441:
1218:
and prohibits public officials from holding shares of ownership in media outlets. A broadcast regulatory body keeps an official registry which lists the names of the nominal owners. However, this is not able to preventing hidden ownership through proxies and the real owners of many broadcasting media are unknown by the public. One the main problem affecting the
Macedonian media system in terms of ownership is that companies and business people having a very diverse portfolios own most of the influential national television networks and cable television stations, but broadcast is not their main activity. Indeed, owners use their broadcast media primarily to support their other business activities and often influence the editorial policies in accordance with their business interests. Also, especially for traditional media which are nominally transparent, in many cases nominal owners only act as proxies for de facto owners that are often high-ranking officials of political parties.
1136:
structure, thus almost no online news make public its ownership structure. Also, the Law on Trade
Activity permits secret ownership or ownership by proxy and does not require this information to be made public via the Trade Register. The lack of transparency of media ownership has created additional problem in the sector of online media, and especially for the biggest news site which do not declare who are their owners. The issue has gained momentum with the growth of digital sector to which outdated legislation cannot be applied to. To address the issue of lack of media ownership transparency in the field of online media outlets, a group of Macedonian journalists started a project called
1128:, their obligations in terms of media ownership transparency are covered by the new Media Law entered into force in 2013. The law requires for print media outlets the same disclosures rules applicable to the broadcast sector. Some of the print media used to publish their ownership data, such as the details on the legal entity owning the newspaper or information on the company providing printing and distribution, even before the adoption of the new law. However, with the new Media Law, the action of the audiovisual regulator has been broadened to the print media outlets as well and to undertake measures against the print media which do not comply with media transparency rules.
2314:
212:
41:
2380:
1245:(WAN IFRA), one of the major challenges to independent and quality journalism is the symbiotic relationship between the ruling party and many media outlets and their owners. This is true at both national and local levels. Government-friendly media outlets are favoured through different means, including, for instance, non-transparent allocation of advertising and other funds. This generates an environment where political and business interests can influence media agendas.
1210:. The new democratic political environment established in 1991 was not complemented with new legislation in the field of media, thus the creation of the new media environment occurred in the absence of a legislative framework. Broadcast media, in particular radio stations, proliferated spontaneously across the country. These media outlets were formally legalized in 1997 with the adoption on the Law on Broadcasting Activity.
1265:
aspects affecting the quality of journalism in North
Macedonia and the conditions of journalists and media professionales are the low wages and a chaotic labour market for media practitioners. Many journalists can barely survive with their monthly salaries; some media outlets operate in the black economy, often journalists are only partially regularly paid, meaning that have taxes and social security paid and recorded.
553:
705:
independence of MRTV managerial bodies. MRTV executive directors in the last ten years remained close to the party in power. The network is funded by a license fee as well as by public budget contributions and advertising revenues (limited to 10% of airtime). Budgetary needs, and the practice of ad hoc state budgetary funding, has created a "culture of dependence" in MRTV.
603:(since 2003) all 30 minutes each per day. The satellite channel, Radio Macedonia, commenced in July 2003, and broadcasts a 24-hour continual programme, which is a selection of programmes from Macedonian Radio and its original programme "Radio Macedonia" with a duration of 6 hours and 30 minutes. Kanal 103 provides FM broadcasting only for the region of
1105:
stated to be aware of opaque interests in media ownership structures, but they have not taken any action because the information provided on the ownership regime were formally correct and indicated no breach of the rules. There are cases that are “public secrets” in North
Macedonia, such as that of the covert cross-ownership between
1272:
In addition, many journalists have to face criminal or civil cases filed against them. Others have been accused by media outlets connected with governmental structures to have behaved as intelligence services informants. In the course of 2015 the unauthorized surveillance of journalists by the secret
1100:
and source of funding, must be disclosed to the regulator, namely the
Broadcasting Council and made public via its website. Specifically, under Art. 20 of this law, broadcasters are obliged to publish their ownership data three times a year. The Broadcast Council is also tasked to oversee and enforce
999:
sponsored a project called "Macedonia
Connects" which in 2006 helped to make North Macedonia the first all-broadband wireless country in the world, where Internet access is available to virtually anyone with a wireless-enabled computer. Wireless access is available to about 95 percent of Macedonians,
318:
The Law on
Broadcasting Activity foresees restrictions to the broadcast of contents aimed at the violent overthrow of the constitutional order, military aggression, or incitement of national, racial, gender or religious hatred and intolerance, as well as programs liable to damage the physical, mental
1268:
Macedonian journalists also face verbal threats and physical assaults which have increased since 2015 along with political and inter-ethnic violence. There are unsolved cases of physical attacks which are highly problematic for media freedom since such intimidations have a chilling effect on freedom
1217:
Media ownership is regulated by national laws in line with international standards and with clear limitations in terms of shares of ownership that a person can hold in different media outlets. Ownership of broadcast media is strictly regulated. The law aims at preventing unwanted media concentration
369:
There is yet no self-regulatory body for journalists in the country. A Council of Ethics in Media was established in 2010 as tripartite body of journalists, editors, and media owners. The
Independent Union of Journalists is a weak body, lacking resources and a strong membership base. Unionisation is
1260:
Soft censorship provides politicians and high-ranking officials simple tools to pressure journalists in often subtle ways. This has consequences both on content and the way media report. For instance, this results in the lack of unbiased reporting on government's and state institutions' activities,
1252:
mechanisms are used to silence or pressure journalists in North
Macedonia. Soft censorship, or indirect censorship, is defined as “an array of official actions intended to influence media output, short of legal or extra-legal bans, direct censorship of specific content, or physical attacks on media
1213:
Overall, the process of media democratisation and liberalisation occurred during the 1990s resulted in a situation characterised by some distinctive features: the fragmentation of the media market with a great number of media, affiliation of the most influential media with powerful local businesses
1104:
Despite the existing legislative requirements, the implementation of the rules on media ownership transparency has been a persistent problem in North
Macedonia so that at times even authorities claimed not to be aware of informal ownership structures in the country. In other cases, authorities have
780:
the public TV broadcaster operates 3 national channels and a satellite network; 5 privately owned TV channels broadcast nationally using terrestrial transmitters and about 15 broadcast nationally via satellite; there are roughly 75 local commercial TV stations; and a large number of cable operators
708:
MRTV is supervised by the MRTV Council, whose members are appointed by the Parliament upon proposal by "authorised nominators" from civil society. The Council then elects the members of MRTV Management Board. Although formally only accountable to the legislature through its annual report and budget
411:
The market features a high number of media, with a shrinking advertising revenue, and a fragmentation due to technological development and digitalisation. Most advertising revenue goes to the television industry, particularly the national terrestrial channels. Media ownership is often opaque due to
342:
Radio and TV broadcasting during electoral campaign is regulated by the Election Code. Press coverage of election time is only self-regulated; an independent study in 2013 found large imbalances and lack of professional standards, so that "some media news was used to directly manipulate the opinion
1068:
A new government-dominated media regulator was set up by the December 2013 Law on Media and Law on Audiovisual Media Services, replacing the previous Broadcasting Council. The agency is now empowered to impose harsh fines and revoke licenses if it detects contents that harm vaguely-defined "public
388:
Commercial media are mainly funded through advertising revenues, coupled with state budget funds for "public campaigns". The government has grown to among the five top advertisers in the country, affecting market competition and editorial independence. Moreover, the ruling party benefits from big
1264:
Soft-censorship is also exerted through ownership structures. In North Macedonia, there are several connections between politicians and media owners; this is particularly visible in the work of the state-owned public broadcaster which is strongly influenced by the ruling party. Other problematic
373:
The Code of Ethics of the Journalists of North Macedonia is set as the professional guideline; yet, violations of basic standards are widespread, e.g. in the use of judgemental labels, vague references, biased sources, and evaluatory framing. Journalism is still mainly seen as aimed at providing
1231:
A 2011 international media freedom mission to North Macedonia carried out by the International Partnership Group of freedom of expression organisations, found out that many media outlets were owned by persons affiliated with political parties and that in two cases family members of those owners
1201:
and its influence over the content and pluralism of the media scene were not a major issue during the first years of the new media system. In that period the main focus was on the creation and consolidation of the pluralistic media space, which was conceived as an antipode to the previous media
1140:
aiming at investigating, clarify and make public the ownership structures behind Macedonian web portals and to create a public database containing such information. The journalists working to the project found out several cases of offshore companies, non-existing companies and a wide network of
370:
often deemed unacceptable by media owners, leading journalists to pursue secret membership. In 2011 more than 20 union members, including its President, were fired. Pressure on journalists are various and widespread, from marginalisation of critical journalists to reallocation across the media.
1256:
Moreover, the financial environment and the market concerning the media system force many media outlets to depend on state advertising to remain financially viable. In such an environment media market which are critical of government policies are denied access to state advertising and support.
1088:
For a long time specific provisions on media ownership transparency in North Macedonia have only concerned the broadcast sector (television and radio), while the other sectors, i.e. print and online media, were only included in the scope of the general corporate law which is applicable to all
574:
operates over multiple stations, including three national channels, a satellite channel and a non-profit regional channel. It broadcasts 86.5 hours of programmes daily on its national and satellite channels. The First channel, Radio Skopje, broadcasts a continuous 24-hour programme and mainly
1253:
outlets or media practitioners.” Soft censorship is made possible by the opaqueness and poor regulation of the mechanisms for the allocation of state advertising, self-censorship, repressive legislation, lack of transparency of media ownership and of ownership connected to political parties.
1135:
in the least transparent in terms ownership transparency. This sector is not covered by media-specific provisions and is therefore regulated only through corporate laws, in particular the Law on Trade Activity. The electronic media outlets are not obliged to disclose data on their ownership
704:
The process of transformation of MRTV in a public service broadcaster is not yet completed; it entailed the 1997 Law on Broadcasting Activities and the 2005 Broadcast Law. Editorial independence of MRTV is guaranteed by law but de facto lacking due to lack of independent funding and lack of
350:
recommendations, but which remains strongly influenced by the political parties, the government, and the media industry. Although members of the Council are selected by "authorised nominators" (the Inter-University Conference, the Macedonian Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Association of
339:, adopted in 2006, is harmonised with international and EU standards. The Commission for Free Access to Public Information is still not independent as it should and lacks capacities. The law remains not fully implemented, and access to public information is uneven and selectively enforced.
1173:. In addition, from the investigation in the financial flows resulted that these two companies received funds directly from the government, as well as from other public institutions, such as the Municipality of Skopje, the Ministry of culture, etc. Another case concerned the web portal
1056:
The government has taken a biased approach to media unions. It has promoted the Macedonian Association of Journalists (MAN) while putting pressure on the traditional Journalists' Association of Macedonia (ZNM) and Trade Union of Macedonian Journalists and Media Workers (SSNM).
709:
plan, MRTV remains informally accountable to the executive, undermining institutional autonomy. MRTV also risks neglecting cultural pluralism obligations, in terms of programmes for minorities, as well as lacking impartiality and distance from government/majority politicians.
389:
discounts on airtime prices from friendly media during electoral periods. The large use of advertisement funding by the ruling party is deemed to increase the media's financial dependence and foster pro-governmental alignment. Public campaigns are aired for free on MRTV.
365:
Most journalists in North Macedonia have rather low socio-economic status, and their labour and social rights are limited; many work without contracts or signing blank resignation in advance. The average wage in the sector is of €250 per month (national average: €350/m).
1096:, the public in North Macedonia is able to identify who actually owns this kind of media outlets thanks to the ownership reporting obligations set forth in the Law on Broadcasting Activity. Under this law, all the essential ownership information, including
1313:
magazine on how the police had pushed the witness to give false testimony. The witness confirmed it in court and said it was only given protection in 2010, two years after Kezarovski's reports. Kezarovski was moved under house arrest, pending his
1240:
In North Macedonia, public financial incentive have led to the "capture" of the media by the state, resulting in a reduction of the media's professionalism and credibility and its role in fostering democratic development. According to the
579:. The Second channel, Radio 2, broadcasts a continuous 24-hour programme, focused on popular music and entertainment. The Third channel broadcasts programmes in all the languages of the national minorities in North Macedonia, including
5006:
1464:
European Commission, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2013 Progress Report. Accompanying the Document: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges
412:
the use of proxies. Foreign investments in the Macedonian media are limited to Serbian companies – one of which is a monopolist in newspapers' printing and distribution, with ties to high-level security officials.
5143:
4956:
5204:
5219:
5171:
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697:. Most private media are tied to political or business interests and state media tend to support the government. Public broadcast networks face stiff competition from commercial stations, which dominate the ratings. A
1089:
registered companies. Only in December 2013 a new Media Law was adopted to cover also transparency requirements for the print sector which was assimilated to the broadcast sector in terms of transparency obligations.
1000:
even those living in remote sheepherding mountain villages where people don't have phones. The Ministry of Education and Sciences reported that all 461 primary and secondary schools were connected to the Internet. An
5176:
5028:
2265:
5181:
5128:
5098:
5038:
5018:
5209:
5033:
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Around 68% of the population had access to internet in 2015. Legislation was aligned with EU standards with the February 2014 Law on Electronic Communications, to improve competition and consumers' rights.
5229:
5214:
5161:
5108:
5083:
916:
The combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership was about 130 per 100 persons in 2012. Competition from mobile-cellular phones has led to a drop in fixed-line telephone subscriptions.
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order" and "health or morals". Amelioratory amendments were passed in January 2014, exempting online media and minimizing obligations for print media, but the overall framework remains deemed inadequate.
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in Bitola. Throughout the past century, the medium of film has depicted the history, culture and everyday life of the Macedonian people. Over the years many Macedonian films have been presented at
1318:
The journalist argued for a public interest defence clause, since the police had presented a false protected witness against him. International protests had followed the sentence against him.
351:
Journalists, and the Parliamentary Committee on Elections and Nominations), the majority of appointees are deemed close to the ruling party, thus bringing partisanship in the regulatory body.
1177:
whose registration address matched with that of a company which helped other companies to open off shore affiliates. Moreover, the name of first director of the company owing the portal
3621:
1225:
has tried to disclose the ownership structures of several pro-government websites connected to bank accounts in Belize belonging to people having strong ties with the ruling party.
1340:
had an adverse ruling confirmed in appeal. The media was condemned to pay 12,000 US$ and legal expenses for a 2013 article deemed defamatory against the then secret service chief
690:
2182:
1330:
is published by large fines in North Macedonia. Dozens of civil defamation cases had been issued against journalists in 2012/14, although many of them are settled out of court.
964:
958:
1273:
police has caused both political crisis and media controversy in the country, contributing to a growing atmosphere of caution and self-censorship among Macedonian journalists.
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as the main foreign investor, with a resulting strong concentration in the print media sector (90% in 2003). WAZ withdrew in 2012, selling its publications to local investors.
3928:
2868:
440:
3317:
3025:
1336:
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Hidden ownership of the print media remains a concern, and hinders media pluralism and independence, since actual owners are deemed to be affiliated to political interests.
405:
332:
A new law on the media is being drafted, to harmonise it with the EU AVMS directive. Yet, early drafts raised concerns in terms of possible restrictions to media freedoms.
1950:
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2262:
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Ownership of online media is totally unregulated. Some pro-government web portals are established in tax havens countries throughout the world. The investigative project
4835:
377:
Journalists are protected from being compelled to testify about confidential information or sources by both the Constitution (art. 16) and the 2005 Broadcasting Law.
354:
Online content is not specifically regulated, besides the general restrictions against hate speech, and intermediaries (ISP) are not liable for distributed contents.
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1165:, that are part of a network of linked portals quoting each other and following a pro-governmental editorial policy. Also, the group discovered that the director of
2280:
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3085:
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In July 2014, an amendment to the Law on Audiovisual Services forced ZNM to give up one of its two seats in the board of the public service broadcaster to MAN.
1043:. The law prohibits arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice.
1631:
Dialing Procedures (International Prefix, National (Trunk) Prefix and National (Significant) Number) (in Accordance with ITY-T Recommendation E.164 (11/2010))
1309:
was arrested and charged with revealing the identity of a protected witness. In October 2013, he was sentenced to 4.5 years prison. Kezarovski had written in
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sponsored report says that with scores of TV and radio networks, the market is overcrowded and many local broadcasters are struggling to survive financially.
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1634:, Annex to ITU Operational Bulletin No. 994-15.XII.2011, International Telecommunication Union (ITU, Geneva), 15 December 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
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Concentration of ownership is strong in the print media sector: out of six Macedonian-language daily newspapers, a single publishing company owns three.
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making in the republic dates back over 110 years. The first film to be produced on the territory of the present-day the country was made in 1895 by
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and the establishment of institutions for public information. It also guarantees the freedom of reception and transmission of information, and bans
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How Does the Media Construct Their Political Bias? Analysis of Framing – Qualitative Aspects of Media Coverage on 2013 Local Elections Campaign
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970:
944:
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whose stories are widely disseminated through the main TV stations in Macedonia, especially those close to the government. According to
5138:
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4010:
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occupied managerial positions in the media outlets. Also, the Mission warned that there were clear examples of conflict of interest.
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without judicial oversight. Individuals and groups engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail.
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1145:’s team investigated the ownership structure of one of the biggest pro-governmental media in North Macedonia, i.e. the web portal
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Journalists in North Macedonia face "low salaries, poor job security and working conditions, and editorial pressure from owners".
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5250:
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public exposure for political elites, particularly government members. Investigative and analytic journalism is almost absent.
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holding 80% of the market. The two majors offer cable television in both analogue and digital, and they have also introduced
1448:
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875:
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laws were decriminalized. Editors and media owners expressed concerns that steep fines under the revised law would cause
887:
852:. Manchevski continues to be the most prominent modern filmmaker in the country having subsequently written and directed
267:. Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on
228:
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4405:
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723:. The platform includes local channels with national frequency and the most popular world channels. Boom TV is using 3
83:
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are decriminalised since 2012's Law on Civil Liability for Defamation and Insult, though fines remain extremely high.
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1828:, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 22 March 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
1031:; however, the government does not always respect these rights in practice. The law prohibits speech that incites
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The dominance of the government over the media landscape through the channel of advertisement was evident in the
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There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or credible reports that the government monitors
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guarantees freedom of the press and of expression, yet they are not upheld impartially by the authorities. As a
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was the brother of Vlado Misajilovski, state secretary of the Ministry for foreign affairs of the ruling party
819:
around the world and several of these films have won prestigious awards. The first Macedonian feature film was
1987:
1478:. Skopje: UNESCO Chair in Media, Dialogue and Mutual Understanding, School of Journalism and Public Relations.
424:(MIA), established in 1992 and working in Macedonian, English and Albanian. Private news agencies include the
4425:
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720:
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Analysis of the Public Broadcasting in the Republic of Macedonia in the Context of the European Media Policy
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3903:
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1121:, but the regulatory authorities do not take action and an investigation into it has never been initiated.
62:
979:: 657,664 addresses allocated, less than 0.05% of the world total, 315.8 addresses per 1000 people (2012).
346:
The independent regulatory authority is the Broadcasting Council, whose tasks and powers are aligned with
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1004:(On.net), created a MESH Network to provide WIFI services in the 11 largest cities/towns in the country.
732:
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571:
90:
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Bloggers and citizen journalists are not recognised or protected by the legislation of North Macedonia.
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31:
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in 1994-96 led to the disappearance of all its print outlets from the market, and the later entry of
139:
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2272:.Background report prepared by Mr William Horsley, special representative for media freedom of the
150:
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22:
1856:. Ljiubljana, Slovenia: Peace Institute, Institute for Contemporary Social and Political Studies.
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456:, founded in 1944. Its first edition is from 29 October 1944. The unsuccessful privatisation of
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2756:
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521:
216:
97:
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Criminal laws have been reported as being used by the authorities to restrict press freedom.
1141:
actors committed to hide the real owners of Macedonian web informative portals. For instance,
967:: 449,646 subscriptions, 93rd in the world; 21.6% of the population, 68th in the world (2012).
961:: 304,547 subscriptions, 79th in the world; 14.6% of the population, 58th in the world (2012).
661:
in Yugoslav Macedonia; it remains the most popular news medium. The public broadcaster is the
4864:
4797:
4482:
4385:
4375:
4066:
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727:(MUX 1, MUX 2 and MUX 3). The DVB-T switch off in the country was completed on 1 June 2013.
336:
304:
296:
280:
104:
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was first officially launched started in the country when the country's first IPTV service,
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1028:
774:
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1951:"Follow the Money! Ownership and Financial Transparency should be a Media Policy Standard"
8:
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4674:
4654:
4634:
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3289:
1452:
1306:
1198:
950:
1.3 million users, 109th in the world; 63.1% of the population, 58th in the world (2012);
682:
542:
510:
312:
3856:
4649:
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2774:(*) broadcasting in terrestrial and via satellite. (**) broadcasting only on satellite.
2746:
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2483:
2418:
2413:
1738:
1189:, and also among the owner of SGS, a security agency connected with the secret police.
767:
686:
678:
674:
614:
Three privately owned radio stations broadcast nationally in North Macedonia. They are
588:
76:
1773:
1725:, Country IP Blocks. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Site is said to be updated daily.
1650:, Population data, International Programs, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved 26 June 2013
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4699:
4557:
3727:
3519:
3331:
3282:
2258:
1857:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1024:
634:. There are about 70 local commercial radio stations (2012), including Radio Bravo,
580:
515:
502:
347:
300:
481:
4754:
4704:
4664:
4617:
4612:
4602:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4562:
4547:
4542:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4239:
4015:
3891:
3804:
3799:
3642:
3562:
3548:
3479:
2842:
2472:
1662:, International Telecommunication Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013
1596:
1546:
930:
812:
643:
608:
600:
596:
584:
527:
492:
487:
475:
69:
4840:
4782:
4749:
4739:
4719:
4709:
4694:
4689:
4669:
4639:
4607:
4592:
4567:
3965:
3908:
3742:
3701:
3635:
3275:
3245:
3231:
2313:
2269:
1957:. The London School of Economics and Political Science. Media Policy Project Blog
1850:
Media integrity matters. Reclaiming public service values in media and journalism
1722:
1570:
1403:
1302:
1249:
1040:
808:
592:
469:
457:
452:
264:
835:. It was released in 1958. The highest grossing feature film in the country was
4734:
4659:
4629:
3836:
3811:
1537:, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 28 January 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
789:
724:
698:
611:
and culture. Macedonian Radio also broadcasts its programme over the Internet.
1293:
TV called upon voters to support the government on ethnic nationalist grounds.
746:
at 67% of all households. There are 49 cable TV providers with the two majors
5244:
4315:
2911:
2761:
2503:
1790:
1742:
1608:
1399:
1391:
1341:
1261:
corruption, issues concerning the ties between politics, business and media.
1032:
828:
816:
392:
Pro-governmental media are deemed to hold a dominant position in the market.
1921:"Mapping digital media: Macedonia. A report by the Open Society Foundations"
1563:
3670:
2832:
881:
849:
742:
Cable television is highly developed, with cable television penetration in
739:
operates the private national and local TV stations using MUX 6 and MUX 7.
731:
operates and maintains the DVB-T network in North Macedonia and the public
715:
was introduced in Macedonia in November 2009 as a Pay TV platform known as
618:(founded in 1994 as a contemporary hits radio station and soon part of the
615:
272:
40:
3868:
3607:
3555:
3303:
2901:
2751:
1285:, when most private and public media expressed a pro-governmental bias.
837:
315:
the right to cultural expression and information in their own languages.
268:
1882:
3883:
3526:
3187:
2906:
1327:
1170:
1036:
1017:
654:
639:
576:
326:
308:
260:
2477:
1583:
Makar, A. B.; McMartin, K. E.; Palese, M.; Tephly, T. R. (June 1975).
3732:
3349:
3010:
2439:
751:
1616:
1584:
2936:
2837:
2489:
1206:(state broadcaster) and the state-run newspaper publishing company
953:
1.1 million users, 97th in the world, 52% of the population (2009).
841:, having been seen by over 500,000 people in its first year alone.
623:
401:
4474:
2060:
Media ownership and its impact on media independence and pluralism
1800:. Macedonia: U.S. Agency for International Development. April 2006
1748:. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Data are mostly for 1 July 2012.
1455:'s Subcommittee on Human Rights, October 2014, EXPO/B/DROI/2013/16
1235:
4046:
3015:
2741:
2731:
2710:
2674:
2434:
1585:"Formate assay in body fluids: application in methanol poisoning"
694:
666:
1918:
1700:"Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012"
1684:"Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012"
670:
627:
3493:
3370:
2362:
1653:
1013:
747:
743:
604:
429:
1035:, and provides penalties for violations. In November 2012 the
4886:
2461:
2408:
1817:
1815:
1290:
1269:
of expression and cause self-censorship and soft censorship.
988:
712:
322:
2157:
1693:
1677:
552:
357:
2669:
1646:
Calculated using penetration rate and population data from
759:
1812:
283:, North Macedonia's media system is under transformation.
2183:"International Media Freedom Mission to Macedonia Report"
1582:
934:
823:, released in 1952. The first feature film in colour was
2237:
2213:"Bad Practices, Bad Faith: Soft Censorship in Macedonia"
1660:"Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2012"
2012:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1007:
781:
offering domestic and international programming (2012);
1185:
which was in turn owner of the pro-governmental radio
408:
are deemed as having a balanced or critical coverage.
1507:
677:
in the country. Other popular private channels are:
2217:
World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers
1243:
World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers
1192:
1994:. South-East Europe Media Observatory. 5 July 2014
1826:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012
1447:Elda Brogi, Alina Dobreva, and Pier Luigi Parcu, "
1248:According to a 2015 WAN IFRA report, a variety of
1077:
997:United States Agency for International Development
1181:was linked to another Macedonian company, namely
1153:’s investigation there were two companies behind
5242:
1919:Roberto Belicanec, Zoran Ricliev (5 June 2012).
1674:, GfK, November 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
1648:"Countries and Areas Ranked by Population: 2012"
896:407,900 lines in use, 103rd in the world (2012);
2192:. Association of Journalists of Macedonia. 2012
1236:Censorship, soft censorship and self-censorship
758:at the beginning of 2007. On 17 November 2008,
2238:"South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO)"
1988:"Non-transparent media ownership in Macedonia"
556:Macedonian Radio Television building in Skopje
4872:
4490:
3686:
2296:
236:
4006:2016 Macedonian protests-Colorful Revolution
3700:
2095:"Media sustainability Index. Macedonia 2015"
1553:, 22 August 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
1321:
1764:, 28 March 2006. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
1502:Analysis of the Broadcasting Market in 2012
432:(1993), and online-based Net Press (2007).
4888:Transparency of media ownership in Europe
4879:
4865:
4497:
4483:
4011:2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament
3991:2014 Macedonian government building attack
3693:
3679:
2303:
2289:
1642:
1640:
1500:Broadcasting Council of Macedonia (2013),
1276:
729:MRD (North Macedonia Broadcasting Council)
649:
311:. Finally, the Constitution guarantees to
243:
229:
2263:The Protection of media freedom in Europe
2102:Europe and Asia Sustainability Index 2015
1489:Otkaz Za Sindikalniot Lider Na Novinarite
1084:Transparency of media ownership in Europe
1063:
973:: 62,826 hosts, 92nd in the world (2012).
642:. There used to be counted up to 410,000
562:List of radio stations in North Macedonia
358:Status and self-regulation of journalists
2057:Petković, Brankica (2004). "Macedonia".
2056:
1847:Petković, Brankica (2014). "Macedonia".
1846:
551:
439:
286:
275:, and other sales-related revenues. The
1758:"Broadband network is envy of the west"
1637:
1562:Macedonian Institute for Media (2010),
1449:Freedom of Media in the Western Balkans
991:coverage: 95% of the population (2006).
450:The oldest newspaper in the country is
5243:
2210:
2158:"Mediapedia. Media ownership Database"
2066:. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Peace Institute
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1289:In February 2014, the chief editor of
1046:
907:2.2 million lines, 142nd in the world;
319:or development of children and youth.
4860:
4478:
3674:
2284:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
1948:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1704:International Telecommunication Union
1688:International Telecommunication Union
1672:"Internet usage in Macedonia in 2009"
1468:
1458:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1033:national, religious, or ethnic hatred
870:Telecommunications in North Macedonia
863:
547:
467:Other well known daily newspaper are
2251:
2211:Heslop, Andrew (December 15, 2015).
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1008:Internet censorship and surveillance
876:Telephone numbers in North Macedonia
4504:
2274:Association of European Journalists
1969:
1901:
1197:In North Macedonia, the problem of
13:
2378:
2116:
2078:
2017:
1870:
1831:
14:
5272:
1949:Irion, Kristina (30 April 2014).
1408:
1354:
792:: 1.9 million sets in use (2008).
2312:
1283:2014 Macedonian general election
1193:Concentration of media ownership
1072:
844:In 1994 Milco Manchevski's film
415:
383:
210:
39:
5261:Mass media in Europe by country
3944:Refugees of the Greek Civil War
2230:
2204:
2175:
2150:
2136:Media Sustainability Index 2017
2006:
1942:
1783:
1767:
1751:
1728:
1709:
1702:, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE,
1686:, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE,
1665:
1623:
1576:
1078:Transparency of media ownership
1051:
293:Constitution of North Macedonia
277:Constitution of North Macedonia
2257:Parliamentary Assembly of the
1798:Education for a Modern Society
1556:
1540:
1494:
1481:
1334:In September 2014, the weekly
1023:The constitution provides for
607:with the mission of promoting
435:
420:The public news agency is the
1:
5251:Mass media in North Macedonia
4021:2022 North Macedonia protests
2358:Macedonian Information Centre
2319:Mass media in North Macedonia
1778:The Christian Science Monitor
1348:
1037:defamation, libel and slander
570:The public radio broadcaster
566:Television in North Macedonia
537:
426:Macedonian Information Centre
257:mass media in North Macedonia
3924:Independent Macedonia (1944)
1883:"Macedonia TMO Consultation"
1706:. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.
1690:. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.
1601:10.1016/0006-2944(75)90147-7
899:550,000 lines in use (2005).
735:using MUX 4 and MUX 5 while
7:
3318:Yeni Balkan Haftalik Bulten
3026:Radio Aleksandar Makedonski
1746:Central Intelligence Agency
1531:"Communications: Macedonia"
920:
733:Macedonian Radio Television
663:Macedonian Radio Television
572:Macedonian Radio Television
10:
5277:
3986:2012 inter-ethnic violence
1928:Open Society Media Program
1547:"Macedonia profile: Media"
1487:Radio Free Europe (2011),
1204:Makedonska Radiotelevizija
1081:
983:Internet service providers
873:
867:
800:
665:(MKRTV), founded in 1993.
559:
217:North Macedonia portal
32:Culture of North Macedonia
5190:
5152:
4894:
4806:
4768:
4510:
4443:
4346:
4286:
4277:
4225:
4216:
4168:
4145:
4107:
4103:
4094:
4042:
4033:
3964:
3939:National Liberation Front
3919:War in Yugoslav Macedonia
3882:
3827:
3775:
3718:
3709:
3447:
3429:
3341:
3262:
3209:
3200:
3180:
2950:
2856:
2825:
2794:
2785:
2770:
2688:
2518:
2448:
2399:
2390:
2376:
2350:
2334:
2325:
1992:SEE Media Observatory.net
1326:Although decriminalised,
1322:Civil defamation lawsuits
1202:system, dominated by the
1109:and the daily newspapers
1002:Internet Service Provider
910:2.1 million lines (2008).
888:International call prefix
803:Cinema of North Macedonia
796:
4150:Administrative divisions
4001:2015 Macedonian protests
2342:Media Information Agency
813:Janaki and Milton Manaki
422:Media Information Agency
1277:Political interferences
1214:and political parties.
650:Television broadcasting
4937:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4553:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3956:1963 Skopje earthquake
3929:Anti-Fascist Assembly
3086:Radio Marija Blagovest
2384:
1721:April 9, 2012, at the
1064:Regulatory authorities
848:was nominated as Best
587:(since 1945) 5 hours;
557:
447:
5256:Mass media by country
4016:2018 Prespa agreement
3996:2015 Kumanovo clashes
2382:
673:is the first private
555:
443:
337:access to information
305:access to information
297:freedom of expression
287:Legislative framework
281:country in transition
4431:World Heritage Sites
4057:Environmental issues
3897:Bulgarian occupation
3847:Macedonian awakening
2430:MRT Assembly Channel
1791:"Macedonia Connects"
1589:Biochemical Medicine
1491:. Radio Free Europe.
1187:Radio Free Macedonia
1098:beneficial ownership
784:136 stations (1997).
505:). Weeklies include
343:of the electorate".
172:World Heritage Sites
167:World Heritage Sites
5153:States with limited
4769:States with limited
4160:Statistical regions
3874:Treaty of Bucharest
3842:Karposh's rebellion
3760:Macedonia Salutaris
3750:Kingdom of Dardania
1453:European Parliament
1307:Tomislav Kezarovski
1199:media concentration
1133:online media sector
1101:these obligations.
1047:Media Organisations
775:Television stations
543:NIP Nova Makedonija
313:national minorities
4255:Telecommunications
3951:Socialist Republic
3738:Kingdom of Macedon
3364:Ekonomija i biznis
3129:Radio Sveti Nikole
2747:TV Nova (Kumanovo)
2574:TV Kiss&Menada
2385:
2268:2016-07-02 at the
1776:, Beth Kampschor,
1739:The World Factbook
1569:2015-12-22 at the
965:Wireless broadband
864:Telecommunications
827:, a movie about a
768:Makedonski Telekom
766:, was launched by
675:television channel
659:introduced in 1964
558:
548:Radio broadcasting
448:
428:(MIC, est. 1992),
5238:
5237:
4854:
4853:
4472:
4471:
4439:
4438:
4273:
4272:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4173:Foreign relations
4127:Political parties
4090:
4089:
4029:
4028:
3862:Kruševo Manifesto
3817:Kingdom of Prilep
3805:Theme of Bulgaria
3784:Bulgarian Empire
3668:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3413:Ubavina i Zdravje
3196:
3195:
2781:
2780:
2374:
2373:
2259:Council of Europe
1863:978-961-6455-77-0
1451:", study for the
1025:freedom of speech
985:: 20 ISPs (2005).
940:
931:Top-level domains
904:Mobile cellular:
833:Ottoman Macedonia
620:MTV Radio Network
599:(since 2003) and
348:Council of Europe
301:freedom of speech
263:outlets based in
253:
252:
5268:
5191:Dependencies and
4895:Sovereign states
4881:
4874:
4867:
4858:
4857:
4807:Dependencies and
4511:Sovereign states
4499:
4492:
4485:
4476:
4475:
4452:
4411:National symbols
4284:
4283:
4223:
4222:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4040:
4039:
3932:
3857:Kruševo Republic
3852:Ilinden Uprising
3800:Byzantine Empire
3716:
3715:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3672:
3671:
3563:Nezavisen Vesnik
3549:Makedonski Sport
3207:
3206:
3109:Radio PLUSSFORTE
3096:Radio Merak 5 FM
2877:Jazz Radio 100.8
2843:Metropolis Radio
2792:
2791:
2397:
2396:
2332:
2331:
2317:
2316:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2187:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2133:
2129:"Macedonia 2017"
2125:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2099:
2091:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2065:
2054:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1984:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1925:
1916:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1879:
1868:
1867:
1855:
1844:
1829:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1795:
1787:
1781:
1780:, 28 March 2006.
1771:
1765:
1755:
1749:
1732:
1726:
1713:
1707:
1697:
1691:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1644:
1635:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1580:
1574:
1560:
1554:
1544:
1538:
1528:
1505:
1498:
1492:
1485:
1479:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1445:
1406:
1389:
1157:website, namely
938:
646:in use in 2008.
632:Metropolis radio
609:avantgarde music
528:Makedonsko Sonce
493:Makedonski Sport
245:
238:
231:
215:
214:
213:
43:
34:
18:
17:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5192:
5186:
5172:Northern Cyprus
5154:
5148:
5069:North Macedonia
4890:
4885:
4855:
4850:
4808:
4802:
4788:Northern Cyprus
4770:
4764:
4685:North Macedonia
4506:
4505:Media of Europe
4503:
4473:
4468:
4455:
4448:
4435:
4416:Public holidays
4406:National emblem
4342:
4269:
4204:
4190:Law enforcement
4164:
4141:
4086:
4025:
3979:Ohrid Agreement
3974:2001 insurgency
3960:
3930:
3909:Vardar Banovina
3878:
3823:
3771:
3743:Upper Macedonia
3705:
3702:North Macedonia
3699:
3669:
3660:
3656:Zivot na dlanka
3443:
3425:
3337:
3276:Bitolski Vesnik
3258:
3246:Sloboden Pechat
3232:Nova Makedonija
3192:
3176:
3154:Skaj Radio Plus
3144:Radio Valandovo
3071:Radio Kocani FM
3061:Radio Kavadarci
2946:
2882:Life Radio 89.1
2852:
2821:
2777:
2766:
2684:
2514:
2444:
2386:
2370:
2346:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2279:
2270:Wayback Machine
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2018:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1955:Blogs.lse.ac.uk
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1923:
1917:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1887:Access-info.org
1881:
1880:
1871:
1864:
1853:
1845:
1832:
1820:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1772:
1768:
1762:Financial Times
1756:
1752:
1733:
1729:
1723:Wayback Machine
1714:
1710:
1698:
1694:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1645:
1638:
1628:
1624:
1581:
1577:
1571:Wayback Machine
1561:
1557:
1545:
1541:
1529:
1508:
1499:
1495:
1486:
1482:
1474:UNESCO (2013),
1473:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1446:
1409:
1404:North Macedonia
1390:
1355:
1351:
1324:
1303:Nova Makedonija
1279:
1250:soft censorship
1238:
1208:Nova Makedonija
1195:
1094:broadcast media
1086:
1080:
1075:
1066:
1054:
1049:
1041:self-censorship
1010:
959:Fixed broadband
923:
878:
872:
866:
846:Before the Rain
809:history of film
805:
799:
790:Television sets
652:
644:Radio receivers
575:functions as a
568:
550:
540:
470:Utrinski Vesnik
458:Nova Makedonija
453:Nova Makedonija
445:Nova Makedonija
438:
418:
386:
360:
303:, the right to
295:guarantees the
289:
265:North Macedonia
249:
211:
209:
202:
201:
187:
186:
175:
174:
162:
161:
145:
144:
125:
124:
30:
12:
11:
5:
5274:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5196:
5194:
5193:other entities
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5158:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5144:United Kingdom
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4957:Czech Republic
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4884:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4861:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4809:other entities
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4760:United Kingdom
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4573:Czech Republic
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4479:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4454:
4453:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4421:Radio stations
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4298:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4250:Stock exchange
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4200:Naming dispute
4197:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4175:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4155:Municipalities
4152:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4137:Prime Minister
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3970:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3947:
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3936:
3935:
3934:
3926:
3921:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3888:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3837:Ottoman Empire
3833:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3812:Serbian Empire
3809:
3808:
3807:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3781:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3755:Roman Province
3752:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704: articles
3698:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3599:
3592:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3464:
3457:
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3449:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3297:Makedonsko Eho
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3213:
3211:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
3001:Mapedito Radio
2998:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2932:Sportsko Radio
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2887:Radio Arachina
2884:
2879:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2789:
2787:Radio stations
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2546:TV Channel VIS
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2526:TV City Skopje
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2473:Klan Macedonia
2470:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2285:
2278:
2277:
2250:
2229:
2203:
2174:
2149:
2115:
2077:
2016:
2005:
1968:
1941:
1900:
1869:
1862:
1830:
1811:
1782:
1766:
1760:, Geoff Naim,
1750:
1727:
1716:Select Formats
1708:
1692:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1636:
1622:
1595:(2): 117–126.
1575:
1555:
1539:
1535:World Factbook
1506:
1493:
1480:
1467:
1457:
1407:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1305:'s journalist
1295:
1294:
1278:
1275:
1237:
1234:
1194:
1191:
1159:Em Media Dooel
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1009:
1006:
993:
992:
986:
980:
974:
971:Internet hosts
968:
962:
956:
955:
954:
951:
945:Internet users
942:
922:
919:
914:
913:
912:
911:
908:
902:
901:
900:
897:
891:
885:
868:Main article:
865:
862:
831:missionary in
817:film festivals
801:Main article:
798:
795:
794:
793:
787:
786:
785:
782:
699:European Union
651:
648:
595:(since 1991);
591:(since 1991);
583:(since 1948);
549:
546:
539:
536:
437:
434:
417:
414:
398:Sloboden Pecat
385:
382:
359:
356:
288:
285:
251:
250:
248:
247:
240:
233:
225:
222:
221:
220:
219:
204:
203:
200:
199:
194:
188:
182:
181:
180:
177:
176:
170:
169:
163:
159:
158:
157:
154:
153:
147:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
126:
120:
119:
118:
115:
114:
108:
107:
101:
100:
94:
93:
87:
86:
80:
79:
73:
72:
66:
65:
59:
58:
52:
51:
45:
44:
36:
35:
27:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5273:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5205:Faroe Islands
5203:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5177:South Ossetia
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5029:Liechtenstein
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4882:
4877:
4875:
4870:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4821:Faroe Islands
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4793:South Ossetia
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4645:Liechtenstein
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4500:
4495:
4493:
4488:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4301:Ethnic groups
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3767:Roman Diocese
3765:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3696:
3691:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3287:
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3169:UKLO Radio FM
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3091:Radio Medison
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3076:Radio Lakosta
3074:
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3051:Radio Holidej
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2983:Ekspres Radio
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2942:Zona M1 Radio
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2912:Radio Student
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2327:News agencies
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2162:Mediapedia.mk
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2013:MediaPedia.mk
2009:
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1301:In May 2013,
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1073:Media freedom
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531:(est. 1994).
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473:(est. 1999),
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24:
20:
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16:
5182:Transnistria
4798:Transnistria
4390:
4361:Architecture
4291:Demographics
4235:Central bank
4178:Human rights
4112:Constitution
3914:World War II
3904:South Serbia
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
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3606:
3601:
3594:
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3538:Majka I bebe
3537:
3532:
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3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3466:
3459:
3454:
3436:
3420:Zelena Berza
3418:
3411:
3406:Ruski Doktor
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3311:Stipski Glas
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3269:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3139:Radio Uskana
3119:Radio Red FM
3056:Radio Jehona
3046:Radio Galaxy
2958:Radio 5choki
2620:TV Channel 8
2318:
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2232:
2220:. Retrieved
2216:
2206:
2194:. Retrieved
2189:
2177:
2165:. Retrieved
2161:
2152:
2140:. Retrieved
2138:. IREX. 2017
2135:
2106:. Retrieved
2104:. IREX. 2015
2101:
2068:. Retrieved
2059:
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1991:
1959:. Retrieved
1954:
1944:
1932:. Retrieved
1927:
1891:. Retrieved
1886:
1849:
1825:
1802:. Retrieved
1797:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1753:
1730:
1711:
1695:
1679:
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1655:
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1125:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1052:Trade unions
1022:
1016:or Internet
1011:
994:
924:
915:
893:Main lines:
882:Calling code
857:
853:
850:Foreign Film
845:
843:
836:
824:
820:
806:
763:
741:
728:
716:
711:
707:
703:
669:(1989) from
653:
636:City FM 97.9
616:Antenna 5 FM
613:
569:
541:
533:
526:
520:
514:
509:, financial
496:
486:
480:
474:
468:
466:
451:
449:
444:
419:
410:
391:
387:
379:
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:
353:
345:
341:
334:
331:
321:
317:
290:
273:subscription
256:
254:
197:Coat of arms
15:
5220:Isle of Man
5155:recognition
5129:Switzerland
5064:Netherlands
4836:Isle of Man
4771:recognition
4745:Switzerland
4680:Netherlands
4306:Macedonians
4230:Agriculture
3892:World War I
3869:Balkan Wars
3629:Tea Moderna
3608:Sport Press
3556:Nash Vesnik
3385:Lice v Lice
3357:Dobra Hrana
3325:Yeni Balkan
3304:Skopsko Eho
3159:Super Radio
3124:Radio Rrapi
3101:Radio Modea
3031:Radio Bleta
3021:Radio Akord
2996:Impul Radio
2988:Goldi Radio
2902:Radio Lider
2795:State-owned
2645:TV Kaltrina
2635:TV Zdravkin
2630:TV Kanal-21
2579:TV M Net HD
2401:State-owned
2392:TV channels
2335:State-owned
2190:znm.org.mk/
1998:12 December
1961:12 December
1934:12 December
1893:12 December
1889:. July 2013
1822:"Macedonia"
1396:2015 report
1311:Reporter 92
1179:Netpress.mk
1175:Netpress.mk
1126:print media
1092:As for the
838:Bal-Can-Can
756:triple play
725:multiplexes
522:Tea Moderna
519:, women's
436:Print media
335:The law on
269:advertising
5245:Categories
5099:San Marino
5059:Montenegro
5039:Luxembourg
5019:Kazakhstan
4922:Azerbaijan
4715:San Marino
4675:Montenegro
4655:Luxembourg
4635:Kazakhstan
4538:Azerbaijan
4426:Television
4386:Literature
4376:Embroidery
4122:Parliament
3884:Yugoslavia
3602:Sport boks
3543:Moja zamja
3533:Magazin in
3527:Mlad Borec
3520:Kumanovski
3225:Lajm press
3202:Newspapers
3188:Alfa Radio
3149:Radio Zora
3134:Radio Tajm
3105:Radio Plus
3066:Radio KISS
3006:Plej Radio
2968:B 97 Radio
2907:Radio Rosa
2869:City Radio
2864:Capitol FM
2727:K-15 Music
2650:TV Spektra
2383:Television
1804:1 February
1735:Population
1349:References
1328:defamation
1223:Mediapedia
1171:VMRO-DPMNE
1151:MediaPedia
1143:MediaPedia
1138:MediaPedia
1082:See also:
1018:chat rooms
939:(Cyrillic)
874:See also:
829:Protestant
825:Miss Stone
657:was first
655:Television
640:Alfa Radio
626:(based in
577:talk radio
560:See also:
538:Publishing
327:defamation
309:censorship
261:mass media
259:refers to
135:Television
105:Literature
5210:Gibraltar
5034:Lithuania
4826:Gibraltar
4650:Lithuania
4401:Mythology
4328:Languages
4311:Albanians
4296:Education
4265:Transport
4132:President
4117:Elections
4072:Mountains
4035:Geography
3733:Pelagonia
3584:Republika
3430:Quarterly
3392:M Magazin
3350:Avto Plus
3114:Radio PRO
3081:Radio Lav
3036:Radio Bum
3011:Radio 106
2992:Hit Radio
2978:Eko Radio
2973:Balkan FM
2963:Angels FM
2927:SkyR adio
2892:Buba Mara
2848:Jon Radio
2833:Antenna 5
2680:TV Uskana
2625:TV Protel
2495:TV Shenja
2440:MRT 2 Sat
2367:Net Press
1609:0006-2944
1573:. Skopje.
1504:. Skopje.
1465:2013-2014
1119:Koha e re
937:and .мкд
752:Telekabel
507:Republika
160:Monuments
84:Festivals
70:Mythology
63:Languages
5230:Svalbard
5215:Guernsey
5162:Abkhazia
5114:Slovenia
5109:Slovakia
5084:Portugal
4942:Bulgaria
4846:Svalbard
4831:Guernsey
4778:Abkhazia
4730:Slovenia
4725:Slovakia
4700:Portugal
4558:Bulgaria
4459:Category
4333:Religion
4240:Currency
4195:Military
4096:Politics
4082:Wildlife
3966:Republic
3777:Medieval
3636:Utrinski
3577:Ploshtad
2937:Urban FM
2922:RFM 91.3
2917:Radiovat
2857:Regional
2838:Kanal 77
2660:TV Gurra
2655:TV Dibra
2612:TV FESTA
2599:TV Sutel
2561:TV Polog
2556:TV Kobra
2519:Regional
2490:TV Sonce
2478:Nasha TV
2449:National
2266:Archived
2243:27 April
2222:27 April
2196:14 April
2167:14 April
2142:14 April
2108:14 April
2070:14 April
1719:Archived
1567:Archived
1551:BBC News
1167:Em Media
1155:Kurir.mk
1147:Kurir.mk
921:Internet
624:Kanal 77
581:Albanian
503:Albanian
485:(1963),
402:24 Vesti
394:Telma TV
91:Religion
23:a series
21:Part of
5139:Ukraine
5089:Romania
5049:Moldova
5007:Ireland
5002:Iceland
4997:Hungary
4987:Germany
4982:Georgia
4972:Finland
4967:Estonia
4962:Denmark
4947:Croatia
4932:Belgium
4927:Belarus
4917:Austria
4912:Armenia
4907:Andorra
4902:Albania
4755:Ukraine
4705:Romania
4665:Moldova
4623:Ireland
4618:Iceland
4613:Hungary
4603:Germany
4598:Georgia
4588:Finland
4583:Estonia
4578:Denmark
4563:Croatia
4548:Belgium
4543:Belarus
4533:Austria
4528:Armenia
4523:Andorra
4518:Albania
4450:Outline
4371:Cuisine
4348:Culture
4279:Society
4260:Tourism
4218:Economy
4062:Geology
4047:Balkans
3931:(ASNOM)
3829:Ottoman
3728:Paeonia
3720:Ancient
3711:History
3480:Dnevnik
3438:Portret
3399:Porta 3
3378:InStore
3342:Monthly
3290:Kapital
3041:Radio G
3016:Radio 7
2873:Club FM
2826:Private
2742:TEKO TV
2732:Pink 15
2717:TV Nova
2711:Sitel 3
2675:TV Plus
2640:TV Svet
2607:TV KOHA
2551:TV IRIS
2541:TV Star
2531:TV Tera
2467:Kanal 5
2462:Alsat M
2435:MRT Sat
2351:Private
1314:appeal.
1163:Iia Doo
1124:As for
858:Shadows
821:Frosina
695:Alsat-M
691:Alfa TV
683:Kanal 5
667:TEKO TV
630:), and
601:Bosnian
597:Serbian
585:Turkish
511:Kapital
479:(1996),
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184:Symbols
77:Cuisine
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5225:Jersey
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5079:Poland
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4992:Greece
4977:France
4952:Cyprus
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2817:MR int
2737:BOM TV
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