Incarceration in the United States

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further backed by Moriah Balingit, who states that when compared to white students, black students are suspended and expelled at greater rates according to the Civil Rights Data Collection, that has records with specific information for the 2015–2016 school year of about 96,000 schools. In addition, further data shows that although black students only accounted for 15% of the student population, they represented a 31% of the arrests. Hispanic children share this in common with their black counterparts, as they too are more susceptible to harsher discipline like suspension and expulsion. This trend can be seen throughout numerous studies of this type of material and particularly in the south. Furthermore, between 1985 and 1989, there was an increase in referrals of minority youth to juvenile court, petitioned cases, adjudicated delinquency cases, and delinquency cases placed outside the home. During this time period, the number of African American youth detained increased by 9% and the number of Hispanic youths detained increased by 4%, yet the proportion of White youth declined by 13%. Documentation of this phenomenon can be seen as early as 1975 with the book

1852:". Minimum security prisoners live in less-secure dormitories, which are regularly patrolled by correctional officers. As in medium security facilities, they have communal showers, toilets, and sinks. A minimum-security facility generally has a single fence that is watched, but not patrolled, by armed guards. At facilities in very remote and rural areas, there may be no fence at all. Prisoners may often work on community projects, such as roadside litter cleanup with the state department of transportation or wilderness conservation. Many minimum security facilities are small camps located in or near military bases, larger prisons (outside the security perimeter) or other government institutions to provide a convenient supply of convict labor to the institution. Many states allow persons in minimum-security facilities access to the Internet. 1422:, legislation like this led to the extreme increase in drug offense imprisonment and "increasing racial disproportions among the arrestees". The number of incarcerated drug offenders has increased twelvefold since 1980. In 2000, 22 percent of those in federal and state prisons were convicted on drug charges. In 2011, 55.6% of the 1,131,210 sentenced people in state prisons were being held for violent crimes (this number excludes the 200,966 imprisoned people being held due to parole violations, of which 39.6% were re-incarcerated for a subsequent violent crime). Also in 2011, 3.7% of the state prison population consisted of imprisoned people whose highest conviction was for drug possession (again excluding those incarcerated for parole violations of which 6.0% were re-incarcerated for a subsequent act of drug possession). 151: 680:

population has decreased the most. Since 2002, the year it reached its peak levels, the number of Black people in prison declined from 622,700 to 378,000 (a 39% decrease). Since 1998, the year the white prison population reached its peak, the number of white people in prison declined from 533,200 to 356,000 (a 25% decrease). Since 2011, the year the Hispanic prison population reached its peak, the number of Hispanic people in prison declined from 347,300 to 273,800 (a 21% decrease). Since 2010, the year the American Indian prison population reached its peak, the number of American Indians in prison declined from 23,800 to 18,700 (a 21% decrease). Finally, since 2016, the year the Asian prison population reached its peak, the number of Asian people in prison declined from 18,000 to 14,700.

2789: Moreover, more than 2.7 million children in the United States have an incarcerated parent. That translates to one out of every 27 children in the United States having an incarcerated parent. Approximately 80 percent of women who go to jail each year are mothers. This ripple effect on the individual's family amplifies the debilitating effect that entails arresting individuals. Given the general vulnerability and naivete of children, it is important to understand how such a traumatic event adversely affects children. The effects of a parent's incarceration on their children have been found as early as three years old. Local and state governments in the United States have recognized these harmful effects and have attempted to address them through public policy solutions. 46: 2998:

to any specific job. People who have felony records have a harder time finding a job. The psychological effects of incarceration can also impede an ex-felon's search for employment. Prison can cause social anxiety, distrust, and other psychological issues that negatively affect a person's reintegration into an employment setting. Men who are unemployed are more likely to participate in crime which leads to there being a 67% chance of a person with a previous felony conviction being charged again. In 2008, the difficulties males with a previous felony conviction in the United States had finding employment lead to approximately a 1.6% decrease in the employment rate alone. This is a loss of between $ 57 and $ 65 billion of output to the U.S. economy.

1187:, over half of all prisoners in 2005 had experienced mental illness as identified by "a recent history or symptoms of a mental health problem"; of this population, jail inmates experienced the highest rates of symptoms of mental illness at 60 percent, followed by 49 percent of state prisoners and 40 percent of federal prisoners. Not only do people with recent histories of mental illness end up incarcerated, but many who have no history of mental illness end up developing symptoms while in prison. In 2006, the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that a quarter of state prisoners had a history of mental illness, whereas 3 in 10 state prisoners had developed symptoms of mental illness since becoming incarcerated with no recent history of mental illness. 2823:. It is hypothesized that the chronic stress that results directly from the uncertainty of the parent's legal status is the primary influence for the extensive list of acute and chronic conditions that could develop later in life. In addition to the chronic stress, the immediate instability in a child's life deprives them of certain essentials e.g. money for food and parental love that are compulsory for leading a healthy life. Though most of the adverse effects that result from parental incarceration are regardless of whether the mother or father was arrested, some differences have been discovered. For example, males whose father have been incarcerated display more behavioral issues than any other combination of parent/child. 2892: 1539: 2964:

the family difficult, but also into society as they are faced with establishing secure housing, insurance, and a new job. As such, policymakers find it necessary to ease the transition of an incarcerated individual to the pre-arrest situation. Of the four outlined phases, re-entry is the least emphasized from a public policy perspective. This is not to say it is the least important, however, as there are concerns that time in a correctional facility can deteriorate the caretaking ability of some prisoners. As a result, Oklahoma has taken measurable strides by providing parents with the tools they need to re-enter their families, including classes on parenting skills.

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prison track. Implicitly, when a student is extracted from the classroom, the more likely that student is to drop out of school as a result of being in class less. As a dropout, that child is then ill-prepared to obtain a job and become a fruitful citizen. Explicitly, schools sometimes do not funnel their pupils to the prison systems inadvertently; rather, they send them directly. Once in juvenile court, even sympathetic judges are not likely to evaluate whether the school's punishment was warranted or fair. For these reasons, it is argued that zero-tolerance policies lead to an exponential increase in the juvenile prison populations.

170: 3380:, and ingrained racism within modern society. According to Garza, "Black Lives Matter is an ideological and political intervention in a world where Black lives are systematically and intentionally targeted for demise. It is an affirmation of Black folks' contributions to this society, our humanity, and our resilience in the face of deadly oppression." This movement has focused on specific racial issues faced by African Americans in the justice system including police brutality, ending capital punishment, and eliminating "the criminalization and dehumanization of Black youth across all areas of society." 2581:. Despite federal statistics including statements made by former Attorney General Eric Holder, according to research on corrections expenditure published in the ▲Church white paper "On Security", Federal Prisons and Detention FY15 Requested Budget was just $ 8.5 billion. Federal Bureau of Prisons' spending was $ 6.9 billion counting 20,911 correctional officers of 43,297 positions. Total U.S. States' and Federal Prisons and Detention including county jail subsidies was only $ 56.9 billion. Adding local jails' spending, $ 64.9 billion was spent on corrections in nominal 2014 dollars. 3063:

individuals die from extreme heat as a result. Although prisons are supposed to provide fans and ice to individuals during extreme heat events, they do not always follow through. During the winter, prisons do not have proper heating. Many incarcerated individuals complain that the Department of Corrections does not provide supplies such as blankets during cold weather, and they have to depend on donations or suffer with nothing. Environmental justice and energy justice activists argue the lack of adequate heating and cooling in prisons is a form of "cruel and unusual punishment," which violates their

1662: 2669: 3113:; half of all persons incarcerated under state jurisdiction are for non-violent offenses, and 20% are incarcerated for drug offenses (in state prisons; federal prison percentages are higher). "Human Rights Watch believes the extraordinary rate of incarceration in the United States wreaks havoc on individuals, families and communities, and saps the strength of the nation as a whole." The population of inmates housed in prisons and jails in the United States exceeds 2 million, with the per capita incarceration population higher than that officially reported by any other country. 2176:

privately run prisons had a lower cost per inmate, a lower rate of critical incidents, a safer environment for employees and inmates, and a higher proportional rate of inmates who completed basic education, literacy, and vocational training courses. However, the publicly run prison outperformed the privately run prisons in areas such as experiencing fewer escape attempts, controlling substance abuse through testing, offering a wider range of educational and vocational courses, and providing a broader range of treatment, recreation, social services, and rehabilitative services.

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lack of resources for their intimate needs. In prison, women are dehumanized and treated like objects in a way that has become normal. Like many other socio-political issues, women seem to be left out of the conversation when it comes to prison reform. Again, not many people consider the experiences that women have endured in their time of imprisonment. Women were degraded to an extreme extent, and sexual abuse was often brought on by the guards and officers who are supposed to watch over them. They are sexualized, and often sent to prison for a longer duration than men.

2681: 758:, increases in the severities of offenses, and a lack of community sanctions and treatment for women who violate laws. In the United States, authorities began housing women in correctional facilities separate from men in the 1870s. According to the ACLU, "More than half of the women in prisons and jails (56%) are incarcerated for drug or property offenses, and Black women are two times as likely to be incarcerated as white women." Black women tend to receive longer sentences and harsher punishments than white women for committing the same crimes. According to 1685:

serving time for felony offenses, usually longer than a year. Federal prisons are run by the U.S. Bureau of Prisons and hold people who have been convicted of federal crimes and pretrial detainees. Local jails are county or municipal facilities that incarcerate defendants prior to trial, and also hold those serving short sentences, typically under a year. Juvenile correctional facilities are operated by local authorities or the state and serve as longer-term placements for youth who have been adjudicated as delinquent and ordered by a judge to be confined.

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supported by the research on early child development that argue it is imperative that infants and young children are with a parental figure, preferably the mother, to ensure proper development. This approach received support at the federal level when then-Deputy Attorney General Sally Yates instituted several family-friendly measures, for certain facilities, including: improving infrastructure for video conferencing and informing inmates on how to contact their children if they were placed in the foster care system, among other improvements.

2985:, caregivers are now responsible for another individual who requires attention and resources to flourish. Depending on the relationship to the caregiver, the transition to a new household may not be easy for the child. The rationale behind targeting caregivers for intervention policies is to ensure the new environment for the children is healthy and productive. The federal government funds states to provide counseling to caretaking family members to alleviate some of the associated emotional burden. A more comprehensive program from 3799:(WPB). Use the dropdown menu to choose lists of countries by region or the whole world. Use the menu to select highest-to-lowest lists of prison population totals, prison population rates, percentage of pre-trial detainees/remand imprisoned people, percentage of imprisoned females, percentage of imprisoned foreign people, and occupancy rate. Column headings in WPB tables can be clicked to reorder columns lowest to highest, or alphabetically. For detailed information for each country click on any country name in lists. See also the 1769:—and related units. Jails operated by county and local governments are typically smaller than prisons and less able to manage security issues raised by overcrowding. Due to the variety of prisoners incarcerated in jails, from defendants awaiting trial, to people serving short sentences for minor crimes, to people with significant histories of escape attempts or violence, jails often have multiple levels of security within a single facility, as compared to prisons which often have specialized facilities for each security level. 1822: 2056: 2973: 18558: 1899:, planned to challenge the ban in Federal Court. Similar bans on an inmate's rights or a website's right to post such information has been ruled unconstitutional in other courts, citing First Amendment freedoms. Some faith-based initiatives promote the positive effects of correspondence on inmates, and some have made efforts to help ex-offenders reintegrate into society through job placement assistance. Inmates' ability to mail letters to other inmates has been limited by the courts. 14661: 14222: 2570: 2641:

wholly or partially excluded juvenile delinquency counseling from their corrections figures and fifteen states wholly or partially excluded spending on juvenile institutions. Seventeen states wholly or partially excluded spending on drug abuse rehabilitation centers and forty-one states wholly or partially excluded spending on institutions for the criminally insane. Twenty-two states wholly or partially excluded aid to local governments for jails. For details, see Table 36."

120: 1198:, for which "socially and psychologically meaningful contact is reduced to the absolute minimum, to a point that is insufficient for most detainees to remain mentally well functioning". Another factor to be considered is that most inmates do not get the mental health services that they need while incarcerated. Due to limited funding, prisons are not able to provide a full range of mental health services and thus are typically limited to inconsistent administration of 1802:" and is widely considered to possibly be the most secure prison in the United States. A.D.X. Florence has a standard supermax section where assaultive, violent, and gang-related inmates are kept under normal supermax conditions of 23-hour confinement and abridged amenities. A.D.X. Florence is considered to be of a security level above that of all other prisons in the United States, at least in the "ideological" ultramax part of it, which features permanent, 24-hour 18570: 2858:

population. Based on analysis of the 2002-4 Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, incarcerated individuals had higher rates of hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction, asthma, arthritis, cervical cancer, and hepatitis. The prison environment exacerbates chronic health conditions since they cannot be properly addressed and due to the stress of social isolation. In addition, low-income and POC populations are often more susceptible to poor health outcomes due to

2883:, incarceration, and re-entry. Re-entry is not relevant if a parent is not arrested for other crimes. During each of these phases, solutions can be implemented that mitigate the harm placed on the children during the process. While their parents are away, children rely on other caretakers (family or friends) to satisfy their basic need. Solutions for the children of incarcerated parents have identified caretakers as a focal point for successful intervention. 15820: 14637: 14198: 4695:. See page 2 for explanation of the difference between number of prisoners in custody and the number under jurisdiction. See appendix table 3 for "Estimated number of inmates held in custody in state or federal prisons or in local jails per 100,000 U.S. residents, by sex, race and Hispanic/Latino origin, and age, June 30, 2010". See appendix table 2 for "Inmates held in custody in state or federal prisons or in local jails, December 31, 2000, and 2009–2010." 790:

offense level, criminal history, district, and offense type," and noted that "females receive even shorter sentences relative to men than whites relative to blacks." A later study by Sonja B. Starr found sentences for men to be up to 60% higher when controlling for more variables. Several explanations for this disparity have been offered, including that women have more to lose from incarceration, and that men are the targets of discrimination in sentencing.

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The percentage breakdown of people incarcerated by offense-type is as follows: 47% of people are incarcerated for drug offenses, 42% for public order offenses, 7% for violent offenses, and 4% for property offenses. A further 60,000 people are incarcerated by the U.S. Marshals Service. Of these people, there are 21,000 incarcerated for drug offenses, 14,000 for immigration offenses, 9,000 for weapons offenses, and 7,000 for violent offenses.

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placing hundreds of bunk beds next to one another, in these gyms, without any type of barriers to keep inmates separated. In California, the inadequate security engendered by this situation, coupled with insufficient staffing levels, have led to increased violence and a prison health system that causes one death a week. This situation has led the courts to order California to release 27% of the current prison population, citing the

2228: 1833:, prisoners usually have one- or two-person cells operated from a remote control station. Each cell has its own toilet and sink. Inmates may leave their cells for work assignments or correctional programs and otherwise may be allowed in a common area in the cellblock or an exercise yard. The fences are generally double fences with watchtowers housing armed guards, plus often a third, lethal-current electric fence in the middle. 1530:, a study was conducted that tracked 404,638 prisoners in 30 states after their release from prison in 2005. From the examination it was found that within three years after their release 67.8% of the released prisoners were rearrested; within five years, 76.6% of the released prisoners were rearrested, and of the prisoners that were rearrested 56.7% of them were rearrested by the end of their first year of release. 3002:

record. Black males with no criminal record were called back at a rate of 14% while the rate dropped to 5% for those with a criminal record. Black men with no criminal background have a harder time finding employment than white men who have a history of criminal activity. While having a criminal record decreases the chance of a callback for white men by 50%, it decreases the callback chances for Black men by 64%.

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the world (655 per 100,000 population in 2016). According to the World Prison Population List (11th edition) there were around 10.35 million people in penal institutions worldwide in 2015. The U.S. had 2,173,800 prisoners in adult facilities in 2015. That means the U.S. held 21.0% of the world's prisoners in 2015, even though the U.S. represented only around 4.4 percent of the world's population in 2015.

4718:. See page 1 "highlights" section for the "1 in ..." numbers. See table 1 on page 2 for adult numbers. See table 5 on page 6 for male and female numbers. See appendix table 5 on page 13, for "Estimated number of persons supervised by adult correctional systems, by correctional status, 2000–2013." See appendix table 2: "Inmates held in custody in state or federal prisons or in local jails, 2000 and 2012–2013". 15832: 14649: 14210: 3283:

accompanying sentences are better suited to their individual conduct, rather than excessive prison terms more appropriate for violent criminals or drug kingpins…" Running through Holder's statements, the increasing economic burden of over-incarceration was stressed. As of August 2013, the Smart on Crime program is not a legislative initiative but an effort "limited to the DOJ's policy parameters".

2183:, a professor of political science at the University of Pennsylvania, studies that claim private prisons are cheaper to run than public prisons fail to "take into account the fundamental differences between private and public facilities," and that the prison industry "engages in a lot of cherry-picking and cost-shifting to maintain the illusion that the private sector does it better for less." The 1922: 2070:, yet it is underreported by most states, while some do not report it at all. Isolation of prisoners has been condemned by the UN in 2011 as a form of torture. At over 80,000 at any given time, the U.S. has more prisoners confined in isolation than any other country in the world. In Louisiana, with 843 prisoners per 100,000 citizens, there have been prisoners, such as the 12232:"Black men with a prison record have the most difficulty moving through the hiring process—their odds of a getting a callback for an interview or offered a job are 125 percent smaller than white male ex-prisoners. The likelihood that Hispanic men with a record will get another interview or will be offered a job is 18 percent smaller than the likelihood for white men." 1983:) that, according to Hylton's research, try to minimize the amount of care given to prisoners to maximize profits. After the privatization of healthcare in Arizona's prisons, medical spending fell by 30 million dollars and staffing was greatly reduced. Some 50 prisoners died in custody in the first 8 months of 2013, compared to 37 for the preceding two years combined. 3006:

Internet. A study conducted at Arizona State University in 2014 accounts for this missing information. This study was set up similarly to the Pager study, but with the addition of female job applicants, Hispanic job applicants, and online job applications. Men and women of white, Black, and Hispanic ethnicities account for 92% of the U.S. prison population.

2306:) the so-called "truth-in-sentencing" and "three-strikes-you're-out" laws. Truth-in-sentencing called for all violent offenders to serve 85 percent of their sentences before being eligible for release; three strikes called for mandatory life imprisonment for a third felony conviction. Some prison officers unions in publicly run facilities such as 672:"Blacks are more likely than whites to be confined awaiting trial (which increases the probability that an incarcerative sentence will be imposed), to receive incarcerative rather than community sentences, and to receive longer sentences. Racial differences found at each stage are typically modest, but their cumulative effect is significant." 10052:. By Christian Henrichson and Ruth Delaney. "Total taxpayer cost per inmate. Among the 40 states surveyed, representing more than 1.2 million inmates (of 1.4 million total people incarcerated in all 50 state prison systems), the total per-inmate cost averaged $ 31,286 and ranged from $ 14,603 in Kentucky to $ 60,076 in New York (see Figure 4)." 2136:

psychotic. Because of this, "deviant women have been constructed as insane" (Davis, 2011). Women are treated as if their crimes are more irrational because of their gender, and their sentencing can be harsher as a result. Women are even more inclined to be imprisoned in psychiatric hospitals than men, and prescribed psychiatric treatment.

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noticed an immediate and strong reaction to sudden departures from family structure norms. These behavioral externalizations are most evident at school when the child interacts with peers and adults. This behavior leads to punishment and less focus on education, which has obvious consequences for future educational and career prospects.

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effects of incarceration on male applicants applying online were nearly nonexistent. In fact, the study found that "there was no effect of race/ethnicity, prison record, or community college on men's success in advancing through the hiring process". The Arizona State University study also had results that contradicted Pager's study.

2119:(CDC) requested health data from 54 state and territorial health department jurisdictions. 32 (86%) of 37 jurisdictions that responded reported at least one confirmed COVID-19 case among inmates or staff members. As of April 21, 2020, there were 4,893 cases and 88 deaths among inmates and 2,778 cases and 15 deaths among staff members. 2780:. 2) There appears to be a connection between drugs and violent crimes, the discussion of which, he says, New Jim Crow theorists have avoided. 3) New theorists have overlooked class as a factor in incarceration. Black people with advanced degrees have fewer convictions, and Black people without advanced education have more. 200:. Imprisoned people were chained naked and whipped with rods. Others, who were criminally insane, were caged, or placed in cellars or closets. She insisted on changes throughout the rest of her life. While focusing on the insane, her comments also resulted in changes for other inmates. Late in the 1800s, Superintendent 2927:

contributing factor to the parent-child relationship. Allowing a parent to serve their sentence closer to their residence allows for easier visitation and a healthier relationship. Recognizing this, the New York Senate passed a bill in 2015 that would ensure convicted individuals be jailed in the nearest facility.

773:. Between 2000 and 2017, the incarceration rate for white women increased by 44%, while at the same time declining by 55% for African American women. The Sentencing Project reports that by 2021, incarceration rates had declined by 70% for African American women, while rising by 7% for white women. In 2017, the 676:

time in America's state prisons. Black Americans are imprisoned at 5 times the rate of white people, and American Indians and Hispanic people are imprisoned at 4 times and 2 times the white rate, respectively. Black and Hispanic people make up 33% of the U.S. population but 56% of the incarcerated population.

1269:(ICE). These immigrants seek asylum into the United states and are detained prior to release into the United States or deportation and removal from the country. During 2018, 396,448 people were booked into ICE custody: 242,778 of whom were detained by CBP and 153,670 by ICE's own enforcement operations. 10425:

Retrieved February 14, 2015. "Researchers at the Brennan Center for Justice placed crime statistics from all 50 states over the past four decades against 13 other potential explainers of crime reduction, including decreases in alcohol consumption, growth in income and data-driven policing techniques.

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announced the "Smart on Crime" program, which is "a sweeping initiative by the Justice Department that in effect renounces several decades of tough-on-crime anti-drug legislation and policies." Holder said the program "will encourage U.S. attorneys to charge defendants only with crimes "for which the

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There has been a growing movement to make prisons more sustainable through numerous "green prison" programs. Green prisons promote sustainable living while also focusing on the incarcerated individual's rehabilitation which will hopefully lead to low recidivism rates. This includes reducing waste and

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Felony records greatly influence the chances of people finding employment. Many employers seem to use criminal history as a screening mechanism without attempting to probe deeper. They are often more interested in incarceration as a measure of employability and trustworthiness instead of its relation

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The last phase of the incarceration process is re-entry back into the community, but more importantly, back into the family structure. Though the time away is painful for the family, it does not always welcome back the previously incarcerated individual with open arms. Not only is the transition into

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While serving a sentence, measures have been put in place to allow parents to exercise their duty as role models and caretakers. New York allows newborns to be with their mothers for up to one year. Studies have shown that parental, specifically maternal, presence during a newborn's early development

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that: "Imprisonment, inflicted by law as a punishment, is not according to the principles of wise legislation. It sinks useful subjects into burdens on the community, and has always a bad effect on their morals: nor can it communicate the benefit of example, being in its nature secluded from the eye

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passed a law in 2009 advocating for child safety during parental arrest and California provides funding to agencies to train personnel how to appropriately conduct an arrest in the presence of family members. Extending past the state level, the Department of Justice has provided guidelines for police

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overturned the ban on using private prisons. According to Sessions, "the (Obama administration) memorandum changed long-standing policy and practice, and impaired the bureau's ability to meet the future needs of the federal correctional system. Therefore, I direct the bureau to return to its previous

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The petty crimes of women are also not met with the same intensity of murder charges for men. According to Davis, "masculine criminality has always been deemed more "normal" than feminine criminality" (Davis, 2011). When a woman commits a crime, it is not as common and so it is practically considered

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Based on Angela Davis' "Are Prisons Obsolete?", the prison industrial complex and mass incarceration is shaped by gender. There are significant differences in the treatment of imprisoned men and women. Women endure physical, mental, and emotional trauma as they are forced to endure sexual abuse and a

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Many prisons in the United States are overcrowded. For example, California's 33 prisons have a total capacity of 100,000, but they hold 170,000 inmates. Many prisons in California and around the country are forced to turn old gymnasiums and classrooms into huge bunkhouses for inmates. They do this by

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group may sleep in cells, but share them two and two, and use bunk beds with lockers to store their possessions. Depending upon the facility, each cell may have showers, toilets and sinks. Cells are locked at night with one or more correctional officers supervising. There is less supervision over the

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Despite the country's disparate systems of confinement, the U.S. prison system may be generally identified with four main institutions: state prisons, federal prisons, local jails, and juvenile correctional facilities. State prisons are run by state departments of correction, holding sentenced people

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article, said that "it is the length of sentences that truly distinguishes American prison policy. Indeed, the mere number of sentences imposed here would not place the United States at the top of the incarceration lists. If lists were compiled based on annual admissions to prison per capita, several

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In 2016, there were an estimated 1.2 million violent crimes committed in the United States. Over the course of that year, U.S. law enforcement agencies made approximately 10.7 million arrests, excluding arrests for traffic violations. In that year, approximately 2.3 million people were

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The BOP receives all prisoner transfer treaty inmates sent from foreign countries, even if their crimes would have been, if committed in the United States, tried in state, DC, or territorial courts. Non-US citizens incarcerated in federal and state prisons are eligible to be transferred to their home

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people. LGBT youth not only experience these same challenges, but many also live in homes unwelcoming to their identities. This often results in LGBT youth running away and/or engaging in criminal activities, such as the drug trade, sex work, and/or theft, which places them at higher risk for arrest.

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In 2013, there were 628,900 adult males in local jails in the United States, and 1,463,500 adult males in state and federal prisons. In a study of sentencing in the United States in 1984, David B. Mustard found that males received 12 percent longer prison terms than females after "controlling for the

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In 2011, it was reported that 85 to 90% of women incarcerated were victims of sexual and domestic violence, which is significantly higher than the national average of 22.3% of women in the United States. Women who face sexual or domestic violence are more likely to commit crimes themselves and become

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The sociologists John Clegg and Adaner Usmani assert that the high incarceration rates are partly the result of anemic social policy. As such, resolving the issue will necessitate significant redistribution coming from economic elites. They add that mass incarceration is "not a technical problem for

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contend that the massive "carceral state" extends far beyond prisons, and distorts democracy, degrades society, and obstructs meaningful discourse on criminal punishment. More recently, scholars have argued that a system of mass incarceration necessarily interferes with a free society "characterized

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High rates of incarceration may be due to sentence length, which is further driven by many other factors. Shorter sentences may even diminish the criminal culture by possibly reducing re-arrest rates for first-time convicts. The U.S. Congress has ordered federal judges to make imprisonment decisions

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Another concern that incarcerated individuals face is not having access to adequate heating and cooling during extreme weather conditions which are only becoming more common due to climate change. As summers continue to get hotter, many prisons do not have air conditioning, and numerous incarcerated

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It is estimated that one in nine state government employees works in corrections. As the overall U.S. prison population declined in 2010, states are closing prisons. For instance, Virginia has removed 11 prisons since 2009. Like other small towns, Boydton in Virginia has to contend with unemployment

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According to The Corrections Yearbook, 2000, the average annual starting salary for public corrections officers was $ 23,002, compared to $ 17,628 for private prison guards. The poor pay is a likely factor in the high turnover rate in private prisons, at 52.2 percent compared to 16 percent in public

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Marie Gottschalk claims that while private prison companies and other economic interests were not the primary drivers of mass incarceration originally, they do much to sustain it today. The private prison industry has successfully lobbied for changes that increase the profit of their employers. They

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The Civil Rights Act of 1960 prompted the collection of employment data and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act required collection of data for school funding. However, the true depth of inequality in education was not known despite several significant education policies being enacted because

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In March 2020, the Department of Justice issued its report, noting the county and municipal jail population, totaling 738,400 inmates, had decreased by 12% over the last decade, from an estimated 258 jail inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents in 2008 to 226 per 100,000 in 2018. For the first time since

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Additionally, as punitive action leads to dropout rates, so does imprisonment. Data shows in the year 2000, one in three black male students ages 20–40 who did not complete high school were incarcerated. Moreover, about 70% of those in state prison have not finished high school. Lastly, if one is a

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broke down those numbers, finding that, relative to their share of the U.S. population, "black and American Indian youth are over represented in juvenile facilities while white youth are under represented.", Black youth comprise 14% of the national youth population, but "43% of boys and 34% of girls

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In 2013, there were 102,400 adult females in local jails in the United States, and 111,300 adult females in state and federal prisons. Within the U.S., the rate of female incarceration increased fivefold in a two-decade span ending in 2001; the increase occurred because of increased prosecutions and

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Among 37 jurisdictions reporting, 32 (86%) reported at least one confirmed COVID-19 case among incarcerated or detained persons or staff members, across 420 correctional and detention facilities. As of April 21, 2020, 4,893 cases and 88 deaths among incarcerated and detained persons and 2,778 cases

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website. From page 1 of the PDF: "The information is the latest available at the end of October 2015." And from page 2: "This report shows that more than 10.35 million people are held in penal institutions throughout the world, either as pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners or having been convicted

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While Pager's study is greatly informative, it does lack some valuable information. Pager only studied white and Black men, which leaves out women and people of other races. It also fails to account for the fact that applying for jobs has largely shifted from applying in person to applying over the

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is the ability to obtain, process, and understand health information to make appropriate health decisions. In the incarcerated population, low health literacy is linked with decreased confidence in taking medications, increased likelihood of emergency department visits, and difficulty self-managing

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In 1995, the government allocated $ 5.1 billion for new prison space. Every $ 100 million spent in construction costs $ 53 million per year in finance and operational costs over the next three decades. The government spends nearly $ 60 billion a year for prisons, and in 2005, it

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The National Association of State Budget Officers reports: "In fiscal 2009, corrections spending represented 3.4 percent of total state spending and 7.2 percent of general fund spending." They also report: "Some states exclude certain items when reporting corrections expenditures. Twenty-one states

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Bondsmen have lobbied to cut back local pretrial programs from Texas to California, pushed for legislation in four states limiting pretrial's resources, and lobbied Congress so that they won't have to pay the bond if the defendant commits a new crime. Behind them, the bondsmen have powerful special

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claims that private prisons in the U.S. have become "a lucrative business". Between 1990 and 2000, the number of private facilities grew from five to 100, operated by nearly 20 private firms. Over the same time period the stock price of the industry leader, Corrections Corporation of America (CCA),

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in the federal system), all prisoners have individual cells with sliding doors controlled from a secure remote control station. Prisoners are allowed out of their cells one out of twenty four hours (one hour and 30 minutes for prisoners in California). When out of their cells, prisoners remain

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rate, and found that those serving the longest time, 61 months or more, had a slightly lower re-arrest rate (54.2%) than every other category of prisoners. This is most likely explained by the older average age of those released with the longest sentences, and the study shows a strong negative

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issued a report, "Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2020", that said, based on the most recent census data and information from the Bureau of Prisons, an overwhelming majority of inmates in county and municipal jails were being held pre-trial, without having been convicted of a crime. The Pre-Trial

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As of September 30, 2009, in federal prisons, 7.9% of sentenced people were incarcerated for violent crimes, while at year end 2008 of sentenced people in state prisons, 52.4% had been jailed for violent crimes. In 2002 (latest available data by type of offense), 21.6% of convicted inmates in jails

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with mental illness. Inmates who have a mental illness tend to stay for longer days in jail compared to inmates who don't have a mental illness. Inmates with mental illness may struggle to understand and follow prison rules. Inmates with mental illness will usually get in trouble with more facility

1025:

The term "school-to-prison pipeline", also known as the "schoolhouse-to-jailhouse track", is a concept that was named in the 1980s. The school-to-prison pipeline is the idea that a school's harsh punishments—which typically push students out of the classroom—lead to the criminalization of students'

675:

Broader socioeconomic inequality and disparities at each stage of the criminal legal process result in the disproportionate imprisonment of people of color. In 2021, people of color constituted over two-thirds (69%) of the prison population. Nationally, one in 81 African American adults are serving

552:

The federal prison population is approximately 209,000. 148,000 of these people are incarcerated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Of these people, there are 69,000 people incarcerated for drug offenses, 61,000 for public order offenses, 11,000 for violent offenses, and 6,000 for property offenses.

548:

Approximately 1.8 million people are incarcerated in state or federal prisons or local jails. There are over 1 million people who are incarcerated in state prisons. There are 656,000 people incarcerated for violent offenses, 142,000 for property offenses, 132,000 for drug offenses, and 110,000

529:

writes, "Since the 1970s, the final wave of expansion of the prison system, there has been a huge expansion of prisons that exist at the federal and state level. Now, prisons are starting to become a private industry as more and more prisons are starting to become privatized rather than being under

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Prisons around the United States contribute to the water contamination of surrounding bodies of water. Prisons also contribute high amounts of air pollution which affects individuals incarcerated within the prison, surrounding communities, and the ecosystems in the surrounding area. Prisons around

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goal of making them more cognizant of the familial situation before entering the home. The guidelines go a step further and stipulate that if no information is available before the arrest, that officers ask the suspect about the possibility of any children in the house. San Francisco is not alone:

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An August 2016 report by the U.S. Department of Justice asserts that privately operated federal facilities are less safe, less secure and more punitive than other federal prisons. Shortly after this report was published, the DoJ announced it will stop using private prisons. On February 23, the DOJ

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facilities provide the highest level of prison security. These units hold those considered the most dangerous inmates, as well as inmates that have been deemed too high-profile or too great a national security risk for a normal prison. These include inmates who have committed assaults, murders, or

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The number of incarcerated individuals in U.S. jails and prisons jumped 500% in the three decades following the implementation of tougher sentencing laws associated with the War on Drugs and the "tough on crime" movement. The U.S. incarceration rate peaked in 2008 when about 1 in 100 US adults was

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With around 100 prisoners per 100,000, the United States had an average prison and jail population until 1980. Afterwards it drifted apart considerably. The United States has the highest prison and jail population (2,121,600 in adult facilities in 2016) as well as the highest incarceration rate in

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programs showed "43% lower odds of recidivating than inmates who did not." That same study showed that individuals who received vocational education and training saw a 28% increase in employment following incarceration, and those who participated in strictly academic educational programs saw an 8%

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rate doubled from 3.7% to 7.4% from 1973 to 2010. The claim that Zero Tolerance Policies affect students of color at a disproportionate rate is supported in the Code of Maryland Regulations study, that found black students were suspended at more than double the rate of white students. This data is

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At the same time these policies were growing, school districts adopted their own version of the "broken windows theory". The broken windows theory emphasizes the importance of cracking down on small offenses in order to make residents feel safer and discourage more serious crime. For schools, this

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system, the United States incarcerates more of its youth than any other country in the world, a reflection of the larger trends in incarceration practices in the United States. This has been a source of controversy for a number of reasons, including the overcrowding and violence in youth detention

84:

Since reaching its peak level of imprisonment in 2009, the U.S. has averaged a rate of decarceration of 2.3% per year. This figure includes the anomalous 14.1% drop in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. There is significant variation among state prison population declines. Connecticut, New

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on May 7, 2023, the United States has the sixth highest incarceration rate in the world, at 531 people per 100,000. Expenses related to prison, parole, and probation operations have an annual estimated cost of around $ 81 billion. Court costs, bail bond fees, and prison phone fees amounted to

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Federal Prison Oversight Act was introduced which would require the Department of Justice's Inspector General to conduct detailed inspections of each of the Bureau of Prisons' 122 facilities and would create an independent Justice Department position to investigate complaints. This was introduced

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reasons that while it may seem contradictory that the notions of market freedom and the establishment of a robust market economy occurred simultaneously with the reality of mass incarceration during the neoliberal period, neoliberals and even the classical economic liberals who preceded them "had

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Effects of other types of incarceration, such as shorter stays in local county jails, can also affect employment at both the individual and macro level. At the community level, for example, jail incarceration has been found to diminish local labor markets, especially in areas with relatively high

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in 2014 requires judges to inquire if convicted individuals are single custodial parents, and if so, to authorize the mobility of important resources so the child's transition to different circumstances is monitored. The distance that the jail or prison is from the arrested individual's home is a

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associated with the day their parent was arrested. These single, adverse moments have long-reaching effects and policymakers around the country have attempted to ameliorate the situation. For example, the city of San Francisco in 2005 implemented training policies for its police officers with the

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loop without the presence of a parental figure. Given the chronic nature of these diseases, they can be detected and observed at distinct points in a child's development, allowing for research to determine if additional health services can be used to intervene in their lives and prevent increased

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medium security prisons, two of which were privately run by different corporations and one of which was publicly run. The data from this study suggested that the privately run prisons operated more cost-effectively without sacrificing the safety of inmates and staff. The study concluded that both

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The conditions for women, especially Black women, are often poor. Many prisons are known to do less to help Black women get out of the prison system. Because prisons are male dominated, a larger portion of the resources are allocated towards them. Another major issue that women face in prisons is

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As of September 2013, condoms for prisoners are only available in the U.S. State of Vermont (on September 17, 2013, the California Senate approved a bill for condom distribution inside the state's prisons, but the bill was not yet law at the time of approval) and in county jails in San Francisco.

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in New York. As Monroe County Penitentiary Superintendent, Brockway implemented a points-based behavior system that identified low risk offenders and allowed them to participate in education programs which was later included industrial/trade schools, moral education, and academia (Gehring, 1982).

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Some of the first structures built in English-settled America were jails, and by the 18th century, every English-speaking North American county had a jail. These jails served a variety of functions, such as a holding place for debtors, prisoners-of-war, and political prisoners, those bound in the

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and Bryan Sykes, a UW post-doctoral researcher, revealed that the increase in the United States's prison population since the 1970s is having profound demographic consequences that affect 1 in 50 Americans. Drawing data from a variety of sources that looked at prison and general populations, the

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employment on the marginalized urban "postindustrial proletariat". In this, he posits that the expansive prison system has become a core political institution, and that this "overgrown and intrusive penal state" is "deeply injurious to the ideals of democratic citizenship." Academic and activist

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For men with a criminal record, white men fared most favorably, being 125% more likely to receive a call back from an employer than black men, and 18% more likely than Hispanic men. Males with a prison record were less likely than males without a prison record to receive a callback. However, the

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The effects of an early traumatic experience of a child can be categorized into health effects and behavioral externalizations. Many studies have searched for a correlation between witnessing a parent's arrest and a wide variety of physiological issues. For example, Lee et al. showed significant

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contended that the U.S. incarceration system worked to bar Black men from voting. She wrote "there are more African Americans under correctional control – in prison or jail, on probation or parole – than were enslaved in 1850, a decade before the Civil War began". Alexander's work has drawn

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The American prison system is one of significant heterogeneity. In fact, it would be misleading to suggest that the U.S. has one "criminal justice system." Instead, there are thousands of systems across federal, state, local, tribal levels. In 2023, there were a reported "1,566 state prisons, 98

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Nonviolent crime was the main driver of the increase in the incarcerated population in the United States from 1980 to 2003. Violent crime rates had been relatively constant or declining over those decades. The prison population was increased primarily by public policy changes causing more prison

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Zero-tolerance policies are regulations that mandate specific consequences in response to outlined student misbehavior, typically without any consideration for the unique circumstances surrounding a given incident. Zero-tolerance policies both implicitly and explicitly usher the student into the

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As of 2023, 59% of incarcerated people are in state prisons; 12% are in federal prisons; and 29% are in local jails. Of the total state and federal prison population, 8% or 96,370 people are incarcerated in private prisons. An additional 2.9 million people are on probation, and over 800,000

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penal transportation and slavery systems; and those accused but not tried for crimes. Sentences for those convicted of crimes were rarely longer than three months and often lasted only a day. Poor citizens were often imprisoned for longer than their richer neighbors, as bail was rarely refused.

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In the 18th century, English philanthropists began to focus on the reform of convicted criminals in prison, whom they believed needed a chance to become morally pure to stop or slow crime. Since at least 1740, some of these philosophers have thought of solitary confinement as a way to create and

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Many prisons around the United States are built on or close to superfund sites which expose incarcerated individuals to environmental toxins such as high levels of lead and copper. Some prisons in the United States are also built next to landfills, toxic waste sites, and old mining sites. Since

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Inmates who maintain contact with family and friends in the outside world are less likely to be convicted of further crimes and usually have an easier reintegration period back into society. Inmates benefit from corresponding with friends and family members, especially when in-person visits are

1157:(which may be described as "protective custody"), physical and sexual violence, verbal abuse, and denial of medical care and other services. According to the National Inmate Survey, in 2011–12, 40 percent of transgender inmates reported sexual victimization compared to 4 percent of all inmates. 3001:

Although incarceration in general has a huge effect on employment, the effects become even more pronounced when looking at race. Devah Pager performed a study in 2003 and found that white males with no criminal record had a 34% chance of callback compared to 17% for white males with a criminal

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With rising levels of mass incarceration, the prison population faces significant health issues while incarcerated. Health surveys of inmates show that the prison population faces higher rates of chronic and infectious diseases, mental illness, and substance use disorders than the general U.S.

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specific to the parental incarceration. In a specific case study in Boston by Sack, within two months of the father being arrested, the adolescent boy in the family developed severe aggressive and antisocial behaviors. This observation is not unique; Sack and other researchers have

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contend the large pre-trial detention population serves as a compelling reason for bail reform anchored in a presumption of innocence. "We don't want people sitting in jails only because they cannot afford their financial bail," said Representative John Tilley (D) of Kentucky, a state that has

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writes that the "overwhelming majority" of prisoners and former prisoners of the U.S. prison system, which "has no equal in any other country or any other epoch," are extremely poor. And they stay poor as prison jobs pay an average wage of between 14 cents and $ 1.41 an hour. He notes that the

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In many cities and counties the criminal justice system is effectively a system for keeping the poor in poverty while generating revenue to fund not only the justice system but diverse other programs. The use of the legal system, not to promote justice, but to raise revenue, as documented so

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uses a numbered scale from one to five to represent the security level. Level five is the most secure, while level one is the least. State prison systems operate similar systems. California, for example, classifies its facilities from Reception Center through Levels I to V (minimum to maximum

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have written songs and poems that condemn racial disparities in the criminal justice system, specifically the alleged practice of police officers targeting African Americans. By presenting the negative implications of mass incarceration in a way that is widespread throughout popular culture,

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law requires nursery support for pregnant inmates in its facilities. California also has a stake in the support of incarcerated parents, too, through its requirement that women in jail with children be transferred to a community facility that can provide pediatric care. These regulations are

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Although significant gaps remain, there have been reductions in imprisonment disparities over the past decades. The extent of decarceration has varied by race and ethnicity, but all major racial and ethnic groups experienced decarceration since reaching their highest levels. The Black prison

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Incarceration of an individual does not have a singular effect: it affects those in the individual's tight-knit circle as well. For every mother that is incarcerated in the United States there are about another ten people (children, grandparents, community, etc.) that are directly affected.

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Within three years of being released, 67% of ex-prisoners are re-arrested, and 52% are re-incarcerated, according to a study based on 1994 data. Former inmate Wenona Thompson argues "I realized that I became part of a cycle, a system, that looked forward to seeing me there. And I was aware

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women's incarceration rate was growing faster than ever before, as the rate for black women declined. The incarceration rate of African American males is also falling sharply, even faster that white men's incarceration rate, contrary to the popular opinion that black males are increasingly

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In addition to externalizing undesirable behaviors, children of incarcerated parents are more likely to be incarcerated compared to those without incarcerated parents. More formally, transmission of severe emotional strain on a parent negatively impacts the children by disrupting the home

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rates. The American Psychological Association recommends a holistic approach to reducing recidivism rates among offenders by providing "cognitive–behavioral treatment focused on criminal cognition" or "services that target variable risk factors for high-risk offenders" due to the numerous

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of mentally ill persons beginning in the 1960s, when mental hospitals across the country began closing their doors. However, other researchers indicate that "there is no evidence for the basic criminalization premise that decreased psychiatric services explain the disproportionate risk of

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is supposed to monitor prisons in the United States. However, prisons often fail to provide Environment Impact Statements to the EPA each year, making it difficult to fully understand their environmental impact. Prisons also require a large amount of energy since they run 24 hours a day.

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are viewed as main contributors. Additionally, the "School to Prison Pipeline disproportionately impacts the poor, students with disabilities, and youth of color, especially African Americans, who are suspended and expelled at the highest rates, despite comparable rates of infraction."

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In 1994, the Gun-Free Schools Act was passed. It required that students have at least a year long suspension from school if they brought a weapon to school. Many states then adopted the Zero-tolerance policy which lead to an increase in suspensions, mainly for Black and Hispanic kids.

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reported in 2013 that numerous studies indicate private jails are actually filthier, more violent, less accountable, and possibly more costly than their public counterparts. The ACLU stated that the for-profit prison industry is "a major contributor to bloated state budgets and mass

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found that in 16 southern states, the elderly prisoner population increased on average by 145% between 1997 and 2007. The growth in the elderly population brought along higher health care costs, most notably seen in the 10% average increase in state prison budgets from 2005 to 2006.

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White women have odds of receiving a favorable response from hiring managers that are nearly 50 percent smaller than the odds of Hispanic women with a prison record, the odds of white women with a prison record are only five percent smaller than black women’s with a prison record.

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More than half—52 percent—of the positive outcomes observed during the audit benefitted the employment prospects of Hispanic women. White women received 36 percent of favorable responses. A complete breakdown of the distribution of favorable responses is reported in Table 3."

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In 2011, some 885 people died while being held in local jails (not in prisons after being convicted of a crime and sentenced) throughout the United States. According to federal statistics, roughly 4,400 inmates die in U.S. prisons and jails annually, excluding executions.

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is more likely to impact younger generations than a book or scholarly article would. Hip hop accounts of mass incarceration are based on victim-based testimony and are effective in inspiring others to speak out against the corrupt criminal justice system. The soul singer

1131:, 16 percent of transgender adults have been in prison and/or jail, compared to 2.7 percent of all adults. It has also been found that 13–15 percent of youth in detention identify as LGBT, whereas an estimated 4–8 percent of the general youth population identify as such. 85:

Jersey, and New York have reduced their prison populations by over 50% since reaching their peak levels. Twenty-five states have reduced their prison populations by 25% since reaching their peaks. The federal prison population downsized 27% relative to its peak in 2011.

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were in prison for violent crimes. Among unconvicted inmates in jails in 2002, 34% had a violent offense as the most serious charge. 41% percent of convicted and unconvicted jail inmates in 2002 had a current or prior violent offense; 46% were nonviolent recidivists.

4603:. Committee on Reducing Racial Inequalities in the Criminal Justice System, Committee on Law and Justice, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 2980:

Though the effects on caregivers of these children vary based on factors such as the relationship to the prisoner and his or her support system, it is well known that it is a financial and emotional burden to take care of a child. In addition to taking care of their

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The conclusion was that the sharp increase in prison numbers has had a negligible effect on the downward trend in crime, with mass incarceration responsible for around 6% of property crime reduction in the 1990s and less than a single percentage point in the 2000s."

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Justice Institute noted, "Six out of 10 people in U.S. jails—nearly a half million individuals on any given day—are awaiting trial. People who have not been found guilty of the charges against them account for 95% of all jail population growth between 2000–2014."

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federal prisons, 3,116 local jails, 1,323 juvenile correctional facilities, 181 immigrant detention facilities, and 80 Indian country jails, as well as military prisons, civil commitment centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and prisons in the U.S. territories."

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reported that at least 3,278 Americans were serving life sentences without parole for nonviolent crimes, including "cursing at a policeman and selling $ 10 worth of drugs. More than 80 percent of these life sentences are the result of mandatory sentencing laws."

236:. These legal frameworks became mainstream practices resulting in mass incarceration and legal discrimination of African Americans and other marginalized groups in America. At this time, there was an increase in crime, causing officials to handle crime in a more 494:

declared drug abuse "public enemy number one" in a message to Congress. His message also called for federal resources to be used for the "prevention of new addicts and the rehabilitation of those who are addicted." Following this, the media began using the term

64:

in state or federal prisons and local jails. The United States has the largest known prison population in the world. It has 5% of the world’s population while having 20% of the world’s incarcerated persons. China, with more than four times more inhabitants, has

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The incarcerated population also has lower rates of health literacy. A 2016 study found that over 60% of patients had inadequate health literacy in a sample of formerly incarcerated individuals. According to the Health Resources & Services Administration,

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During the sentencing phase, the judge is the primary authority in determining the appropriate punishment. Consideration of the sentencing effects on the defendant's children could help with the preservation of the parent-child relationship. A law passed in

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There has also been a substantial effort to understand how this traumatic experience manifests in the child's mental health and to identify externalizations that may be helpful for a diagnosis. The most prominent mental health outcomes in these children are

997:

The incarceration of youths has been linked to the effects of family and neighborhood influences. One study found that the "behaviors of family members and neighborhood peers appear to substantially affect the behavior and outcomes of disadvantaged youths".

2697:. Higher rates of prison admissions increase crime rates, whereas moderate rates of prison admissions decrease crime. The rate of prisoner releases in a given year in a community is also positively related to that community's crime rate the following year. 2810:

diagnosis to children with a parental incarceration. Even while adjusting for various socioeconomic and racial factors, children with an incarcerated parent have a significantly higher chance of developing a wide variety of physical problems such as

72:

Drug offenses account for the incarceration of about 1 in 5 people in U.S. prisons. Violent offenses account for over 3 in 5 people (62%) in state prisons. Property offenses account for the incarceration of about 1 in 7 people (14%) in state prisons.

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Housing the approximately 500,000 people in jail in the U.S. awaiting trial who cannot afford bail costs $ 9 billion a year. Most jail inmates are petty, nonviolent offenders. In the early 1990s, most nonviolent defendants were released on their own

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in 2013 claims the conditions there are "hyper-violent", "barbaric" and "chaotic", with gangs routinely beating and exploiting mentally ill inmates who are denied medical care by prison staff. A May 2012 riot in the Corrections Corporation of America-run

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Nearly 53,000 youth were incarcerated in 2015. 4,656 of those were held in adult facilities, while the rest were in juvenile facilities. Of those in juvenile facilities, 69% are 16 or older, while over 500 are 12 or younger. As arrest and crime rates are

13131: 2540:, prison labor produces $ 11 billion worth of goods and services annually, with inmates often being forced to work dangerous jobs with no labor protections and little training, and are compensated with pennies per hour or sometimes nothing at all. 1478:, and tertiary education. In the early 1800s, tutors began to enter prisons and the idea of punishment began to shift towards rehabilitation. By the early 1990s, there were over 350 prison education programs nationwide. In 1994, Bill Clinton signed the 2001:

Also identified as an issue within the prison system is gang violence, because many gang members retain their gang identity and affiliations when imprisoned. Segregation of identified gang members from the general population of inmates, with different

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in state prisons declined by 12,400 over this period. Furthermore, while the number of sentenced violent offenders in state prison increased from 2000 through 2008, the expected length of stays for these offenders declined slightly during this period.

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meant more suspensions for small offenses like talking back to teachers, skipping class, or being disobedient or disruptive. This led to schools having police officers in schools, which in turn led to students being arrested and handled more harshly.

1296:, the U.N. Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, asserted that the justice system throughout the U.S. is designed to keep people mired in poverty and to generate revenue to fund the justice system and other governmental programs. 549:

for public order offenses. The percentage breakdown of people in state prisons by offense-type is as follows: 63% of people are incarcerated for violent offenses, 13% for property offenses, 13% for drug offenses, and 11% for public order offenses.

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inmates were excluded from federal surveys. Studies in the 1990s by psychologists, social justice advocates, scholars, and researchers showed that inmate exclusion grossly inflates education attainment rates as the prison population grows and the

3258:(ACLU) on behalf of several inmates that Alabama's practice in doing so violated federal disabilities law. He noted the state's "outdated and unsupported assumptions about HIV and the prison system's ability to deal with HIV-positive prisoners." 2405:

Additionally, both CCA and GEO Group have been expanding into the immigrant detention market. Although the combined revenues of CCA and GEO Group were about $ 4 billion in 2017 from private prison contracts, their number one customer was

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ruling issued on May 23, 2011, California – which has the highest overcrowding rate of any prison system in the country – must alleviate overcrowding in the state's prisons, reducing the prisoner population by 30,000 over the next two years.

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environment. Societal stigma against individuals, specifically parents, who are incarcerated is passed down to their children. The children find this stigma to be overwhelming and it negatively impacts their short- and long-term prospects.

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argues that the expanding disparity of wealth and the increasing criminalization of those in poverty have culminated in the U.S. having the largest prison population "in the history of human civilization". The scholars Michael Meranze and

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argues that prisons in the U.S. have "become venues of profit as well as punishment;" as mass incarceration has increased, the prison system has become more about economic factors than criminality. Professor of Law at Columbia University

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A 2002 study survey, showed that among nearly 275,000 prisoners released in 1994, 67.5% were rearrested within 3 years, and 51.8% were back in prison. However, the study found no evidence that spending more time in prison raises the

100:

reported in 2015 that the majority of those incarcerated in local and county jails are there for minor violations and have been jailed for longer periods of time over the past 30 years because they are unable to pay court-imposed costs.

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prisons are not strictly regulated, the existence of these prisons inherently validates toxins to be prevalent in the environment. Incarcerated individuals are forced to breathe and consume these toxins with no government protection.

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In some, but not all, states' department of corrections, inmates reside in different facilities that vary by security level, especially in security measures, administration of inmates, type of housing, and weapons and tactics used by

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introduced the "Justice Is Not for Sale" Act, which would prohibit the United States government at federal, state and local levels from contracting with private firms to provide and/or operate detention facilities within two years.

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in juvenile facilities are Black. And even excluding youth held in Indian country facilities, American Indians make up 3% of girls and 1.5% of boys in juvenile facilities, despite comprising less than 1% of all youth nationally.".

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During our review, we have identified numerous offenders who, through misleading web postings and photos, have solicited thousands of dollars from individuals and have devised other creative and purposeful intents to defraud the

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To prevent the recidivism of individuals with mental illness, a variety of programs are in place that are based on criminal justice or mental health intervention models. Programs modeled after criminal justice strategies include

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supervised pretrial release costs about $ 7 a day per person while jail costs $ 115 a day. The jail system costs a quarter of every county tax dollar in Broward County and is the single largest expense to the county taxpayer.

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prohibited the use of prison labor with the exception of state institutions. However, lobbying by corporations eventually allowed them to use prison labor by 1979, and by 1995 businesses won exemptions from minimum wage laws.

2006:

being housed in separate units often results in the imprisonment of these gang members with their friends and criminal cohorts. Some feel this has the effect of turning prisons into "institutions of higher criminal learning".

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claims that prisoners and detainees face "abusive, degrading and dangerous" conditions within local, state and federal facilities, including those operated by for-profit contractors. The organization also raised concerns with

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contends that neoliberalism holds the state as incompetent when it comes to economic regulation but proficient at policing and punishing, and that this paradox has resulted in the expansion of penal confinement. According to

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criticized the United States for about ten judicial abuses, including the mistreatment of juvenile inmates. A UN report published in 2015 criticized the U.S. for being the only nation in the world to sentence juveniles to

13285: 1347:", the increase in the duration of incarceration in the last decade was most pronounced in the case of life prison sentences, which increased by 83% between 1992 and 2003 while violent crimes fell in the same period. 786:

incarcerated. The history of black women experiencing higher rates of abuse than white women provides one of many explanations for why African American women have faced higher rates of incarceration than white women.

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researchers found that the boom in prison population is hiding lowered rates of fertility and increased rates of involuntary migration to rural areas and morbidity that is marked by a greater exposure to and risk of

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Our growth … depends on a number of factors we cannot control, including crime rates …eductions in crime rates … could lead to reductions in arrests, convictions and sentences requiring incarceration at correctional

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sexual assault, which often comes from guards. Though this is a major issue for women, these types of assaults do not usually get the attention that they need, and the victims are often left not being taken care of.

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Archambeault, William G.; Donald R. Deis Jr. (1997–1998). "Cost Effectiveness Comparisons of Private Versus Public Prisons in Louisiana: A Comprehensive Analysis of Allen, Avoyelles, and Winn Correction Centers".

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Hinton, Elizabeth. "From the War on Crime to the War on Drugs". From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: the Making of Mass Incarceration in America, by Elizabeth Hinton, Harvard University Press, 2017, pp.

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is 146 per 100,000 (as of 2016), Australia is 160 per 100,000 (as of 2016) and Ireland is 82 per 100,000 (as of Aug 2022). Comparing other developed countries, the rate of Spain is 133 per 100,000 (as of 2016),

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which there are smart, straightforward, but just not-yet-realized solutions. Rather they argue, it is a political problem, the solution of which will require "confronting the entrenched power of the wealthy."

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transitioning to renewable energy sources. However, there has been some pushback to the spread of green programs within prisons as environmental justice activists argue they only reinforce mass incarceration.

1147:

Because of discriminatory practices and limited access to resources, transgender adults are also more likely to engage in criminal activities to be able to pay for housing, health care, and other basic needs.

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have opposed measures that would bring reduced sentencing or shorter prison terms. The private prison industry has been accused of being at least partly responsible for America's high rates of incarceration.

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Comparing other English-speaking developed countries, whereas the incarceration rate of the U.S. is 655 per 100,000 population of all ages, the incarceration rate of Canada is 114 per 100,000 (as of 2015),

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incarceration – not a part of any viable solution to these urgent problems." The primary reason Louisiana is the prison capital of the world is because of the for-profit prison industry. According to

3009:

The Arizona State University study also found that incarceration decreased employment opportunities. The findings indicated that the presence of a criminal record reduced callbacks by approximately 50%.

1308:

carceral state also "disappears" the incarcerated poor by erasing them from poverty statistics and national surveys, "which means there are millions more poor Americans than official statistics let on."

9225: 2556: 545:

people are on parole. At year-end 2021, 1,000,000 people were incarcerated in state prisons; 157,000 people were incarcerated in federal prisons; and 636,000 people were incarcerated in local jails.

13335: 14260: 1202:, or no psychiatric services at all. Human Rights Watch also claims that corrections officers routinely use excessive violence against mentally ill inmates for nonthreatening behaviors related to 2654:

According to a 2016 analysis of federal data by the U.S. Education Department, state and local spending on incarceration has grown three times as much as spending on public education since 1980.

1242:. It has been argued that the wide diversity of these program interventions points to a lack of clarity on which specific program components are most effective in reducing recidivism rates among 669:

Racial and ethnic disparities are a significant feature of the American prison system. These disparities accumulate across the criminal legal system. The National Academies of Sciences explains:

556:

Finally, 619,000 people are incarcerated in local jails. Jail incarceration accounts for a third of all incarceration. Over 80% of people incarcerated in local jails have not yet been convicted.

2428:

and are paid less than $ 1.25 an hour. Prisons have gradually become a source of low-wage labor for corporations seeking to outsource work to inmates. Corporations that use prison labor include

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Clear, Todd R.; Rose, Dina R.; Waring, Elin; Scully, Kristen (March 1, 2003). "Coercive mobility and crime: A preliminary examination of concentrated incarceration and social disorganization".

2224:, also in Mississippi, left one corrections officer dead and dozens injured. Similar riots have occurred in privatized facilities in Idaho, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Florida, California and Texas. 1986:

The poor quality of food provided to inmates has become an issue, as over the last decade corrections officials looking to cut costs have been outsourcing food services to corporations such as

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that allows for involuntary servitude "as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted". The film equates mass incarceration with the post-Civil War Jim Crow Era.

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to afford it. 62% of local jail inmates are awaiting trial. This rate varies from state to state. As of 2019, Illinois has the highest rate with 89% of inmates in local jails unconvicted.

2588:, the average cost of incarceration for federal inmates in fiscal year 2014 was $ 30,619.85. The average annual cost to confine an inmate in a residential re-entry center was $ 28,999.25. 2577:

Judicial, police, and corrections costs totaled $ 212 billion in 2011 according to the U.S. Census Bureau. In 2007, around $ 74 billion was spent on corrections according to the

2525:, took place in 17 states from coast to coast to protest what inmates regard as unfair treatment by the criminal justice system. In particular, inmates objected to being excluded from the 2598:

In California in 2008, it cost the state an average of $ 47,102 a year to incarcerate an inmate in a state prison. From 2001 to 2009, the average annual cost increased by about $ 19,500.

2543:

In 2023, a nation-wide movement had called to close the 'slavery loophole' in the 13th Amendment, allowing an exception for punishment of crime. According to constitutional scholars, the

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which forces them to work for pennies a day, a condition they assert is tantamount to "modern-day slavery". The strike was the result of a call to action after a deadly riot occurred at

2194:, "a majority of Louisiana inmates are housed in for-profit facilities, which must be supplied with a constant influx of human beings or a $ 182 million industry will go bankrupt." 17286: 1547: 38: 1872:

websites provide detailed information regarding mail policies. These rules can even vary within a single prison depending on which part of the prison an inmate is housed. For example,

162:

Spanish colonizers in Florida also brought their own ideas of confinement, and Spanish soldiers in St. Augustine, Florida, built the first substantial prison in North America in 1570.

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DeFina, Robert; Hannon, Lance (November 1, 2010). "For incapacitation, there is no time like the present: The lagged effects of prisoner reentry on property and violent crime rates".

8926: 6964:. Page 2 says: "At yearend 2015, an estimated 2,173,800 persons were either under the jurisdiction of state or federal prisons or in the custody of local jails in the United States". 13431: 3200:", which started around that time. More elected prosecutors were favored by voters for promising to take more harsh approaches than their opponents, such as locking up more people. 1908: 1065: 5389: 1453:

In 2018, sixty-eight percent of jail inmates were behind bars on felony charges, about two-thirds of the total jail population was awaiting court action or held for other reasons.

1026:

misbehaviors and result in increasing a student's probability of entering the prison system. Although the school-to-prison pipeline is aggravated by a combination of ingredients,

9422: 6120: 7844: 3184:, "neoliberal social and economic policy has more deeply embedded the carceral state within the lives of the poor, transforming what it means to be poor in America." Historian 17159: 15427: 13907: 1327:

Many legislatures continually have reduced discretion of judges in both the sentencing process and the determination of when the conditions of a sentence have been satisfied.

2819:, and developmental delays. The current literature acknowledges that there are a variety of poor health outcomes as a direct result of being separated from a parent by 2333:, which were purchased by GEO in 2005 and 2010. Such companies often sign contracts with states obliging them to fill prison beds or reimburse them for those that go unused. 1403:

sentences and lengthening time served, for example through mandatory minimum sentencing, "three strikes" laws, and reductions in the availability of parole or early release.

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Hadden, Kristie B.; Puglisi, Lisa; Prince, Latrina; Aminawung, Jenerius A.; Shavit, Shira; Pflaum, David; Calderon, Joe; Wang, Emily A.; Zaller, Nickolas (August 1, 2018).

6896:, University Greifswald, FRIEDER DÜNKEL • BERND GENG • STEFAN HARRENDORF, Bewährungshilfe – Soziales • Strafrecht • Kriminalpolitik, Jg. 63, 2016, Heft 2, S. 178–200, 2016. 5783:

Skeem, Jennifer; Manchak, Sarah; Peterson, Jillian (April 2011). "Correctional Policy for Offenders with Mental Illness: Creating a New Paradigm for Recidivism Reduction".

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into law, which barred incarcerated people from receiving Pell Grants. This caused the number of educational programs to quickly decline due to a lack of federal funding.

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prior to incarceration such as poor nutrition, lower average levels of education, higher levels of community violence and drug use, and lower rates of healthcare access.

16876: 13616: 8817: 3119: 9827: 16881: 8905: 7056: 1399:

In 2016, about 200,000, under 16%, of the 1.3 million people in state jails, were serving time for drug offenses. 700,000 were incarcerated for violent offenses.

1106:

published a report in 2012 which asserts that the elderly prison population has climbed 1300% since the 1980s, with 125,000 inmates aged 55 or older now incarcerated.

6849: 16976: 16316: 16186: 14537: 14472: 13977: 5045: 574: 14601: 14542: 14497: 14246: 14118: 10003: 9967: 6993: 1587:, every state has a higher incarceration rate than "virtually any independent democracy on earth." Louisiana has the highest incarceration rate at 1,094. In 2012, 978:

facilities, the prosecution of youths as adults and the long term consequences of incarceration on the individual's chances for success in adulthood. In 2014, the

12012: 6886: 17566: 16446: 13832: 13200: 7536:

diZerega, M., & Agudelo, S. V. (2011). Piloting a tool for reentry: A promising approach to engaging family members. New York, NY: Vera Institute of Justice.

5038:. Click "National Crosstabs" at the top, and then choose the census years. Click "Show table" to get the total number of juvenile inmates for those years. Or go 2739:

for conviction of a felony. In addition, people who have been recently released from prison are ineligible for welfare in most states. They are not eligible for

499:". According to author Emily Dufton, Nixon "transformed the public image of the drug user into one of a dangerous and anarchic threat to American civilization." 6431:

U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics: "Prisoners in 2012 Trends in Admissions and Releases, 1991–2012" by E. Ann Carson and Daniela Golinelli

5078: 4838: 18325: 17053: 16821: 16655: 16311: 15275: 14447: 13897: 10041: 9222: 6433:

Table 11: Estimated sentenced state imprisoned people on December 31, by most serious offense and type of admission, 1991, 2001, 2006, and 2011 | December 2013

5862: 3430:

Across the world, the U.S. military operates several detention facilities. At year-end 2021, a total of 1,131 prisoners were held under military jurisdiction.

3358: 2544: 2526: 1383:

From 2000 to 2008, the state prison population increased by 159,200 imprisoned people, and violent offenders accounted for 60% of this increase. The number of

1166: 11642: 3266:

shortly after corruption and abuse was discovered at a federal prison complex in Atlanta with the hopes that it would prevent such occurrences in the future.

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1990, the 2018 jail incarceration rate for African Americans fell below 600 per 100,000, while the juvenile jail population dropped 56%, from 7,700 to 3,400.

1247:

violation rules. Suicide is the leading cause of death in many prisons. People who have a serious mental illness tend to die by suicide more often in prison.

17342: 16909: 16799: 14462: 12819: 10927:

Turney, Kristin (September 2014). "Stress proliferation across generations? Examining the relationship between parental incarceration and childhood health".

9721: 7181: 5864:

Mental Illness, Human Rights, and US Prisons: Human Rights Watch Statement for the Record Senate Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law

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released in 2017, criticizes mass incarceration and compares it to the history of slavery throughout the United States, beginning with the provision of the

1818:

in the cell block or an exterior cage. Movement out of the cell block or "pod" is tightly restricted using restraints and escorts by correctional officers.

18398: 16677: 6443: 11239:"Children's antisocial behavior, mental health, drug use, and educational performance after parental incarceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 4422: 1064:

The percentage of prisoners in federal and state prisons aged 55 and older increased by 33% from 2000 to 2005 while the prison population grew by 8%. The

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long argued for the need to ringfence free markets, limiting participation to those who could handle its rigors." Only then could they operate "freely".

2615:

interest group and millions of dollars. Pretrial release agencies have a smattering of public employees and the remnants of their once-thriving programs.

2298:, the two largest operators of private facilities, have been contributors to ALEC, which lobbies for policies that would increase incarceration, such as 1716: 9619: 4108: 3014:

with a prison record fared most favorably in receiving a phone call back from potential employers, while African American women had modest results, and

2104:

have gone on strike over safety concerns and overcrowding. Prisoners refer to the facility as a "slaughterhouse" as stabbings are a routine occurrence.

17254: 17112: 14123: 10016: 8664: 7864: 6928: 3064: 2651:, the true cost of incarceration exceeds $ 1 trillion, with half of that falling on the families, children and communities of those incarcerated. 2307: 2012: 1998:

found that because of lapses in food safety, prison inmates are 6.4 times more likely to contract a food-related illness than the general population.

18590: 16816: 16603: 14437: 6176: 3604: 11927:

Serin, Ralph C.; Lloyd, Caleb D.; Hanby, Laura J. (August 2010). "Enhancing Offender Re-Entry an Integrated Model for Enhancing Offender Re-Entry".

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ban severely impacted the reintegration of formerly incarcerated people to reintegrate back into society. This resulted in the restoral of federal

17308: 17281: 16598: 14606: 13982: 13742: 1494:

funding for Prison Education Programs (PEP) and legislation like California bill SB416 that protects incarcerated students from predatory lending.

13771:, persons convicted of misdemeanors, and felons sentenced under state law to less than one year are held in county jails instead of state prisons. 8382: 4323:"Enslaved in a Free Country: Legalized Exploitation of Native Americans and African Americans in Early California and the Post-Emancipation South" 1056:

black male living post-Civil Rights Movement with no high school diploma, there is a 60% chance that they will be incarcerated in their lifetime.

17656: 17616: 15952: 14588: 14566: 14337: 14299: 14071: 13804: 11981:"The Collateral Consequences of Incarceration Revisited: A Qualitative Analysis of the Effects on Caregivers of Children of Incarcerated Parents" 10506: 9944: 9799: 9675: 3411: 12973: 12872: 2368:

for sending youths, convicted of minor crimes, to a privatized, for-profit juvenile facility run by the Mid Atlantic Youth Service Corporation.

17464: 16382: 15869: 14512: 14082: 12839: 11816: 10688: 10415: 9194: 9190: 3594: 2899:

One in five children witness their parent arrested by authorities, and a study interviewing 30 children reported that the children experienced

2736: 13047: 10222: 9935:. "Total justice expenditures, by justice function, FY 1982–2007 (real dollars)". A total of around $ 74 billion for corrections in 2007. 8303: 8054: 6636: 2704:

from 1978 to 2003 indicated that the crime-reducing effects of increasing incarceration are totally offset by the crime-increasing effects of

2207:

stated that assault rates in private facilities were three times higher on average than in their public counterparts. In 2012, the for-profit

18273: 17678: 16914: 16121: 14502: 9547: 6610: 3051: 1410:". The War on Drugs initiative expanded during the presidency of Ronald Reagan. During Reagan's term, a bi-partisan Congress established the 1356: 9291: 8171: 1123:(lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender) youth are disproportionately more likely than the general population to come into contact with the 17296: 16893: 16709: 16650: 16233: 16191: 15947: 15942: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15902: 14527: 14442: 13942: 13161: 12156: 11135:

Poehlmann, Julie (September 2005). "Incarcerated mothers' contact with children, perceived family relationships, and depressive symptoms".

9639: 8624: 3877: 1603:

European countries would outpace the United States. But American prison stays are much longer, so the total incarceration rate is higher."

204:

also changed the landscape of prison life by introducing institutionalized learning programs to inmates for rehabilitation purposes at the

10145: 9897: 8156: 4000: 3698: 2732:

treatment to inmates. By contrast, the cost of drug rehabilitation treatment outside of a prison costs about $ 8,000 per year per person.

1003: 18420: 18263: 18158: 17903: 17641: 16761: 16672: 16414: 16399: 16281: 15835: 15407: 14653: 14574: 14214: 14113: 13735: 13178: 12915: 10114: 6303: 5396: 3230: 2663: 1091:

State governments pay all of their inmates' housing costs which significantly increase as prisoners age. Inmates are unable to apply for

748: 9773: 8250: 5006:"Gender and the Social Costs of Sentencing: An Analysis of Sentences Imposed on Male and Female Offenders in Three U.S. District Courts" 1497:

Prison education has proven to lower recidivism rates and increase employment for graduates upon release. A 2013 study conducted by the

522:. The 1980s saw a dramatic rise in the prison population, especially among non-violent offenders and people convicted of drug offenses. 18595: 18246: 17761: 17756: 17746: 17119: 16848: 16096: 15449: 14522: 14467: 14407: 14317: 14183: 14103: 14042: 12572: 12553:

SpearIt (January 1, 2014). "Economic Interest Convergence in Downsizing Imprisonment". Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network.

10064: 9657: 8640: 8360: 6516: 3079: 2989:

employs "kinship navigators" to address caretakers' needs with initiatives such as parental classes and connections to legal services.

2116: 1995: 1256: 10586: 10289:

Liedka, Raymond V.; Piehl, Anne Morrison; Useem, Bert (May 1, 2006). "The Crime-Control Effect of Incarceration: Does Scale Matter?".

8276: 7546:

Christian, Johnna; Mellow, Jeff; Thomas, Shenique (July 2006). "Social and economic implications of family connections to prisoners".

2755:, and frequently have smaller social networks. This contributes to their struggle finding employment upon release into the community. 18415: 18358: 18251: 18080: 17522: 16025: 15528: 14492: 8951: 2522: 2231: 13361: 12353: 5890: 1990:, A'Viands Food & Services Management, and ABL Management. A prison riot in Kentucky has been blamed on the low quality of food 1782:

members. Most states have either a supermax section of a prison facility or an entire prison facility designated as a supermax. The

18462: 18258: 17751: 17239: 17179: 16739: 16394: 16286: 16136: 14422: 14402: 14362: 14269: 14007: 11037:"Early childhood adversity, toxic stress, and the role of the pediatrician: translating developmental science into lifelong health" 8786: 6989: 4986: 3599: 3083: 2407: 1322: 1266: 1128: 799: 762:(2003), in many situations, white women are put in mental institutions, whereas black women are sent to prison for the same crime. 150: 12528: 10760:"POP1 Child population: Number of children (in millions) ages 0–17 in the United States by age, 1950–2017 and projected 2018–2050" 10129: 9373: 7299: 6117:"Statement on Visit to the USA, by Professor Philip Alston, United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights" 4916: 3416:

Imprisonment by the state judicial systems has steadily diminished since 2006 to 2012, from 689,536 annually to 553,843 annually.

93: 18368: 18341: 18300: 18295: 18268: 18198: 18085: 17881: 17688: 17276: 17100: 16998: 16630: 15599: 14699: 14532: 14387: 14367: 14327: 13972: 13952: 9985: 6745:

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Correctional Education: A Meta-Analysis of Programs That Provide Education to Incarcerated Adults

5585:"The carceral production of transgender poverty: How racialized gender policing deprives transgender women of housing and safety" 3459: 3439: 2740: 2632:

has decided to build a $ 110 million megajail to ease jail overcrowding. Jail costs an average of $ 60 a day nationally. In

1783: 1553: 507: 110: 66: 11372:

Shaw, Marcus (December 2016). "The racial implications of the effects of parental incarceration on intergenerational mobility".

9909: 8684: 6789: 6318: 3364:

The fight against mass incarceration has also been a part of the larger discourse in the 21st century movement for Black Lives.

2044:

established that prisons that received federal funds could not deny prisoners accommodations necessary for religious practices.

1645:

writes: "Over all, there are now more people under 'correctional supervision' in America—more than six million—than were in the

159:

maintain spiritually clean people in prisons. As English people immigrated to North America, so did these theories of penology.

18469: 18178: 17861: 17766: 17596: 17544: 17505: 17072: 17067: 16921: 16858: 16811: 16789: 16754: 16409: 16265: 15724: 14507: 14452: 14352: 14347: 14012: 14002: 13997: 13912: 8447:

Davis, A. Y. (2011). How Gender Structures the Prison System. In Are prisons obsolete? (pp. 60–67). essay, Seven Stories Press.

8015: 3343:, thematizes racial disparities in mass incarceration as well as other societal and family issues affecting African Americans. 2216: 2112: 1194:, one of the contributing factors to the disproportionate rates of mental illness in prisons and jails is the increased use of 984: 69:. Prison populations grew dramatically beginning in the 1970s, but began a decline around 2009, dropping 25% by year-end 2021. 13111: 8199: 7673: 6269: 5758: 5657:"Corrupting Justice: A Primer for LGBT Communities on Racism, Violence, Human Degradation & the Prison Industrial Complex" 3038:

concerns, including both the environmental footprint of prisons and incarcerated individuals' exposure to environmental harm.

18285: 18173: 18043: 17947: 17856: 17780: 17325: 17291: 16306: 16296: 16291: 16149: 16144: 16008: 15973: 14552: 14412: 14322: 14285: 14047: 13927: 13785: 12919: 12659: 9471: 9461: 9074: 7572: 7280: 7253: 6871: 5530: 5496: 4770: 4743: 4608: 4581: 4363: 3614: 3377: 2776:

has countered that 1) African Americans, as represented by such cities as the District of Columbia, have generally supported

2302:

and "truth-in-sentencing" legislation. In fact, in the early 1990s, when CCA was co-chair of ALEC, it co-sponsored (with the

2291: 979: 11469:"How does reentry get under the skin? Cumulative reintegration barriers and health in a sample of recently incarcerated men" 9223:

http://www.alternet.org/speakeasy/tikkundaily/americas-corrupt-justice-system-federal-private-prison-populations-grew-784-10

8902: 8843: 7712:"Inhumane Prison Conditions Still Threaten Life, Health of Alabama Inmates Living with HIV/AIDS, According to Court Filings" 5699: 4481: 3204:

Our vast network of federal and state prisons, with some 2.3 million inmates, rivals the gulags of totalitarian states.

1285:

are incarcerated at a much higher rate than their counterparts in other developed nations. According to a 2015 study by the

18481: 18378: 18315: 18305: 18188: 17979: 17942: 17871: 17703: 17668: 17219: 16949: 16682: 16453: 16404: 16377: 16301: 16260: 15738: 14392: 14307: 14162: 14022: 13957: 13842: 13392: 13262: 9879: 9747: 9396: 9213:

David Harris-Gershon, "America's Corrupt Justice System: Federal Private Prison Populations Grew by 784% in 10 Year Span",

8112: 8018:, pg. 9, three-judge court convened by the Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit hearing 7270: 3589: 3574: 3474: 2371:

The industry is aware of what reduced crime rates could mean to their bottom line. This from the CCA's SEC report in 2010:

1675: 181:, to make a system they viewed as less cruel than dungeon prisons. They created a space where imprisoned people could read 45: 7913: 5205:

CATHERINE Y. KIM, DANIEL J. LOSEN & DAMON T. HEWITT, THE SCHOOL-TO-PRISON PIPELINE: STRUCTURING LEGAL REFORM 79 (2010)

2251:

in 2016 amid increased scrutiny of the private prison industry, climbed from $ 8 a share to $ 30. According to journalist

1891:

websites, citing concerns that inmates were using them to solicit money and defraud the public. Service providers such as

60:. In 2021, over five million people were under supervision by the criminal justice system, with nearly two million people 18437: 18425: 18363: 18120: 17611: 17510: 17107: 16766: 16662: 16546: 15823: 15238: 14641: 14547: 14482: 14427: 14417: 14357: 14332: 14312: 14202: 14052: 13922: 11355: 9337: 9267: 6034: 6017: 4399: 3399: 2314: 2211:

was the most violent prison in the state with 27 assaults per 100 offenders. A federal lawsuit filed by the ACLU and the

2164:, the number of people incarcerated rose. This created a demand for more prison space. The result was the development of 1912: 1373: 1175:

has been steadily increasing, with rates more than quadrupling from 1998 to 2006. Many have attributed this trend to the

1142:

of transgender people by law enforcement are the cause of the higher rate of imprisonment experienced by transgender and

570: 131: 12728: 11414:"Prevalence of chronic medical conditions among jail and prison inmates in the USA compared with the general population" 10532: 10238: 9855: 5558: 1861:

infrequent. However, guidelines exist as to what constitutes acceptable mail, and these policies are strictly enforced.

18410: 18236: 18231: 18168: 17930: 17891: 17851: 17698: 17651: 17631: 17244: 16871: 16866: 16771: 16719: 16248: 16003: 15862: 15682: 14037: 14017: 13987: 13932: 13917: 13892: 13872: 13862: 13837: 13686: 13598: 13585: 13459: 13008: 12933: 12602: 11617: 9602: 7483: 5512: 3449: 2648: 2235: 2221: 2208: 2048: 2035: 1884: 1442: 1262: 17: 13767:

This template pertains only to agencies that handle sentenced felons (with sentences over 1-2 years). In many states,

12816:

Are Private Prisons to Blame for Mass Incarceration and its Evils? Prison Conditions, Neoliberalism, and Public Choice

11853:"Deputy Attorney General Sally Q. Yates Announces Family-Friendly Prison Policies to Strengthen Inmate-Familial Bonds" 9962: 7641: 5963: 2752: 2507: 18452: 18432: 18383: 18373: 18241: 18163: 18140: 18100: 17964: 17954: 17831: 17806: 17713: 17693: 17171: 16961: 16687: 16069: 15773: 15624: 15349: 15167: 15115: 14517: 14477: 14432: 14382: 14377: 14057: 14032: 13962: 13937: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13827: 13822: 13812: 13722: 13570: 13525: 13517: 13500: 13483: 12678: 12503: 10664: 10122: 9928: 9901: 9026: 7379: 6761: 6311: 6159: 5058: 4845: 4821: 4711: 4202: 4169: 3469: 3464: 3217: 2578: 2559: 2337: 2326: 1738: 1077: 10038: 8651: 8229: 7243: 5915:"How Often and How Consistently do Symptoms Directly Precede Criminal Behavior Among Offenders With Mental Illness?" 3243:

As of December 2012, two state prison systems, Alabama and South Carolina, segregated prisoners based on their

3089:

Mass incarceration on a scale almost unexampled in human history is a fundamental fact of our country today—perhaps

2891: 2279:

also notes that in the past decade the number of inmates in for-profit prisons throughout the U.S. rose 44 percent.

2145: 1501:

found that correctional education led to a significant reduction in recidivism rates, and those who participated in

18457: 18403: 18388: 18290: 18125: 17601: 17554: 17549: 17451: 17378: 17078: 16843: 16372: 15333: 14596: 14372: 13992: 13947: 13887: 13877: 13817: 13025: 10061: 8704: 5098: 3579: 3494: 3346:

In addition to references in popular music, mass incarceration has also played a role in modern film. For example,

2419: 1939: 1916: 1234:

or parole, and jail aftercare/prison re-entry. Programs modeled after mental health interventions include forensic

31: 7940: 7737: 7191: 2693:

Three articles written in the early 2000s claim that increasing incarceration has a negative effect on crime, but

18491: 18280: 18221: 18130: 18021: 17996: 17493: 17483: 17048: 16966: 16904: 16888: 16734: 16729: 16493: 16473: 16463: 16458: 15787: 15780: 15512: 15124: 14397: 13902: 11582: 11180:"Unjust: the health records of youth with personal/family justice involvement in a large pediatric health system" 9748:"A mass incarceration expert says the 2018 prison strike could be "one of the largest the country has ever seen"" 7396: 4967:

Mustard, David B. "Racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in sentencing: Evidence from the U.S. Federal Courts".

4688: 3506: 3018:

received the poorest results, having the lowest probability of receiving a phone call from a potential employer.

2511: 2489: 2310:

have, in the past, also supported measures such as three-strike laws. Such laws increased the prison population.

1515: 1470:

encompasses any type of educational program offered within a prison, including literacy programs, high school or

1239: 12695: 12473: 9094: 9041: 8328: 6932: 6451: 5630:"It's War In Here": A Report on the Treatment of Transgender and Intersex People in New York State Men's Prisons 3149:

argues that the "explosive growth" of the incarcerated poor can be seen as part of the "punitive regulation" of

2506:, with inmates claiming they are subjected to poor sanitary conditions and jobs that amount to forced labor and 2344:

which advocates legislation favorable to the industry. Such private companies comprise what has been termed the

2089:-smuggler Henry Hendricksen, as they declared that US prisons do not meet their minimum humanitarian standards. 18474: 18148: 18095: 18011: 18001: 17969: 17898: 17886: 17841: 17728: 17626: 17488: 17408: 17398: 17184: 17041: 16744: 16702: 16645: 16419: 16330: 15703: 14108: 14027: 13882: 13867: 13703: 13666: 13649: 13629: 13606: 13560: 13546: 13444: 12960: 12856: 11336:

Petsch, P., & Rochlen, A. B. (2009). Children of Incarcerated Parents: Implications for School Counselors.

10978:

Geller, Amanda; Cooper, Carey E.; Garfinkel, Irwin; Schwartz-Soicher, Ofira; Mincy, Ronald B. (February 2012).

10291: 9121: 8884: 8830: 8600: 8520: 8492: 7698: 6742:

Davis, Lois M.; Bozick, Robert; Steele, Jennifer L.; Saunders, Jessica; Miles, Jeremy N. V. (August 22, 2013).

4456: 3255: 2832: 2728:

cost an average of $ 23,876 a year to house a prisoner. It takes about $ 30,000 per year per person to provide

2184: 1720: 1616: 1538: 1103: 244:

were harshly affected by this. However, as the crime rate declined, the prison system started to focus more on

228:, were introduced. These concepts were encoded into legislative statutes in efforts to maintain the systems of 12315:"Tombstone Towns and Toxic Prisons: Prison Ecology and the Necessity of an Anti-prison Environmental Movement" 4049: 18226: 18090: 18006: 17937: 17908: 17846: 17736: 17708: 17352: 16724: 16617: 15855: 15247: 14622: 14146: 14141: 13641: 12848: 9054: 8991:

Beau Hodai, "Corporate Con Game. How the private prison industry helped shape Arizona's anti-immigrant law",

7885: 6541: 6351: 5470: 4871: 3855: 3654: 3425: 3047: 3011: 2859: 2345: 2151: 1336: 1328: 1235: 766: 12745: 9980: 9463:

Federal Prison Industries, Inc: Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representatives

9195:

http://www.diversityinc.com/diversity-management/the-prison-industrial-complex-biased-predatory-and-growing/

5724: 4624: 1099:. Most Departments of Correction report spending more than 10 percent of the annual budget on elderly care. 1076:

relative to the overall prison population to continue to rise. Ronald Aday, a professor of aging studies at

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Murakawa, Naomi (2014). The First Civil Right: How Liberals Built Prison America. Oxford University Press.

11084:

Murray, Joseph; Murray, Lynne (July 2010). "Parental incarceration, attachment and child psychopathology".

9487: 8992: 6957: 5368: 3389: 3150: 2673: 2530: 2353: 2101: 1971:

estimated that "somewhere between 20 and 40% of American prisoners are, at this very moment, infected with

1527: 1339:

continue to remove the human element from sentencing, such as the prerogative of the judge to consider the

1282: 1184: 205: 6183: 18442: 18393: 18208: 18110: 18033: 17915: 17811: 17636: 17621: 17559: 17194: 17149: 16956: 16838: 16692: 14692: 12769: 11527:"Health Literacy Among a Formerly Incarcerated Population Using Data from the Transitions Clinic Network" 10201: 8724: 5284:

Koon, Danfeng Soto-Vigil. "Exclusionary School Discipline: An Issue Brief and the Review of Literature."

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risk of future health challenges. Murray et al. have been able to isolate the cause of the expression of

2318: 2282:

Controversy has surrounded the privatization of prisons with the exposure of the genesis of the landmark

2212: 2067: 1411: 515: 511: 503: 9177:

Detention Watch Network, "The Influence of the Private Prison Industry in Immigration Detention", 2012,

7967: 7422: 3753: 3376:, was designed as an online platform to fight against anti-Black sentiments such as mass incarceration, 3106:"recognizing that imprisonment is not an appropriate means of promoting correction and rehabilitation." 76:

The United States maintains a higher incarceration rate than most developed countries. According to the

18548: 18346: 18216: 18048: 18028: 18016: 17826: 17816: 17498: 17403: 17016: 17006: 16533: 16528: 16518: 16513: 16035: 15689: 15668: 15296: 15183: 14751: 13509: 13492: 9700: 9594: 9141: 8457: 8348: 3569: 2712: 2496: 2303: 2003: 1623:

prison camps and colonies (i.e. about 0.8 imprisoned per 100 USSR residents, according to numbers from

57: 12354:"Cruel, Unusual, and Toxic: The Environmental Implications of Mass Incarceration in the United States" 12115: 11874:

Naser, Rebecca L.; La Vigne, Nancy G. (March 2006). "Family Support in the Prisoner Reentry Process".

11468: 10510: 10318:

DeFina, Robert H.; Avanites, Thomas M. (2002). "The Weak Effect of Imprisonment on Crime: 1971-1998".

9158: 8972: 7990: 5390:"Disproportionate impact of K-12 school suspension and expulsion on black students in southern states" 4537: 506:

saw the expansion of federal efforts to prevent drug abuse and prosecute offenders. Reagan signed the

17925: 17231: 17036: 17031: 16593: 16047: 15574: 15484: 15442: 14277: 14078: 13790: 13777: 10049: 10020: 8036: 5840:. U.S. Department of Justice: Office of Justice Programs: Bureau of Justice Statistics. pp. 1–12 4253: 3895: 3658: 3609: 3395: 3248: 3117:

policy in the United States has also been criticized for a number of other reasons. In the 2014 book

2747:. It can be difficult for people to find employment, as employers often check a potential employee's 2592: 2585: 2023: 1869: 1286: 1261:

The United States government holds tens of thousands of immigrants in detention under the control of

1213:

Mental illness rarely stands alone when analyzing the risk factors associated with incarceration and

1020: 245: 97: 12836: 12685:. See tables 18 and 19. The rates are for adults. Rates per 100,000 can be converted to percentages. 11827: 10704:"Social Exclusion and Parental Incarceration Impacts on Adolescents' Networks and School Engagement" 9998: 9527: 8064: 7021: 6668:"Civil Rights Legislation and Legalized Exclusion: Mass Incarceration and the Masking of Inequality" 3727: 1406:

Perhaps the single greatest force behind the growth of the prison population has been the national "

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Gefangenenraten im internationalen und nationalen Vergleich (Prison rates international comparison)

6097: 5216:

Education Law: An Essential Guide for Attorneys, Teachers, Administrators, Parents and Students 195

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There are four main phases that can be distinguished in the process of arresting a parent: arrest,

2777: 2156:

Prior to the 1980s, private prisons did not exist in the U.S. During the 1980s, as a result of the

1947: 1841:

internal movements of prisoners. The perimeter is generally double fenced and regularly patrolled.

1584: 1446:

eliminated commercial bail and relies on a risk assessment to determine a defendant's flight risk.

1431: 1153:

are particularly vulnerable to mistreatment by other inmates and staff. This mistreatment includes

1092: 1027: 1007: 221: 14238: 12183: 12087:"Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration by Devah Pager, an excerpt" 10187:. Chart using 2008 jail statistics showing "50 U.S. counties with the largest numbers of inmates." 10180: 10164: 10095: 10076: 9591:

Hijacked: How Neoliberalism Turned the Work Ethic against Workers and How Workers Can Take It Back

9018: 8865: 8593: 6211: 5234: 5229: 4940:

Gross, Kali Nicole. "African American women, mass incarceration, and the politics of protection."

4130: 3974: 2078:

found that over 120,000 people on any given day are in solitary confinement in the United States.

2015:'s prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment. The three-judge court considering requests by the 17532: 17268: 17026: 15993: 15794: 15717: 15633: 15470: 15282: 14854: 13695: 13075: 13000: 12877: 11679: 9243: 8750: 7733: 5628: 3511: 2633: 2628:

To ease jail overcrowding over 10 counties every year consider building new jails. As an example

2518: 2503: 2082: 2017: 1926: 1848:

facilities are considered to pose little physical risk to the public and are mainly non-violent "

1709: 1199: 1047: 12580: 9828:"As prison strikes heat up, former inmates talk about horrible state of labor and incarceration" 8500: 8496: 6013: 1778:

other serious violations in less secure facilities, and inmates known to be or accused of being

1661: 252:

US incarceration count, and rate per 100,000 population. Jails, state prisons, federal prisons.

18530: 17984: 17334: 17144: 17124: 16926: 16781: 16576: 16523: 16508: 16352: 16040: 15710: 15400: 15108: 15081: 14954: 14806: 14685: 14487: 13727: 11178:

Boch, Samantha; Sezgin, Emre; Ruch, Donna; Kelleher, Kelly; Chisolm, Deena; Lin, Simon (2021).

10111: 9323: 6300: 6049: 5369:"The School-to-Prison Pipeline: Disproportionate Impact on Vulnerable Children and Adolescents" 4597:

Western, Bruce; Muhammad, Khalil Gibran; Negussie, Yamrot; Backes, Emily, eds. (May 17, 2023).

4008: 2913:

officers around the country to better accommodate for children in difficult family situations.

1176: 990:

According to federal data from 2011, around 40% of the nation's juvenile inmates are housed in

13336:"Ava DuVernay's Netflix film '13th' reveals how mass incarceration is an extension of slavery" 12801: 12558: 12440: 12042: 10759: 9722:"How the National Prisoner Strike Is Working to Help Incarcerated People in the United States" 9507: 9307: 8329:

Alabama Guards Stage Work Strike Months After Prisoner Uprising at Overcrowded Holman Facility

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powerfully in the Department of Justice's report on Ferguson, is pervasive around the country.

4378: 18183: 17866: 16981: 16538: 16503: 16498: 16441: 16424: 16154: 15696: 15647: 15498: 15268: 13658: 13369: 12925: 12899: 12764: 12452: 12407: 10275: 10256:

Since 1980, spending on prisons has grown three times as much as spending on public education

10226: 10184: 10168: 10099: 10080: 9586: 9574: 9124: 8870: 8577: 8523: 7590: 6400: 5913:

Peterson, Jillian; Skeem, Jennifer; Kennealy, Patrick; Bray, Beth; Zvonkovic, Andrea (2014).

4071:"Confining Social Insecurity: Neoliberalism and the Rise of the 21st Century Debtors' Prison" 3921: 3803:

and click on the map links and/or the sidebar links to get to the region and country desired.

3626: 3535: 3244: 3109:

Critics have lambasted the United States for incarcerating a large number of non-violent and

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In addition to CCA and GEO Group, companies operating in the private prison business include

2161: 2060: 1864:

Mail sent to inmates in violation of prison policies can result in sanctions such as loss of

1762: 1150: 1143: 1115: 13490:

Incarceration Nation: How the United States Became the Most Punitive Democracy in the World.

10785: 10437: 8479: 7449: 5914: 5532:

Standing With LGBT Prisoners: An Advocate's Guide to Ending Abuse and Combating Imprisonment

4760: 4729: 2672:

Property crime rates in the United States per 100,000 population beginning in 1960 (source:

2668: 2547:

had been violated as most US states forced inmates to work for no or marginal compensation.

1343:

of a crime to determine the appropriate length of the incarceration. As the consequence of "

1218:

intersecting risk factors experienced by mentally ill and non-mentally ill offenders alike.

18562: 18535: 17663: 17537: 17428: 16806: 16238: 16218: 16166: 16116: 16057: 15988: 15613: 15372: 15261: 14933: 14665: 14226: 12576: 11742:"The importance of early bonding on the long-term mental health and resilience of children" 10594: 8977: 8087: 7802: 6092: 5656: 5099:

Prisoners of Profit: Private Prison Empire Rises Despite Startling Record Of Juvenile Abuse

3815:"Ending 50 Years of Mass Incarceration: Urgent Reform Needed to Protect Future Generations" 2437: 2264: 1963: 1803: 1475: 1332: 1304: 1227: 1195: 1154: 8996: 7223: 4684: 2680: 1289:, jails in the U.S. have become "massive warehouses" of the impoverished since the 1980s. 1088:. Aday predicts that by 2020 16% percent of those serving life sentences will be elderly. 8: 18075: 17991: 17801: 17517: 17202: 16833: 16030: 15549: 15289: 13553:

From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America.

13475: 13116: 12674: 10813:

Geller, Amanda; Garfinkel, Irwin; Cooper, Carey E.; Mincy, Ronald B. (December 1, 2009).

10260: 9949: 9924: 9532: 9492: 9059: 8956: 8709: 6949: 6150: 6030: 5682: 5348: 5257:, http://safequalityschools.org/pages/clayton-county-ga (last visited February 1, 2017). 5103: 5040: 4707: 4176:

Spanish soldiers in 1570 erected the first substantial prison, at St. Augustine, Florida.

4054: 2744: 2729: 2694: 2457: 2341: 2040: 2028: 1994:

provided to inmates, which was tainted with worms and human feces. A 2017 study from the

1806:

with rare human contacts or opportunity to earn better conditions through good behavior.

1753: 237: 12623: 10872:"The impact of parental incarceration on the physical and mental health of young adults" 10126: 9981:

Federal Prison System Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) FY 2015 Budget Request At A Glance

8349:"COVID-19 in Correctional and Detention Facilities — United States, February–April 2020" 7711: 6743: 3196:

Another possibly cause for this increase of incarceration since the 1970s could be the "

2402:

approach." The private prison industry has been booming under the Trump Administration.

17315: 17303: 17021: 17011: 16988: 16971: 16367: 16111: 16106: 15978: 15761: 15661: 15654: 15556: 15319: 14868: 14861: 14799: 13768: 13426: 12996:

The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era

12627: 12279: 12138: 12065: 11952: 11909: 11774: 11741: 11559: 11504: 11449: 11271: 11238: 11214: 11179: 11117: 11012: 10979: 10960: 10904: 10871: 10847: 10814: 10736: 10703: 10682: 10654: 10547: 10370: 9163: 8767: 8669: 8645: 8409: 8176: 7849: 7760: 7319: 7186: 7136: 7120: 7104: 7088: 7072: 7041: 7025: 7009: 6977: 6936: 6822: 6767: 6687: 6074: 6066: 5895: 5808: 5300:"Disproportionality in school discipline: An assessment of trends in Maryland, 2009–12" 5269:"Education Or Incarceration: Zero Tolerance Policies And The School To Prison Pipeline" 5169:"Education Or Incarceration: Zero Tolerance Policies And The School To Prison Pipeline" 5083: 4692: 4486: 4382: 4300: 4188: 4155: 4090: 4031: 3800: 3796: 3547: 3365: 2986: 2900: 2765: 2272: 2190: 1958:

during their incarceration, and 7% that they had been raped in their current facility.

1943: 1934: 1892: 1849: 1791: 1589: 1419: 1344: 1210:. These reports found that some inmates had been shocked, shackled and pepper sprayed. 1191: 1139: 241: 213: 89: 77: 9178: 6796: 6315: 6047:

Bruce Western (May 2011). "Poverty Politics and Crime Control in Europe and America".

5139: 3754:"Crime Is Down, Yet U.S. Incarceration Rates Are Still Among the Highest in the World" 1607:

behind bars. This incarceration rate exceeded the average incarceration levels in the

18058: 17214: 16566: 16064: 15983: 15968: 15754: 15731: 15520: 15505: 15477: 15463: 15176: 15039: 14737: 14178: 13718: 13699: 13682: 13662: 13645: 13625: 13621: 13602: 13581: 13566: 13556: 13542: 13521: 13513: 13496: 13479: 13455: 13440: 13233: 13228: 13226: 13224: 13222: 13004: 12956: 12929: 12852: 12797: 12655: 12554: 12334: 12283: 12086: 11997: 11980: 11956: 11944: 11913: 11901: 11779: 11761: 11623: 11613: 11564: 11546: 11508: 11496: 11488: 11453: 11441: 11433: 11389: 11319: 11311: 11276: 11258: 11219: 11201: 11160: 11152: 11109: 11101: 11066: 11058: 11017: 10999: 10952: 10944: 10909: 10891: 10852: 10834: 10830: 10741: 10723: 10670: 10660: 10640:

Children of the Prison Boom: Mass Incarceration and the Future of American Inequality

10567: 10401: 10374: 10362: 10304: 9598: 9467: 9117: 9022: 8826: 8822: 8771: 8516: 8488: 8374: 7890: 7869: 7764: 7732: 7375: 7276: 7249: 6867: 6771: 6757: 6721: 6679: 6430: 6155: 5937: 5800: 5606: 5492: 5421:

Feld, Barry C. (1999). "Bad Kids: Race and the Transformation of the Juvenile Court".

4817: 4766: 4739: 4604: 4577: 4452: 4396:"Richard Nixon: Special Message to the Congress on Drug Abuse Prevention and Control" 4359: 4292: 4198: 4165: 4094: 3761: 3523: 3339: 3307:

In relation to popular culture, mass incarceration has become a popular issue in the

2836: 2828: 2705: 2644:

As of 2007, the cost of medical care for inmates was growing by 10 percent annually.

2330: 2299: 2243: 1865: 1757: 1628: 1564: 1340: 1223: 1073: 755: 229: 12606: 12157:"The Psychological Impact of Incarceration: Implications for Post-Prison Adjustment" 12069: 11484: 10964: 9932: 8705:

Private Prisons: Immigration Convictions In Record Numbers Fueling Corporate Profits

6276: 6237: 6078: 5812: 5119:

The company you keep: The effects of family and neighborhood on disadvantaged youths

4509: 2555: 2533:

in April of that year, which was sparked by neglect and inhumane living conditions.

17974: 17821: 17527: 17347: 16357: 16198: 16181: 16176: 16015: 15675: 15640: 15386: 15365: 15254: 15213: 14903: 13531: 12952: 12448: 12419: 12326: 12271: 12263: 12130: 12057: 11992: 11936: 11891: 11883: 11769: 11753: 11554: 11538: 11480: 11425: 11381: 11307: 11303: 11266: 11250: 11209: 11191: 11144: 11121: 11093: 11048: 11007: 10991: 10936: 10899: 10883: 10842: 10826: 10731: 10715: 10587:"How mass incarceration turns people of color into permanent second-class citizens" 10559: 10397: 10354: 10327: 10300: 10025: 9905: 9193:, "The Prison Industrial Complex: Biased, Predatory and Growing", October 8, 2010, 9014: 8759: 8474: 8421: 8364: 8207: 7752: 7677: 7559: 7555: 7116: 6908: 6823:"Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 30 States in 2005: Patterns from 2005 to 2010" 6749: 6588: 6566: 6058: 5929: 5792: 5596: 5013: 4573:

The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences

4334: 4082: 3479: 3444: 3176: 3130: 3114: 3110: 2958: 2773: 2760: 2473: 2268: 2180: 1502: 1498: 1467: 1462: 1365: 1207: 1124: 974: 201: 13634: 13219: 13096: 12911: 12831: 12746:

READ: Matt Taibbi on "The Divide: American Injustice in the Age of the Wealth Gap"

12682: 12649: 12381: 11757: 9856:"US prison workers produce $ 11bn worth of goods and services a year for pittance" 6415: 6377:"United States – Punishment and Prejudice: Racial Disparities in the War on Drugs" 5168: 3146: 169: 17683: 17459: 17357: 17129: 16429: 16362: 16131: 16052: 15998: 15606: 15393: 15342: 15032: 15000: 14919: 14813: 14133: 13312: 12843: 10507:"6 Million Lost Voters: State-Level Estimates of Felony Disenfranchisement, 2016" 10490: 10469:

Alexander, Elizabeth (Fall 1998). "A Troubling Response To Overcrowded Prisons".

10133: 10118: 10045: 9701:"From media cutoffs to lockdown, tracing the fallout from the U.S. prison strike" 9682: 9229: 9201: 9098: 8909: 7037: 6961: 6893: 6322: 6307: 6145: 5832: 5299: 5268: 4715: 4192: 4159: 3792: 3043: 3015: 2867: 2820: 2748: 2465: 2461: 2361: 2357: 2325:

was formerly known as the Wackenhut Corrections division. It includes the former

2283: 2260: 1887:(DOC) stated that effective June 1, 2007, inmates would be prohibited from using 1883:

There have been several notable challenges to prison corresponding services. The

1821: 1799: 1773: 1300: 774: 770: 765:

However, since the early 2000s, the incarceration rates for African American and

526: 217: 13596:

Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge.

13452:

The Punishment Imperative: The Rise and Failure of Mass Incarceration in America

10062:

California Criminal Justice FAQ: How much does it cost to incarcerate an inmate?

9568: 9280:

Bernie Sanders declares war on the prison-industrial complex with major new bill

9114:

Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge.

8513:

Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge.

7756: 7153: 4660: 3949: 2055: 1761:

security) to specialized high security units (all considered Level V) including

18153: 18053: 17436: 16571: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16223: 16086: 16020: 15456: 15435: 15303: 15231: 15067: 15060: 15053: 14993: 14940: 13578:

Locked In: The True Causes of Mass Incarceration-and How to Achieve Real Reform

12893: 12750: 11940: 11196: 11148: 8791: 8627: 8571: 8333: 7304: 7228: 6913: 6473: 5681:

Beck, Allan; Berzofsky, Marcus; Caspar, Rachel; Krebs, Christopher (May 2013).

5201:

SCHOOL VIOLENCE: FROM DISCIPLINE TO DUE PROCESS 48 (James C. Hanks ed., 2004);

4451:(1999 Revised ed.). London: Oxford University Press. pp. 52–53, 167. 3584: 3484: 3373: 3334: 3324: 3251: 2982: 2389: 2287: 2203: 2075: 1633: 1624: 1598: 1172: 991: 970: 778: 519: 182: 12423: 12330: 12275: 12243: 12208: 11542: 11097: 10995: 10358: 9135: 8142: 7824: 7344: 7100: 7084: 7005: 6062: 5796: 5601: 5584: 4600:

Reducing Racial Inequality in Crime and Justice: Science, Practice, and Policy

4395: 4086: 18584: 17134: 16434: 16243: 15878: 15379: 15099: 15088: 14889: 13436: 13308:"Raphael Saadiq bears soulful witness to his family's anguish on 'Jimmy Lee'" 12338: 11948: 11905: 11765: 11550: 11492: 11437: 11429: 11393: 11315: 11262: 11205: 11156: 11105: 11062: 11003: 10948: 10940: 10895: 10838: 10815:"Parental Incarceration and Child Wellbeing: Implications for Urban Families" 10727: 10674: 10656:

War on the family : mothers in prison and the families they leave behind

10571: 10435: 10366: 9686: 9662: 8763: 7797: 7573:

DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS TO BAN INMATES FROM SOLICITING PEN PALS ON WEBSITES

7132: 7068: 6725: 6683: 6112: 5610: 5005: 4296: 3765: 3296: 3158: 3138: 2972: 2607: 2514:

labor union, asserted that it was the largest prison strike in U.S. history.

2449: 2398: 2322: 2165: 1979:

medical care to private companies such as Correctional Medical Services (now

1968: 1384: 1293: 1203: 1085: 491: 177:

One of the first prisons in America was founded in 1790 by the Pennsylvanian

13241:

Remarks to American Bar Association's Annual Convention in San Francisco, CA

12314: 11627: 11587:

Official web site of the U.S. Health Resources & Services Administration

11526: 10331: 10239:

The Full Cost Of Incarceration In The U.S. Is Over $ 1 Trillion, Study Finds

8426: 8410:"African American Women, Mass Incarceration, and the Politics of Protection" 4322: 2976:

Grandmothers are a common caregiver of children with an incarcerated parent.

583:

2021. People incarcerated in state or federal prisons by race and ethnicity.

17441: 17413: 16468: 15581: 15542: 15206: 15190: 14972: 14926: 14708: 13678: 13468: 13097:"Bulging Prison System Called Massive Intervention in American Family Life" 13071: 12990: 12785: 12441:"Global Study Evaluates Heat-Related Deaths Associated with Climate Change" 11783: 11568: 11500: 11445: 11280: 11223: 11164: 11113: 11070: 11053: 11036: 11021: 10956: 10913: 10887: 10856: 10745: 10617: 10420: 9705: 9644: 9447: 9218: 9145: 9079: 8378: 8369: 8234: 7918: 7651: 7219: 5941: 5804: 5184:

Sarah Biehl, The School-to-Prison Pipeline, 28 OHIO LAWYER, Jan.–Feb. 2014,

5063: 3369: 3347: 3312: 3292: 3269: 3237: 3221: 3209: 3197: 3185: 3171: 2603: 2569: 2157: 2071: 1787: 1608: 1438:

In 2017, 482,100 inmates in federal and state prisons were held pre-trial.

1407: 1135: 759: 496: 193: 61: 12264:"The Racialized Consequences of Jail Incarceration on Local Labor Markets" 11887: 10504: 10416:

Mass incarceration does not explain dramatic fall in US crime, study finds

9640:

Inmates strike in prisons nationwide over 'slave labor' working conditions

9488:

Unicor Under Fire For Dominating Small Competitors With Cheap Prison Labor

8113:"RBGG and Co-Counsel Win Affirmance at Supreme Court of the United States" 6710:"The History of Denying Federal Financial Aid to System-Impacted Students" 5079:

UN expert slams US as only nation to imprison kids for life without parole

5031: 4917:"New data show a dire forecast about incarceration rates didn't come true" 4109:

Jails Have Become Warehouses for the Poor, Ill and Addicted, a Report Says

3699:"Correctional Populations in the United States, 2021 – Statistical Tables" 3402:, is responsible for the administration of United States federal prisons. 2027:

courts found California's prisons have become criminogenic as a result of

1580:

is 69 per 100,000 (as of 2014), and Japan is 48 per 100,000 (as of 2014).

49:

U.S. timeline graphs of number of people incarcerated in jails and prisons

17718: 17249: 16586: 16488: 16228: 16091: 15847: 15358: 15326: 15199: 15160: 15153: 15046: 15025: 14986: 14947: 14875: 14723: 14584: 14562: 14295: 14091: 14067: 13800: 13671: 13611: 13286:"Hip Hop and the New Jim Crow: Rap Music's Insight on Mass Incarceration" 13179:"Bill Introduced To Bring Independent Oversight to Federal Prison System" 12702: 11413: 11323: 9774:"Major prison strike spreads across US and Canada as inmates refuse food" 9292:

Private federal prisons more dangerous, damning DoJ investigation reveals

8927:"Jailing Americans for Profit: The Rise of the Prison Industrial Complex" 8812: 7676:. California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. Archived from 7619: 6848:

Haymes, Stephen N.; de Haymes, María V.; Miller, Reuben J., eds. (2015).

5891:

Report: Mentally ill inmates are routinely abused by corrections officers

5538:. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality. pp. 1–88 3352: 3279: 3262: 3142: 3125: 3098: 2799: 2724:

that ... I would be one of those people who fill up their prisons".

2433: 2256: 2252: 2198: 1976: 1972: 1955: 1880:

inmates are usually under stricter mail guidelines for security reasons.

1779: 1642: 1577: 1243: 233: 13710: 13290:

University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender & Class

13201:"Sweeping reversal of the War on Drugs announced by Atty General Holder" 12382:""Green" prisons: rethinking the "sustainability" of the carceral state" 9898:

Direct expenditures by justice function, 1982–2007 (billions of dollars)

9800:"U.S. Inmates Plan Nationwide Prison Strike To Protest Labor Conditions" 9528:

Prison Labor Booms As Unemployment Remains High; Companies Reap Benefits

9423:"$ 11 toothpaste: Immigrants pay big for basics at private ICE lock-ups" 7825:

With 2.3 Million People Incarcerated in the US, Prisons Are Big Business

6691: 6667: 6070: 5988: 5662:. American Friends Service Committee. American Friends Service Committee 5344:"Racial disparities in school discipline are growing, federal data show" 5321:"Racial disparities in school discipline are growing, federal data show" 5288:. University of California, Berkeley School of Law, n.d. Web. Apr. 2013. 4304: 4280: 2424:

About 18% of eligible prisoners held in federal prisons are employed by

119: 18574: 16581: 16387: 16213: 16208: 16126: 15146: 15074: 14910: 14896: 14882: 14847: 14744: 13536:

The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order.

12142: 11385: 10719: 10702:

Cochran, Joshua C.; Siennick, Sonja E.; Mears, Daniel P. (April 2018).

10485: 10456:

War on the Family: Mothers in Prison and the Children They Leave Behind

9945:

As Arrest Records Rise, Americans Find Consequences Can Last a Lifetime

9931:(BJS). By Tracey Kyckelhahn, PhD, BJS statistician. See table 2 of the 9880:‘Slavery by any name is wrong’: the push to end forced labor in prisons 9512: 9368: 8889: 7944: 7829: 7768: 7595: 5933: 4339: 3154: 2909: 2880: 2701: 2606:(trusted to show up at trial). Now most are given bail, and most pay a 2562:. Not adjusted for inflation. To view the inflation-adjusted data, see 1723: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1522: 1491: 1487: 1214: 186: 11896: 11412:

Binswanger, I. A.; Krueger, P. M.; Steiner, J. F. (November 1, 2009).

9925:

Justice Expenditures and Employment, FY 1982–2007 – Statistical Tables

8665:

Christopher Epps, Former Chief of Prisons in Mississippi, Is Arraigned

8480:

The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order

8157:"How Many Prisoners Are in Solitary Confinement in the United States?" 5684:

Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, 2011–12

4714:(BJS). By Lauren E. Glaze and Danielle Kaeble, BJS Statisticians. See 4068: 1526:

correlation between recidivism and age upon release. According to the

540:

List of U.S. states by incarceration and correctional supervision rate

18070: 18063: 15007: 12701:. Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice. March 1999. Archived from 11254: 10977: 9999:

white paper On Security: 50 States' Departments of Corrections insert

9832: 9397:"Private prison investors set for giant windfall from Trump tax bill" 8304:"California Prisons Aim To Keep Sex Between Inmates Safe, If Illegal" 7053: 6855: 6650:– via The Sillerman Center for the Advancement of Philanthropy. 5059:

US criticised by UN for human rights failings on NSA, guns and drones

5017: 3329: 3320: 3166: 2904: 2803: 2445: 2441: 2365: 2295: 2248: 2172: 2074:, held for as long as forty years in isolation. A June 2023 study by 1873: 1231: 225: 18569: 12815: 12134: 8748:

John L. Campbell (2010). "Neoliberalism's penal and debtor states".

7845:

Whistleblower: Arizona inmates are dying from inadequate health care

6709: 5513:"Elderly Inmate Population Soared 1,300 Percent Since 1980s: Report" 4844:. Justice Research and Statistics Association (JRSA). Archived from 4598: 2895:

Forced home entry is a primary stressor for children in a residence.

2595:

study. It ranged from $ 14,603 in Kentucky to $ 60,076 in New York.

1698: 1619:

reached 168 million, and 1.2 to 1.5 million people were in the

514:

and expanded penalties for marijuana possession. He also signed the

92:

no longer exist in the United States, residents of some U.S. states

16253: 16203: 14762: 14730: 14268: 13656:

Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity.

13303: 13080: 12061: 10563: 9552: 9214: 8689: 8549: 7575:– Missouri Department of Corrections, press release May 13, 2007. " 4891:"White women are going to prison at a higher rate than ever before" 4571: 3728:"Punishment Beyond Prisons: Incarceration and Supervision by State" 3162: 2923: 2807: 2480: 2453: 2336:

Private companies which provide services to prisons combine in the

2227: 2108: 1877: 1795: 1766: 1548:

Comparison of United States incarceration rate with other countries

1415: 1096: 197: 39:

Comparison of United States incarceration rate with other countries

12921:

Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity

12408:"Something in the air: Toxic pollution in and around U.S. prisons" 11979:

Turanovic, Jillian J.; Rodriguez, Nancy; Pratt, Travis C. (2012).

10505:

Uggen, Christopher; Ryan Larson; Sarah Shannon (October 6, 2016).

8172:"Solitary confinement is still widespread in US prisons and jails" 7865:

Appalling Prison and Jail Food Leaves Prisoners Hungry for Justice

7444: 7442: 7440: 6973: 6753: 5732: 4987:"Men Sentenced to Longer Prison Terms for Same Crimes, Study Says" 2591:

State prisons averaged $ 31,286 per inmate in 2010 according to a

769:

women have declined, while incarceration rates have increased for

14820: 14792: 14771: 13432:

The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness

13048:"There is nothing inevitable about America's over-use of prisons" 12974:

Laissez-faire with strip-searches: America's two-faced liberalism

11607: 11237:

Murray, Joseph; Farrington, David P.; Sekol, Ivana (March 2012).

7646: 6093:

Study says US jails have become "massive warehouses" for the poor

5297: 5286:

The Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Law and Social Policy

4449:

Making Crime Pay: Law and Order in Contemporary American Politics

3308: 2812: 2429: 2086: 1991: 1987: 1980: 1921: 1888: 196:

claimed that prison conditions in the U.S. were, in her opinion,

178: 14677: 13757: 13132:"Federal judge blocks Alabama policy of segregating HIV inmates" 10980:"Beyond absenteeism: father incarceration and child development" 9658:

The Largest Prison Strike in U.S. History Enters Its Second Week

2715:, falling crime rates cannot be ascribed to mass incarceration. 94:

can still be incarcerated for unpaid court fines and assessments

14831: 13507:

Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics.

12868: 10533:"Majority of employers background check employees … Here's why" 10200:. National Association of State Budget Officers. Archived from 9364:"Under Trump, the Private-Prison Boom Shows No Sign of Slowing" 7437: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5235:

http://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/index.html

5032:

Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement

4423:"The War on Drugs: How President Nixon Tied Addiction to Crime" 3080:

Torture in the United States § Domestic police and prisons

2816: 2695:

this effect becomes smaller as the incarceration rate increases

2469: 2425: 1650: 1573: 1569: 1084:, concurs. One out of six prisoners in California is serving a 154:

Lines of men in prisoner's uniforms marching towards a building

15428:

Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted

13362:"A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement by Alicia Garza" 12894:

Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics

9569:

Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics

9548:

Boycott, Divest and Sanction Corporations That Feed on Prisons

9338:"Private prison industry sees boon under Trump administration" 8572:

Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics

7245:

The Russian economy: from Lenin to Putin. By Steven Rosefielde

5030:

Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., & Puzzanchera, C.. "

4576:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. April 24, 2014. 3145:

ideology in the late 1970s to mass incarceration. Sociologist

3093:

fundamental fact, as slavery was the fundamental fact of 1850.

15745: 14778: 12474:"Heat-Related Prison Deaths Are Rising Due to Climate Change" 12116:"The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality" 10548:"The Effects of Imprisonment in a Time of Mass Incarceration" 8725:

Inmates riot at for-profit Texas immigrant detention facility

5700:"Mental Illness Soars In Prisons, Jails While Inmates Suffer" 4788:"HOW INCARCERATING WOMEN FUELS OUR MASS INCARCERATION CRISIS" 4596: 3490:

Social groups in male and female prisons in the United States

3316: 3157:

era to mitigate societal fallout from economic deregulation,

3034:

Mass incarceration in the United States has created numerous

1646: 1620: 1612: 11524: 10870:

Lee, Rosalyn D.; Fang, Xiangming; Luo, Feijun (April 2013).

8625:"Gangs Ruled Prison as For-Profit Model Put Blood on Floor." 8594:"Banking on Bondage: Private Prisons and Mass Incarceration" 8553:

Journal of the Oklahoma Criminal Justice Research Consortium

7914:"Prison Food Is Making U.S. Inmates Disproportionately Sick" 7345:"Improving California's Prison Inmate Classification System" 6909:

American Exception. Inmate Count in US Dwarfs Other Nations'

5440: 5249:, 77 BROOK. L. REV. 861, 901–02 (2012); Moll & Simmons, 4727: 173:

Total incarceration in the United States by year (1920–2014)

13617:

The Divide: American Injustice in the Age of the Wealth Gap

13194: 13192: 13190: 13188: 10436:

John J. Gibbons and Nicholas de B. Katzenbach (June 2006).

8818:

The Divide: American Injustice in the Age of the Wealth Gap

8347:

Wallace M; Hagan L; Curran KG; et al. (May 15, 2020).

8088:"Justices, 5-4, Tell California to Cut Prisoner Population" 7738:"Sexual Coercion Rates in Seven Midwestern Prisons for Men" 7370:

Griffin III, O. Hayden; Woodward, Vanessa H., eds. (2018).

4194:

With Liberty for Some: 500 Years of Imprisonment in America

4161:

With Liberty for Some: 500 Years of Imprisonment in America

3878:"The United States is (Very) Slowly Reducing Incarceration" 3120:

The Divide: American Injustice in the Age of the Wealth Gap

2945: 2537: 2294:(ALEC) in the Grand Hyatt in Washington, D.C. Both CCA and 1896: 1120: 12624:"US Addiction to Incarceration Puts 2.3 Million in Prison" 11294:

Sack, W. H. (May 1977). "Children of imprisoned fathers".

10812: 9042:

California Prison Guards Union Pushes For Prison Expansion

4785: 3161:

retrenchment, increasing inequality and the imposition of

1311: 10546:

Beckett, Katherine; Goldberg, Allison (January 1, 2022).

9804: 9324:

U.S. reverses Obama-era move to phase out private prisons

8346: 8059: 6741: 6177:"The Meaning of "Life": Long Prison Sentences in Context" 2504:

large, coordinated prison strikes took place in 11 states

1825:

Incarceration Rate by State, 2016; excludes jail inmates.

1471: 575:

Racial inequality in the American criminal justice system

13712:"Pushout: The Criminalization of Black Girls in Schools" 13185: 11467:

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11411: 10254:

Emma Brown and Danielle Douglas-Gabriel (July 7, 2016).

10039:

The Price of Prisons: What Incarceration Costs Taxpayers

9720:

Tarr, Duncan; Onderchanin, Stephanie (August 21, 2018).

9055:

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8037:"In a California Prison, Bunk Beds Replace Pickup Games" 6994:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

6175:

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5964:"Serious Mental Illness Prevalence in Jails and Prisons" 5524: 5522: 5121:. No. w3705. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991. 4227:

Valerie Jenness | UCI Professor | Criminology Department

3231:

infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV or AIDS

2944:

are crucial to both physical and cognitive development.

1593:

described the state as the prison capital of the world.

1134:

According to Yarbrough (2021), higher rates of poverty,

13234:"Smart on Crime: Reforming The Criminal Justice System" 12916:"America as Living Laboratory of the Neoliberal Future" 11978: 9308:

Justice Department Will Stop the Use of Private Prisons

8997:

http://inthesetimes.com/article/6084/corporate_con_game

8623:

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6611:"College Behind Bars: How Educating Prisoners Pays Off" 5870:. Human Rights Watch. September 22, 2009. pp. 1–14 5622: 5620: 5451: 4223:"United States Prison System History – Valerie Jenness" 3299:

in the prison system has raised human rights concerns.

2772:

Yale Law Professor, and opponent of mass incarceration

2286:

law. This law was written by Arizona State Congressman

1909:

Pregnancy and prenatal care in American women's prisons

13243:. US Department of Justice. August 12, 2013. p. 7 12681:(BJS). By Heather C. West, PhD, BJS Statistician. See 12529:"The Rise of Green Prison Programs | Psychology Today" 12081: 12079: 11177: 9421:

Conlin, Michelle; Cooke, Kristina (January 18, 2019).

7372:

Routledge handbook of corrections in the United States

7351:. California Legislative Analyst's Office. May 2, 2019 6851:

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4320: 3653:

Jacob Kang-Brown, Chase Montagnet, and Jasmine Heiss.

3182:

The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States

3084:

Human rights in the United States § Prison system

2100:

In September 2016, a group of corrections officers at

1167:

Mentally ill people in United States jails and prisons

18546: 12820:

University of California, Hastings College of the Law

12216:. U.S. Department of Justice. pp. 36–37, 39, 50. 11643:"Children of Incarcerated Parents Framework Document" 11236: 11035:

Garner, Andrew S.; Shonkoff, Jack P. (January 2012).

10344: 10017:

Annual Determination of Average Cost of Incarceration

9676:

Work Stoppage Prison Strike Continues in 11 US States

9095:

Who's Getting Rich Off the Prison-Industrial Complex?

8787:"CCA changes name to CoreCivic amid ongoing scrutiny" 8396:

and 15 deaths among staff members have been reported.

8143:"Solitary confinement should be banned in most cases" 7545: 7484:"Correctional Populations in the United States, 2016" 6847: 6218:. Federal Bureau of Investigation. September 25, 2017 5908: 5906: 5857: 5855: 5519: 5036:

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

4069:

Genevieve LeBaron and Adrienne Roberts (March 2012).

3286: 1171:

In the United States, the percentage of inmates with

220:, new concepts of the prison system, such as parole, 13393:"Toughness on Crime gradually gives way to fairness" 13112:"Federal Guilty Pleas Soar As Bargains Trump Trials" 12013:"Having a Parent Behind Bars Costs Children, States" 10701: 10276:"Violent crime rate per 1,000 persons age 12 and up" 8952:

Big business, legislators pushed for stiff sentences

8009: 7863:

David M. Reutter, Gary Hunter & Brandon Sample.

7318:

Foundation, The Annie E. Casey (November 14, 2020).

6788:

Langan, Patrick A.; Levin, David J. (June 2, 2002).

5826: 5824: 5822: 5759:"U.S. Jails Struggle With Role As Makeshift Asylums" 5617: 4955:

Battle cries: Black women and intimate partner abuse

4687:(NCJ 236319). By Lauren E. Glaze, BJS Statistician. 4321:

Middleton Manning, Beth Rose; Gayle, Steven (2022).

1180:

incarceration for individuals with mental illness".

12948:Frances Goldin, Debby Smith, Michael Smith (2014). 12675:

Prison Inmates at Midyear 2009 – Statistical Tables

12651:

Hard Time Blues: How Politics Built a Prison Nation

12255: 12076: 11715: 9179:

http://www.detentionwatchnetwork.org/privateprisons

8844:"Prison Economics Help Drive Ariz. Immigration Law" 8055:"Calif. Faces Tough Choices on Overcrowded Prisons" 7943:. Florida Department of Corrections. Archived from 7369: 6950:

Correctional Populations in the United States, 2015

6325:

for the percent of inmates in for violent offenses.

6263: 6261: 6259: 6182:. The Sentencing Project. p. 3. Archived from 5731:. National Institute of Corrections. Archived from 5431: 4882: 4708:

Correctional Populations in the United States, 2013

4685:

Correctional Populations in the United States, 2010

3896:"Mass Incarceration Costs $ 182 Billion Every Year" 2751:. Formerly incarcerated individuals may experience 2068:

Solitary confinement is widely used in U.S. prisons

1250: 10615: 10584: 7968:"Prison Attacks Calling Attention to Overcrowding" 7215: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7154:"States of Incarceration: The Global Context 2021" 5903: 5852: 5387: 4281:"Zebulon Brockway of Elmira: 19th Century CE Hero" 4131:"Rise of the Penitentiary | Yale University Press" 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 2308:California Correctional Peace Officers Association 2171:A 1998 study was performed using three comparable 1533: 13205:ABA's 560-member policy making House of Delegates 12873:Guest column: Real reason behind prison explosion 12668: 12392:(5): 345–353 – via Copernicus Publications. 12358:Arizona Journal of Environmental Law & Policy 11356:"Intergenerational Effects of Mass Incarceration" 10112:Jail Inmates at Midyear 2009 – Statistical Tables 10096:Bail Burden Keeps U.S. Jails Stuffed With Inmates 9450:. CRS Report for Congress. Updated July 13, 2007. 8903:Prison Privatization and the Use of Incarceration 8619: 8617: 7912:Fassler, Joe; Brown, Claire (December 27, 2017). 6880: 6589:"Jail Incarceration Rate Decreased by 12 Percent" 6426: 6424: 5834:Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates 5831:James, Doris; Glaze, Lauren (December 14, 2006). 5819: 5162: 5160: 4255:Memorial to the Legislature of Massachusetts 1843 3605:Race in the United States criminal justice system 2255:, major investors in the prison industry include 18582: 17282:Native American recognition in the United States 15768:United Kingdom and British overseas territories 12729:"U.S. Prison Study Faults System and the Public" 10288: 10165:Bondsman Lobby Targets Pretrial Release Programs 10160: 10158: 10105: 10091: 10089: 10010: 10001:. February 2, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2014. 9965:. December 1, 2014. 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Bureau of Justice Statistics. Archived from 6174: 5687:. National Criminal Justice Reference Service. 5576: 5434:School Suspensions: Are they helping children? 5157: 4908: 4538:"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: United States" 3595:Felony disenfranchisement in the United States 3270:Department of Justice "Smart on Crime" Program 1053:School Suspensions: Are they helping children? 56:is one of the primary means of punishment for 30:For the incarceration rate in particular, see 17679:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 15863: 14693: 14254: 13743: 13198: 12181: 11873: 11739: 10637: 10174: 10155: 10086: 9938: 9920: 9918: 9698: 9630: 8534: 7701:. Human Rights Watch, retrieved May 22, 2015. 7674:"California Prison Reform and Rehabilitation" 7015: 6990:The World Population Prospects: 2015 Revision 6899: 6046: 5227:U.S. Dep't of Educ. Office for Civil Rights, 2495:In 2010, Prisoners in Georgia engaged in the 2479:Initially, laws passed during the era of the 2348:. An example of this phenomenon would be the 1665:U.S. federal prisoner distribution since 1950 1480:Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act 1357:Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act 518:. Support for Reagan's crime legislation was 81:another $ 38 billion in costs annually. 13759:Incarceration of adults in the United States 13026:"The Economic Origins of Mass Incarceration" 12696:"America's One-Million Nonviolent Prisoners" 12313:Bradshaw, Elizabeth A. (September 1, 2018). 11608:Gabel, Katherine.; Johnston, Denise (1995). 11083: 10387: 9992: 9893: 9891: 9335: 9244:"Corrections Yearbook 2000: Private Prisons" 8743: 8741: 8739: 8737: 8470: 8468: 8466: 7911: 7394: 7151: 7110: 6843: 6841: 6839: 4703: 4701: 4356:Cosa Nostra: A History of the Sicilian Mafia 4187: 4154: 4050:The U.S. Is Locking People Up For Being Poor 3998: 3240:concluded 97% of all federal cases in 2011. 3224:, associate professor of sociology from the 2743:and must wait two years for eligibility for 2647:According to a 2016 study by researchers at 2215:on behalf of prisoners at the privately run 13023: 12573:"The effect of prison on criminal behavior" 11680:"Safeguarding Children of Arrested Parents" 11466: 10198:"Fiscal Year 2009 State Expenditure Report" 9620:"Town struggles to survive close of prison" 9420: 9248:National Criminal Justice Reference Service 8915: 8885:The Hidden History of ALEC and Prison Labor 8587: 8585: 8353:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 8197: 7791: 7789: 7147: 7145: 6967: 6929:World Prison Population List (11th edition) 6787: 6665: 6634: 6409: 5314: 5312: 4758: 4482:Nation Behind Bars: A Human Rights Solution 2664:Collateral consequences of criminal charges 1866:imprisonment time reduced for good behavior 749:Incarceration of women in the United States 15877: 15870: 15856: 15450:International Network of Prison Ministries 14700: 14686: 14261: 14247: 14184:Immigration detention in the United States 13750: 13736: 13099:(Press release). University of Washington. 12191:. Center for Economic and Policy Research. 10869: 10687:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10190: 9915: 9771: 9361: 8970: 8361:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 8340: 8136: 8134: 7941:"Gang and Security Threat Group Awareness" 7642:"Prisoners' Rights – Legal Correspondence" 7617: 7317: 7294: 7292: 7241: 7031: 6943: 6790:"Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994" 6783: 6781: 6349: 6343: 6206: 6204: 6154:. 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The Sentencing Project. 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Published June 2010, by 12379: 12261: 12241: 12206: 12202: 12200: 12198: 12109: 12107: 12036: 12034: 11353: 10926: 10808: 10806: 10783: 10652: 10444: 10414:Oliver Laughland (February 12, 2015). 9900:. Inflation adjusted to 2007 dollars. 9797: 9394: 9362:Washington, John (December 14, 2017). 8650:Retrieved December 1, 2014. See also: 8248: 8085: 8034: 7795: 7397:"What's life like in Supermax prison?" 7126: 7062: 6820: 6707: 6635:Strait, Abigail; Eaton, Susan (2016). 6608: 6514: 6111: 5747: 5456:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 5366: 5137: 5003: 4947: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4625:"National Trends – Racial Disparities" 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4532: 4530: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4420: 4402:from the original on December 12, 2013 4372: 4353: 4316: 4314: 4279:Gehring, Thom; Gehering, Thom (1982). 4274: 4272: 4107:Timothy Williams (February 11, 2015). 3992: 3875: 3853: 3752:Robertson, Campbell (April 25, 2019). 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3649: 3647: 2938: 2735:In 2016, over 6 million Americans had 2217:East Mississippi Correctional Facility 1425: 15851: 14681: 14242: 13731: 13693:Punishment and Inequality in America. 13575: 13359: 13283: 13207:. 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The 114: 13599:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 13302: 13138:. December 21, 2012. Archived from 13110:Fields, Gary (September 24, 2012). 12972:Bernard Harcourt (April 30, 2012). 12950:Imagine: Living in a Socialist USA. 12784:Donelson, Raff (November 5, 2022). 12195: 12104: 12031: 10803: 10786:"Bailing moms out for Mother's Day" 10653:Renny., Golden (October 18, 2013). 10616:Michael O'Hear (November 8, 2014). 9746:Neufeld, Jennie (August 22, 2018). 9699:Kamala Kelkar (December 18, 2016). 9486:Nate C. Hindman (August 15, 2012). 8591: 8458:How private prisons game the system 8016:Order for population reduction plan 7886:"Prison Riot Caused by Prison Food" 7272:Gulag: a history. 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Corrections Law §611 11669:N.M. Stat. Ann. §29-7-7.3 11543:10.1007/s11524-018-0276-0 11098:10.1080/14751790903416889 10996:10.1007/s13524-011-0081-9 10458:(DVD). Peace Productions. 10438:"Confronting Confinement" 10359:10.1080/07418820300095451 10117:November 7, 2011, at the 10050:Vera Institute of Justice 10048:. February 29, 2012, the 10023:on March 9, 2015, in the 9537:Retrieved April 15, 2015. 9517:Retrieved April 15, 2015. 9448:Federal Prison Industries 8685:The Private Prison Racket 8537:African American Families 8024:Coleman v. Schwarzenegger 7620:"Employment Upon Release" 7423:"My Life in the Supermax" 6306:December 8, 2011, at the 6063:10.1177/0094306110404514d 5968:Treatment Advocacy Center 5797:10.1007/s10979-010-9223-7 5602:10.1177/14624745211017818 5088:Retrieved March 13, 2015. 4765:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1–. 4087:10.1017/S1743923X12000062 4001:"Debtors' prison – again" 3882:Brennan Center of Justice 3659:Vera Institute of Justice 3610:Race and the War on Drugs 3518:Conditions of confinement 3396:Federal Bureau of Prisons 3249:U.S. District Court Judge 2852: 2831:, depression (mood), and 2798:correlation between high 2783: 2753:employment discrimination 2593:Vera Institute of Justice 2586:Federal Bureau of Prisons 2352:, in which two judges in 2346:prison–industrial complex 2152:Prison–industrial complex 2024:Coleman v. Schwarzenegger 1870:Department of Corrections 1617:Soviet Union's population 1287:Vera Institute of Justice 1283:poor in the United States 1127:system. According to the 1021:School-to-prison pipeline 809:placement, 1997–2015. US 806: 690: 683: 581: 98:Vera Institute of Justice 18274:Prescription drug prices 17394:Mayor–council government 17384:Coterminous municipality 17374:Consolidated city-county 17140:Agriculture commissioner 16790:House of Representatives 16698:National Security Agency 16348:Contiguous United States 15536:The Prison Phoenix Trust 14980:Administrative detention 14114:Northern Mariana Islands 13539:Harvard University Press 13420: 12412:Punishment & Society 11430:10.1136/jech.2009.090662 10941:10.1177/0022146514544173 10819:Social Science Quarterly 10790:Prison Policy Initiative 10320:Social Science Quarterly 10265:Retrieved July 12, 2016. 10136:for percent unconvicted. 10044:August 13, 2014, at the 9557:Retrieved April 4, 2015. 9168:Retrieved March 5, 2015. 8973:"What Makes Alec Smart?" 8931:The Rutherford Institute 8864:Sullivan, Laura (2010). 8764:10.1177/1362480609352783 8485:Harvard University Press 7854:Retrieved July 22, 2014. 7525:Minimum Security Prisons 7513:Maximum-Security Prisons 7471:Maximum-Security Prisons 7269:Applebaum, Anne (2003). 7057:Irish Penal Reform Trust 6321:October 5, 2011, at the 6242:Prison Policy Initiative 6098:World Socialist Web Site 5589:Punishment & Society 5487:Aday, Ronald H. (2003). 5068:Retrieved April 5, 2014. 4736:Lynne Rienner Publishers 4514:Prison Policy Initiative 4379:United States of America 4252:Dix, Dorothea L (1843), 4038:. California Penal Code. 3900:Equal Justice Initiative 3732:Prison Policy Initiative 3632:Incarceration in Florida 3553:Prison Policy Initiative 3455:Equal Justice Initiative 3311:community. Artists like 3276:American Bar Association 3226:University of Washington 3042:the country violate the 2737:lost their right to vote 2688: 2413: 2109:coronavirus disease 2019 1944:medical care for inmates 1585:Prison Policy Initiative 1506:increase in employment. 1432:Prison Policy Initiative 1430:In 2020, the non-profit 1008:Prison Policy Initiative 807:Juveniles in residential 793: 222:indeterminate sentencing 18359:Criticism of government 17704:Social welfare programs 17297:State-recognized tribes 16282:Outline of U.S. history 15994:Continental Association 15614:Films featuring prisons 15471:Mount Tamalpais College 15125:Prisoner-of-war escapes 14855:Corrective labor colony 13696:Russell Sage Foundation 13691:Western, Bruce (2007). 13654:Wacquant, Loïc (2009). 13488:Enns, Peter K. (2016). 13001:Oxford University Press 12878:The Florida Times-Union 12533:www.psychologytoday.com 12406:Toman, Elisa L (2023). 12380:Jewkes, Yvonne (2014). 12242:Carson, E. Ann (2014). 12207:Carson, E. Ann (2014). 11824:The ChildTrauma Academy 11718:Principles of Penal Law 11531:Journal of Urban Health 10390:Social Science Research 10332:10.1111/1540-6237.00106 8846:. NPR. October 28, 2010 8751:Theoretical Criminology 8020:Plata v. Schwarzenegger 7734:Cindy Struckman-Johnson 7501:Medium-Security Prisons 6854:. London and New York: 5989:"ERO FY18 Achievements" 5900:Retrieved May 17, 2015. 5680: 5654: 5626: 5556: 5195:Zero-Tolerance Policies 5044:for all the years. And 4816:. Seven Stories Press. 3512:Inmate telephone system 2932:Principles of Penal Law 2778:tough on crime policies 2634:Broward County, Florida 2550: 2499:to garner more rights. 2397:under Attorney General 2083:Supreme Court of Norway 2018:Plata v. Schwarzenegger 1927:Mule Creek State Prison 1813:prison or area (called 1238:and forensic intensive 1200:psychotropic medication 1028:zero-tolerance policies 534:Incarcerated population 67:fewer persons in prison 18421:Environmental movement 18264:Health insurance costs 18159:Educational attainment 17684:Federal Reserve System 17642:Science and technology 17145:Insurance commissioner 16683:Intelligence Community 16378:minor outlying islands 16141:Civil rights movement 15248:Contemplative programs 14955:Youth detention center 14807:Prisoner of conscience 13473:Are Prisons Obsolete?. 12654:. Thomas Dunne Books. 11243:Psychological Bulletin 11054:10.1542/peds.2011-2662 10888:10.1542/peds.2012-0627 9497:Retrieved May 9, 2014. 9228:July 20, 2015, at the 8908:July 14, 2007, at the 8370:10.15585/mmwr.mm6919e1 7884:Marx, Rebecca (2009). 7425:. The Marshall Project 6892:July 14, 2018, at the 6474:"Jail Inmates in 2016" 6401:"Incarcerated America" 6050:Contemporary Sociology 5922:Law and Human Behavior 5912: 5861: 5830: 5785:Law and Human Behavior 5782: 5756: 5723: 5697: 5528: 4876:The Sentencing Project 4812:Davis, Angela (2003). 4629:counciloncj.foleon.com 3819:The Sentencing Project 3542:Prison advocacy groups 3291:The procedural use of 3214: 3103: 2977: 2896: 2842:Anti-social behaviours 2685: 2677: 2626: 2574: 2566: 2378: 2239: 2064: 1930: 1850:white collar criminals 1826: 1666: 1543: 1376: 1329:Determinate sentencing 1177:deinstitutionalization 174: 155: 50: 18247:Immigrant health care 17762:Transportation safety 17757:Transportation policy 17747:Public transportation 16817:President pro tempore 16673:Executive departments 16442:National Park Service 16097:Territorial evolution 15499:Prison-Ashram Project 13659:Duke University Press 13181:. September 30, 2022. 12926:Duke University Press 12871:(December 29, 2014). 12386:Geographica Helvetica 11888:10.1300/j076v43n01_05 11815:Perry, Bruce (2013). 10591:The American Prospect 10245:. September 13, 2016. 10225:. February 28, 2008. 10185:National Public Radio 10169:National Public Radio 10125:. See Table 7 of the 10100:National Public Radio 10081:National Public Radio 9689:. September 20, 2016. 9200:June 7, 2015, at the 9009:Page, Joshua (2011). 8871:National Public Radio 8427:10.1093/jahist/jav226 8283:. Grist Magazine, Inc 7527:Retrieved 15 May 2024 7515:Retrieved 15 May 2024 7503:Retrieved 15 May 2024 7473:Retrieved 15 May 2024 7300:The Caging of America 7222:(February 28, 2008). 6495:www.prisonstudies.org 6314:. See Table 3 of the 6115:(December 15, 2017). 6031:How The Program Works 5356:on September 2, 2019. 5331:on September 2, 2019. 4814:Are Prisons Obsolete? 4661:"Search Publications" 4354:Dickie, John (2007). 4233:on September 11, 2016 4075:Politics & Gender 3950:"Search Publications" 3627:Prisons in California 3536:Kids for cash scandal 3388:Further information: 3202: 3087: 3036:environmental justice 2975: 2894: 2683: 2671: 2630:Lubbock County, Texas 2621:National Public Radio 2612: 2572: 2558: 2519:another prison strike 2373: 2350:Kids for cash scandal 2275:. The aforementioned 2230: 2162:Reagan Administration 2061:Orleans Parish Prison 2058: 1925:Living facilities in 1924: 1907:Further information: 1824: 1763:Security Housing Unit 1664: 1639:The Caging of America 1541: 1474:equivalent programs, 1368: 1144:gender non-conforming 1116:LGBT people in prison 1114:Further information: 530:government control." 172: 153: 48: 18416:Environmental issues 18081:Political ideologies 17980:Indigenous languages 17180:List of legislatures 16977:separation of powers 16678:Independent agencies 16604:World Heritage Sites 16239:September 11 attacks 16162:Spanish–American War 16102:Mexican–American War 16058:Confederation period 15989:Continental Congress 15683:Ireland, Republic of 15373:Solitary confinement 14934:Prisoner-of-war camp 14666:United States portal 14575:District of Columbia 14227:United States portal 14083:District of Columbia 13676:Carceral Capitalism. 13576:Pfaff, John (2017). 13142:on December 21, 2012 12577:Public Safety Canada 12319:Critical Criminology 11184:Health & Justice 10513:on February 21, 2020 10471:Civil Rights Journal 10183:. January 20, 2010. 9597:. pp. 270–271. 9376:on December 17, 2017 9270:. Sanders.senate.gov 7798:"Sick on the Inside" 7774:on February 17, 2012 7680:on February 18, 2011 7654:on December 15, 2007 7452:. Injustice Security 6802:on December 14, 2011 5735:on February 17, 2015 5144:www.prisonpolicy.org 4944:102.1 (2015): 25–33. 4759:Cyndi Banks (2003). 4191:(October 19, 2000). 4158:(October 19, 2000). 3922:"Prisoners, 1925–81" 3398:, a division of the 3111:victimless offenders 2265:Fidelity Investments 2123:Conditions for Women 2113:pandemic in the U.S. 1895:, together with the 1804:solitary confinement 1754:corrections officers 1717:improve this article 1476:vocational education 1305:Princeton University 1228:mental health courts 1196:solitary confinement 1155:solitary confinement 621:White (non-Hispanic) 510:, which established 18259:Health care finance 17752:Rail transportation 17518:Imperial presidency 17240:State constitutions 17185:List of legislators 17135:Auditor/Comptroller 17108:Lieutenant governor 16834:Library of Congress 16725:Diplomatic Security 16368:Indian reservations 16031:American Revolution 15550:Prison Reform Trust 14616:Military facilities 14607:U.S. Virgin Islands 14124:U.S. Virgin Islands 13769:pre-trial detainees 13639:Prisons of Poverty. 13476:Seven Stories Press 13427:Alexander, Michelle 13306:(August 23, 2019). 13117:Wall Street Journal 12790:Oklahoma Law Review 12733:The Washington Post 12708:on October 28, 2010 12583:on February 4, 2009 12163:. November 23, 2015 11833:on October 22, 2018 10261:The Washington Post 10243:The Huffington Post 9950:Wall Street Journal 9947:. August 18, 2014. 9666:September 16, 2016. 9587:Anderson, Elizabeth 9533:The Huffington Post 9493:The Huffington Post 9060:The Huffington Post 8957:The Palm Beach Post 8729:Al Jazeera America. 8710:The Huffington Post 8535:Smith and Hattery. 8337:September 28, 2016. 8255:The Washington Post 8067:on January 21, 2014 7599:. December 17, 2002 6356:Wall Street Journal 6282:on October 27, 2011 6270:"Prisoners in 2009" 6151:Poverty, by America 5563:The Huffington Post 5402:on October 21, 2017 5349:The Washington Post 5193:David M. Pedersen, 5104:The Huffington Post 4991:The Huffington Post 4189:Christianson, Scott 4156:Christianson, Scott 4113:The New York Times. 4055:The Huffington Post 4005:The Tampa Bay Times 3372:after the death of 2939:Incarceration phase 2730:drug rehabilitation 2623:, January 22, 2010. 2502:In September 2016, 2458:Chevron Corporation 2247:which rebranded as 2041:Cutter v. Wilkinson 2029:prison overcrowding 1426:Pre-trial detention 1418:. According to the 253: 18369:affirmative action 18342:Capital punishment 18301:Poverty and health 18296:Physician shortage 18269:Health care prices 18199:Standard of living 17882:standard of living 17689:Financial position 17316:Hawaiian home land 17304:Indian reservation 17277:Tribal sovereignty 17120:Secretary of state 16989:United States Code 16905:Territorial courts 16877:Associate Justices 16762:Inspector generals 16249:War in Afghanistan 16112:Reconstruction era 15979:Stamp Act Congress 15557:WriteAPrisoner.com 15320:Protective custody 14869:Extermination camp 14800:Political prisoner 13622:Spiegel & Grau 13372:on October 9, 2014 12891:Marie Gottschalk. 12837:Prisons of Poverty 12628:Human Rights Watch 12091:press.uchicago.edu 11386:10.1111/soc4.12440 10764:www.childstats.gov 10720:10.1111/jomf.12464 10597:on October 1, 2011 10204:on August 23, 2011 10019:. A notice by the 10004:▲Church Publishing 9968:▲Church Publishing 9648:September 9, 2016. 9566:Marie Gottschalk. 8823:Spiegel & Grau 8670:The New York Times 8646:The Clarion-Ledger 8569:Marie Gottschalk. 8092:The New York Times 8041:The New York Times 7970:. Associated Press 7850:Al Jazeera America 7745:The Prison Journal 7187:The Times-Picayune 7137:World Prison Brief 7121:World Prison Brief 7105:World Prison Brief 7089:World Prison Brief 7073:World Prison Brief 7042:World Prison Brief 7026:World Prison Brief 7010:World Prison Brief 6978:U.S. Census Bureau 6954:BJS Statisticians. 6937:World Prison Brief 6672:Sociological Forum 6404:Human Rights Watch 5962:Carroll, Heather. 5934:10.1037/lhb0000075 5896:Al Jazeera America 5342:Balingit, Moriah. 5319:Balingit, Moriah. 5255:Clayton County, GA 5245:Catherine Y. Kim, 5084:Al Jazeera America 4957:. NYU Press, 2008. 4851:on August 27, 2023 4487:Human Rights Watch 4383:World Prison Brief 4340:10.5070/LP63259632 4135:yalebooks.yale.edu 3902:. February 6, 2017 3801:WPB main data page 3797:World Prison Brief 3758:The New York Times 3548:November Coalition 3247:. On December 21, 3220:(August 3, 2008), 2987:Washington (state) 2978: 2901:flashbulb memories 2897: 2793:Impact on children 2766:Michelle Alexander 2741:subsidized housing 2686: 2678: 2575: 2567: 2508:modern day slavery 2273:The Vanguard Group 2240: 2191:The Times-Picayune 2065: 2036:U.S. Supreme Court 1961:In August 2003, a 1935:Human Rights Watch 1931: 1893:WriteAPrisoner.com 1827: 1667: 1649:Archipelago under 1590:The Times-Picayune 1544: 1420:Human Rights Watch 1377: 1345:three strikes laws 1333:mandatory minimums 1224:diversion programs 1192:Human Rights Watch 992:private facilities 756:recreational drugs 610:Incarceration rate 595:% of US population 565:Race and ethnicity 251: 242:Sicilian Americans 206:Elmira Reformatory 175: 156: 130:. You can help by 78:World Prison Brief 51: 18:Mass incarceration 18544: 18543: 18504: 18503: 18500: 18499: 18470:National security 18179:Income inequality 18059:Statue of Liberty 17862:income inequality 17775: 17774: 17767:Trucking industry 17579: 17578: 17575: 17574: 17506:Foreign relations 17494:Electoral College 17475: 17474: 17263: 17262: 17215:District attorney 17062: 17061: 16889:Courts of appeals 16612: 16611: 16325: 16324: 16266:COVID-19 pandemic 16219:Feminist Movement 16065:American frontier 15984:Thirteen Colonies 15845: 15844: 15781:England and Wales 15521:Prison Legal News 15506:Prison Fellowship 15464:Justice Defenders 15134: 15133: 14738:Prison healthcare 14675: 14674: 14236: 14235: 14179:Civil confinement 14081:, Misdemeanants: 13532:Harcourt, Bernard 13512:. Book Hardcover 13399:. pp. 1B, 2B 13366:The Feminist Wire 12804:– via SSRN. 12661:978-0-312-26811-4 12245:Prisoners in 2013 12210:Prisoners in 2013 12017:www.pewtrusts.org 11583:"Health Literacy" 11380:(12): 1102–1109. 11374:Sociology Compass 10882:(4): e1188–1195. 10552:Crime and Justice 10347:Justice Quarterly 9473:978-0-7567-0060-7 9217:, crossposted on 8995:, June 20, 2010, 8475:Harcourt, Bernard 8308:Around the Nation 7891:The Village Voice 7870:Prison Legal News 7803:Harper's Magazine 7282:978-0-7679-0056-0 7255:978-1-4051-1337-3 6873:978-0-41-567344-0 6576:. March 31, 2020. 5763:The Seattle Times 5498:978-0-275-97123-6 4953:Potter, Hillary. 4772:978-1-57607-929-4 4745:978-1-58826-228-8 4610:978-0-309-69337-0 4583:978-0-309-29801-8 4365:978-0-340-93526-2 3793:Highest to Lowest 3524:Prison Legal News 3366:#BlackLivesMatter 3065:Eighth Amendment. 2837:positive feedback 2829:anxiety disorders 2706:prisoner re-entry 2438:Victoria's Secret 2331:Cornell Companies 2300:three-strike laws 2244:Dartmouth College 1758:Bureau of Prisons 1749: 1748: 1741: 1629:Steven Rosefielde 1615:system, when the 1565:England and Wales 1277:Class and poverty 1183:According to the 1161:Mentally disabled 1074:elderly prisoners 985:life imprisonment 967: 966: 767:Hispanic American 745: 744: 667: 666: 487: 486: 230:racial capitalism 148: 147: 16:(Redirected from 18603: 18573: 18572: 18561: 18560: 18559: 18552: 18524: 18517: 18404:African American 18286:Health insurance 18174:Household income 18044:National symbols 17975:American English 17948:Federal holidays 17857:household income 17790: 17789: 17786: 17785: 17590: 17589: 17528:Anti-Americanism 17452:Special district 17379:Independent city 17348:County executive 17331: 17330: 17125:Attorney general 17084: 17083: 17073:Federal District 16656:Executive Office 16636: 16635: 16627: 16626: 16623: 16622: 16383:populated places 16363:federal enclaves 16358:federal district 16336: 16335: 16199:American Century 16182:Great Depression 16177:Roaring Twenties 16137:Women's suffrage 16016:Halifax Resolves 16009:Founding Fathers 16004:military history 15969:Pre-colonial era 15893: 15892: 15872: 15865: 15858: 15849: 15848: 15838: 15834: 15833: 15826: 15822: 15821: 15806: 15797: 15790: 15788:Northern Ireland 15783: 15776: 15769: 15764: 15757: 15748: 15741: 15734: 15727: 15720: 15713: 15706: 15699: 15692: 15685: 15678: 15671: 15664: 15657: 15650: 15643: 15636: 15616: 15609: 15602: 15584: 15577: 15559: 15552: 15545: 15538: 15531: 15524: 15515: 15508: 15501: 15494: 15487: 15480: 15473: 15466: 15459: 15452: 15445: 15438: 15431: 15410: 15403: 15396: 15389: 15382: 15375: 15368: 15361: 15352: 15345: 15336: 15329: 15322: 15313: 15306: 15299: 15292: 15285: 15278: 15271: 15264: 15257: 15250: 15241: 15234: 15216: 15209: 15202: 15193: 15186: 15179: 15170: 15163: 15156: 15149: 15127: 15118: 15111: 15091: 15084: 15077: 15070: 15063: 15056: 15049: 15042: 15035: 15028: 15010: 15003: 14996: 14994:Maximum security 14989: 14982: 14975: 14957: 14950: 14943: 14936: 14929: 14922: 14913: 14906: 14899: 14892: 14885: 14878: 14871: 14864: 14857: 14850: 14837: 14836: 14823: 14816: 14809: 14802: 14795: 14788: 14781: 14774: 14754: 14747: 14740: 14733: 14726: 14702: 14695: 14688: 14679: 14678: 14663: 14662: 14651: 14650: 14639: 14638: 14567:Federal district 14263: 14256: 14249: 14240: 14239: 14224: 14223: 14212: 14211: 14200: 14199: 14134:Military prisons 14072:Federal district 13752: 13745: 13738: 13729: 13728: 13716: 13591: 13465: 13409: 13408: 13406: 13404: 13388: 13382: 13381: 13379: 13377: 13368:. Archived from 13357: 13351: 13350: 13348: 13346: 13331: 13325: 13324: 13322: 13320: 13300: 13294: 13293: 13281: 13275: 13274: 13272: 13270: 13259: 13253: 13252: 13250: 13248: 13238: 13230: 13217: 13216: 13214: 13212: 13196: 13183: 13182: 13175: 13169: 13168: 13166: 13158: 13152: 13151: 13149: 13147: 13128: 13122: 13121: 13107: 13101: 13100: 13092: 13086: 13069: 13063: 13062: 13060: 13058: 13044: 13038: 13037: 13021: 13015: 13014: 12987: 12981: 12970: 12964: 12953:Harper Perennial 12946: 12940: 12939: 12908: 12902: 12889: 12883: 12866: 12860: 12829: 12823: 12812: 12806: 12805: 12781: 12775: 12761: 12755: 12743: 12737: 12736: 12724: 12718: 12717: 12715: 12713: 12707: 12700: 12692: 12686: 12672: 12666: 12665: 12645: 12639: 12638: 12636: 12634: 12619: 12610: 12609: 12599: 12593: 12592: 12590: 12588: 12569: 12563: 12562: 12550: 12544: 12543: 12541: 12539: 12525: 12519: 12518: 12516: 12514: 12499: 12490: 12489: 12487: 12485: 12470: 12464: 12463: 12461: 12459: 12437: 12428: 12427: 12403: 12394: 12393: 12377: 12366: 12365: 12349: 12343: 12342: 12310: 12295: 12294: 12292: 12290: 12268:Race and Justice 12259: 12253: 12252: 12250: 12239: 12233: 12217: 12215: 12204: 12193: 12192: 12190: 12179: 12173: 12172: 12170: 12168: 12153: 12147: 12146: 12120: 12111: 12102: 12101: 12099: 12097: 12083: 12074: 12073: 12047: 12038: 12029: 12028: 12026: 12024: 12009: 12003: 12002: 12000: 11976: 11970: 11967: 11961: 11960: 11924: 11918: 11917: 11899: 11871: 11865: 11864: 11862: 11860: 11855:. April 26, 2016 11849: 11843: 11842: 11840: 11838: 11832: 11826:. Archived from 11821: 11812: 11806: 11803: 11797: 11794: 11788: 11787: 11777: 11737: 11731: 11728: 11722: 11721: 11713: 11707: 11704: 11698: 11697: 11695: 11693: 11684: 11676: 11670: 11667: 11661: 11660: 11658: 11656: 11647: 11638: 11632: 11631: 11605: 11599: 11598: 11596: 11594: 11589:. March 31, 2017 11579: 11573: 11572: 11562: 11522: 11513: 11512: 11464: 11458: 11457: 11409: 11398: 11397: 11369: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11351: 11345: 11334: 11328: 11327: 11291: 11285: 11284: 11274: 11255:10.1037/a0026407 11234: 11228: 11227: 11217: 11199: 11175: 11169: 11168: 11132: 11126: 11125: 11081: 11075: 11074: 11056: 11032: 11026: 11025: 11015: 10975: 10969: 10968: 10924: 10918: 10917: 10907: 10867: 10861: 10860: 10850: 10825:(5): 1186–1202. 10810: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10796: 10781: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10770: 10756: 10750: 10749: 10739: 10699: 10693: 10692: 10686: 10678: 10650: 10644: 10643: 10635: 10629: 10628: 10626: 10624: 10613: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10602: 10593:. Archived from 10582: 10576: 10575: 10543: 10537: 10536: 10529: 10523: 10522: 10520: 10518: 10502: 10496: 10495: 10481: 10475: 10474: 10466: 10460: 10459: 10451: 10442: 10441: 10433: 10427: 10412: 10406: 10405: 10396:(6): 1004–1014. 10385: 10379: 10378: 10342: 10336: 10335: 10315: 10309: 10308: 10286: 10280: 10279: 10272: 10266: 10252: 10246: 10236: 10230: 10220: 10214: 10213: 10211: 10209: 10194: 10188: 10178: 10172: 10162: 10153: 10143: 10137: 10109: 10103: 10093: 10084: 10074: 10068: 10059: 10053: 10036: 10030: 10026:Federal Register 10014: 10008: 9996: 9990: 9978: 9972: 9960: 9954: 9942: 9936: 9922: 9913: 9906:Internet Archive 9895: 9886: 9877: 9871: 9870: 9868: 9866: 9851: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9840: 9823: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9812: 9795: 9789: 9788: 9786: 9784: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9758: 9743: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9732: 9717: 9711: 9710: 9696: 9690: 9673: 9667: 9655: 9649: 9637: 9628: 9627: 9615: 9609: 9608: 9583: 9577: 9564: 9558: 9544: 9538: 9524: 9518: 9504: 9498: 9484: 9478: 9477: 9457: 9451: 9444: 9438: 9437: 9435: 9433: 9418: 9412: 9411: 9409: 9407: 9392: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9381: 9372:. Archived from 9359: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9333: 9327: 9321: 9315: 9314:August 18, 2016. 9305: 9299: 9298:August 12, 2016. 9289: 9283: 9277: 9271: 9265: 9259: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9239: 9233: 9221:, May 23, 2013, 9211: 9205: 9188: 9182: 9175: 9169: 9155: 9149: 9138: 9133: 9127: 9110: 9104: 9091: 9085: 9071: 9065: 9051: 9045: 9039: 9033: 9032: 9006: 9000: 8989: 8983: 8982: 8968: 8962: 8948: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8937: 8922: 8913: 8900: 8894: 8881: 8875: 8862: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8840: 8834: 8810: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8799: 8782: 8776: 8775: 8745: 8732: 8721: 8715: 8701: 8695: 8681: 8675: 8661: 8655: 8637: 8631: 8621: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8598: 8592:Shapiro, David. 8589: 8580: 8567: 8561: 8560: 8547: 8541: 8540: 8532: 8526: 8509: 8503: 8472: 8461: 8454: 8448: 8445: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8429: 8405: 8399: 8398: 8392: 8390: 8372: 8344: 8338: 8326: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8315: 8299: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8246: 8240: 8226: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8206:. Archived from 8204:Cannabis Culture 8195: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8159:. February 2012. 8153: 8147: 8146: 8138: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8109: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8083: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8063:. Archived from 8051: 8045: 8044: 8032: 8026: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8002: 7986: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7963: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7947:on June 19, 2006 7937: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7909: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7881: 7875: 7861: 7855: 7841: 7835: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7793: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7773: 7767:. Archived from 7742: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7650:. Archived from 7638: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7587: 7581: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7543: 7537: 7534: 7528: 7522: 7516: 7510: 7504: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7446: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7330: 7315: 7309: 7296: 7287: 7286: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7239: 7233: 7217: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7194:on March 3, 2015 7190:. Archived from 7177: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7149: 7140: 7130: 7124: 7114: 7108: 7098: 7092: 7082: 7076: 7066: 7060: 7051: 7045: 7035: 7029: 7019: 7013: 7003: 6997: 6987: 6981: 6974:Population Clock 6971: 6965: 6947: 6941: 6931:(PDF). From the 6925: 6919: 6906: 6897: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6845: 6834: 6833: 6827: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6801: 6794: 6785: 6776: 6775: 6739: 6730: 6729: 6705: 6696: 6695: 6663: 6652: 6651: 6641: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6593: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6571: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6450:. Archived from 6440: 6434: 6428: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6332: 6326: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6281: 6274: 6265: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6244:. March 16, 2016 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6208: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6189:on July 10, 2010 6188: 6181: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6146:Desmond, Matthew 6142: 6136: 6135: 6129: 6127: 6109: 6103: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6044: 6038: 6027: 6021: 6010: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5919: 5910: 5901: 5887: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5869: 5859: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5839: 5828: 5817: 5816: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5754: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5661: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5635: 5624: 5615: 5614: 5604: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5537: 5526: 5517: 5516: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5484: 5475: 5474: 5467: 5458: 5457: 5449: 5438: 5437: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5401: 5395:. Archived from 5394: 5385: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5352:. Archived from 5339: 5333: 5332: 5327:. Archived from 5316: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5295: 5289: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5264: 5258: 5243: 5237: 5225: 5219: 5212: 5206: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5167:Heitzeg, Nancy. 5164: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5135: 5122: 5115: 5109: 5095: 5089: 5075: 5069: 5055: 5049: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5018:10.15779/Z38F32G 5001: 4995: 4994: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4964: 4958: 4951: 4945: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4850: 4843: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4725: 4719: 4705: 4696: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4657: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4568: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4534: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4505: 4492: 4479: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4392: 4386: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4318: 4309: 4308: 4276: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4229:. Archived from 4218: 4209: 4208: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4127: 4116: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4066: 4060: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3860: 3851: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3810: 3804: 3790: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3723: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3695: 3662: 3651: 3480:Prisoner suicide 3445:Death in custody 3420:Military prisons 3378:police brutality 3350:'s Netflix film 3212: 3177:Bernard Harcourt 3131:Marie Gottschalk 3115:Criminal justice 3101: 3050:frequently. The 2959:Prisoner reentry 2935:of the people." 2917:Sentencing phase 2875:Policy solutions 2774:James Forman Jr. 2761:The New Jim Crow 2700:A 2010 study of 2624: 2474:Costco Wholesale 2277:Bloomberg report 2269:General Electric 2204:Bloomberg report 2181:Marie Gottschalk 2013:Eighth Amendment 1878:maximum security 1846:minimum security 1811:maximum security 1744: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1724: 1701: 1693: 1653:at its height." 1503:prison education 1499:RAND Corporation 1468:Prison education 1463:Prison education 1457:Prison education 1208:bipolar disorder 1125:criminal justice 987:without parole. 975:criminal justice 804: 803: 688: 687: 579: 578: 254: 250: 202:Zebulon Brockway 143: 140: 122: 115: 96:as of 2016. The 90:debtor's prisons 21: 18611: 18610: 18606: 18605: 18604: 18602: 18601: 18600: 18581: 18580: 18579: 18567: 18557: 18555: 18547: 18545: 18540: 18527: 18520: 18513: 18496: 18482:Opioid epidemic 18399:Native American 18379:intersex rights 18330: 18326:Life expectancy 18316:Medical deserts 18306:Race and health 18203: 18189:Personal income 18135: 18039:National anthem 17872:personal income 17837:Economic issues 17771: 17723: 17571: 17471: 17460:School district 17446: 17429:Minor divisions 17423: 17362: 17320: 17259: 17245:Statutory codes 17226: 17189: 17166: 17076: 17071: 17058: 16993: 16950:civil liberties 16931: 16922:Other tribunals 16901:District courts 16853: 16812:current members 16795:current members 16776: 16710:Law enforcement 16608: 16321: 16270: 16261:Great Recession 16132:Progressive Era 16122:Native genocide 16053:Perpetual Union 16041:Treaty of Paris 15999:United Colonies 15957: 15882: 15876: 15846: 15841: 15829: 15817: 15809: 15802: 15793: 15786: 15779: 15772: 15767: 15760: 15753: 15744: 15737: 15730: 15723: 15716: 15709: 15702: 15695: 15688: 15681: 15674: 15667: 15660: 15653: 15646: 15639: 15632: 15619: 15612: 15605: 15598: 15587: 15580: 15573: 15562: 15555: 15548: 15541: 15534: 15527: 15518: 15511: 15504: 15497: 15490: 15483: 15476: 15469: 15462: 15455: 15448: 15441: 15434: 15426: 15415: 15406: 15401:Women in prison 15399: 15392: 15385: 15378: 15371: 15364: 15357: 15348: 15341: 15332: 15325: 15318: 15309: 15304:Private prisons 15302: 15295: 15288: 15281: 15274: 15267: 15260: 15253: 15246: 15237: 15230: 15219: 15212: 15205: 15198: 15189: 15182: 15175: 15166: 15159: 15152: 15145: 15130: 15123: 15114: 15107: 15094: 15087: 15080: 15073: 15066: 15059: 15052: 15045: 15038: 15031: 15024: 15013: 15006: 14999: 14992: 14985: 14978: 14971: 14965:Security levels 14960: 14953: 14946: 14939: 14932: 14925: 14918: 14909: 14902: 14895: 14888: 14881: 14874: 14867: 14860: 14853: 14846: 14826: 14819: 14814:Prisoner of war 14812: 14805: 14798: 14791: 14784: 14777: 14770: 14757: 14750: 14743: 14736: 14729: 14722: 14711: 14706: 14676: 14671: 14660: 14627: 14611: 14579: 14557: 14290: 14272: 14267: 14237: 14232: 14221: 14188: 14167: 14151: 14128: 14086: 14062: 13795: 13772: 13761: 13756: 13709:Morris, M. W., 13588: 13580:. Basic Books. 13462: 13449: 13423: 13418: 13416:Further reading 13413: 13412: 13402: 13400: 13389: 13385: 13375: 13373: 13358: 13354: 13344: 13342: 13340:Washington Post 13332: 13328: 13318: 13316: 13313:Chicago Tribune 13301: 13297: 13282: 13278: 13268: 13266: 13261: 13260: 13256: 13246: 13244: 13236: 13232: 13231: 13220: 13210: 13208: 13197: 13186: 13177: 13176: 13172: 13164: 13160: 13159: 13155: 13145: 13143: 13136:Washington Post 13130: 13129: 13125: 13108: 13104: 13093: 13089: 13085:March 17, 2013. 13070: 13066: 13056: 13054: 13046: 13045: 13041: 13022: 13018: 13011: 13003:. p. 132. 12988: 12984: 12971: 12967: 12947: 12943: 12936: 12909: 12905: 12890: 12886: 12867: 12863: 12844:Wayback Machine 12830: 12826: 12813: 12809: 12782: 12778: 12762: 12758: 12744: 12740: 12725: 12721: 12711: 12709: 12705: 12698: 12694: 12693: 12689: 12673: 12669: 12662: 12646: 12642: 12632: 12630: 12620: 12613: 12601: 12600: 12596: 12586: 12584: 12571: 12570: 12566: 12551: 12547: 12537: 12535: 12527: 12526: 12522: 12512: 12510: 12500: 12493: 12483: 12481: 12472: 12471: 12467: 12457: 12455: 12439: 12438: 12431: 12404: 12397: 12378: 12369: 12350: 12346: 12311: 12298: 12288: 12286: 12260: 12256: 12248: 12240: 12236: 12213: 12205: 12196: 12188: 12180: 12176: 12166: 12164: 12155: 12154: 12150: 12135:10.2307/3088944 12118: 12112: 12105: 12095: 12093: 12085: 12084: 12077: 12045: 12039: 12032: 12022: 12020: 12011: 12010: 12006: 11977: 11973: 11968: 11964: 11925: 11921: 11872: 11868: 11858: 11856: 11851: 11850: 11846: 11836: 11834: 11830: 11819: 11813: 11809: 11804: 11800: 11795: 11791: 11738: 11734: 11729: 11725: 11714: 11710: 11705: 11701: 11691: 11689: 11682: 11678: 11677: 11673: 11668: 11664: 11654: 11652: 11650:Urban Institute 11645: 11639: 11635: 11620: 11606: 11602: 11592: 11590: 11581: 11580: 11576: 11523: 11516: 11465: 11461: 11424:(11): 912–919. 11410: 11401: 11370: 11366: 11358: 11352: 11348: 11335: 11331: 11292: 11288: 11235: 11231: 11176: 11172: 11133: 11129: 11082: 11078: 11047:(1): e224–231. 11033: 11029: 10976: 10972: 10925: 10921: 10868: 10864: 10811: 10804: 10794: 10792: 10782: 10778: 10768: 10766: 10758: 10757: 10753: 10700: 10696: 10680: 10679: 10667: 10651: 10647: 10636: 10632: 10622: 10620: 10614: 10610: 10600: 10598: 10583: 10579: 10544: 10540: 10531: 10530: 10526: 10516: 10514: 10503: 10499: 10491:The Denver Post 10482: 10478: 10467: 10463: 10452: 10445: 10434: 10430: 10413: 10409: 10386: 10382: 10343: 10339: 10316: 10312: 10287: 10283: 10274: 10273: 10269: 10253: 10249: 10237: 10233: 10221: 10217: 10207: 10205: 10196: 10195: 10191: 10179: 10175: 10163: 10156: 10152:. October 2021. 10144: 10140: 10134:Wayback Machine 10119:Wayback Machine 10110: 10106: 10094: 10087: 10075: 10071: 10060: 10056: 10046:Wayback Machine 10037: 10033: 10015: 10011: 9997: 9993: 9979: 9975: 9961: 9957: 9943: 9939: 9923: 9916: 9896: 9889: 9878: 9874: 9864: 9862: 9852: 9848: 9838: 9836: 9824: 9820: 9810: 9808: 9796: 9792: 9782: 9780: 9770: 9766: 9756: 9754: 9744: 9740: 9730: 9728: 9718: 9714: 9697: 9693: 9683:Wayback Machine 9674: 9670: 9656: 9652: 9638: 9631: 9624:Washington Post 9616: 9612: 9605: 9584: 9580: 9565: 9561: 9545: 9541: 9525: 9521: 9505: 9501: 9485: 9481: 9474: 9458: 9454: 9445: 9441: 9431: 9429: 9427:www.reuters.com 9419: 9415: 9405: 9403: 9393: 9389: 9379: 9377: 9360: 9356: 9346: 9344: 9334: 9330: 9322: 9318: 9306: 9302: 9290: 9286: 9278: 9274: 9266: 9262: 9252: 9250: 9240: 9236: 9230:Wayback Machine 9212: 9208: 9202:Wayback Machine 9189: 9185: 9176: 9172: 9156: 9152: 9136: 9134: 9130: 9111: 9107: 9092: 9088: 9072: 9068: 9052: 9048: 9040: 9036: 9029: 9007: 9003: 8990: 8986: 8969: 8965: 8949: 8945: 8935: 8933: 8923: 8916: 8910:Wayback Machine 8901: 8897: 8882: 8878: 8863: 8859: 8849: 8847: 8842: 8841: 8837: 8811: 8807: 8797: 8795: 8783: 8779: 8746: 8735: 8722: 8718: 8702: 8698: 8682: 8678: 8662: 8658: 8638: 8634: 8622: 8615: 8605: 8603: 8596: 8590: 8583: 8568: 8564: 8548: 8544: 8533: 8529: 8510: 8506: 8473: 8464: 8456:Khalek, Rania. 8455: 8451: 8446: 8442: 8432: 8430: 8406: 8402: 8388: 8386: 8345: 8341: 8327: 8323: 8313: 8311: 8300: 8296: 8286: 8284: 8273: 8269: 8259: 8257: 8247: 8243: 8227: 8223: 8213: 8211: 8196: 8192: 8182: 8180: 8168: 8164: 8155: 8154: 8150: 8139: 8132: 8122: 8120: 8111: 8110: 8106: 8096: 8094: 8084: 8080: 8070: 8068: 8053: 8052: 8048: 8033: 8029: 8014: 8010: 8000: 7998: 7987: 7983: 7973: 7971: 7964: 7960: 7950: 7948: 7939: 7938: 7934: 7924: 7922: 7910: 7906: 7896: 7894: 7882: 7878: 7862: 7858: 7842: 7838: 7822: 7818: 7808: 7806: 7794: 7787: 7777: 7775: 7771: 7740: 7731: 7727: 7717: 7715: 7710: 7709: 7705: 7697: 7693: 7683: 7681: 7672: 7671: 7667: 7657: 7655: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7625: 7623: 7616: 7612: 7602: 7600: 7589: 7588: 7584: 7571: 7567: 7544: 7540: 7535: 7531: 7523: 7519: 7511: 7507: 7499: 7495: 7482: 7481: 7477: 7469: 7465: 7455: 7453: 7448: 7447: 7438: 7428: 7426: 7419: 7415: 7405: 7403: 7393: 7389: 7382: 7368: 7364: 7354: 7352: 7343: 7342: 7338: 7328: 7326: 7316: 7312: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7267: 7263: 7256: 7240: 7236: 7218: 7207: 7197: 7195: 7178: 7169: 7159: 7157: 7150: 7143: 7131: 7127: 7115: 7111: 7099: 7095: 7083: 7079: 7067: 7063: 7052: 7048: 7036: 7032: 7020: 7016: 7004: 7000: 6988: 6984: 6972: 6968: 6948: 6944: 6940:and sentenced." 6926: 6922: 6907: 6900: 6894:Wayback Machine 6885: 6881: 6874: 6846: 6837: 6825: 6819: 6815: 6805: 6803: 6799: 6792: 6786: 6779: 6764: 6740: 6733: 6706: 6699: 6678:(S1): 589–611. 6664: 6655: 6639: 6633: 6629: 6619: 6617: 6607: 6603: 6591: 6585: 6581: 6569: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6550: 6548: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6525: 6523: 6513: 6509: 6499: 6497: 6489: 6488: 6484: 6476: 6472: 6471: 6467: 6457: 6455: 6442: 6441: 6437: 6429: 6422: 6414: 6410: 6399: 6395: 6385: 6383: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6333: 6329: 6323:Wayback Machine 6308:Wayback Machine 6299: 6295: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6266: 6257: 6247: 6245: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6221: 6219: 6210: 6209: 6202: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6173: 6169: 6162: 6143: 6139: 6125: 6123: 6110: 6106: 6090: 6086: 6045: 6041: 6028: 6024: 6011: 6007: 5997: 5995: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5972: 5970: 5960: 5956: 5946: 5944: 5917: 5911: 5904: 5888: 5884: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5829: 5820: 5781: 5777: 5767: 5765: 5755: 5748: 5738: 5736: 5722: 5718: 5708: 5706: 5704:Huffington Post 5696: 5692: 5679: 5675: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5649: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5625: 5618: 5581: 5577: 5567: 5565: 5555: 5551: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5527: 5520: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5499: 5485: 5478: 5469: 5468: 5461: 5454:Race in America 5450: 5441: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5415: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5386: 5379: 5371: 5365: 5361: 5340: 5336: 5325:Washington Post 5317: 5310: 5302: 5296: 5292: 5283: 5279: 5271: 5265: 5261: 5244: 5240: 5226: 5222: 5218:(2nd ed. 2007). 5213: 5209: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5165: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5136: 5125: 5116: 5112: 5096: 5092: 5076: 5072: 5056: 5052: 5029: 5025: 5002: 4998: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4965: 4961: 4952: 4948: 4939: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4921:Washington Post 4913: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4895:Washington Post 4887: 4883: 4868: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4810: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4784: 4780: 4773: 4757: 4753: 4746: 4738:. p. vii. 4726: 4722: 4706: 4699: 4683: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4659: 4658: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4570: 4569: 4556: 4546: 4544: 4536: 4535: 4528: 4518: 4516: 4506: 4495: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4419: 4415: 4405: 4403: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4352: 4348: 4319: 4312: 4277: 4270: 4261: 4259: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4234: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4129: 4128: 4119: 4106: 4102: 4067: 4063: 4047: 4043: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4011:on July 6, 2010 3997: 3993: 3983: 3981: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3956: 3948: 3947: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3874: 3870: 3858: 3852: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3811: 3807: 3791: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3724: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3697: 3696: 3665: 3652: 3645: 3640: 3436: 3428: 3422: 3414: 3408: 3392: 3386: 3384:Federal prisons 3337:'s 2019 album, 3305: 3297:cavity searches 3289: 3272: 3213: 3208: 3165:and underpaid, 3102: 3097: 3086: 3076: 3044:Clean Water Act 3032: 2995: 2970: 2961: 2955: 2941: 2919: 2889: 2877: 2868:health literacy 2855: 2821:law enforcement 2795: 2786: 2749:criminal record 2721: 2691: 2666: 2660: 2625: 2619: 2553: 2466:Koch Industries 2462:Bank of America 2422: 2416: 2362:Michael Conahan 2358:Mark Ciavarella 2284:Arizona SB 1070 2261:Bank of America 2154: 2148: 2142: 2125: 2047:According to a 1975:". Prisons may 1919: 1905: 1858: 1838:medium security 1788:A.D.X. Florence 1774:Supermax prison 1745: 1734: 1728: 1725: 1714: 1702: 1691: 1689:Security levels 1678: 1672: 1659: 1556: 1550: 1536: 1518: 1512: 1465: 1459: 1428: 1372:, study by the 1359: 1353: 1325: 1319: 1314: 1301:Matthew Desmond 1279: 1259: 1253: 1240:case management 1169: 1163: 1118: 1112: 1062: 1023: 1017: 971:juvenile courts 808: 802: 796: 775:Washington Post 751: 701: 694: 692: 686: 612: 604: 590:Race, ethnicity 577: 567: 562: 542: 536: 527:Valerie Jenness 488: 246:rehabilitation. 216:and during the 144: 138: 135: 128:needs expansion 113: 107: 41: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18609: 18599: 18598: 18593: 18578: 18577: 18565: 18542: 18541: 18539: 18538: 18533: 18526: 18525: 18518: 18510: 18509: 18506: 18505: 18502: 18501: 18498: 18497: 18495: 18494: 18489: 18484: 18479: 18478: 18477: 18467: 18466: 18465: 18455: 18450: 18445: 18440: 18438:Mass shootings 18435: 18430: 18429: 18428: 18426:Climate change 18423: 18413: 18408: 18407: 18406: 18401: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18371: 18364:Discrimination 18361: 18356: 18355: 18354: 18344: 18338: 18336: 18332: 18331: 18329: 18328: 18323: 18318: 18313: 18308: 18303: 18298: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18277: 18276: 18271: 18266: 18256: 18255: 18254: 18249: 18244: 18239: 18234: 18229: 18219: 18213: 18211: 18205: 18204: 18202: 18201: 18196: 18191: 18186: 18181: 18176: 18171: 18166: 18161: 18156: 18154:American Dream 18151: 18145: 18143: 18137: 18136: 18134: 18133: 18128: 18123: 18121:Transportation 18118: 18113: 18108: 18103: 18098: 18093: 18088: 18083: 18078: 18073: 18068: 18067: 18066: 18061: 18056: 18054:Mount Rushmore 18051: 18041: 18036: 18031: 18026: 18025: 18024: 18019: 18014: 18009: 18004: 17994: 17989: 17988: 17987: 17982: 17977: 17967: 17962: 17957: 17952: 17951: 17950: 17940: 17935: 17934: 17933: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17912: 17911: 17906: 17896: 17895: 17894: 17889: 17884: 17879: 17874: 17869: 17864: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17834: 17829: 17824: 17819: 17814: 17809: 17804: 17798: 17796: 17783: 17777: 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17261: 17260: 17258: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17236: 17234: 17228: 17227: 17225: 17224: 17223: 17222: 17212: 17211: 17210: 17208:Chief justices 17203:Supreme courts 17199: 17197: 17191: 17190: 17188: 17187: 17182: 17176: 17174: 17168: 17167: 17165: 17164: 17163: 17162: 17152: 17147: 17142: 17137: 17132: 17127: 17122: 17117: 17116: 17115: 17105: 17104: 17103: 17092: 17090: 17081: 17064: 17063: 17060: 17059: 17057: 17056: 17051: 17046: 17045: 17044: 17042:National Guard 17039: 17034: 17029: 17024: 17019: 17014: 17003: 17001: 16995: 16994: 16992: 16991: 16986: 16985: 16984: 16979: 16974: 16969: 16959: 16954: 16953: 16952: 16945:Bill of Rights 16941: 16939: 16933: 16932: 16930: 16929: 16924: 16919: 16918: 16917: 16915:list of judges 16912: 16910:list of courts 16898: 16897: 16896: 16894:list of judges 16886: 16885: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16863: 16861: 16855: 16854: 16852: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16829:Capitol Police 16826: 16825: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16804: 16803: 16802: 16797: 16786: 16784: 16778: 16777: 16775: 16774: 16769: 16764: 16759: 16758: 16757: 16752: 16750:Secret Service 16747: 16742: 16737: 16732: 16727: 16722: 16717: 16707: 16706: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16665: 16663:Vice President 16660: 16659: 16658: 16653: 16642: 16640: 16633: 16620: 16614: 16613: 16610: 16609: 16607: 16606: 16601: 16596: 16591: 16590: 16589: 16584: 16579: 16574: 16569: 16564: 16559: 16554: 16543: 16542: 16541: 16536: 16531: 16526: 16521: 16516: 16511: 16506: 16501: 16496: 16491: 16486: 16481: 16476: 16471: 16466: 16461: 16451: 16450: 16449: 16447:National Parks 16439: 16438: 16437: 16432: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16407: 16402: 16400:Extreme points 16397: 16392: 16391: 16390: 16385: 16380: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16360: 16355: 16350: 16339: 16333: 16327: 16326: 16323: 16322: 16320: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16278: 16276: 16272: 16271: 16269: 16268: 16263: 16258: 16257: 16256: 16251: 16241: 16236: 16231: 16226: 16221: 16216: 16211: 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15575:Rehabilitation 15570: 15568: 15567:Leaving prison 15564: 15563: 15561: 15560: 15553: 15546: 15539: 15532: 15525: 15516: 15509: 15502: 15495: 15488: 15481: 15474: 15467: 15460: 15457:Justice Action 15453: 15446: 15439: 15436:Black and Pink 15432: 15423: 15421: 15417: 15416: 15414: 15413: 15412: 15411: 15397: 15390: 15383: 15376: 15369: 15362: 15355: 15354: 15353: 15339: 15338: 15337: 15323: 15316: 15315: 15314: 15300: 15293: 15286: 15279: 15272: 15265: 15258: 15251: 15244: 15243: 15242: 15227: 15225: 15221: 15220: 15218: 15217: 15210: 15203: 15196: 15195: 15194: 15187: 15173: 15172: 15171: 15157: 15150: 15142: 15140: 15136: 15135: 15132: 15131: 15129: 15128: 15121: 15120: 15119: 15109:Prison escapes 15104: 15102: 15096: 15095: 15093: 15092: 15085: 15078: 15071: 15064: 15057: 15050: 15043: 15036: 15029: 15021: 15019: 15015: 15014: 15012: 15011: 15004: 14997: 14990: 14983: 14976: 14968: 14966: 14962: 14961: 14959: 14958: 14951: 14944: 14937: 14930: 14923: 14916: 14915: 14914: 14907: 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May 24, 2016 12004: 11991:(4): 913–959. 11971: 11962: 11919: 11866: 11844: 11807: 11798: 11789: 11732: 11723: 11708: 11699: 11671: 11662: 11633: 11619:978-0029110423 11618: 11600: 11574: 11537:(4): 547–555. 11514: 11459: 11399: 11364: 11346: 11329: 11302:(2): 163–174. 11286: 11249:(2): 175–210. 11229: 11170: 11143:(3): 350–357. 11127: 11092:(4): 289–309. 11076: 11027: 10970: 10935:(3): 302–319. 10919: 10862: 10802: 10776: 10751: 10714:(2): 478–498. 10694: 10665: 10645: 10630: 10608: 10577: 10564:10.1086/721018 10538: 10524: 10497: 10476: 10461: 10443: 10428: 10407: 10380: 10337: 10326:(3): 635–653. 10310: 10299:(2): 245–276. 10281: 10267: 10247: 10231: 10215: 10189: 10173: 10154: 10138: 10104: 10085: 10069: 10054: 10031: 10021:Prisons Bureau 10009: 9991: 9973: 9955: 9937: 9914: 9887: 9872: 9846: 9818: 9790: 9764: 9738: 9712: 9691: 9668: 9650: 9629: 9610: 9604:978-1009275439 9603: 9578: 9559: 9539: 9519: 9499: 9479: 9472: 9452: 9446:Nathan James. 9439: 9413: 9387: 9354: 9328: 9316: 9300: 9284: 9272: 9260: 9234: 9206: 9183: 9170: 9150: 9137:Prison Payback 9128: 9105: 9086: 9066: 9046: 9034: 9027: 9001: 8993:In These Times 8984: 8963: 8943: 8914: 8895: 8876: 8857: 8835: 8805: 8792:The Tennessean 8777: 8733: 8716: 8696: 8676: 8656: 8632: 8613: 8581: 8562: 8542: 8527: 8504: 8462: 8449: 8440: 8400: 8339: 8334:Democracy Now! 8321: 8294: 8281:Grist Magazine 8267: 8241: 8221: 8210:on May 2, 2013 8190: 8162: 8148: 8130: 8104: 8078: 8046: 8027: 8008: 7995:New York Times 7981: 7958: 7932: 7904: 7876: 7856: 7836: 7816: 7785: 7751:(4): 379–390. 7725: 7703: 7691: 7665: 7633: 7610: 7582: 7565: 7554:(4): 443–452. 7538: 7529: 7517: 7505: 7493: 7475: 7463: 7436: 7413: 7387: 7380: 7362: 7336: 7310: 7305:The New Yorker 7288: 7281: 7261: 7254: 7234: 7229:New York Times 7205: 7167: 7141: 7125: 7109: 7093: 7077: 7061: 7046: 7030: 7014: 6998: 6982: 6966: 6942: 6920: 6914:New York Times 6898: 6879: 6872: 6835: 6813: 6777: 6762: 6731: 6697: 6653: 6627: 6601: 6579: 6558: 6542:"Bail or Jail" 6533: 6507: 6482: 6465: 6454:on May 9, 2020 6435: 6420: 6408: 6393: 6368: 6342: 6335:"News brief". 6327: 6293: 6255: 6229: 6200: 6167: 6160: 6137: 6104: 6084: 6057:(3): 283–286. 6039: 6022: 6005: 5980: 5954: 5928:(5): 439–449. 5902: 5882: 5851: 5818: 5791:(2): 110–126. 5775: 5746: 5716: 5690: 5673: 5647: 5616: 5575: 5549: 5518: 5504: 5497: 5476: 5459: 5439: 5424: 5413: 5377: 5359: 5334: 5308: 5290: 5277: 5259: 5238: 5220: 5207: 5186: 5177: 5156: 5123: 5110: 5090: 5070: 5050: 5023: 4996: 4978: 4959: 4946: 4933: 4907: 4881: 4862: 4829: 4822: 4804: 4778: 4771: 4751: 4744: 4720: 4697: 4677: 4641: 4616: 4609: 4589: 4582: 4554: 4542:www.census.gov 4526: 4493: 4474: 4464: 4457: 4439: 4413: 4387: 4371: 4364: 4346: 4310: 4268: 4244: 4210: 4203: 4180: 4170: 4147: 4117: 4100: 4061: 4041: 4022: 3991: 3966: 3938: 3913: 3887: 3868: 3831: 3805: 3778: 3744: 3715: 3663: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3585:Penal populism 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3501:Administration 3498: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3485:Prisoner abuse 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3435: 3432: 3424:Main article: 3421: 3418: 3410:Main article: 3407: 3404: 3385: 3382: 3374:Trayvon Martin 3359:13th Amendment 3335:Raphael Saadiq 3325:Kendrick Lamar 3304: 3301: 3293:strip searches 3288: 3285: 3271: 3268: 3252:Myron Thompson 3206: 3095: 3075: 3072: 3031: 3028: 3012:Hispanic women 2994: 2991: 2983:nuclear family 2969: 2966: 2957:Main article: 2954: 2953:Re-entry phase 2951: 2940: 2937: 2918: 2915: 2888: 2885: 2876: 2873: 2854: 2851: 2794: 2791: 2785: 2782: 2720: 2717: 2690: 2687: 2659: 2656: 2617: 2552: 2549: 2545:13th amendment 2527:13th amendment 2415: 2412: 2390:Bernie Sanders 2288:Russell Pearce 2144:Main article: 2141: 2138: 2124: 2121: 2076:Solitary Watch 2059:Inmates in an 1952:Prison Journal 1904: 1901: 1857: 1856:Correspondence 1854: 1831:close security 1747: 1746: 1705: 1703: 1696: 1690: 1687: 1671: 1670:Prison systems 1668: 1658: 1655: 1634:The New Yorker 1625:Anne Applebaum 1599:New York Times 1546:Main article: 1535: 1532: 1514:Main article: 1511: 1508: 1461:Main article: 1458: 1455: 1441:Advocates for 1427: 1424: 1385:drug offenders 1352: 1349: 1321:Main article: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1278: 1275: 1255:Main article: 1252: 1249: 1173:mental illness 1165:Main article: 1162: 1159: 1111: 1108: 1080:and author of 1061: 1058: 1019:Main article: 1016: 1013: 973:and the adult 965: 964: 961: 958: 955: 951: 950: 947: 944: 941: 937: 936: 933: 930: 927: 923: 922: 919: 916: 913: 909: 908: 905: 902: 899: 895: 894: 891: 888: 885: 881: 880: 877: 874: 871: 867: 866: 863: 860: 857: 853: 852: 849: 846: 843: 839: 838: 835: 832: 829: 825: 824: 821: 818: 815: 811: 810: 798:Main article: 795: 792: 782:incarcerated. 777:reported that 743: 742: 739: 736: 732: 731: 728: 725: 721: 720: 717: 714: 710: 709: 706: 703: 697: 696: 685: 682: 665: 664: 661: 658: 655: 649: 648: 645: 642: 639: 633: 632: 629: 626: 623: 617: 616: 607: 597: 592: 586: 585: 566: 563: 561: 558: 538:Main article: 535: 532: 485: 484: 481: 478: 474: 473: 470: 467: 463: 462: 459: 456: 452: 451: 448: 445: 441: 440: 437: 434: 430: 429: 426: 423: 419: 418: 415: 412: 408: 407: 404: 401: 397: 396: 393: 390: 386: 385: 382: 379: 375: 374: 371: 368: 364: 363: 360: 357: 353: 352: 349: 346: 342: 341: 338: 335: 331: 330: 327: 324: 320: 319: 316: 313: 309: 308: 305: 302: 298: 297: 294: 291: 287: 286: 283: 280: 276: 275: 272: 269: 265: 264: 261: 258: 249: 212:Following the 146: 145: 125: 123: 109:Main article: 106: 103: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18608: 18597: 18594: 18592: 18589: 18588: 18586: 18576: 18571: 18566: 18564: 18563:United States 18554: 18553: 18550: 18537: 18534: 18532: 18529: 18528: 18523: 18519: 18516: 18512: 18511: 18507: 18493: 18490: 18488: 18485: 18483: 18480: 18476: 18473: 18472: 18471: 18468: 18464: 18461: 18460: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18444: 18441: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18418: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18411:Energy policy 18409: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18366: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18353: 18352:incarceration 18350: 18349: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18340: 18339: 18337: 18333: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18319: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18275: 18272: 18270: 18267: 18265: 18262: 18261: 18260: 18257: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18238: 18237:Prenatal care 18235: 18233: 18232:Birth control 18230: 18228: 18225: 18224: 18223: 18220: 18218: 18215: 18214: 18212: 18210: 18206: 18200: 18197: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18187: 18185: 18182: 18180: 18177: 18175: 18172: 18170: 18169:Homeownership 18167: 18165: 18162: 18160: 18157: 18155: 18152: 18150: 18147: 18146: 18144: 18142: 18138: 18132: 18129: 18127: 18124: 18122: 18119: 18117: 18114: 18112: 18109: 18107: 18104: 18102: 18099: 18097: 18094: 18092: 18089: 18087: 18084: 18082: 18079: 18077: 18074: 18072: 18069: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18046: 18045: 18042: 18040: 18037: 18035: 18032: 18030: 18027: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17999: 17998: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17986: 17983: 17981: 17978: 17976: 17973: 17972: 17971: 17968: 17966: 17963: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17953: 17949: 17946: 17945: 17944: 17941: 17939: 17936: 17932: 17929: 17928: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17910: 17907: 17905: 17902: 17901: 17900: 17897: 17893: 17892:working class 17890: 17888: 17885: 17883: 17880: 17878: 17875: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17852:homeownership 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17839: 17838: 17835: 17833: 17830: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17800: 17799: 17797: 17795: 17791: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17778: 17768: 17765: 17763: 17760: 17758: 17755: 17753: 17750: 17748: 17745: 17743: 17740: 17738: 17735: 17734: 17732: 17730: 17726: 17720: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17710: 17707: 17705: 17702: 17700: 17697: 17695: 17692: 17690: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17677: 17675: 17672: 17670: 17667: 17665: 17662: 17658: 17655: 17653: 17650: 17648: 17645: 17643: 17640: 17638: 17635: 17633: 17632:Manufacturing 17630: 17628: 17625: 17623: 17620: 17618: 17615: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17605: 17603: 17600: 17599: 17598: 17595: 17594: 17591: 17588: 17586: 17582: 17568: 17565: 17561: 17560:Third parties 17558: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17547: 17546: 17543: 17539: 17536: 17534: 17531: 17529: 17526: 17525: 17524: 17521: 17519: 17516: 17512: 17509: 17508: 17507: 17504: 17500: 17497: 17495: 17492: 17491: 17490: 17487: 17485: 17482: 17481: 17478: 17466: 17463: 17462: 17461: 17458: 17457: 17455: 17453: 17449: 17443: 17440: 17438: 17435: 17434: 17432: 17430: 17426: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17372: 17371: 17369: 17365: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17340: 17338: 17336: 17332: 17329: 17327: 17323: 17317: 17314: 17310: 17307: 17306: 17305: 17302: 17298: 17295: 17293: 17290: 17288: 17285: 17284: 17283: 17280: 17278: 17275: 17274: 17272: 17270: 17266: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17237: 17235: 17233: 17229: 17221: 17218: 17217: 17216: 17213: 17209: 17206: 17205: 17204: 17201: 17200: 17198: 17196: 17192: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17177: 17175: 17173: 17169: 17161: 17158: 17157: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17118: 17114: 17111: 17110: 17109: 17106: 17102: 17099: 17098: 17097: 17094: 17093: 17091: 17089: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17074: 17069: 17065: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17028: 17025: 17023: 17020: 17018: 17015: 17013: 17010: 17009: 17008: 17005: 17004: 17002: 17000: 16996: 16990: 16987: 16983: 16980: 16978: 16975: 16973: 16970: 16968: 16965: 16964: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16951: 16948: 16947: 16946: 16943: 16942: 16940: 16938: 16934: 16928: 16927:U.S. attorney 16925: 16923: 16920: 16916: 16913: 16911: 16908: 16907: 16906: 16902: 16899: 16895: 16892: 16891: 16890: 16887: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16872:Chief Justice 16870: 16869: 16868: 16867:Supreme Court 16865: 16864: 16862: 16860: 16856: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16809: 16808: 16805: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16792: 16791: 16788: 16787: 16785: 16783: 16779: 16773: 16772:Public policy 16770: 16768: 16767:Civil service 16765: 16763: 16760: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16738: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16712: 16711: 16708: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16685: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16661: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16649: 16648: 16647: 16644: 16643: 16641: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16628: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16615: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16588: 16585: 16583: 16580: 16578: 16575: 16573: 16570: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16549: 16548: 16544: 16540: 16537: 16535: 16532: 16530: 16527: 16525: 16522: 16520: 16517: 16515: 16512: 16510: 16507: 16505: 16502: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16492: 16490: 16487: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16477: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16462: 16460: 16457: 16456: 16455: 16452: 16448: 16445: 16444: 16443: 16440: 16436: 16435:Sierra Nevada 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16412: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16373:insular zones 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16345: 16344: 16341: 16340: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16328: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16279: 16277: 16273: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16246: 16245: 16244:War on Terror 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16224:LGBT Movement 16222: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16193: 16190: 16189: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16142: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16100: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16085: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16072: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16059: 16056: 16054: 16051: 16050: 16049: 16046: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16033: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15976: 15975: 15972: 15970: 15967: 15966: 15964: 15960: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15946: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15914: 15911: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15900: 15898: 15894: 15891: 15889: 15885: 15880: 15879:United States 15873: 15868: 15866: 15861: 15859: 15854: 15853: 15850: 15837: 15828: 15825: 15816: 15815: 15812: 15805: 15804:United States 15801: 15796: 15792: 15789: 15785: 15782: 15778: 15775: 15771: 15770: 15766: 15763: 15759: 15756: 15752: 15747: 15743: 15742: 15740: 15736: 15733: 15729: 15726: 15722: 15719: 15715: 15712: 15708: 15705: 15701: 15698: 15694: 15691: 15687: 15684: 15680: 15677: 15673: 15670: 15666: 15663: 15659: 15656: 15652: 15649: 15645: 15642: 15638: 15635: 15631: 15630: 15628: 15626: 15622: 15615: 15611: 15608: 15604: 15601: 15597: 15596: 15594: 15590: 15583: 15579: 15576: 15572: 15571: 15569: 15565: 15558: 15554: 15551: 15547: 15544: 15540: 15537: 15533: 15530: 15526: 15523: 15522: 15517: 15514: 15510: 15507: 15503: 15500: 15496: 15493: 15489: 15486: 15482: 15479: 15475: 15472: 15468: 15465: 15461: 15458: 15454: 15451: 15447: 15444: 15440: 15437: 15433: 15429: 15425: 15424: 15422: 15420:Organizations 15418: 15409: 15408:United States 15405: 15404: 15402: 15398: 15395: 15391: 15388: 15384: 15381: 15377: 15374: 15370: 15367: 15363: 15360: 15356: 15351: 15350:United States 15347: 15346: 15344: 15340: 15335: 15334:United States 15331: 15330: 15328: 15324: 15321: 15317: 15312: 15311:United States 15308: 15307: 15305: 15301: 15298: 15294: 15291: 15287: 15284: 15283:Mobile phones 15280: 15277: 15273: 15270: 15266: 15263: 15259: 15256: 15252: 15249: 15245: 15240: 15239:United States 15236: 15235: 15233: 15229: 15228: 15226: 15224:Social issues 15222: 15215: 15211: 15208: 15204: 15201: 15197: 15192: 15188: 15185: 15181: 15180: 15178: 15174: 15169: 15168:United States 15165: 15164: 15162: 15158: 15155: 15151: 15148: 15144: 15143: 15141: 15137: 15126: 15122: 15117: 15113: 15112: 15110: 15106: 15105: 15103: 15101: 15097: 15090: 15086: 15083: 15082:Trusty system 15079: 15076: 15072: 15069: 15065: 15062: 15058: 15055: 15051: 15048: 15044: 15041: 15037: 15034: 15030: 15027: 15023: 15022: 15020: 15016: 15009: 15005: 15002: 14998: 14995: 14991: 14988: 14984: 14981: 14977: 14974: 14970: 14969: 14967: 14963: 14956: 14952: 14949: 14945: 14942: 14938: 14935: 14931: 14928: 14924: 14921: 14917: 14912: 14908: 14905: 14901: 14900: 14898: 14894: 14891: 14887: 14884: 14880: 14877: 14873: 14870: 14866: 14863: 14859: 14856: 14852: 14849: 14845: 14844: 14842: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14829: 14822: 14818: 14815: 14811: 14808: 14804: 14801: 14797: 14794: 14790: 14787: 14783: 14780: 14776: 14773: 14769: 14768: 14766: 14764: 14760: 14753: 14749: 14746: 14742: 14739: 14735: 14732: 14728: 14725: 14721: 14720: 14718: 14714: 14710: 14709:Incarceration 14703: 14698: 14696: 14691: 14689: 14684: 14683: 14680: 14668: 14667: 14658: 14656: 14655: 14646: 14644: 14643: 14634: 14633: 14630: 14624: 14621: 14620: 14618: 14614: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14594: 14592: 14590: 14589:Insular areas 14586: 14582: 14576: 14573: 14572: 14570: 14568: 14564: 14560: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14543:West Virginia 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14448:New Hampshire 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14408:Massachusetts 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14305: 14303: 14301: 14297: 14293: 14287: 14284: 14283: 14281: 14279: 14275: 14271: 14264: 14259: 14257: 14252: 14250: 14245: 14244: 14241: 14229: 14228: 14219: 14217: 14216: 14207: 14205: 14204: 14195: 14194: 14191: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14176: 14174: 14170: 14164: 14161: 14160: 14158: 14156:State prisons 14154: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14139: 14137: 14135: 14131: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14101: 14099: 14097: 14096:Insular areas 14093: 14089: 14084: 14080: 14075: 14073: 14069: 14065: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14048:West Virginia 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13953:New Hampshire 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13913:Massachusetts 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13810: 13808: 13806: 13802: 13798: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13783: 13781: 13779: 13775: 13770: 13764: 13760: 13753: 13748: 13746: 13741: 13739: 13734: 13733: 13730: 13724: 13723:9781620973424 13720: 13714: 13713: 13707: 13705: 13701: 13697: 13694: 13690: 13688: 13684: 13680: 13677: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13664: 13660: 13657: 13653: 13651: 13647: 13643: 13640: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13627: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13604: 13600: 13597: 13593: 13589: 13583: 13579: 13574: 13572: 13571:9780199892808 13568: 13564: 13562: 13558: 13554: 13550: 13548: 13544: 13540: 13537: 13533: 13530: 13527: 13526:9781400852147 13523: 13519: 13518:9780691164052 13515: 13511: 13508: 13504: 13502: 13501:9781316500613 13498: 13494: 13491: 13487: 13485: 13484:9781583225813 13481: 13477: 13474: 13470: 13469:Davis, Angela 13467: 13463: 13457: 13454:. NYU Press. 13453: 13448: 13446: 13442: 13438: 13437:The New Press 13435: 13433: 13428: 13425: 13424: 13398: 13394: 13387: 13371: 13367: 13363: 13356: 13341: 13337: 13330: 13315: 13314: 13309: 13305: 13299: 13291: 13287: 13280: 13264: 13258: 13242: 13235: 13229: 13227: 13225: 13223: 13206: 13202: 13195: 13193: 13191: 13189: 13180: 13174: 13163: 13157: 13141: 13137: 13133: 13127: 13119: 13118: 13113: 13106: 13098: 13091: 13084: 13082: 13077: 13073: 13068: 13053: 13052:The Economist 13049: 13043: 13035: 13031: 13027: 13020: 13012: 13006: 13002: 12998: 12997: 12992: 12991:Gerstle, Gary 12986: 12979: 12978:The Guardian. 12975: 12969: 12962: 12958: 12954: 12951: 12945: 12937: 12931: 12927: 12923: 12922: 12917: 12913: 12907: 12901: 12897: 12895: 12888: 12881: 12879: 12874: 12870: 12865: 12858: 12854: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12841: 12838: 12833: 12832:Loïc Wacquant 12828: 12821: 12817: 12811: 12803: 12799: 12795: 12791: 12787: 12780: 12773: 12771: 12766: 12760: 12753: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12734: 12730: 12723: 12704: 12697: 12691: 12684: 12680: 12676: 12671: 12663: 12657: 12653: 12652: 12644: 12629: 12625: 12618: 12616: 12608: 12604: 12598: 12582: 12578: 12574: 12568: 12560: 12556: 12549: 12534: 12530: 12524: 12509: 12505: 12498: 12496: 12479: 12475: 12469: 12454: 12450: 12446: 12442: 12436: 12434: 12425: 12421: 12417: 12413: 12409: 12402: 12400: 12391: 12387: 12383: 12376: 12374: 12372: 12363: 12359: 12355: 12348: 12340: 12336: 12332: 12328: 12324: 12320: 12316: 12309: 12307: 12305: 12303: 12301: 12285: 12281: 12277: 12273: 12269: 12265: 12258: 12247: 12246: 12238: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12212: 12211: 12203: 12201: 12199: 12187: 12186: 12178: 12162: 12158: 12152: 12144: 12140: 12136: 12132: 12128: 12124: 12117: 12110: 12108: 12092: 12088: 12082: 12080: 12071: 12067: 12063: 12059: 12055: 12051: 12044: 12037: 12035: 12018: 12014: 12008: 11999: 11994: 11990: 11986: 11982: 11975: 11966: 11958: 11954: 11950: 11946: 11942: 11938: 11934: 11930: 11923: 11915: 11911: 11907: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11889: 11885: 11882:(1): 93–106. 11881: 11877: 11870: 11854: 11848: 11829: 11825: 11818: 11811: 11802: 11793: 11785: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11747: 11743: 11736: 11727: 11719: 11712: 11703: 11688: 11681: 11675: 11666: 11651: 11644: 11637: 11629: 11625: 11621: 11615: 11611: 11604: 11588: 11584: 11578: 11570: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11552: 11548: 11544: 11540: 11536: 11532: 11528: 11521: 11519: 11510: 11506: 11502: 11498: 11494: 11490: 11486: 11482: 11478: 11474: 11470: 11463: 11455: 11451: 11447: 11443: 11439: 11435: 11431: 11427: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11408: 11406: 11404: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11383: 11379: 11375: 11368: 11357: 11350: 11343: 11339: 11333: 11325: 11321: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11305: 11301: 11297: 11290: 11282: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11240: 11233: 11225: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11207: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11189: 11185: 11181: 11174: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11146: 11142: 11138: 11131: 11123: 11119: 11115: 11111: 11107: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11087: 11080: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11038: 11031: 11023: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10974: 10966: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10930: 10923: 10915: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10866: 10858: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10809: 10807: 10791: 10787: 10780: 10765: 10761: 10755: 10747: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10698: 10690: 10684: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10666:9781135939700 10662: 10658: 10657: 10649: 10641: 10634: 10619: 10612: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10581: 10573: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10542: 10534: 10528: 10512: 10508: 10501: 10493: 10492: 10487: 10480: 10472: 10465: 10457: 10454:Lyons, John. 10450: 10448: 10439: 10432: 10424: 10422: 10417: 10411: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10384: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10341: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10314: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10293: 10285: 10277: 10271: 10264: 10262: 10257: 10251: 10244: 10240: 10235: 10228: 10224: 10219: 10203: 10199: 10193: 10186: 10182: 10177: 10170: 10166: 10161: 10159: 10151: 10147: 10142: 10135: 10131: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10113: 10108: 10101: 10097: 10092: 10090: 10082: 10078: 10073: 10066: 10063: 10058: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10040: 10035: 10029: 10027: 10022: 10018: 10013: 10007: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9989: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9971: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9953: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9921: 9919: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9894: 9892: 9884: 9881: 9876: 9861: 9857: 9850: 9835: 9834: 9829: 9822: 9807: 9806: 9801: 9794: 9779: 9775: 9768: 9753: 9749: 9742: 9727: 9723: 9716: 9708: 9707: 9702: 9695: 9688: 9687:The Real News 9684: 9680: 9677: 9672: 9665: 9664: 9663:The Intercept 9659: 9654: 9647: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9634: 9625: 9621: 9614: 9606: 9600: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9582: 9576: 9572: 9570: 9563: 9556: 9554: 9549: 9543: 9536: 9534: 9529: 9523: 9516: 9514: 9509: 9503: 9496: 9494: 9489: 9483: 9475: 9469: 9465: 9464: 9456: 9449: 9443: 9428: 9424: 9417: 9402: 9398: 9391: 9375: 9371: 9370: 9365: 9358: 9343: 9339: 9332: 9325: 9320: 9313: 9309: 9304: 9297: 9296:The Guardian. 9293: 9288: 9281: 9276: 9269: 9264: 9249: 9245: 9238: 9231: 9227: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9210: 9203: 9199: 9196: 9192: 9187: 9180: 9174: 9167: 9165: 9160: 9154: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9132: 9126: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9109: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9090: 9083: 9081: 9076: 9070: 9063: 9061: 9056: 9050: 9043: 9038: 9030: 9028:9780195384055 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9005: 8998: 8994: 8988: 8980: 8979: 8974: 8967: 8960: 8958: 8953: 8947: 8932: 8928: 8921: 8919: 8911: 8907: 8904: 8899: 8892: 8891: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8872: 8867: 8861: 8845: 8839: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8794: 8793: 8788: 8781: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8752: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8738: 8730: 8726: 8720: 8713: 8711: 8706: 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A10 7996: 7992: 7985: 7969: 7962: 7946: 7942: 7936: 7921: 7920: 7915: 7908: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7880: 7873: 7871: 7866: 7860: 7853: 7851: 7846: 7840: 7833: 7831: 7826: 7820: 7805: 7804: 7799: 7792: 7790: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7739: 7735: 7729: 7713: 7707: 7700: 7695: 7679: 7675: 7669: 7653: 7649: 7648: 7643: 7637: 7621: 7614: 7598: 7597: 7592: 7586: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7542: 7533: 7526: 7521: 7514: 7509: 7502: 7497: 7489: 7485: 7479: 7472: 7467: 7451: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7424: 7417: 7402: 7398: 7391: 7383: 7381:9781317291213 7377: 7373: 7366: 7350: 7346: 7340: 7325: 7321: 7314: 7308: 7306: 7301: 7295: 7293: 7284: 7278: 7275:. Doubleday. 7274: 7273: 7265: 7257: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7238: 7231: 7230: 7225: 7221: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7193: 7189: 7188: 7183: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7155: 7148: 7146: 7138: 7134: 7129: 7122: 7118: 7113: 7106: 7102: 7097: 7090: 7086: 7081: 7074: 7070: 7065: 7058: 7055: 7050: 7043: 7039: 7034: 7027: 7023: 7018: 7011: 7007: 7002: 6995: 6991: 6986: 6979: 6975: 6970: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6946: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6924: 6917: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6903: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6883: 6875: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6852: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6831: 6824: 6817: 6798: 6791: 6784: 6782: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6763:9780833081087 6759: 6755: 6754:10.7249/rr266 6751: 6747: 6746: 6738: 6736: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6704: 6702: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6649: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6616: 6612: 6605: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6575: 6568: 6562: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6522: 6518: 6511: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6475: 6469: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6439: 6432: 6427: 6425: 6417: 6412: 6405: 6402: 6397: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6357: 6353: 6346: 6338: 6331: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6302: 6297: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6205: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6163: 6161:9780593239919 6157: 6153: 6152: 6147: 6141: 6134: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6113:Alston, Philp 6108: 6101: 6099: 6094: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6051: 6043: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6019: 6015: 6009: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5969: 5965: 5958: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5907: 5899: 5897: 5892: 5886: 5866: 5865: 5858: 5856: 5836: 5835: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5779: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5751: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5686: 5685: 5677: 5658: 5651: 5632: 5631: 5623: 5621: 5612: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5564: 5560: 5553: 5534: 5533: 5525: 5523: 5514: 5508: 5500: 5494: 5490: 5483: 5481: 5472: 5466: 5464: 5455: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5435: 5428: 5417: 5398: 5391: 5384: 5382: 5370: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5345: 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4367: 4361: 4357: 4350: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4315: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4273: 4257: 4256: 4248: 4237:September 11, 4232: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4215: 4206: 4204:9781555534684 4200: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4184: 4177: 4173: 4171:9781555534684 4167: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4151: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4058: 4056: 4051: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3943: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3864: 3857: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3720: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3648: 3643: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3530:Controversies 3529: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3431: 3427: 3417: 3413: 3406:State prisons 3403: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3264: 3261:In 2022, the 3259: 3257: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3238:plea bargains 3234: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3211: 3205: 3201: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3159:welfare state 3156: 3152: 3148: 3147:Loïc Wacquant 3144: 3140: 3135: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3100: 3094: 3092: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3048:Clean Air Act 3045: 3039: 3037: 3030:Environmental 3027: 3023: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2965: 2960: 2950: 2947: 2936: 2933: 2928: 2925: 2914: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2893: 2884: 2882: 2872: 2869: 2863: 2861: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2790: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2725: 2716: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2682: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2622: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2608:bail bondsman 2605: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2571: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2548: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2485: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2403: 2400: 2399:Jeff Sessions 2394: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2323:The GEO Group 2320: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2192: 2186: 2182: 2179:According to 2177: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2166:privatization 2163: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2140:Privatization 2137: 2133: 2129: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2081:In 1999, the 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2049:Supreme Court 2045: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2034:In 2005, the 2032: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2008: 2005: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1969:Wil S. Hylton 1966: 1965: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1940:prisoner rape 1936: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1844:Prisoners in 1842: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1815:high security 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1790:, located in 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1743: 1740: 1732: 1729:November 2012 1722: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1706:This section 1704: 1700: 1695: 1694: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1663: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1594: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1560: 1555: 1549: 1540: 1531: 1529: 1524: 1517: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1443:decarceration 1439: 1436: 1433: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1389: 1386: 1381: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1324: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1294:Philip Alston 1290: 1288: 1284: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1258: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1219: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1204:schizophrenia 1201: 1197: 1193: 1190:According to 1188: 1186: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1168: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1107: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1086:life sentence 1083: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1067: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1046:The national 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1022: 1012: 1009: 1005: 999: 995: 993: 988: 986: 981: 976: 972: 962: 959: 956: 953: 952: 948: 945: 942: 939: 938: 934: 931: 928: 925: 924: 920: 917: 914: 911: 910: 906: 903: 900: 897: 896: 892: 889: 886: 883: 882: 878: 875: 872: 869: 868: 864: 861: 858: 855: 854: 850: 847: 844: 841: 840: 836: 833: 830: 827: 826: 822: 819: 816: 813: 812: 805: 801: 791: 787: 783: 780: 776: 772: 768: 763: 761: 757: 750: 740: 737: 734: 733: 729: 726: 723: 722: 718: 715: 712: 711: 707: 704: 699: 698: 689: 681: 677: 673: 670: 662: 659: 656: 654: 651: 650: 646: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 630: 627: 624: 622: 619: 618: 615: 614:(per 100,000) 611: 608: 606: 603:incarcerated 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 587: 584: 580: 576: 572: 557: 554: 550: 546: 541: 531: 528: 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 500: 498: 493: 492:Richard Nixon 482: 479: 476: 475: 471: 468: 465: 464: 460: 457: 454: 453: 449: 446: 443: 442: 438: 435: 432: 431: 427: 424: 421: 420: 416: 413: 410: 409: 405: 402: 399: 398: 394: 391: 388: 387: 383: 380: 377: 376: 372: 369: 366: 365: 361: 358: 355: 354: 350: 347: 344: 343: 339: 336: 333: 332: 328: 325: 322: 321: 317: 314: 311: 310: 306: 303: 300: 299: 295: 292: 289: 288: 284: 281: 278: 277: 273: 270: 267: 266: 262: 259: 256: 255: 248: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 210: 207: 203: 199: 195: 190: 188: 184: 180: 171: 167: 163: 160: 152: 142: 133: 129: 126:This section 124: 121: 117: 116: 112: 102: 99: 95: 91: 86: 82: 79: 74: 70: 68: 63: 59: 55: 47: 43: 40: 33: 19: 18453:Human rights 18433:Gun politics 18384:Islamophobia 18374:antisemitism 18351: 18242:Hospice care 18184:Middle class 18164:Homelessness 18141:Social class 18101:Social class 17965:Human rights 17955:Homelessness 17867:middle class 17832:Demographics 17807:Architecture 17714:Unemployment 17694:Labor unions 17442:Town meeting 17419:City council 17414:City manager 17155:State police 17017:Marine Corps 17007:Armed Forces 16982:civil rights 16962:Constitution 16534:Southwestern 16529:Southeastern 16519:Northwestern 16514:Northeastern 16479:Mid-Atlantic 16469:Great Plains 16187:World War II 16070:Constitution 15974:Colonial era 15953:2008–present 15803: 15739:Soviet Union 15582:Work release 15543:Prison Radio 15519: 15290:Overcrowding 14973:House arrest 14927:Penal colony 14664: 14652: 14640: 14508:South Dakota 14498:Rhode Island 14493:Pennsylvania 14473:North Dakota 14225: 14213: 14201: 14013:South Dakota 14003:Rhode Island 13998:Pennsylvania 13978:North Dakota 13758: 13711: 13692: 13679:Semiotext(e) 13675: 13672:Wang, Jackie 13655: 13638: 13615: 13612:Taibbi, Matt 13595: 13577: 13552: 13535: 13506: 13489: 13472: 13451: 13430: 13401:. 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