43:
1601:
that is positive. Electricity consumption reflects economic growth. With the gradual rise of people's material level, electric energy consumption is also gradually increasing. In Iran, for example, electricity consumption has increased along with economic growth since 1970. But as countries continue to develop this effect is decreasing as they optimize their production, by getting more energy-efficient equipment. Or by transferring parts of their production to foreign nations where the cost of electrical energy is smaller.
120:
991:
947:
935:
1130:
actions that they know are in conflict with their long-term interests. For example, most smokers would rather not smoke, and many smokers willing to pay for a drug or a program to help them quit. Finally, bounded self-interest refers to an essential fact about the utility function of a large part of people: under certain circumstances, they care about others or act as if they care about others, even strangers.
1074:. A similar realist structural view can be found in consumption theory, which views the Fisherian intertemporal choice framework as the real structure of the consumption function. Unlike the passive strategy of structure embodied in inductive structural realism, economists define structure in terms of its invariance under intervention.
1634:
These refer to assets in the form of cash, bank deposits, securities, as well as physical assets such as stocks of durable goods or real estate such as houses, land, etc. These factors can affect consumption; if the mentioned assets are sufficiently liquid, they will remain in reserve and can be used
1129:
Bounded rationality was first proposed by
Herbert Simon. This means that people sometimes respond rationally to their own cognitive limits, which aimed to minimize the sum of the costs of decision making and the costs of error. In addition, bounded willpower refers to the fact that people often take
1713:
People's consumption behavior is not independent of each other. In other words, two people with the same income that live in two different positions within the income distribution will have different consumptions. In fact, one compares oneself with other people, and what has a significant impact on
1717:
Consumer behavior over time is irreversible. This means that when income declines, consumer spending is sticky to the former level. After getting used to a level of consumption, a person shows resistance to reducing it and is unwilling to reduce that level of consumption. This phenomenon is called
1654:
Households' absolute consumption costs increase as the number of family members increases. Although for some goods, as the number of households increases, the consumption of such goods would increase relatively less than the number of households. This happens due to the phenomena of the economy of
1600:
is positively correlated with economical growth. As electric energy is one of the most important inputs of the economy. Electric energy is needed to produce goods and to provide services to consumers. There is a statistically significant effect of electrical energy consumption and economic growth
1415:
consumption is not only the amount of money that is spent by households on goods and services from companies, but also the expenditures of government that are meant to provide things for citizens they would have to buy themselves otherwise. This means things like healthcare. Where consumption is
1620:
Economists consider the income level to be the most crucial factor affecting consumption. Therefore, the offered consumption functions often emphasize this variable. Keynes considers absolute income, Duesenberry considers relative income, and
Friedman considers permanent income as factors that
1385:
is a theory that assumes that people are rational consumers and they decide on what combinations of goods to buy based on their utility function (which goods provide them with more use/happiness) and their budget constraint (which combinations of goods they can afford to buy). Consumers try to
1714:
one's consumption is one's position among individuals and groups in society; Therefore, a person only feels an improvement in his situation in terms of consumption if his average consumption increases relative to the average level of society. This phenomenon is called the
Demonstration Effect.
1161:
of time affects the cost of home-produced substitutes and therefore demand for commercial goods and services. The elasticity of demand for consumption goods is also a function of who performs chores in households and how their spouses compensate them for opportunity costs of home production.
2533:
who tended to leave that money to their children. According to a study from 2017 that was conducted in the USA 20% of married people consider leaving inheritance a priority, while 34% do not consider it as a priority. And about one in ten unmarried
Americans (14 percent) plan to spend their
1390:
while staying within the limits of their budget constrain or to minimalize cost while getting the target level of utility. A special case of this is the consumption-leisure model where a consumer chooses between a combination of leisure and working time, which is represented by income.
1661:
Household consumption varies in different social groups. For example, the consumption pattern of employers is different from the consumption pattern of workers. The smaller the gap between groups in a society, the more homogeneous consumption pattern within the society.
1668:
One of the important factors in shaping the consumption pattern is consumer taste. This factor, to some extent, can affect other factors such as income and price levels. On the other hand, society's culture has a significant impact on shaping the tastes of consumers.
2276:
changes (for example as a result of winning the lottery), then this increase in income is distributed over the remaining lifespan. For example, winning $ 1000 with the expectation of living for 10 more years will result in yearly increase of consumption by $ 100.
1604:
1641:
The increase in the consumer's credit and his credit transactions can allow the consumer to use his future income at present. As a result, it can lead to more consumption expenditure compared to the case that the only purchasing power is current income.
1684:
Consumption theories began with John
Maynard Keynes in 1936 and were developed by economists such as Friedman, Dusenbery, and Modigliani. The relationship between consumption and income was a crucial concept in macroeconomic analysis for a long time.
1693:
In his 1936 General Theory, Keynes introduced the consumption function. He believed that various factors influence consumption decisions; But in the short run, the most important factor is real income. According to the
Absolute Income Hypothesis,
2534:
retirement money to improve their lives, rather than saving it to leave an inheritance to their children. In addition, three in ten married
Americans (28 percent) have downsized or plan to downsize their home after retirement.
1675:
Consumption patterns are different in different geographical regions. For example, this pattern differs from urban and rural areas, crowded and sparsely populated areas, economically active and inactive areas, etc.
2293:
in 1966. It describes how people make consumption decisions based on their past income, current income, and future income as they tend to distribute their consumption over their lifetime. It is, in its basic form:
1398:
shows that consumers do not behave rationally and they are influenced by factors other than their utility from the given good. Those factors can be the popularity of a given good or its position in a supermarket.
1627:
Changes in the prices would change the real income and purchasing power of the consumer. If the consumer's expectations about future prices change, it can change his consumption decisions in the present period.
2490:
The term "access-based consumption" refers to the increasing extent to which people seek the experience of temporarily accessing goods rather than owning them, thus there are opportunities for a "
2366:
1648:
Fluctuations in interest rates can affect household consumption decisions. An increase in interest rates increases people's savings and, as a result, reduces their consumption expenditures.
1879:
2159:
1804:
2221:
1468:
2096:
1270:
2247:
1499:
stands for autonomous consumption which is minimal consumption of household that is achieved always, by either reducing the savings of household or by borrowing money.
2179:
2545:
2274:
2126:
2050:
2023:
1586:
1557:
1497:
1364:
2480:
2457:
2434:
2411:
2388:
1970:
1947:
1924:
1901:
1519:
1338:
1315:
1292:
3129:
Friedman, Milton (1957). "The
Permanent Income Hypothesis" (PDF). A Theory of the Consumption Function. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-04182-7.
1096:, as it only bases consumption on current income and ignores potential future income (or lack of). Criticism of this assumption led to the development of
2567:
1119:
and suggest that a number of behavioural principles can be taken as microeconomic foundations for a behaviourally-based aggregate consumption function.
2978:
1193:). Other economists define consumption much more broadly, as the aggregate of all economic activity that does not entail the design, production and
1122:
Behavioural economics also adopts and explains several human behavioural traits within the constraint of the standard economic model. These include
1059:). Other economists define consumption much more broadly, as the aggregate of all economic activity that does not entail the design, production and
3494:
3352:
Ivanova, Diana; Stadler, Konstantin; Steen-Olsen, Kjartan; Wood, Richard; Vita, Gibran; Tukker, Arnold; Hertwich, Edgar G. (18 December 2015).
1751:. This model describes how consumption is distributed over periods of life. In the basic model with 2 periods for example young and old age.
1603:
3547:
2936:
977:
909:
3725:
17:
3240:
3215:
2649:
2588:
3894:
3758:
3504:
3483:
3453:
3431:
3400:
3342:
3319:
3296:
3273:
3169:
2684:
2632:
2813:
2299:
3899:
3017:
2659:
86:
64:
2950:
1369:
In most countries consumption is the most important part of GDP. It usually ranges from 45% from GDP to 85% of GDP.
57:
3868:
3847:
3540:
3188:
Modigliani, Franco (1966). "The Life Cycle
Hypothesis of Saving, the Demand for Wealth and the Supply of Capital".
3033:
2908:
2784:"Is it Rational to Assume Consumer Rationality? Some Consumer Psychological Perspectives on Rational Choice Theory"
2603:
1813:
3120:
Duesenberry, J. S., Income, Saving and the Theory of
Consumer Behaviour. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1949
2992:
3147:
Duesenberry, J. S. Income, Saving and the Theory of Consumer Behaviour. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1949
970:
1070:
Economists are particularly interested in the relationship between consumption and income, as modelled with the
2744:
2494:" to develop, although Bardhi and Eckhardt outline differences between "access" and "sharing". Social theorist
3786:
3358:
308:
1047:
by individuals for immediate use constitutes consumption, while other types of expenditure — in particular,
570:
3520:
3842:
3533:
2881:
Grossbard-Shechtman, Shoshana (2003). "A Consumer Theory with Competitive Markets for Work in Marriage".
2598:
2131:
1597:
1101:
919:
139:
129:
2770:
3852:
3832:
3705:
1756:
1093:
963:
913:
443:
433:
2188:
3796:
3751:
1728:
1421:
323:
3423:
3265:
2831:
Mincer, Jacob (1963). "Market Prices, Opportunity Costs, and Income Effects". In Christ, C. (ed.).
2055:
1186:
1146:
1052:
892:
630:
585:
438:
207:
151:
51:
31:
645:
3816:
3585:
3288:
595:
403:
393:
353:
343:
250:
173:
1228:
3806:
3801:
3791:
3667:
3662:
3575:
2226:
1220:
1166:
765:
610:
348:
288:
245:
192:
68:
3241:
https://s1.q4cdn.com/959385532/files/doc_downloads/research/2018/Marriage-and-Money-Survey.pdf
3837:
3626:
2922:
2799:
2583:
2286:
2164:
1395:
1109:
899:
580:
555:
540:
398:
338:
318:
313:
1016:
is the act of using resources to satisfy current needs and wants. It is seen in contrast to
3889:
3781:
3744:
3710:
3677:
2252:
2104:
2028:
2001:
1732:
1564:
1524:
1475:
1170:
1116:
1089:
1083:
1071:
1036:
650:
472:
423:
388:
328:
293:
197:
187:
134:
1181:
by individuals constitutes consumption, while other types of expenditure — in particular,
8:
3811:
3715:
3652:
3580:
3311:
3063:"Does more energy consumption support economic growth in net energy-importing countries?"
1698:
on consumption goods and services is a linear function of his current disposable income.
1178:
1123:
1044:
876:
685:
507:
448:
373:
363:
333:
260:
168:
1346:
1157:, commercial consumption has to be analyzed in the context of household production. The
545:
3672:
3657:
3636:
3621:
3556:
3375:
3258:
3197:
3094:
2863:
2717:
2465:
2442:
2419:
2396:
2373:
1955:
1932:
1909:
1886:
1504:
1323:
1300:
1277:
1198:
1154:
1064:
904:
860:
665:
502:
497:
477:
428:
368:
358:
303:
298:
270:
265:
235:
103:
2894:
2736:
3682:
3600:
3500:
3479:
3449:
3427:
3412:
3396:
3392:
3379:
3338:
3315:
3292:
3269:
3165:
3013:
2795:
2721:
2680:
2655:
2628:
2290:
1706:
1695:
1412:
1105:
795:
770:
680:
560:
517:
453:
418:
408:
240:
202:
158:
3098:
2459:
is the average wage the individual will be paid over his or her remaining work time
1201:(e.g., the selection, adoption, use, disposal and recycling of goods and services).
1067:(e.g., the selection, adoption, use, disposal and recycling of goods and services).
720:
3720:
3595:
3471:
3463:
3367:
3084:
3074:
2890:
2855:
2753:
2709:
2557:
1209:
1182:
1174:
1158:
1139:
1048:
1040:
995:
845:
790:
775:
760:
745:
675:
655:
635:
590:
463:
413:
383:
378:
3228:
2817:
725:
3688:
3616:
3521:
An essay examining the strengths and weaknesses of Keynes's theory of consumption
2593:
2573:
2522:
2491:
1987:
1382:
1190:
1097:
1056:
1029:
939:
850:
815:
780:
715:
640:
625:
512:
487:
482:
458:
230:
225:
3389:
Consumption and Everyday Life (Culture, Media and Identities series) (Paperback)
3496:
The Production of Consumer Society. Cultural-Economic Principles of Distinction
3079:
3062:
2757:
1416:
equal to income minus savings. Consumption can be calculated via this formula:
1408:
1378:
870:
855:
820:
805:
785:
755:
575:
492:
182:
178:
2713:
605:
3883:
3590:
3007:
2964:
2562:
2495:
1740:
1035:
Different schools of economists define consumption differently. According to
999:
835:
825:
800:
740:
735:
730:
710:
700:
670:
660:
565:
468:
3138:
Keynes, J. M. (1936). The general theory of employment, interest, and money.
3111:
Keynes, J. M. (1936). The general theory of employment, interest, and money.
119:
3419:
2783:
2514:
951:
865:
810:
705:
695:
690:
615:
163:
3475:
2979:"Individual's Choice between Income and Leisure (Explained with Diagram)"
2578:
990:
840:
830:
620:
255:
3201:
3089:
3047:
2101:
Changes in the two components have different impacts on consumption. If
1204:
Consumption can also be measured in a variety of different ways such as
1077:
3631:
3441:
3371:
2867:
2530:
750:
550:
3331:
The World of Goods: Towards an Anthropology of Consumption (Paperback)
1709:
proposed this model in 1949. This theory is based on two assumptions:
1614:
The main factors affecting consumption studied by economists include:
3525:
3334:
2771:
https://journals-scholarsportal-info/pdf/07493797/v44i0002/185_be.xml
1559:
and it reveals how much of household income is spent on consumption.
1194:
1150:
1060:
1025:
1017:
1007:
600:
531:
111:
3353:
3260:
Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (paperback)
2859:
2700:
Hsiang-Ke, Chao (2007). "A structure of the consumption function".
2526:
1189:, and government spending — are placed in separate categories (See
1055:, and government spending — are placed in separate categories (see
2517:) and the acronyms SKI and SKI'ing refer to the growing number of
1978:
This model can be expanded to represent each year of a lifetime.
1387:
1003:
3328:
3308:
Consumption and Identity (Studies in Anthropology & History)
2737:"Behavioral foundations for the Keynesian Consumption Function"
2518:
1366:
stands for net exports. Net exports are exports minus imports.
1205:
934:
3736:
3034:"Consumption - Definition, Neocllasical Economics, Importance"
2846:
Becker, Gary S. (1965). "A Theory of the Allocation of Time".
3351:
2482:
is the wealth he has already accumulated in his or her life.
1991:
1744:
1736:
2413:
is the number of years the individual is going to live for.
2185:. If we expect part of income to be saved or invested, then
2436:
is for how many more years will the individual be working.
1317:
stands for total government spending. (including salaries)
3354:"Environmental Impact Assessment of Household Consumption"
30:"Spend" redirects here. For The Walking Dead episode, see
1591:
3067:
Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science
2909:"GDP Formula - How to Calculate GDP, Guide and Examples"
2734:
1149:. In the tradition of the Columbia School of Household
1133:
2937:"Final consumption expenditure (% of GDP) | Data"
2648:
Black, John; Hashimzade, Nigar; Myles, Gareth (2009).
1223:(Gross domestic product) is defined via this formula:
2468:
2445:
2422:
2399:
2376:
2302:
2255:
2229:
2191:
2167:
2134:
2107:
2058:
2031:
2004:
1958:
1935:
1912:
1889:
1816:
1759:
1609:
1567:
1527:
1507:
1478:
1424:
1349:
1326:
1303:
1280:
1231:
1078:
Behavioural economics, Keynesian consumption function
2647:
3012:. Princeton University Press. 2003. pp. 1–61.
2880:
2625:
The Penguin Dictionary of Economics, Eighth Edition
2568:
Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose
2361:{\displaystyle C=1/T\times W+1/T\times (R\times Y)}
3411:
3305:
3257:
2513:(originally the title of a book on the subject by
2474:
2451:
2428:
2405:
2382:
2360:
2268:
2241:
2215:
2173:
2153:
2120:
2090:
2044:
2017:
1998:. This theory divides income into two components:
1964:
1941:
1918:
1895:
1873:
1798:
1580:
1551:
1513:
1491:
1462:
1358:
1332:
1309:
1286:
1264:
3216:Access-Based Consumption: The Case of Car Sharing
3183:
3181:
1986:The permanent income hypothesis was developed by
3881:
2923:"Consumption as percent of GDP around the world"
2128:changes then consumption changes accordingly by
1402:
1372:
1145:Consumption is defined in part by comparison to
1115:More recent theoretical approaches are based on
3006:"Behavioral Economics: Past, Present, Future".
3409:
3178:
1981:
1126:, bounded willpower, and bounded selfishness.
3752:
3541:
3282:
2623:Bannock, Graham; Baxter, R. E., eds. (2011).
2622:
2542:Die Broke: A Radical Four-Part Financial Plan
2498:put forward the idea in his 2000 publication
1975:Indexes 1,2 stand for period 1 and period 2.
1874:{\displaystyle C_{2}=Y_{2}+S_{1}\times (1+r)}
1701:
1688:
1215:
971:
3386:
1722:
1039:, only the final purchase of newly produced
3440:
3329:Isherwood, Baron C.; Douglas, Mary (1996).
2485:
1588:is the disposable income of the household.
3759:
3745:
3548:
3534:
3187:
3061:Esen, Ömer; Bayrak, Metin (12 June 2017).
3060:
2835:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
1169:and consumption differently. According to
1024:income. Consumption is a major concept in
978:
964:
3088:
3078:
2699:
2525:spending their money on travel, cars and
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
3462:
3255:
2679:. United Nations Environment Programme.
2280:
1926:is the income received in a given year.
1521:is marginal propensity to consume where
1138:Aggregate consumption is a component of
989:
50:This article includes a list of general
3214:Bardhi, F. and Eckhardt, G. M. (2012),
2654:(3 ed.). Oxford University Press.
1679:
1165:Different schools of economists define
1020:, which is spending for acquisition of
14:
3882:
3555:
3159:
2845:
2830:
2781:
2735:D'Orlando, F.; Sanfilippo, E. (2010).
2677:Sustainable consumption and production
2589:Measures of national income and output
1592:Consumption as a measurement of growth
3740:
3529:
3155:
3153:
2674:
27:Using money to obtain an item for use
3492:
2965:"Consumption II | Policonomics"
2788:Roger Williams University Law Review
1996:A theory of the Consumption Function
1903:is the consumption in a given year.
1134:Consumption and household production
36:
2951:"What is 'consumer choice theory'?"
2505:
2154:{\displaystyle \alpha \times Y_{p}}
24:
3249:
3150:
2390:is the consumption in given year.
1610:Determinant factors of consumption
1028:and is also studied in many other
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3911:
3514:
3048:"Consumption | Policonomics"
2993:"What is 'behavioral economics'?"
1799:{\displaystyle S_{1}=Y_{1}-C_{1}}
3869:List of largest consumer markets
3848:Random walk model of consumption
3414:A Theory of Shopping (paperback)
3009:Advances in behavioral economics
2782:Jacoby, Jacob (5 January 2000).
2604:List of largest consumer markets
2216:{\displaystyle \alpha \in (0,1)}
1602:
945:
933:
118:
41:
3766:
3448:. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
3234:
3221:
3208:
3141:
3132:
3123:
3114:
3105:
3054:
3040:
3026:
2999:
2985:
2971:
2957:
2943:
2929:
2915:
2901:
2874:
2839:
2702:Journal of Economic Methodology
2052:is permanent income, such that
1463:{\displaystyle C=C_{0}+c*Y_{d}}
220:Concepts, theory and techniques
3446:Consumer Culture and Modernity
2824:
2806:
2775:
2764:
2745:Journal of Economic Psychology
2728:
2693:
2668:
2641:
2616:
2511:Spending the Kids' Inheritance
2355:
2343:
2210:
2198:
2183:marginal propensity to consume
1949:are saving from a given year.
1868:
1856:
1546:
1534:
13:
1:
3787:Final consumption expenditure
3359:Journal of Industrial Ecology
3227:The Office of Jeremy Rifkin,
2895:10.1016/S1053-5357(02)00138-5
2627:. Penguin Books. p. 71.
2609:
2091:{\displaystyle Y=Y_{t}+Y_{p}}
1739:and it was later expanded by
1621:determine one's consumption.
1403:Consumption in macroeconomics
1373:Consumption in microeconomics
1173:, only the final purchase of
3895:Consumption (macroeconomics)
7:
3843:Permanent income hypothesis
3306:Friedman, Jonathan (1994).
3160:MANKIW, N. GREGORY (2009).
2599:Permanent income hypothesis
2551:
1982:Permanent income hypothesis
1632:Consumer assets and wealth:
1102:permanent income hypothesis
10:
3916:
3853:Relative income hypothesis
3833:Absolute income hypothesis
3468:Geographies of Consumption
3387:Mackay, Hugh, ed. (1997).
3231:, accessed 3 February 2024
3218:, accessed 3 February 2024
3080:10.1108/JEFAS-01-2017-0015
2883:Journal of Socio-Economics
2758:10.1016/j.joep.2010.09.004
2529:, in contrast to previous
1702:Relative Income Hypothesis
1689:Absolute Income Hypothesis
1265:{\displaystyle Y=C+G+I+NX}
1216:Consumption as part of GDP
1094:absolute income hypothesis
1081:
29:
3861:
3825:
3797:Intertemporal consumption
3774:
3698:
3645:
3609:
3563:
3499:. Bielefeld: transcript.
3285:Understanding Consumption
3256:Bourdieu, Pierre (1984).
2714:10.1080/13501780701394102
2651:A Dictionary of Economics
2242:{\displaystyle \alpha =1}
2025:is transitory income and
1729:intertemporal consumption
1723:Intertemporal consumption
3900:Macroeconomic aggregates
3424:Cornell University Press
3391:. Thousand Oaks, Calif:
3266:Harvard University Press
2833:Measurement in Economics
2814:"CONSUMPTION GROWTH 101"
2486:Access-based consumption
2249:. On the other hand, if
1731:was first thought of by
1340:stands for Investments.
1294:stands for consumption.
1187:intermediate consumption
1053:intermediate consumption
208:JEL classification codes
32:Spend (The Walking Dead)
18:Mass consumption economy
3817:Conspicuous consumption
3706:Consumers' co-operative
3586:Consumer culture theory
3410:Miller, Daniel (1998).
3289:Oxford University Press
2174:{\displaystyle \alpha }
394:Industrial organization
251:Computational economics
71:more precise citations.
3807:Autonomous consumption
3802:Random walk hypothesis
3668:Consumer socialization
3663:Consumer ethnocentrism
3576:Autonomous consumption
3283:Deaton, Angus (1992).
2675:Lewis, Akenji (2015).
2544:by Stephen Pollan and
2476:
2453:
2430:
2407:
2384:
2362:
2270:
2243:
2217:
2175:
2155:
2122:
2092:
2046:
2019:
1972:is the interest rate.
1966:
1943:
1920:
1897:
1875:
1800:
1625:Consumer expectations:
1582:
1553:
1515:
1493:
1464:
1360:
1334:
1311:
1288:
1266:
1010:
246:Experimental economics
3838:Life-cycle hypothesis
3792:Instant gratification
3627:Consumer neuroscience
3476:10.4135/9781446221433
2584:Life cycle hypothesis
2548:) is a similar idea.
2477:
2454:
2431:
2408:
2385:
2363:
2287:life-cycle hypothesis
2281:Life-cycle hypothesis
2271:
2269:{\displaystyle Y_{t}}
2244:
2218:
2176:
2156:
2123:
2121:{\displaystyle Y_{p}}
2093:
2047:
2045:{\displaystyle Y_{p}}
2020:
2018:{\displaystyle Y_{t}}
1967:
1944:
1921:
1898:
1876:
1801:
1583:
1581:{\displaystyle Y_{d}}
1554:
1552:{\displaystyle c\in }
1516:
1494:
1492:{\displaystyle C_{0}}
1465:
1396:behavioural economics
1361:
1335:
1312:
1289:
1267:
1171:mainstream economists
1117:behavioural economics
1110:life cycle hypothesis
1092:is also known as the
1037:mainstream economists
993:
3782:Consumption function
3711:Consumer-to-business
3678:Consumption function
3493:Mohr, Ernst (2021).
3312:Taylor & Francis
3164:. Worth Publishers.
2466:
2443:
2420:
2397:
2374:
2300:
2253:
2227:
2189:
2165:
2132:
2105:
2056:
2029:
2002:
1956:
1933:
1910:
1887:
1814:
1757:
1680:Consumption theories
1565:
1525:
1505:
1476:
1422:
1347:
1324:
1301:
1278:
1229:
1153:, also known as the
1090:consumption function
1084:Consumption function
1072:consumption function
473:Social choice theory
3812:Induced consumption
3716:Factory-to-consumer
3653:Consumer confidence
3646:Consumer attributes
3581:Induced consumption
1718:the ratchet effect.
1124:bounded rationality
940:Business portal
261:Operations research
241:National accounting
3658:Consumer confusion
3637:Marketing research
3622:Consumer economics
3557:Consumer behaviour
3372:10.1111/jiec.12371
3310:. Washington, DC:
2472:
2449:
2426:
2403:
2380:
2358:
2266:
2239:
2213:
2171:
2151:
2118:
2088:
2042:
2015:
1962:
1939:
1916:
1893:
1871:
1796:
1749:Theory of interest
1578:
1549:
1511:
1489:
1460:
1359:{\displaystyle NX}
1356:
1330:
1307:
1284:
1262:
1199:goods and services
1155:New Home Economics
1065:goods and services
1011:
271:Industrial complex
266:Middle income trap
3877:
3876:
3734:
3733:
3683:Cultural consumer
3601:Consumer spending
3506:978-3-8376-5703-6
3485:978-1-4462-2143-3
3464:Mansvelt, Juliana
3455:978-0-7456-0304-9
3433:978-0-8014-8551-0
3402:978-0-7619-5438-5
3393:SAGE Publications
3344:978-0-415-13047-9
3321:978-3-7186-5592-2
3298:978-0-19-828824-4
3275:978-0-674-21277-0
3229:The Age of Access
3171:978-1-4292-1887-0
2686:978-92-807-3364-8
2634:978-0-141-04523-8
2500:The Age of Access
2475:{\displaystyle W}
2452:{\displaystyle Y}
2429:{\displaystyle R}
2406:{\displaystyle T}
2383:{\displaystyle C}
2291:Franco Modigliani
2289:was published by
1965:{\displaystyle r}
1942:{\displaystyle S}
1919:{\displaystyle Y}
1896:{\displaystyle C}
1707:James Duesenberry
1696:consumer spending
1639:Consumer credits:
1514:{\displaystyle c}
1413:national accounts
1411:in the theory of
1333:{\displaystyle I}
1310:{\displaystyle G}
1287:{\displaystyle C}
1106:Franco Modigliani
988:
987:
97:
96:
89:
16:(Redirected from
3907:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3738:
3737:
3721:Consumer service
3632:Consumer product
3596:Consumer economy
3550:
3543:
3536:
3527:
3526:
3510:
3489:
3459:
3437:
3417:
3406:
3383:
3348:
3325:
3302:
3279:
3263:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3225:
3219:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3185:
3176:
3175:
3157:
3148:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3092:
3082:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2854:(299): 493–517.
2848:Economic Journal
2843:
2837:
2836:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2816:. Archived from
2810:
2804:
2803:
2779:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2752:(6): 1035–1046.
2741:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2620:
2558:Aggregate demand
2506:Old-age spending
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2336:
2316:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2181:is known as the
2180:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2074:
2073:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2013:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1852:
1851:
1839:
1838:
1826:
1825:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1782:
1781:
1769:
1768:
1635:in emergencies.
1606:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1440:
1439:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1210:energy economics
1183:fixed investment
1159:opportunity cost
1140:aggregate demand
1049:fixed investment
996:home electronics
980:
973:
966:
952:Money portal
950:
949:
948:
938:
937:
434:Natural resource
226:Economic systems
122:
99:
98:
92:
85:
81:
78:
72:
67:this article by
58:inline citations
45:
44:
37:
21:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3908:
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3904:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3857:
3821:
3770:
3765:
3735:
3730:
3726:Consumerization
3694:
3689:Homo economicus
3673:Consumer's risk
3641:
3617:Consumer choice
3605:
3559:
3554:
3517:
3507:
3486:
3456:
3434:
3403:
3345:
3322:
3299:
3276:
3252:
3250:Further reading
3247:
3246:
3239:
3235:
3226:
3222:
3213:
3209:
3190:Social Research
3186:
3179:
3172:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3059:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2981:. 21 June 2014.
2977:
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2907:
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2879:
2875:
2860:10.2307/2228949
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2765:
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2698:
2694:
2687:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2594:Overconsumption
2574:Consumer choice
2554:
2540:(from the book
2523:Western society
2508:
2492:sharing economy
2488:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2332:
2312:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2283:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2082:
2078:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1988:Milton Friedman
1984:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1847:
1843:
1834:
1830:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1773:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1725:
1704:
1691:
1682:
1666:Consumer taste:
1652:Household size:
1612:
1598:electric energy
1596:Consumption of
1594:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1454:
1450:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1405:
1383:consumer choice
1375:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1218:
1191:consumer choice
1136:
1098:Milton Friedman
1086:
1080:
1057:consumer choice
1030:social sciences
984:
946:
944:
932:
925:
924:
895:
885:
884:
883:
882:
646:von Böhm-Bawerk
534:
523:
522:
284:
276:
275:
231:Economic growth
221:
213:
212:
154:
152:classifications
93:
82:
76:
73:
63:Please help to
62:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3913:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
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3859:
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3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3764:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3741:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3610:Research types
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3560:
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3545:
3538:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3515:External links
3513:
3512:
3511:
3505:
3490:
3484:
3460:
3454:
3438:
3432:
3407:
3401:
3384:
3366:(3): 526–536.
3349:
3343:
3326:
3320:
3303:
3297:
3280:
3274:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3233:
3220:
3207:
3196:(2): 160–217.
3177:
3170:
3162:MACROECONOMICS
3149:
3140:
3131:
3122:
3113:
3104:
3053:
3039:
3025:
3018:
2998:
2984:
2970:
2956:
2942:
2928:
2914:
2900:
2889:(6): 609–645.
2873:
2838:
2823:
2820:on 2012-05-06.
2805:
2774:
2763:
2727:
2708:(2): 227–248.
2692:
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2012:
2008:
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1659:Social groups:
1646:Interest rate:
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1409:macroeconomics
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1379:microeconomics
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1234:
1217:
1214:
1135:
1132:
1088:The Keynesian
1082:Main article:
1079:
1076:
994:People buying
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3615:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:Consumer debt
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3558:
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2563:Consumer debt
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539:
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469:Public choice
467:
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442:
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404:Institutional
402:
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387:
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365:
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354:Expeditionary
352:
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344:Environmental
342:
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174:International
172:
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150:Branches and
147:
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2515:Annie Hulley
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1995:
1994:in his book
1985:
1977:
1974:
1951:
1928:
1905:
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1726:
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1021:
1013:
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910:Publications
875:
498:Sociological
471: /
369:Geographical
349:Evolutionary
324:Digitization
289:Agricultural
193:Mathematical
164:Econometrics
83:
74:
55:
3890:Consumption
3768:Consumption
3571:Consumption
3442:Slater, Don
2579:Consumerism
2546:Mark Levine
2531:generations
1014:Consumption
746:von Neumann
399:Information
339:Engineering
319:Development
314:Demographic
256:Game theory
198:Methodology
69:introducing
3884:Categories
2610:References
1167:production
1147:production
905:Economists
776:Schumacher
681:Schumpeter
651:von Wieser
571:von Thünen
532:economists
508:Statistics
503:Solidarity
424:Managerial
389:Humanistic
384:Historical
329:Ecological
294:Behavioral
188:Mainstream
77:March 2008
52:references
3699:Processes
3380:155524615
3335:Routledge
2722:123182293
2538:Die Broke
2350:×
2341:×
2321:×
2231:α
2196:∈
2193:α
2169:α
2139:×
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1854:×
1808:And then
1784:−
1532:∈
1448:∗
1394:However,
1386:maximize
1212:metrics.
1195:marketing
1151:Economics
1061:marketing
1026:economics
1018:investing
1008:Indonesia
821:Greenspan
786:Samuelson
766:Galbraith
736:Tinbergen
676:von Mises
671:Heckscher
631:Edgeworth
449:Personnel
409:Knowledge
374:Happiness
364:Financial
334:Education
309:Democracy
203:Political
169:Heterodox
112:Economics
3826:Theories
3564:Concepts
3466:(2005).
3444:(1997).
3202:40969831
3099:55359390
2570:(COICOP)
2552:See also
2527:property
2161:, where
1733:John Rae
1179:services
1045:services
914:journals
900:Glossary
851:Stiglitz
816:Rothbard
796:Buchanan
781:Friedman
771:Koopmans
761:Leontief
741:Robinson
626:Marshall
530:Notable
478:Regional
454:Planning
429:Monetary
359:Feminist
304:Cultural
299:Business
104:a series
102:Part of
2868:2228949
2370:Where
1990:in the
1655:scale.
1618:Income:
1388:utility
1004:Jakarta
920:Schools
912: (
871:Piketty
866:Krugman
731:Kuznets
721:Kalecki
696:Polanyi
586:Cournot
581:Bastiat
566:Ricardo
556:Malthus
546:Quesnay
518:Welfare
488:Service
159:Applied
135:Outline
130:History
65:improve
3775:Topics
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1320:Where
1297:Where
1274:Where
1206:energy
1022:future
856:Thaler
836:Ostrom
831:Becker
826:Sowell
806:Baumol
711:Myrdal
706:Sraffa
701:Frisch
691:Knight
686:Keynes
661:Fisher
656:Veblen
641:Pareto
621:Menger
616:George
611:Jevons
606:Walras
596:Gossen
464:Public
459:Policy
414:Labour
379:Health
236:Market
54:, but
3862:Lists
3376:S2CID
3198:JSTOR
3095:S2CID
2864:JSTOR
2794:(1).
2740:(PDF)
2718:S2CID
1992:1950s
1745:1930s
1737:1830s
1673:Area:
1175:goods
1041:goods
998:at a
893:Lists
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846:Lucas
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801:Arrow
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751:Hicks
726:Röpke
716:Hayek
666:Pigou
636:Clark
551:Smith
513:Urban
493:Socio
483:Rural
183:Macro
179:Micro
140:Index
3501:ISBN
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3450:ISBN
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