27:
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carefully casting type or matrices in moulds made of softer materials than copper such as sand, clay, or punched lead. One solution to the problem in the early nineteenth century was
William Caslon IV's riveted "Sanspareil" matrices formed by cut-out from layered sheets. The problem was ultimately solved in the mid-nineteenth century by new technologies, electrotyping and pantograph engraving, the latter both for
109:
is poured into a straight-sided vertical cavity above the matrix. When the metal has cooled and solidified the mould is unlocked and the newly cast metal sort is removed. The matrix can then be reused to produce more copies of the sort. The sorts could then be cleaned up and sent to the printer. In a
150:
systems of the later years of metal type printing, from the late nineteenth century onwards, new type is cast for each job under the control of a keyboard. The matrix or mats for a complete font are loaded into a matrix-case and inserted into a casting machine, which casts the required sorts (or, in
137:
from large working drawings and intermediate copper patterns, and used to cast type under the control of a keyboard. This gave much cleaner results than pre-pantograph punches, which had to be hand-carved at the size of the desired letter, and allowed fonts to be issued in more sizes faster than was
179:
Large typefaces, or wide designs such as emblems or medallions, were never very easily produced by punching since it was hard to drive large punches evenly. Early alternative methods used included printing from woodblocks, 'dabbing', where wood-blocks were punched into metal softened by heating, or
235:
matrix with two sites for casting letters was common on
Linotype machines. By switching the position of the matrices in the machine it was easy to switch between casting two styles in the same line, the characters of which would have identical width. A common combination was regular and italic for
200:
available. It also allowed printers to form matrices for types for which they did not have matrices, or duplicate matrices when they had no punches, and accordingly was less honourably used to pirate typefaces from other foundries. The technology was most commonly used for larger and more esoteric
175:
in the shape of the type to be made into soft copper. The matrix could then be cleaned up and cut down to the width of the letter to be cast: this is called "justification" and sets the width of the letter when cast. A matrix that has not yet been justified is called a "strike". Adjustment of the
738:
characters created to share matrices (the pieces of metal in which characters were cast) that consequently were designed to have exactly the same character widths (set widths). Typically, a roman typeface and its corresponding italic or a roman and a bold from the same typeface family might be
739:
designed to cross-rail duplex. When emulating typeface designs created for linecasting equipment, type designers need to be aware that the duplexing in these faces sometimes resulted in less than ideal spacing and/or character proportions in one or more of the typefaces that were duplexed.
778:
One problem with electrotyping is that the newly formed letter is slightly smaller than the original letter - a shrinkage of about 0.0038%. While not a great problem for a single electrotyping, the effect could multiply in letters repeatedly copied. According to
195:
of copper. The advantage of electrotyping was that the pattern letter did not have to be out of hard steel, so it could be cut in soft lead alloy much faster than a punch could. This allowed an explosion in the number of
713:
both designs had to measure the same width. This was called duplexing. If an italic was to be paired, or duplexed, with a roman, the italic was redrawn and refitted to the width of the roman.
101:
In letterpress or "cold metal" typesetting, used from the beginning of printing to the late nineteenth century, the matrix of one letter is inserted into the bottom of an adjustable-width
205:, with punched matrices preferred for body text types. An additional technology from the 1880s was the direct engraving of punches (or matrices, especially with larger fonts) using a
640:
581:
376:
The
Practice of Typography: A Treatise on the Processes of Type-making, the Point System, the Names, Sizes, Styles, and Prices of Plain Printing Types
167:
A punch (left) and the respective matrix produced from it (right). The small letters at the base of the matrix are founders' inventory marks.
683:
the fitting of letter shapes to certain available widths, "duplexing", or the placing of a light and bold character on the same width
244:, but Linotype also offered more unusual combinations, such as a serif text face duplexed with a bold sans-serif for emphasis.
810:
706:
676:
783:, sometimes type to be electrotyped was squashed slightly in a press or filed down to compensate before it was duplicated.
398:
357:
282:
531:
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557:
258:
588:
81:
the matrix is whatever is used, with ink, to hold the image that makes up the print, whether a plate in
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322:
26:
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374:
223:
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126:
187:
From the nineteenth century additional technologies arrived to make matrices. The first was
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low-pressure hand mould matrices are long-lasting and so could be used many times.
735:
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matrix had to be done very carefully to ensure even flow of letters on the page.
122:
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cutting machine, controlled by replicating hand movements at a smaller size.
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from the 1840s, which forms a copper matrix around a pattern letter by
106:
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47:
348:
The
Gutenberg Revolution: the story of a genius that changed the world
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882:
237:
181:
130:
86:
39:
403:
1117:
937:
35:
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1016:
996:
90:
82:
641:"Patrix Cutting and Matrix Electroforming: A Survey of the Data"
1093:
1083:
410:
Mosley, James (2001). "Memories of an
Apprentice Typefounder".
71:
574:
903:
532:"Big brass matrices again: the Enschedé 'Chalcographia' type"
139:
253:
118:
744:
422:
16:
Mould used to cast letter blocks (sorts) used in printing
613:
Howes, Justin (2000). "Caslon's punches and matrices".
227:
Duplexed
Linotype matrices for regular and bold styles.
151:
a
Linotype machine, a solid block for each line) for a
372:
523:
497:
481:
479:
171:
The standard method to make a matrix was to drive a
155:
composition automatically, often from a paper reel.
345:
476:
447:
66:) is the mould used to cast a letter, known as a
1259:
129:period. The matrices were stamped with punches
549:
117:A composition case loaded with matrices for a
804:
393:John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998. (pp 58–69)
430:"Monotype matrices and moulds in the making"
70:. Matrices for printing types were made of
811:
797:
275:
506:"Big brass matrices: a mystery resolved?"
383:
818:
366:
222:
162:
112:
25:
664:
1260:
409:
792:
756:. Leipzig: Seemann. 1926. p. 293
694:
638:
612:
123:Monotype composition casting machine
558:"Dabbing, abklatschen, clichage..."
453:
343:
42:software is based on these designs.
13:
555:
529:
503:
14:
1284:
726:"duplexing, cross-rail duplexing"
485:
379:. Century Company. pp. 9–36.
138:previously possible. The font is
105:, the mould is locked and molten
936:
582:"Ornamented types: a prospectus"
772:
734:A metal-type term referring to
718:
688:
658:
121:, used to cast metal type on a
373:Theodore Low De Vinne (1899).
337:
315:
289:
240:, or regular and bold as with
158:
96:
1:
285:. French Ministry of Culture.
269:
259:History of western typography
38:typeface installed with most
701:. Bantam Books. p. 11.
587:. imimprimit. Archived from
391:A History of Graphic Design.
212:
7:
698:The Electronic Type Catalog
247:
10:
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216:
18:
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1105:
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1067:
1025:
954:
945:
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891:
853:
844:
826:
753:Handbuch der Schriftarten
671:. Elsevier. p. 502.
665:Durbeck, Robert (2012).
64:a female breeding animal
58:(from the Latin meaning
19:Not to be confused with
668:Output Hardcopy Devices
184:and then for matrices.
228:
168:
143:
46:In the manufacture of
43:
1164:Golding & Company
1027:Hot metal typesetting
695:Byers, Steve (1991).
226:
166:
148:hot metal typesetting
127:hot metal typesetting
116:
29:
1169:Chandler & Price
909:Logographic printing
820:Letterpress printing
459:"Printing the Times"
352:. London: Headline.
264:Digital print matrix
52:letterpress printing
30:Matrices created by
831:History of printing
594:on 22 December 2015
561:Type Foundry (blog)
536:Type Foundry (blog)
510:Type Foundry (blog)
297:"Monotype Garamond"
21:Dot matrix printing
1123:Composition roller
955:Manual typesetting
639:MacMillan, David.
344:Man, John (2002).
229:
169:
144:
89:or a woodblock in
44:
1255:
1254:
1194:
1193:
1063:
1062:
1050:Intertype Machine
932:
931:
892:Blocks and plates
708:978-0-553-35446-1
678:978-0-323-14674-6
493:. pp. 32–40.
491:Letters of Credit
437:Monotype Recorder
389:Meggs, Philip B.
219:Uniwidth typeface
203:display typefaces
198:display typefaces
193:electrodeposition
34:around 1640. The
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1132:Types of presses
1077:Parts of a press
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1055:Paige Compositor
1045:Ludlow Typograph
1035:Linotype machine
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1206:Folding machine
1199:Other equipment
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1040:Monotype system
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967:Composing stick
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645:Circuitous Root
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556:Mosley, James.
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530:Mosley, James.
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504:Mosley, James.
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1181:Cylinder press
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1069:Printing press
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1174:Colt's Armory
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1159:Jobbing press
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487:Tracy, Walter
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399:0-471-29198-6
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359:0-7472-4504-5
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189:electrotyping
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1228:Related arts
1211:Paper cutter
1186:Rotary press
924:Zinc etching
877:
863:Type casting
855:Movable type
845:Ways to make
781:Justin Howes
774:
758:. Retrieved
752:
746:
733:
729:
720:
712:
697:
690:
682:
667:
660:
648:. Retrieved
644:
620:
614:
608:
596:. Retrieved
589:the original
576:
564:. Retrieved
560:
551:
539:. Retrieved
535:
525:
513:. Retrieved
509:
499:
490:
466:. Retrieved
462:
449:
440:
436:
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415:
411:
405:
390:
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375:
368:
347:
339:
327:. Retrieved
317:
305:. Retrieved
300:
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232:
230:
186:
178:
170:
145:
100:
77:However, in
76:
63:
59:
55:
45:
1247:Papermaking
1242:Printmaking
1237:Bookbinding
1138:Hand press
947:Typesetting
919:Electrotype
873:Punchcutter
847:impressions
736:linecasting
598:12 December
325:. Microsoft
173:steel punch
159:Manufacture
135:pantographs
97:Description
79:printmaking
32:Jean Jannon
1268:Typography
1262:Categories
1232:Typography
1113:Offset ink
899:Stereotype
868:Type metal
443:(3). 1956.
323:"Garamond"
303:. Monotype
270:References
207:pantograph
107:type metal
103:hand mould
48:metal type
1147:Columbian
992:Furniture
962:Type case
883:Wood type
730:Fonts.com
650:6 October
566:5 October
541:5 October
515:5 October
301:Fonts.com
238:body text
236:printing
213:Duplexing
182:wood type
87:engraving
40:Microsoft
1273:Printing
1142:Stanhope
1118:Ink ball
283:"Jannon"
248:See also
233:duplexed
131:machined
50:used in
36:Garamond
1089:Frisket
1017:Hellbox
997:Leading
836:Printer
760:30 June
468:28 July
418:: 1–13.
146:In the
125:in the
91:woodcut
83:etching
1152:Albion
1106:Inking
1094:Tympan
1084:Platen
987:Reglet
878:Matrix
705:
675:
623:: 1–7.
616:Matrix
412:Matrix
397:
356:
329:4 July
307:4 July
133:using
72:copper
56:matrix
1012:Forme
1007:Chase
1002:Quoin
982:Strut
904:Flong
592:(PDF)
585:(PDF)
433:(PDF)
242:Metro
140:Bembo
977:Slug
972:Sort
762:2017
703:ISBN
673:ISBN
652:2017
600:2015
568:2017
543:2017
517:2017
470:2015
395:ISBN
354:ISBN
331:2015
309:2015
254:Font
153:page
119:font
85:and
68:sort
60:womb
54:, a
1098:Bed
463:Eye
62:or
1264::
732:.
728:.
711:.
681:.
643:.
629:^
621:20
619:.
534:.
508:.
489:.
478:^
461:.
457:.
441:40
439:.
435:.
416:21
414:.
299:.
231:A
93:.
74:.
812:e
805:t
798:v
764:.
654:.
602:.
570:.
545:.
519:.
472:.
362:.
333:.
311:.
142:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
