in many ground-breaking computer systems like the PDP and VAX lines."
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made an attempt at using a form of it, later described as "matrix management 2.0". The focus is intended to be "leading without authority" so that "no one functional leader is in charge."
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identifies a number of specific matrix management challenges in an environment where accountability without control, and influence without authority, become the norm:
186:, quoted a line manager saying “The challenge is not so much to build a matrix structure as it is to create a matrix in the minds of our managers”.
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Companies that have multiple business units and international operations, upon closer inspection may apply matrix structures in different ways.
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at a computer company, but be working with an engineering group. This is often called cross-functional matrix management.
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of cross-functional, cross-business groups and other work models that do not maintain strict vertical business units or
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matrix management, and is not the same as when, in the 1980s, a department acquired PCs and hired programmers.
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backed out, citing it as a source of "sapped energy and efficiency from product-development efforts."
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Matrix management, developed in U.S. aerospace in the 1950s, achieved wider adoption in the 1970s.
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in which some individuals report to more than one supervisor or leader—relationships described as
210:– improve cooperation across the silos, but avoid bureaucracy and having too many people involved
183:
88:
628:
487:"Leveraging Information Locally and Globally: The Right Mix of Flexibility and Standardization"
69:, and there are hybrids between functional grouping and divisional or product structuring.
35:
8:
346:.. the explosion of stand-alone PCs in the '80s .. ensuing rise of departmental computing
197:“Making the Matrix Work: How Matrix Managers Engage People and Cut through Complexity”,
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597:“Making the Matrix Work: How Matrix Managers Engage People and Cut Through Complexity”
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The
Ultimate Entrepreneur: The Story of Ken Olsen and Digital Equipment Corporation
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43:
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Christopher A. Bartlett and
Sumantra Ghoshal writing on matrix management in the
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DEC Is Dead, Long Live DEC: The
Lasting Legacy of Digital Equipment Corporation
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19:
173:
581:"Matrix Organization Designs: How to combine functional and project forms".
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The Matrix
Organization Reloaded: Adventures in Team and Project Management
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Context – ensure that people understand the reasoning behind the matrix
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91:-based organizations may apply this arrangement for limited projects.
147:
107:
642:, Paula K. Martin, 2015, International Matrix Management Institute,
396:"Power: The Functional Manager’s Meat and Project Manager’s Poison?"
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Community – focus on the "soft structure" of networks, communities,
124:... companies using matrix structures tend to keep quiet about it."
528:"The Demise of Nokia—A Cautionary Tale of Restructuring Gone Wrong"
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or dotted line reporting. More broadly, it may also describe the
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In 2004, despite matrix management having become disfavored,
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Kettinger, William J.; Marchand, Donald A. (February 2002).
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Control – avoid centralization, build trust, empower people
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9780988334205: Matrix
Management 2.0(TM) Body of Knowledge
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There are different types of matrix management, including
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113:
379:"REDEFINING PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN A MATRIX ENVIRONMENT"
508:"BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY: Digital Shows Doctrine the Door"
360:"Microsoft Enters the High-Performance Computing Fray"
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Matrix management: not a structure, a frame of mind.
302:"What are the 4 Types of Organizational Structures?"
189:“Designing Matrix Organizations That Actually Work”
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Matrix
Management Reinvented – The New Game in Town
132:Two decades after pioneering in matrix management,
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439:gives MM components without using the term itself.
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320:"COMPANY NEWS: Big Charge To Be Taken By Digital"
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570:Barlett CA, Ghoshal S, Harvard Business Review
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402:, February 6, 2009. Retrieved on March 2, 2010.
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288:"Types of Matrix Organizational Structure"
110:spawned and popularized Matrix Management.
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99:Examples of using matrix management:
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654:Successful Organizational Structure
46:grouped by function and geography.
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441:Win Hindle, DEC senior VP (2008).
377:Neff, Kristin M.; White, Ralph D.
358:John Markoff (November 15, 2005).
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411:"early use of matrix management"
629:Understanding Matrix Management
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541:Martin, Paula K. (June 2013).
506:Glenn Rifkin (July 20, 1994).
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318:Glenn Rifkin (July 15, 1994).
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238:Colocation project management
134:Digital Equipment Corporation
104:Digital Equipment Corporation
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260:Marvin R. Gottlieb (2007).
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344:. April 1991. p. 66.
177:Matrix management diagram
579:Galbraith, J.R. (1971).
413:Edgar H. Schein (2010).
233:Organization development
32:organizational structure
16:Organizational structure
587:, February 1971, 29-40.
184:Harvard Business Review
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24:
685:Types of organization
680:Organizational theory
456:Glenn Rifkin (1988).
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157:Matrix Management 2.0
23:A matrix organization
22:
631:, John Wiley, CBS
513:The New York Times
443:"Ken's Leadership"
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142:The New York Times
25:
675:Management theory
659:Houston Chronicle
585:Business Horizons
169:Academic overview
28:Matrix management
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656:", Tara Duggan,
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364:NYTimes.com
324:NYTimes.com
208:Cooperation
95:In practice
669:Categories
648:0988334216
633:MoneyWatch
605:1904838421
471:0809245590
244:References
220:and groups
199:Kevan Hall
40:management
36:solid line
148:DEC Alpha
108:Ken Olsen
227:See also
106:founder
89:function
67:balanced
53:Overview
646:
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468:
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400:PM Hut
270:
122:
65:, and
59:strong
30:is an
490:(PDF)
382:(PDF)
338:"CIO"
218:teams
163:Nokia
87:Even
44:silos
644:ISBN
609:ISBN
601:ISBN
583:In:
549:ISBN
466:ISBN
421:ISBN
268:ISBN
63:weak
342:CIO
114:ABB
671::
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510:.
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