467:
themselves, thus requiring the
Emperor as the parent of the nation to do all the necessary thinking for his/her loving subjects. At the same time, the Emperor as a god had such awesome responsibilities to deal with that he had to delegate some of his power down to mere humans so he could focus on more important matters. In both the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, officers routinely slapped the faces of the men under their command when giving orders, which was portrayed not as an exercise in petty humiliation, but as an act of love, with His Imperial Majesty's officers acting as the surrogates for the Emperor, who had to discipline his "children" by having their faces slapped all the time. Hotta wrote that the scene where the Japanese hero slaps the face of the Chinese woman until she declares her love for him was seen in Japan as a romantic gesture, as a sign he cared for her, just in the same way that officers of the Imperial Army and Navy showed the Emperor's "love" for his subjects serving in his Army and Navy by slapping their faces all the time. Yamaguchi herself in a 1987 interview stated she did not feel the controversial face-slapping scene was an exercise in humiliation for her character, calling it a very romantic and moving scene. However, Hotta observed that Amakasu did project a Pan-Asian message in the film, with its Chinese heroine marrying the Japanese hero, and moreover, it is clear that the Japanese hero is the dominant partner in their relationship, which was meant as a metaphor for the relationship Amakasu wanted to see between Japan and China.
462:, a Japanese actress who had grown up in China and was fluent enough in Mandarin Chinese, the film told the story of a Chinese woman Kei Ran whose parents had been killed in the war by a Japanese bombing raid and was violently anti-Japanese as a result. A handsome and caring young Japanese naval officer Tetsuo Hase falls in love with her, but she resists his advance until he violently slaps her face, despite her tears and begging him to stop, and after which she declares her love for him. After being slapped into declaring her love, she apologizes for anti-Japanese statements, and in a true Pan-Asian union, the two are married and lived happily ever after. The film was and still is very controversial in China, with most Chinese feeling especially humiliated by the face slapping scene with its suggestion that all one has to do is slap around a Chinese woman to make her love one. The Japanese historian Hotta Eri argued the cultural nuances of
313:
of an irresistible urge to protect the country. As for the murder of the child, they argued that this was still justifiable for the public good. Many in the courtroom sympathized with these arguments, with spectators loudly calling
Amakasu a "kokushi" (hero). The judge did nothing to intervene. Even the military prosecutor, while unwilling to accept the defense's arguments as an excuse, was sympathetic. Believing that Amakasu had merely acted excessively, he said the officer's patriotism "brought tears into one's eyes". As such, he demanded only 15 years in prison with hard labour for Amakasu, and lesser punishments for the other defendants.
33:
388:. When Puyi landed in Port Arthur in November 1931, it was Amakasu who greeted him at the dock and escorted him to the train that took him to the Yamato Hotel. While on the train, Amakasu boasted to Puyi about how he had killed Itō, Ōsugi and Tachibana because they were "enemies of the Emperor", and that he would gladly kill Puyi himself if he should prove to be an "enemy of the Emperor". In Manchukuo, Amakasu helped establish the civilian police force in the new capital of Xinjing, as the city of
232:. The caste system in Japan where society was divided into merchants, artisans, peasants and samurai was abolished in 1871 as one of the Meiji era reforms, but long afterwards, caste distinctions persisted with those of the samurai caste being disproportionately over-represented in the officer corps of the Imperial Navy and Army right up to 1945. Amakasu was educated in military
292:, the suspects were beaten to death and their bodies thrown into a well. The killing of such high-profile anarchists, along with a young child, sparked surprise and outrage throughout Japan. Nevertheless, thousands signed petitions requesting leniency on Amakasu's behalf. The murders also drew attention in the
312:
Amakasu and four other
Imperial Japanese Army soldiers were court-martialed for the murders. During the trial, Amakasu's lawyers tied the murder to soldierly duties, and the ideals of spontaneity, sincerity, and pure motives. They argued that Sakae and Noe were traitors, and Amakasu killed them out
392:
had been renamed. During his time in
Manchukuo, Amakasu was notorious for his brutality, and the American historian Louise Young described Amakasu as a "sadistic" man who enjoyed torturing and killing people. In 1934, at Puyi's coronation as Emperor of Manchukuo, Amakasu again played the role of
316:
The judge was even more lenient. Amakasu was sentenced to ten years in prison with hard labour, and IJA sergeant
Keijiro Mori was sentenced to three years in prison with hard labour as an accomplice. The other three men were acquitted, two on the grounds of superior orders, and the other due to
466:
were lost on
Chinese audiences. In Japan, as part of a ploy to infantize the population, the Emperor was always portrayed as a hermaphrodite figure, being both the mother and the father of nation at the same time, with his/her loving subjects as perpetual children unable to think very much for
308:"In the case, even, of an unquestioned American citizen involved in trial in a foreign court, the law of that country must take its course, and we can only be interested in seeing that the trial is fair and the law impartially applied."
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In August 1924, Amakasu's sentence was reduced to 7 years and six months. However, he was released from prison in
October 1926, due to a general
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in 1937, which marked the beginning of the war with China, Amakasu played a prominent role in undercover operations against China.
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436:) to visit Manchukuo and to participate in his productions. His efforts were instrumental in launching the career of
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Puyi's minder under the guise of serving as the director of the film crew that recorded the coronation. After the
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to study by the
Japanese Army from July 1927. While in France, he became acquainted with the noted artist
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482:. On the last day of his life, he wrote out a suicide note in his office and swallowed a cyanide pill.
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and production techniques, and inviting noted
Japanese movie stars, directors and conductors (such as
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government of China. Amakasu strove hard to improve the quality of the works produced, traveling to
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193:
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296:, since Munekazu Tachibana was a dual-national with American citizenship, having been born in
288:, along with Sakae's six-year-old nephew, Munekazu Tachibana. In what came to be known as the
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10 years imprisonment with hard labour; commuted to 7.5 years imprisonment with hard labour
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involved were unsuccessful. One embassy official made a brief statement on the case.
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of
September 1, he and his officers arrested the well-known anarchists
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Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism
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Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism
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458:, which become the most popular Japanese film of that year. Starring
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340:. He returned to Japan in 1930, but almost immediately relocated to
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Japan/America Film Wars: WWII Propaganda and Its Cultural Contexts
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501:, although he was shown shooting himself to death in the movie.
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717:, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999 p. 16.
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Imperial Japanese Army personnel who were court-martialed
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to manage the Japanese Army's increasing involvement in
675:
Jansen, Marius B. (2000). The Making of Modern Japan
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in August 1945, Amakasu committed suicide by taking
364:, where he was involved in the effort to smuggle ex-
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1023:Imperial Japanese Army personnel of World War II
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1048:Japanese military personnel who died by suicide
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324:proclaimed in celebration of the ascension of
188:who was imprisoned for his involvement in the
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248:in 1912. After graduation, he served in the
491:Amakasu was portrayed by Japanese musician
356:production and smuggling into China. After
348:, where he worked under Japanese spymaster
276:during the chaos immediately following the
182:, January 26, 1891 – August 20, 1945)
440:, better known as "Ri Kōran" in Japanese.
380:into Manchuria, where he would become the
263:On September 16, 1923, when Amakasu was a
1008:Military personnel from Miyagi Prefecture
644:
518:. In the novel, he is involved with the
332:. After his release, Amakasu was sent to
613:. Liberal news agency. 1924. p. 16.
610:The Japan Financial and Economic Monthly
739:Nornes, Japan/American Film Wars. p. 84
525:Amakasu was featured as a character in
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863:Pan-Asianism and Japan's War 1931–1945
850:Pan-Asianism and Japan's War 1931–1945
837:Pan-Asianism and Japan's War 1931–1945
824:Pan-Asianism and Japan's War 1931–1945
811:Pan-Asianism and Japan's War 1931–1945
798:Pan-Asianism and Japan's War 1931–1945
785:Pan-Asianism and Japan's War 1931–1945
772:Pan-Asianism and Japan's War 1931–1945
759:Pan-Asianism and Japan's War 1931–1945
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958:
761:, London: Palgrave, 2007 pp. 132–133.
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622:
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256:in various postings in Japan and in
1078:Police officers convicted of murder
1073:People convicted of murder by Japan
1053:Japanese people convicted of murder
504:Amakasu is also a character in the
420:and for the war effort against the
13:
963:. University of California Press.
852:, London: Palgrave, 2007 page 133.
839:, London: Palgrave, 2007 page 133.
826:, London: Palgrave, 2007 page 133.
748:Young, Japan's Total Empire. p. 16
704:, Toronto: Futura, 1987 page 193.
14:
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267:in charge of a detachment of the
16:Japanese Army officer (1891–1945)
878:, Toronto: Futura, 1987 p. 261.
865:, London: Palgrave, 2007 p. 133.
813:, London: Palgrave, 2007 p. 133.
800:, London: Palgrave, 2007 p. 133.
787:, London: Palgrave, 2007 p. 133.
774:, London: Palgrave, 2007 p. 133.
730:, Toronto: Futura, 1987 p. 213.
691:, Toronto: Futura, 1987 p. 193.
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944:. Harwood Academic Publishers.
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538:Amakasu is a main character in
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470:With the fall of Manchukuo to
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400:In 1939, with the support of
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416:to boost public support for
408:, which was one of the main
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97:Suicide by cyanide poisoning
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646:10.4312/as.2018.6.2.129-156
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404:, he was named the head of
278:1923 Great Kantō earthquake
202:1923 Great Kantō earthquake
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10:
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910:The Making of Modern Japan
584:"Amakasu Incident Embassy"
564:Manchukuo Film Association
443:In 1940, Amakasu produced
406:Manchukuo Film Association
395:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
206:Manchukuo Film Association
108:Manchukuo Film Association
106:Military officer, head of
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889:Internet Movie Database
590:. 1923-12-12. p. 1
317:insufficient evidence.
220:as the eldest son of a
194:extrajudicial execution
1068:Japanese war criminals
959:Young, Louise (1999).
627:Orbach, Danny (2018).
588:The Marshall Messenger
428:to acquire the latest
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186:Imperial Japanese Army
184:was an officer in the
1013:People from Manchukuo
476:invasion of Manchuria
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300:. Efforts to get the
384:of the new state of
216:Amakasu was born in
37:Masahiko Amakasu in
535:, released in 2008.
358:Manchurian Incident
93:Cause of death
1063:Japanese torturers
506:historical fantasy
486:In popular culture
374:foreign concession
360:, he relocated to
244:, and entered the
904:Jansen, Marius B.
495:in the 1987 film
480:potassium cyanide
460:Yoshiko Yamaguchi
456:, "China Nights")
412:vehicles for the
338:Tsuguharu Foujita
218:Miyagi Prefecture
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60:Miyagi Prefecture
23:Masahiko Amakasu
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493:Ryuichi Sakamoto
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302:American Embassy
298:Portland, Oregon
290:Amakasu Incident
234:boarding schools
190:Amakasu Incident
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179:Amakasu Masahiko
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861:Hotta, Eri
848:Hotta, Eri
835:Hotta, Eri
822:Hotta, Eri
809:Hotta, Eri
796:Hotta, Eri
783:Hotta, Eri
770:Hotta, Eri
757:Hotta, Eri
474:during the
282:Sakae Ōsugi
982:Categories
897:References
594:2023-07-20
527:Ian Buruma
520:freemasons
422:Kuomintang
410:propaganda
265:lieutenant
228:under the
200:after the
198:anarchists
148:(3 counts)
52:1891-01-26
677:, p. 573.
655:2350-4226
529:'s novel
418:Manchukuo
390:Changchun
386:Manchukuo
372:from the
346:Manchuria
270:Kenpeitai
212:Biography
86:Manchukuo
39:Manchukuo
906:(2000).
663:55622167
553:See also
545:The Dead
368:emperor
326:Hirohito
250:infantry
128:Deceased
426:Germany
378:Tianjin
322:amnesty
286:Noe Itō
224:of the
222:samurai
82:Xinjing
967:
948:
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508:novel
362:Harbin
342:Mukden
334:France
242:Nagoya
230:bakufu
192:, the
146:Murder
659:S2CID
570:Notes
354:opium
258:Korea
173:甘粕 正彦
25:甘粕 正彦
965:ISBN
946:ISBN
927:ISBN
916:ISBN
651:ISSN
453:支那の夜
370:Puyi
366:Qing
284:and
240:and
71:Died
46:Born
641:doi
514:by
376:in
344:in
328:as
236:in
196:of
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