394:, who had been deposed in the military coup that had brought Torrijos's father Omar to power. Moscoso ran on a populist platform, beginning many of her speeches with the Latin phrase "Vox populi, vox Dei" ("the voice of the people is the voice of God"), previously used by Arias to begin his own speeches. She pledged to support education, reduce poverty, and slow the pace of privatization. While Torrijos ran in large part on his father's memory—including using the campaign slogan "Omar lives"—Moscoso evoked that of her dead husband, leading Panamanians to joke that the election was a race between "two corpses". Torrijos and the PRD were ultimately hampered by the corruption scandals of the previous administration, as well as a scandal in which
668:
589:
641:
456:
615:
576:
63:
1641:
655:
1981:
602:
550:
628:
526:
was elected
President of the National Assembly. González Pinzón had been indicted by a US grand jury for the 1992 murder of US Army Sgt. Zak Hernández, and some members of the US Congress vowed to oppose the pact until González Pinzón no longer held the post. Unwilling to publicly battle his party's
487:
until 2006. In April of that year, he presented a plan, calling it "probably the most important decision of this generation". The expansion was projected to double the canal's shipping capacity and allow it to handle oil tankers and cruise ships, at a projected cost of $ 5 billion. The plan was
563:
446:
recalled the nation's ambassador. Moscoso stated that the pardons had been motivated by her mistrust of
Torrijos, saying, "I knew that if these men stayed here, they would be extradited to Cuba and Venezuela, and there they were surely going to kill them there."
319:, who was Panama's social reformer and military strongman from 1968 until his death in a 1981 plane crash. The younger Torrijos is an illegitimate child primarily raised by his mother, but his father publicly acknowledged him when he became a teenager. Born in
366:(PRD) effected a reversion to the previous system. During his term in office the rate of armed robberies and assault increased. There were several reported cases where SUNTRACS, a workers union, was angered, causing several riots which involved rock flinging.
471:
In May 2005, the
Torrijos government proposed increasing pension contributions and raising the retirement age to help pay off the nation's increasing foreign debt. The changes triggered several weeks of protests, strikes, and a student-led closure of the
362:(1994–1999), Torrijos served as deputy minister for the interior and justice. His most significant act as deputy minister was to sign into law the complete privatization of Panama's water utilities. When the new law proved unpopular, the
492:
1492:"Real Decreto 1933/2008, de 21 de noviembre, por el que se concede el Collar de la Orden de Isabel la Católica a Su Excelencia señor Martín Torrijos Espino, Presidente de la República de Panamá"
942:
423:, on a platform of reducing crime and government corruption. Endara and the other candidates also ran a series of negative ads highlighting the PRD's connections with former military ruler
1629:
1092:
382:. Torrijos was selected in part to try to win back left-leaning voters after the privatizations and union restrictions instituted by Pérez Balladares. His main opponent was
527:
nationalist wing, Torrijos privately asked González Pinzón to resign, but avoided criticizing him in the press. The deal was finally ratified under
Torrijos's successor,
783:
2044:
281:, whom Torrijos defeated 47% to 31%. Torrijos reformed social security and pensions during his term in office, as well as proposing and passing a $ 5 billion
1622:
1346:
499:'s independence and made an energetic call to the United States to recognise the independence of Puerto Rico. His administration opposed Colombian president
1607:
534:
Torrijos was again popular by the end of his term, but because Panama's constitution forbids consecutive second terms for the presidency, the PRD nominated
250:
from 1968 to 1981. Martín
Torrijos was educated in economics and political science in the United States. He then returned to Panama, becoming active in the
2014:
480:
and union leaders, Torrijos also initially postponed plans to reform social security, though he successfully passed a reform measure later in his term.
515:
934:
1615:
1369:
411:
on a platform of strengthening democracy and negotiating a free trade agreement with the US, and was supported by popular musician and politician
2039:
2019:
1123:
522:. Though ratified in Panama and apparently headed to ratification in the US, the agreement was derailed in September 2007 when fellow PRD member
592:
911:
1750:
692:
2064:
2059:
1565:
1447:
1084:
1875:
328:
1286:
671:
538:
as a candidate to succeed him in 2009. She lost to an independent candidate, Ricardo
Martinelli, the owner of a supermarket chain.
2049:
1637:
1175:
1145:
1425:
1395:
1245:
997:
964:
749:
1206:
1057:
1860:
1027:
873:
824:
779:
719:
2024:
1765:
1469:
1735:
1835:
667:
523:
1820:
1785:
1645:
408:
379:
297:
270:
255:
1800:
17:
2054:
1548:
825:"General's Son Leads in Panama; Running as a Pro-Capitalist Nationalist, Torrijos Emerges as Favorite in Polls"
645:
484:
363:
282:
251:
175:
2029:
442:
during a 2000 visit to Panama. Cuba broke off diplomatic relations with the country, and
Venezuelan president
2034:
1690:
1725:
1665:
1589:
230:
1745:
438:, Pedro Remon and Guillermo Novo Sampol—who had been convicted of plotting to assassinate Cuban president
588:
1885:
1513:
1373:
1338:
375:
359:
1810:
1115:
304:
1715:
1705:
1685:
420:
274:
1775:
1770:
1958:
1953:
1931:
618:
566:
1312:
903:
640:
1850:
1805:
1235:
Puerto Rico State
Electoral Commission: Official Results for the 1998 Political-Status Plebiscite
396:
336:
290:
197:
1795:
1780:
455:
2009:
1710:
1670:
1660:
476:, and the proposal to increase the retirement age was postponed. Following opposition from the
340:
614:
1915:
1815:
1740:
1730:
477:
1870:
1700:
1491:
2004:
1865:
1825:
1278:
473:
431:
332:
98:
1207:"Canal Upgrade Plan Approved; Voters in Panama Favor $ 5 Billion Expansion by Wide Margin"
404:
to sell a former US military base. Moscoso defeated
Torrijos with 45% of the vote to 37%.
8:
1755:
301:
75:
415:; Torrijos later made Blades the nation's tourism minister. Torrijos' primary rival was
185:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1599:
581:
528:
374:
After the failure of a constitutional referendum that would have allowed PRD incumbent
286:
126:
161:
102:
1840:
1695:
1544:
1943:
435:
419:, who had served as president from 1990 to 1994. Endara ran as the candidate of the
1880:
493:
Latin
American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
416:
383:
324:
278:
259:
225:
427:. Endara finished second in the race, receiving 31% of the vote to Torrijos' 47%.
378:
to seek a second consecutive term, Torrijos was named to represent the PRD in the
1680:
1403:
1253:
1183:
1153:
1005:
757:
535:
430:
Shortly before leaving office, Moscoso sparked controversy by pardoning four men—
1061:
1058:"Guillermo Endara, former president of Panama, fights against corruption, crime"
972:
1963:
1890:
1845:
1720:
1582:
1214:
519:
488:
approved by public referendum on October 22 of that year with 78% of the vote.
460:
424:
387:
263:
114:
1034:
881:
832:
727:
443:
1998:
1985:
1948:
1855:
1830:
1790:
1760:
1675:
391:
352:
316:
237:
504:
1929:
500:
439:
412:
307:, one of the parties that supported him and formed part of his government.
62:
31:
496:
464:
508:
192:
335:, in the United States and studied political science and economics at
273:, he ran again as the PRD candidate. This time, his primary rival was
483:
Torrijos's temporary unpopularity forced him also postpone plans for
562:
320:
242:
693:"Democristianos postulan a Martín y éste descarta alianza con PRD"
998:"Not his father's son? Panama's new president. (Martin Torrijos)"
660:
348:
35:
1649:
1640:
607:
247:
165:
1085:"Panama's New Chief, Sworn In, Inherits a Diplomatic Tempest"
633:
401:
400:
reported that two members of his campaign had been bribed by
344:
236:
He was fathered out of wedlock by Panamanian military ruler
1470:"México y Panamá firman pactos en inversiones y transporte"
555:
874:"Moscoso Is First Woman Elected to Panamanian Presidency"
229:; born July 18, 1963) is a Panamanian politician who was
852:
850:
803:
801:
254:(PRD). He was the party's presidential candidate in the
720:"Former Military Ruler's Son Wins Presidency in Panama"
507:
connecting the countries, stating that it could damage
847:
798:
503:'s proposals to build a road through the undeveloped
1313:"Fugitive From U.S. Justice Leads Panama's Assembly"
1494:(in Spanish). Gobierno de España. November 21, 2008
1448:"Presidente Fernández condecora a Martín Torrijos"
871:
1082:
1996:
1339:"Panama's president-elect to push US trade deal"
285:. Torrijos was succeeded by supermarket magnate
1516:(in Spanish). Montevideo Portal. April 16, 2008
1428:(in Spanish). Juventud Rebelde. January 6, 2009
347:. During his time in the US, he also worked in
42: and the second or maternal family name is
1426:"José Martí y Torrijos, unidos en la historia"
1336:
1055:
932:
750:"Not his father's son? Panama's new president"
516:Panama–United States Trade Promotion Agreement
1623:
1204:
1113:
315:Martín Torrijos is the son of military ruler
935:"The Widow Of Ex-Leader Wins Race In Panama"
2045:Order of Merit of Duarte, Sánchez and Mella
822:
717:
593:Order of Merit of Duarte, Sánchez and Mella
300:, he is the presidential candidate for the
2015:Democratic Revolutionary Party politicians
1630:
1616:
1472:(in Spanish). La Jornada. October 12, 2005
1396:"Super 09; Panama's presidential election"
1367:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1116:"U.S. Denies Role in Cuban Exiles' Pardon"
780:"St. John's Northwestern Military Academy"
61:
1450:(in Spanish). Listin Diario. June 9, 2009
1370:"Congress passes 3 free trade agreements"
896:
672:Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay
491:In November 2006, Torrijos sponsored the
450:
369:
88:September 1, 2004 – July 1, 2009
454:
329:St. John's Northwestern Military Academy
310:
1538:
1301:
1273:
1271:
1083:Steven R. Weisman (September 2, 2004).
856:
807:
390:, widow of former Panamanian president
14:
2040:Members of the Inter-American Dialogue
2020:Panamanian people of Colombian descent
1997:
1126:from the original on September 7, 2012
818:
816:
1928:
1611:
1289:from the original on October 11, 2012
867:
865:
224:
1349:from the original on August 12, 2014
1268:
992:
990:
2065:21st-century Panamanian politicians
2060:20th-century Panamanian politicians
926:
914:from the original on March 13, 2012
813:
24:
1372:. Associated Press. Archived from
1205:Will Weissert (October 23, 2006).
1095:from the original on March 5, 2016
1060:. Associated Press. Archived from
1049:
1028:"Nicky Hilton Weds One Hilton ..."
945:from the original on March 5, 2016
872:Serge F. Kovaleski (May 3, 1999).
862:
786:from the original on March 3, 2016
742:
541:
27:35th president of Panama (2004–09)
25:
2076:
1559:
1252:. October 2, 2004. Archived from
1114:Glenn Kessler (August 27, 2004).
1033:. August 16, 2004. Archived from
987:
514:In 2007, Torrijos negotiated the
1979:
1639:
1311:Marc Lacey (November 28, 1997).
971:. March 27, 1999. Archived from
666:
653:
639:
626:
613:
600:
587:
574:
561:
548:
2050:Texas A&M University alumni
1531:
1506:
1484:
1462:
1440:
1418:
1388:
1368:Jim Abrams (October 13, 2011).
1361:
1330:
1238:
1229:
1198:
1182:. July 23, 2005. Archived from
1168:
1152:. July 21, 2007. Archived from
1138:
1107:
1076:
1020:
957:
289:in 2009. He is a member of the
1337:Mica Rosenberg (May 4, 2009).
1056:Mark Stevenson (May 2, 2004).
933:Mireya Navarro (May 3, 1999).
772:
711:
685:
646:Order of Isabella the Catholic
364:Democratic Revolutionary Party
252:Democratic Revolutionary Party
176:Democratic Revolutionary Party
13:
1:
1646:Presidents and heads of state
1402:. May 9, 2009. Archived from
1004:. May 8, 2004. Archived from
756:. May 8, 2004. Archived from
679:
283:expansion of the Panama Canal
218:Martín Erasto Torrijos Espino
146:Martín Erasto Torrijos Espino
524:Pedro Miguel González Pinzón
34:, the first or paternal
7:
1539:Harding, Robert C. (2006).
823:Mary Jordan (May 2, 2004).
718:Mary Jordan (May 3, 2004).
518:with the administration of
10:
2081:
2025:Panamanian Roman Catholics
409:2004 presidential election
407:Torrijos ran again in the
271:2004 presidential election
29:
1976:
1939:
1932:Panamanian Defense Forces
1924:
1656:
1596:
1587:
1579:
1574:
1514:"Gira de Vázquez: Panamá"
485:widening the Panama Canal
358:During the presidency of
226:[maɾˈtintoˈrixos]
211:
203:
191:
181:
171:
141:
136:
132:
120:
108:
92:
81:
73:
69:
60:
53:
1954:Florencio Flores Aguilar
1886:Ernesto Pérez Balladares
619:Order of the Aztec Eagle
376:Ernesto Pérez Balladares
360:Ernesto Pérez Balladares
337:Texas A&M University
198:Texas A&M University
1851:Ricardo de la Espriella
1666:José Domingo de Obaldía
908:Encyclopædia Britannica
291:Inter-American Dialogue
1776:Domingo Díaz Arosemena
1661:Manuel Amador Guerrero
468:
451:Presidency (2004–2009)
370:Presidential campaigns
298:2024 general elections
222:Spanish pronunciation:
2055:Panamanian economists
1816:Ernesto de la Guardia
1766:Ricardo de la Guardia
1541:The History of Panama
1406:on September 24, 2015
1376:on September 21, 2014
1256:on September 29, 2012
1064:on September 23, 2014
1008:on September 28, 2014
782:. chambermaster.com.
760:on September 28, 2014
478:Roman Catholic Church
458:
380:1999 general election
311:Early life and career
256:1999 general election
207:Economist, politician
2035:Presidents of Panama
1826:Marco Aurelio Robles
1796:Alcibíades Arosemena
1285:. January 17, 2008.
474:University of Panama
459:Martín Torrijos and
432:Luis Posada Carriles
333:Delafield, Wisconsin
327:, he graduated from
302:Christian democratic
99:Samuel Lewis Navarro
1959:Rubén Darío Paredes
1876:Francisco Rodríguez
1726:Florencio Arosemena
1590:President of Panama
1543:. Greenwood Press.
1211:The Washington Post
1146:"Glitter and graft"
1120:The Washington Post
1031:The Washington Post
878:The Washington Post
829:The Washington Post
724:The Washington Post
567:Order of José Martí
467:, February 16, 2007
233:from 2004 to 2009.
231:President of Panama
76:President of Panama
2030:People from Chitré
1930:Commanders of the
1911:Laurentino Cortizo
1906:Juan Carlos Varela
1901:Ricardo Martinelli
1871:Manuel Solís Palma
1836:José María Pinilla
1806:José Ramón Guizado
1751:Ezequiel Fernández
1600:Ricardo Martinelli
1575:Political offices
1566:Biography by CIDOB
1317:The New York Times
1089:The New York Times
965:"Another Torrijos"
939:The New York Times
582:Dominican Republic
529:Ricardo Martinelli
469:
287:Ricardo Martinelli
127:Ricardo Martinelli
1992:
1991:
1986:Panama portal
1972:
1971:
1934:(1968–1989)
1606:
1605:
1597:Succeeded by
1246:"Minding the Gap"
1217:on April 14, 2016
1037:on March 12, 2016
975:on April 15, 2017
884:on April 16, 2017
835:on April 14, 2016
730:on April 14, 2016
215:
214:
16:(Redirected from
2072:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1926:
1925:
1916:José Raúl Mulino
1881:Guillermo Endara
1861:Nicolás Barletta
1716:Belisario Porras
1706:Belisario Porras
1686:Belisario Porras
1644:
1643:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1580:Preceded by
1572:
1571:
1554:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1213:. Archived from
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1186:on April 9, 2016
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1156:on March 9, 2016
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
994:
985:
984:
982:
980:
961:
955:
954:
952:
950:
930:
924:
923:
921:
919:
904:"Mireya Moscoso"
900:
894:
893:
891:
889:
880:. Archived from
869:
860:
854:
845:
844:
842:
840:
831:. Archived from
820:
811:
805:
796:
795:
793:
791:
776:
770:
769:
767:
765:
746:
740:
739:
737:
735:
726:. Archived from
715:
709:
708:
706:
704:
699:. April 28, 2023
689:
670:
659:
657:
656:
643:
632:
630:
629:
617:
606:
604:
603:
591:
580:
578:
577:
565:
554:
552:
551:
421:Solidarity Party
417:Guillermo Endara
384:Arnulfista Party
279:Guillermo Endara
275:Solidarity Party
260:Arnulfista Party
228:
223:
186:Vivian Fernández
159:
155:
153:
137:Personal details
123:
111:
95:
86:
65:
51:
50:
21:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2069:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1980:
1978:
1968:
1935:
1920:
1896:Martín Torrijos
1771:Enrique Jiménez
1711:Ernesto Lefevre
1681:Pablo Arosemena
1652:
1638:
1636:
1602:
1593:
1585:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1534:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1309:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1176:"Tight squeeze"
1174:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1009:
996:
995:
988:
978:
976:
963:
962:
958:
948:
946:
931:
927:
917:
915:
902:
901:
897:
887:
885:
870:
863:
855:
848:
838:
836:
821:
814:
806:
799:
789:
787:
778:
777:
773:
763:
761:
748:
747:
743:
733:
731:
716:
712:
702:
700:
691:
690:
686:
682:
654:
652:
627:
625:
601:
599:
575:
573:
549:
547:
544:
542:Foreign honours
536:Balbina Herrera
511:in the region.
453:
372:
341:College Station
313:
221:
172:Political party
160:
157:
151:
149:
148:
147:
121:
109:
103:Rubén Arosemena
101:
93:
87:
82:
56:
55:Martín Torrijos
47:
28:
23:
22:
18:Martin Torrijos
15:
12:
11:
5:
2078:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
1990:
1989:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1964:Manuel Noriega
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1944:Boris Martínez
1940:
1937:
1936:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1891:Mireya Moscoso
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1846:Aristides Royo
1843:
1841:Demetrio Lakas
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1821:Roberto Chiari
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1786:Roberto Chiari
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1746:Juan Arosemena
1743:
1741:Harmodio Arias
1738:
1736:Ricardo Alfaro
1733:
1731:Harmodio Arias
1728:
1723:
1721:Rodolfo Chiari
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1671:Carlos Mendoza
1668:
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331:located in
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1999:Categories
1801:José Remón
1701:Pedro Díaz
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1068:August 31,
1012:August 31,
697:La Crítica
680:References
509:ecotourism
505:Darién Gap
386:candidate
353:McDonald's
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193:Alma mater
152:1963-07-18
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1432:August 1,
397:La Prensa
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182:Spouse
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345:Texas
74:35th
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