Mars Science Laboratory

2526: 2772: 7801: 2833: 2487: 2362: 610: 1556:: During part of the descent to the Martian surface, MARDI acquired 4 color images per second, at 1600×1200 pixels, with a 0.9-millisecond exposure time. Images were taken 4 times per second, starting shortly before heatshield separation at 3.7 km altitude, until a few seconds after touchdown. This provided engineering information about both the motion of the rover during the descent process, and science information about the terrain immediately surrounding the rover. NASA descoped MARDI in 2007, but Malin Space Science Systems contributed it with its own resources. After landing it could take 1.5 mm (0.059 in) per pixel views of the surface, the first of these post-landing photos were taken by August 27, 2012 (sol 20). 2745: 2890: 2784: 1361: 2980: 2860: 2942: 3022: 8575: 2875: 2117: 990: 2807: 104: 3048: 8922: 8914: 2914: 864: 397: 151: 520: 1730: 2554:

consists of a bridle lowering the rover on three nylon tethers and an electrical cable carrying information and power between the descent stage and rover. As the support and data cables unreeled, the rover's six motorized wheels snapped into position. At roughly 7.5 m (25 ft) below the descent stage the sky crane system slowed to a halt and the rover touched down. After the rover touched down, it waited two seconds to confirm that it was on solid ground by detecting the weight on the wheels and fired several

2549:. A legged lander approach would have caused several design problems. It would have needed to have engines high enough above the ground when landing not to form a dust cloud that could damage the rover's instruments. This would have required long landing legs that would need to have significant width to keep the center of gravity low. A legged lander would have also required ramps so the rover could drive down to the surface, which would have incurred extra risk to the mission on the chance rocks or tilt would prevent 1545: 1237: 782: 790: 2518: 2022: 2446: 1620:

simplified to simplify testing and integration of the rover. The next month, NASA delayed the launch to late 2011 because of inadequate testing time. Eventually the costs for developing the rover reached $ 2.47 billion, that for a rover that initially had been classified as a medium-cost mission with a maximum budget of $ 650 million, yet NASA still had to ask for an additional $ 82 million to meet the planned November launch. As of 2012, the project suffered an 84 percent overrun.

8906: 979: 1587: 13013: 11255: 8064: 2402:, from the atmospheric interface velocity of approximately 5.8 km/s (3.6 mi/s) down to approximately 470 m/s (1,500 ft/s), where parachute deployment was possible about four minutes later. One minute and 15 seconds after entry the heat shield experienced peak temperatures of up to 2,090 °C (3,790 °F) as atmospheric pressure converted kinetic energy into heat. Ten seconds after peak heating, that deceleration peaked out at 15 14618: 2325: 14594: 3087: 5655:

this request, the MSL budget had reached $ 1.9 billion. ... NASA HQ requested JPL prepare an assessment of costs to complete the construction of MSL by the next launch opportunity (in October 2011). This figure came in around $ 300 million, and NASA HQ has estimated this will translate to at least $ 400 million (assuming reserves will be required), to launch MSL and operate it on the surface of Mars from 2012 through 2014.

2438: 1412: 14582: 8076: 13025: 11267: 2417:. This guidance uses the lifting force experienced by the aeroshell to "fly out" any detected error in range and thereby arrive at the targeted landing site. In order for the aeroshell to have lift, its center of mass is offset from the axial centerline that results in an off-center trim angle in atmospheric flight. This was accomplished by ejecting ballast masses consisting of two 75 kg (165 lb) 14606: 38: 2425:(RCS) thrusters that produced approximately 500 N (110 lbf) of thrust per pair. This ability to change the pointing of the direction of lift allowed the spacecraft to react to the ambient environment, and steer toward the landing zone. Prior to parachute deployment the entry vehicle ejected more ballast mass consisting of six 25 kg (55 lb) tungsten weights such that the 3417: 2710: 2684: 2657: 1096:

sand and scrambling over rocks. The four corner wheels can be independently steered, allowing the vehicle to turn in place as well as execute arcing turns. Each wheel has a pattern that helps it maintain traction and leaves patterned tracks in the sandy surface of Mars. That pattern is used by on-board cameras to judge the distance traveled. The pattern itself is

2630: 7566:; Vasavada, A. R.; Anderson, R. C.; Baker, C. J.; Barry, R.; Blake, D. F.; Conrad, P.; Edgett, K. S.; Ferdowski, B.; Gellert, R.; Gilbert, J. B.; Golombek, M.; Gómez-Elvira, J.; Hassler, D. M.; Jandura, L.; Litvak, M.; Mahaffy, P.; Maki, J.; Meyer, M.; Malin, M. C.; Mitrofanov, I.; Simmonds, J. J.; Vaniman, D.; Welch, R. V.; Wiens, R. C. (2012). 965:. During the trip to Mars, VxWorks ran applications dedicated to the navigation and guidance phase of the mission, and also had a pre-programmed software sequence for handling the complexity of the entry-descent-landing. Once landed, the applications were replaced with software for driving on the surface and performing scientific activities. 2979: 2712: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2686: 2717: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2553:

from being able to drive off the lander successfully. Faced with these challenges, the MSL engineers came up with a novel alternative solution: the sky crane. The sky crane system lowered the rover with a 7.6 m (25 ft) tether to a soft landing—wheels down—on the surface of Mars. This system

2183:

and battery for providing continuous power. Upon reaching Mars, the spacecraft stopped spinning and a cable cutter separated the cruise stage from the aeroshell. Then the cruise stage was diverted into a separate trajectory into the atmosphere. In December 2012, the debris field from the cruise stage

1095:

suspension, which also served as landing gear for the vehicle, unlike its smaller predecessors. The wheels are significantly larger (50 centimeters (20 in) diameter) than those used on previous rovers. Each wheel has cleats and is independently actuated and geared, providing for climbing in soft

1060:

Typically 225 kbit/day of commands are transmitted to the rover directly from Earth, at a data rate of 1–2 kbit/s, during a 15-minute (900 second) transmit window, while the larger volumes of data collected by the rover are returned via satellite relay. The one-way communication delay with

948:

The rover has an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) that provides 3-axis information on its position, which is used in rover navigation. The rover's computers are constantly self-monitoring to keep the rover operational, such as by regulating the rover's temperature. Activities such as taking pictures,

2502:

rocket thrusters on arms extending around this platform to slow the descent. Each rocket thruster, called a Mars Lander Engine (MLE), produces 400 to 3,100 N (90 to 697 lbf) of thrust and were derived from those used on the Viking landers. A radar altimeter measured altitude and velocity,

2369:

Precision guided entry made use of onboard computing ability to steer itself toward the pre-determined landing site, improving landing accuracy from a range of hundreds of kilometers to 20 kilometers (12 mi). This capability helped remove some of the uncertainties of landing hazards that might

5654:

NASA first put a reliable figure of the cost of the MSL mission at the "Phase A/Phase B transition", after a preliminary design review (PDR) that approved instruments, design and engineering of the whole mission. That was in August 2006—and the Congress-approved figure was $ 1.63 billion. ... With

1602:

The Mars Science Laboratory was recommended by United States National Research Council Decadal Survey committee as the top priority middle-class Mars mission in 2003. NASA called for proposals for the rover's scientific instruments in April 2004, and eight proposals were selected on December 14 of

2659: 2691: 2663: 2662: 2658: 1034:

for communicating with Mars orbiters. The X-band system has one radio, with a 15 W power amplifier, and two antennas: a low-gain omnidirectional antenna that can communicate with Earth at very low data rates (15 bit/s at maximum range), regardless of rover orientation, and a high-gain

848:

The MEDLI project's main objective is to measure aerothermal environments, sub-surface heat shield material response, vehicle orientation, and atmospheric density. The MEDLI instrumentation suite was installed in the heatshield of the MSL entry vehicle. The acquired data will support future Mars

2302:

The entry-descent-landing (EDL) system differs from those used for other missions in that it does not require an interactive, ground-generated mission plan. During the entire landing phase, the vehicle acts autonomously, based on pre-loaded software and parameters. The EDL system was based on a

2389:

at Mars. Ten minutes before atmospheric entry the aeroshell separated from the cruise stage that provided power, communications and propulsion during the long flight to Mars. One minute after separation from the cruise stage thrusters on the aeroshell fired to cancel out the spacecraft's 2-rpm

1759:

Over 60 landing sites were evaluated, and by July 2011 Gale crater was chosen. A primary goal when selecting the landing site was to identify a particular geologic environment, or set of environments, that would support microbial life. Planners looked for a site that could contribute to a wide

2473:

in the Martian atmosphere. After the parachute was deployed, the heat shield separated and fell away. A camera beneath the rover acquired about 5 frames per second (with resolution of 1600×1200 pixels) below 3.7 km (2.3 mi) during a period of about 2 minutes until the rover sensors

1619:

By November 2008 most hardware and software development was complete, and testing continued. At this point, cost overruns were approximately $ 400 million. In the attempts to meet the launch date, several instruments and a cache for samples were removed and other instruments and cameras were

2664: 2226:

correction maneuvers. By spinning about its central axis, it maintained a stable attitude. Along the way, the cruise stage performed four trajectory correction maneuvers to adjust the spacecraft's path toward its landing site. Information was sent to mission controllers via two X-band

1445:

or ice and water at or near the Martian surface. On August 18, 2012 (sol 12) the Russian science instrument, DAN, was turned on, marking the success of a Russian-American collaboration on the surface of Mars and the first working Russian science instrument on the Martian surface since

2632: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2469:, Mars Pathfinder and the Mars Exploration Rovers. The parachute has 80 suspension lines, is over 50 m (160 ft) long, and is about 16 m (52 ft) in diameter. Capable of being deployed at Mach 2.2, the parachute can generate up to 289 kN (65,000 lbf) of 2714: 2637: 2558:(small explosive devices) activating cable cutters on the bridle and umbilical cords to free itself from the descent stage. The descent stage then flew away to a crash landing 650 m (2,100 ft) away. The sky crane concept had never been used in missions before. 2665: 2688: 1705:

Between March 23 and 29, 2009, the general public ranked nine finalist rover names (Adventure, Amelia, Journey, Perception, Pursuit, Sunrise, Vision, Wonder, and Curiosity) through a public poll on the NASA website. On May 27, 2009, the winning name was announced to be

2337:

or cable news networks covering the event live. The final landing place for the rover was less than 2.4 km (1.5 mi) from its target after a 563,270,400 km (350,000,000 mi) journey. In addition to streaming and traditional video viewing, JPL made

2494:

Following the parachute braking, at about 1.8 km (1.1 mi) altitude, still travelling at about 100 m/s (220 mph), the rover and descent stage dropped out of the aeroshell. The descent stage is a platform above the rover with eight variable thrust

2661: 1803:. At the first MSL Landing Site workshop, 33 potential landing sites were identified. By the end of the second workshop in late 2007, the list was reduced to six; in November 2008, project leaders at a third workshop reduced the list to these four landing sites: 2352:

The EDL phase of the MSL spaceflight mission to Mars took only seven minutes and unfolded automatically, as programmed by JPL engineers in advance, in a precise order, with the entry, descent and landing sequence occurring in four distinct event phases:

1631:

on November 26, 2011. On January 11, 2012, the spacecraft successfully refined its trajectory with a three-hour series of thruster-engine firings, advancing the rover's landing time by about 14 hours. When MSL was launched, the program's director was

2634: 747:. As part of its exploration, it also measured the radiation exposure in the interior of the spacecraft as it traveled to Mars, and it is continuing radiation measurements as it explores the surface of Mars. This data would be important for a future 1796:. Indeed, all are known to facilitate the preservation of fossil morphologies and molecules on Earth. Difficult terrain was favored for finding evidence of livable conditions, but the rover must be able to safely reach the site and drive within it. 2332:

Despite its late hour, particularly on the east coast of the United States where it was 1:31 a.m., the landing generated significant public interest. 3.2 million watched the landing live with most watching online instead of on television via

853:

models and clarify the lander design margins on future Mars missions. MEDLI instrumentation consists of three main subsystems: MEDLI Integrated Sensor Plugs (MISP), Mars Entry Atmospheric Data System (MEADS) and the Sensor Support Electronics

5001:

Litvak, M.L.; Mitrofanov, I.G.; Barmakov, Yu.N.; Behar, A.; Bitulev, A.; Bobrovnitsky, Yu.; Bogolubov, E.P.; Boynton, W.V.; et al. (2008). "The Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) Experiment for NASA's 2009 Mars Science Laboratory".

2290:

was set down on the Martian surface using a new high-accuracy entry, descent, and landing (EDL) system that was part of the MSL spacecraft descent stage. The mass of this EDL system, including parachute, sky crane, fuel and

755:

About one year into the surface mission, and having assessed that ancient Mars could have been hospitable to microbial life, the MSL mission objectives evolved to developing predictive models for the preservation process of

1535:

fifth science camera, the remote micro-imager (RMI). The RMI provides black-and-white images at 1024×1024 resolution in a 0.02 radian (1.1-degree) field of view. This is approximately equivalent to a 1500 mm lens on a

1255:

can vaporize a small portion of it with an infrared laser and examine the resulting spectra signature to query the rock's elemental composition. If that signature intrigues, the rover will use its long arm to swing over a

9985: 5358: 1035:

antenna that can communicate at speeds up to 32 kbit/s, but must be aimed. The UHF system has two radios (approximately 9 W transmit power), sharing one omnidirectional antenna. This can communicate with the

2598:

The landing location for the rover was less than 2.4 km (1.5 mi) from the center of the planned landing ellipse, after a 563,000,000 km (350,000,000 mi) journey. NASA named the rover landing site

2503:

feeding data to the rover's flight computer. Meanwhile, the rover transformed from its stowed flight configuration to a landing configuration while being lowered beneath the descent stage by the "sky crane" system.

2162:

The cruise stage carried the MSL spacecraft through the void of space and delivered it to Mars. The interplanetary trip covered the distance of 352 million miles in 253 days. The cruise stage has its own miniature

2771: 2315:

missions. The spacecraft employed several systems in a precise order, with the entry, descent and landing sequence broken down into four parts—described below as the spaceflight events unfolded on August 6, 2012.

1523:

Designed by Roger Wiens is a system of remote sensing instruments used to erode the Martian surface up to 10 meters away and measure the different components that make up the land. The payload includes the first

2370:

be present in larger landing ellipses. Steering was achieved by the combined use of thrusters and ejectable balance masses. The ejectable balance masses shift the capsule center of mass enabling generation of a

2687: 2832: 2744: 2859: 2660: 2057:

The first and second stages, along with the solid rocket motors, were stacked on October 9, 2011, near the launch pad. The fairing containing MSL was transported to the launch pad on November 3, 2011.

1108:). Based on the center of mass, the vehicle can withstand a tilt of at least 50 degrees in any direction without overturning, but automatic sensors will limit the rover from exceeding 30-degree tilts. 2713: 1051:

for about 8 minutes per day. The orbiters have larger antennas and more powerful radios, and can relay data to Earth faster than the rover could do directly. Therefore, most of the data returned by

2299:

within a 20 by 7 km (12.4 by 4.3 mi) landing ellipse, in contrast to the 150 by 20 km (93 by 12 mi) landing ellipse of the landing systems used by the Mars Exploration Rovers.

841:

The MSL spacecraft includes spaceflight-specific instruments, in addition to utilizing one of the rover instruments — Radiation assessment detector (RAD) — during the spaceflight transit to Mars.

2633: 534:

MSL successfully carried out the most accurate Martian landing of any known spacecraft at the time, hitting a small target landing ellipse of only 7 by 20 km (4.3 by 12.4 mi), in the

538:

region of Gale Crater. In the event, MSL achieved a landing 2.4 km (1.5 mi) east and 400 m (1,300 ft) north of the center of the target. This location is near the mountain

2941: 2595:

inside the crater in front of the mountain. The target landing site location was an elliptical area 20 by 7 km (12.4 by 4.3 mi). Gale Crater's diameter is 154 km (96 mi).

1760:

variety of possible science objectives. They preferred a landing site with both morphologic and mineralogical evidence for past water. Furthermore, a site with spectra indicating multiple

3047: 1080:. Odyssey is capable of relaying UHF telemetry back to Earth in real time. The relay time varies with the distance between the two planets and took 13:46 minutes at the time of landing. 943:, while the RAD6000 CPU is capable of up to 35 MIPS. Of the two on-board computers, one is configured as backup, and will take over in the event of problems with the main computer. 2783: 2188:. Since the initial size, velocity, density and impact angle of the hardware are known, it will provide information on impact processes on the Mars surface and atmospheric properties. 10610: 3010: 9967: 8663: 7882: 4107: 971: 1515:: This system consists of a camera mounted to a robotic arm on the rover, used to acquire microscopic images of rock and soil. It has white and ultraviolet LEDs for illumination. 1383:

encountered in the Martian environment. Turned on after launch, it recorded several radiation spikes caused by the Sun. On May 31, 2013, NASA scientists reported that a possible

2889: 13105: 3167: 2986: 4190: 3983: 1575:

The rover uses two pairs of black and white navigation cameras mounted on the mast to support ground navigation. These provide a longer-distance view of the terrain ahead.

9508: 6228: 6174: 2874: 2806: 9991: 6201: 6147: 6690: 4222: 2307:

aeroshell structure and propulsion system for a precision guided entry and soft landing, in contrasts with the airbag landings that were used in the mid-1990s by the

12936: 10013: 3028: 2948: 2066: 283: 3021: 4165: 542:(a.k.a. "Mount Sharp"). The rover mission is set to explore for at least 687 Earth days (1 Martian year) over a range of 5 by 20 km (3.1 by 12.4 mi). 6633: 6719: 2461:

When the entry phase was complete and the capsule slowed to about 470 m/s (1,500 ft/s) at about 10 km (6.2 mi) altitude, the supersonic

1379:

This instrument was the first of ten MSL instruments to be turned on. Both en route and on the planet's surface, it will characterize the broad spectrum of

13581: 7446: 5391: 880:

rover has a mass of 899 kg (1,982 lb), can travel up to 90 m (300 ft) per hour on its six-wheeled rocker-bogie system, is powered by a

2409:

Much of the reduction of the landing precision error was accomplished by an entry guidance algorithm, derived from the algorithm used for guidance of the

2398:(PICA). The 4.5 m (15 ft) diameter heat shield, which is the largest heat shield ever flown in space, reduced the velocity of the spacecraft by 2009:

A fourth landing site workshop was held in late September 2010, and the fifth and final workshop May 16–18, 2011. On July 22, 2011, it was announced that

1480:

has seventeen cameras overall. 12 engineering cameras (Hazcams and Navcams) and five science cameras. MAHLI, MARDI, and MastCam cameras were developed by

13063: 10432: 7908: 3054: 1714:

Curiosity is the passion that drives us through our everyday lives. We have become explorers and scientists with our need to ask questions and to wonder.

881: 3866: 2913: 14414: 13701: 8113: 7716: 7523: 5585: 4081: 14547: 14543: 14539: 14535: 14531: 14527: 14237: 14063: 14059: 14055: 14051: 14047: 14043: 12456: 12446: 11140: 7759: 5899: 2231:. A key task of the cruise stage was to control the temperature of all spacecraft systems and dissipate the heat generated by power sources, such as 7132: 834:(539 kg (1,188 lb)), the entry-descent-landing (EDL) system (2,401 kg (5,293 lb) including 390 kg (860 lb) of landing 6634:

Mars Science Laboratory: Entry, Descent, and Landing System Performance – System and Technology Challenges for Landing on the Earth, Moon, and Mars

7276: 4139: 1001:") is represented by small (dot) and large (dash) holes in three horizontal lines on the wheels. The code on each line is read from right to left. 14418: 10124: 4701: 1396: 6545: 14503: 14213: 14149: 14145: 5344: 7979: 7704: 6843: 2823: 14136: 11305: 11205: 11130: 10617: 3549: 3172: 2920: 9961: 1251:

The general analysis strategy begins with high resolution cameras to look for features of interest. If a particular surface is of interest,

14402: 14223: 12361: 9874: 8296: 6034: 4440: 7817: 7477: 7393: 7336: 5155:

Malin, M. C.; Bell, J. F.; Cameron, J.; Dietrich, W. E.; Edgett, K. S.; Hallet, B.; Herkenhoff, K. E.; Lemmon, M. T.; et al. (2005).

3658: 2819: 14515: 13635: 12531: 10911: 10887: 9913: 9663: 8218: 8206: 5703: 5454: 4961: 3581: 982: 8368: 8356: 8344: 8332: 8320: 6299: 5755: 899:

memory to tolerate the extreme radiation from space and to safeguard against power-off cycles. Each computer's memory includes 256

351: 12786: 10833: 10246: 9589: 6446: 3196: 7217: 4114: 3501: 1799:

Engineering constraints called for a landing site less than 45° from the Martian equator, and less than 1 km above the reference

12973: 10921: 10840: 8733: 8683: 6772: 5969: 5797: 3282: 1970: 1877: 1831: 6658: 5189: 4414: 1922: 14208: 14204: 14141: 12466: 12381: 10916: 8284: 8272: 4566: 4197: 3312: 2378:

of the capsule that generated automated torque commands. This was the first planetary mission to use precision landing techniques.

1055:(MSL) is via the UHF relay links with MRO and ODY. The data return during the first 10 days was approximately 31 megabytes per day. 65: 14563:

are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

7508: 7054: 6120: 5373: 5241: 5215: 3617: 14169: 13322: 13056: 12884: 11225: 10958: 9553: 8813: 8308: 6392: 5994: 3113: 1047:

orbiter (ODY) at speeds up to 2 Mbit/s and 256 kbit/s, respectively, but each orbiter is only able to communicate with

940: 923:. This compares to 3 MB of EEPROM, 128 MB of DRAM, and 256 MB of flash memory used in the Mars Exploration Rovers. 7081: 5918: 5045: 4631: 4515: 3990: 2525: 14648: 13694: 12217: 10102: 10097: 8106: 7872: 7146: 7107: 6260: 1454: 1214: 7800: 6920: 6232: 6178: 4248: 14337: 14331: 13201: 12874: 11567: 10803: 10241: 9973: 9493: 8473: 7752: 6818: 6521: 5472: 2361: 6205: 6151: 14678: 12659: 12451: 12436: 11200: 11007: 10530: 6694: 5289: 4994: 4074: 2486: 1525: 1315:

in their formation, deposition, or alteration. In addition, CheMin data will be useful in the search for potential mineral

12546: 4226: 4046:

Bajracharya, Max; Mark W. Maimone; Daniel Helmick (December 2008). "Autonomy for Mars rovers: past, present, and future".

3717: 3616:. 23rd International Symposium on Space Flight Dynamics. Pasadena, California. October 29 – November 2, 2012. p. 17. 949:

driving, and operating the instruments are performed in a command sequence that is sent from the flight team to the rover.

12426: 12145: 10783: 10757: 10713: 9498: 8870: 8601: 8122: 7790: 6801:

Kipp, D.; San Martin, M.; Essmiller, J.; Way, D. (2007). "Mars Science Laboratory Entry, Descent, and Landing Triggers".

3770: 2395: 2257: 1569:) located on each of its four corners. These provide closed-up views of potential obstacles about to go under the wheels. 622: 24: 2349:

touchdown time as represented in the software, based on JPL predictions, was less than 1 second different from reality.

2274:

alone to be effective, while remaining thick enough to create stability and impingement problems when decelerating with

14558:

Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).

13625: 13219: 13213: 13049: 12988: 12431: 12356: 11323: 11017: 9919: 8767: 7032: 3236: 2243:

temperature of space. Thermostats monitored temperatures and switched heating and cooling systems on or off as needed.

830:

The spacecraft flight system had a mass at launch of 3,893 kg (8,583 lb), consisting of an Earth-Mars fueled

609: 558: 5560: 14643: 13687: 13603: 13550: 13495: 12968: 12889: 12441: 12179: 11591: 11298: 10873: 10793: 10427: 9891: 9780: 9624: 8099: 7847: 6891: 5320: 3966:

Mars Science Laboratory Telecommunications System Design- Article 14 – DESCANSO Design and Performance Summary Series

1311:

analyzer. It will identify and quantify the minerals present in rocks and soil and thereby assess the involvement of

1281: 1126: 1061:

Earth varies from 4 to 22 minutes, depending on the planets' relative positions, with 12.5 minutes being the average.

819: 83: 6599: 6326: 6245: 5944: 4674: 4544: 14638: 13668: 13460: 12993: 12826: 12346: 12071: 11220: 11168: 10926: 10513: 10422: 10129: 10112: 9867: 8067: 7745: 7420: 6640: 4277: 3371: 1628: 408: 280: 13517: 12931: 12806: 12461: 10387: 9639: 9468: 7837: 6423: 2537:

For several reasons, a different landing system was chosen for MSL compared to previous Mars landers and rovers.

7454: 5771: 5395: 5111: 5074: 939:

CPU used in the Mars Exploration Rovers) operating at 200 MHz. The RAD750 CPU is capable of up to 400

14673: 12816: 12761: 11000: 10990: 10688: 9845:

Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.

8704:

Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.

4743:

Tarsitano, C. G.; Webster, C. R. (2007). "Multilaser Herriott cell for planetary tunable laser spectrometers".

9931: 6393:"United Launch Alliance Atlas V Rocket Successfully Launches NASA's Mars Science Lab on Journey to Red Planet" 13597: 13029: 12864: 12724: 12536: 12416: 11193: 10033: 10028: 9594: 8726: 7867: 7633: 4901: 4729: 3874: 3744: 2375: 2374:

during the atmospheric phase. A navigation computer integrated the measurements to estimate the position and

2365:

The guided entry is the phase that allowed the spacecraft to steer with accuracy to its planned landing site.

2211:

of the Atlas V launch vehicle. Prior to Centaur separation, the spacecraft was spin-stabilized at 2 rpm for

1464: 1417: 1374: 1365: 1206: 530:

can be seen. Slightly left and south of center, it is a small dark spot with dust trailing southward from it.

6921:"The RCS Attitude Controller for the Exo-Atmospheric And Guided Entry Phases of the Mars Science Laboratory" 6064: 5589: 4085: 3607:

Martin-Mur, Tomas J.; Kruizinga, Gerhard L.; Burkhart, P. Daniel; Wong, Mau C.; Abilleira, Fernando (2012).

13663: 13523: 13207: 13110: 12406: 11406: 11355: 11291: 10856: 10725: 9979: 9949: 7857: 7822: 5428: 2039: 1360: 1182: 1134: 1016: 912: 7509:"Introduction: Mars Science Laboratory: The Next Generation of Mars Landers And The Following 13 articles" 5518: 2583:("Mount Sharp"), of layered rocks, rising about 5.5 km (18,000 ft) above the crater floor, that 1611:

engine with the ability to throttle from 15 to 100 percent thrust with a fixed propellant inlet pressure.

13934: 13182: 12998: 12983: 12899: 12576: 12169: 11673: 11539: 11483: 11210: 11157: 11120: 11079: 10973: 10678: 10658: 10573: 10397: 10136: 10082: 9860: 9815: 9650: 9518: 9463: 8807: 7007: 5094: 4363: 2850: 2797: 2454: 2212: 2044: 1481: 1037: 144: 12501: 7248: 14658: 14572: 14315: 14311: 13640: 13327: 12831: 12210: 11575: 11012: 10953: 10828: 10740: 10470: 10336: 9734: 8693: 7918: 7832: 5689: 5667: 5537: 5290:"Mars Science Laboratory Instrumentation Announcement from Alan Stern and Jim Green, NASA Headquarters" 4143: 3822: 3440: 2512: 1637: 1432: 1150: 958: 12506: 7284: 6352: 3692: 14663: 13938: 13555: 13466: 13145: 13072: 12909: 12740: 12331: 11553: 11416: 11050: 10968: 10963: 10637: 10092: 10050: 9456: 9445: 9297: 8639: 8466: 6583: 6553: 5410: 1591: 1101: 998: 554: 219: 53: 4312: 3965: 3796: 3066: 872: 14653: 13645: 13472: 13270: 12941: 12184: 11873: 11443: 11163: 11087: 10361: 9937: 9775: 8757: 8742: 8719: 8574: 3135: 2339: 2279: 1364:

Comparison of Radiation Doses – includes the amount detected on the trip from Earth to Mars by the

546: 435: 159: 138: 7613: 4335: 3556: 2116: 13630: 13478: 13116: 12836: 12421: 12111: 12037: 11411: 10995: 10932: 10907: 10605: 10540: 10251: 10212: 10171: 10072: 9260: 8537: 7887: 7877: 7809: 7648: 7202: 6877: 6098: 5734: 3472: 2422: 2105: 1869: 1450:

stopped transmitting over forty years ago. The instrument is designed to detect subsurface water.

1323: 1269: 1231: 1222: 1020: 989: 932: 6796: 6794: 6479: 5141: 4902:"Measurements of Energetic Particle Radiation in Transit to Mars on the Mars Science Laboratory" 4470: 4448: 13398: 13342: 13195: 13171: 13140: 12396: 12285: 12137: 12010: 11834: 11235: 11178: 10700: 10683: 10629: 10592: 10392: 10366: 10321: 10077: 9719: 9675: 9411: 9289: 9234: 8532: 7711: 7310: 6371: 5604: 5532: 4987: 4298: 2546: 2312: 2236: 2208: 2094: 2074: 1341: 1031: 629: 575: 523: 496: 293: 7344: 7171: 6504:

Dahya, N. (March 1–8, 2008). "Design and Fabrication of the Cruise Stage Spacecraft for MSL".

5707: 4477: 3666: 3585: 13801: 13483: 13347: 13017: 12956: 12781: 12476: 12341: 12203: 12132: 11851: 11547: 11451: 11270: 11183: 11173: 11115: 10985: 10980: 10821: 10486: 10448: 10417: 10326: 10225: 10207: 10107: 9739: 9709: 8889: 8830: 8784: 8762: 8620: 8007: 7987: 7969: 7852: 6791: 6303: 5494: 4802: 4082:"BAE Systems Computers to Manage Data Processing and Command For Upcoming Satellite Missions" 3140: 2496: 2421:

weights minutes before atmospheric entry. The lift vector was controlled by four sets of two

2410: 2342:, a three-dimensional real time simulation of entry, descent and landing based on real data. 2176: 1654:

images confirming orientation. Due to the Mars-Earth distance at the time of landing and the

1510: 1489: 1384: 1166: 748: 699: 645: 508: 7623: 5823: 4024: 3207: 2777:

Ejected Heat Shield as the rover descended to the Martian surface (August 6, 2012 05:17 UTC)

2603:

on sol 16, August 22, 2012. According to NASA, an estimated 20,000 to 40,000 heat-resistant

695:, and mineralogical composition of the Martian surface and near-surface geological materials 103: 14668: 14478: 13658: 13576: 13505: 13448: 13426: 13392: 13360: 13315: 13308: 13163: 12963: 12951: 12846: 12796: 12791: 12690: 12633: 12622: 12526: 12376: 12260: 12250: 12174: 12078: 11931: 11790: 11773: 11761: 11749: 11737: 11718: 11511: 10813: 10316: 10201: 10119: 10087: 10023: 10018: 9785: 9754: 9749: 9425: 9181: 9118: 9106: 9100: 9086: 8978: 8877: 8678: 8609: 8459: 8043: 7579: 7527: 7225: 5533:"Suggestion: Stop Improving – Why does every Mars mission have to be better than the last?" 5267: 5171: 5011: 4915: 4863: 4852:

Kerr, Richard (May 31, 2013). "Radiation Will Make Astronauts' Trip to Mars Even Riskier".

4811: 4754: 3911: 3852: 3509: 2555: 2399: 2090: 1710:. The name had been submitted in an essay contest by Clara Ma, a sixth-grader from Kansas. 1024: 740: 511:. The rover carries a variety of scientific instruments designed by an international team. 443: 7367: 7111: 6989: 6776: 6257: 6042: 5874: 5843: 5801: 4485: 3632: 2521:

Entry events from parachute deployment through powered descent ending at sky crane flyaway

895:

The two identical on-board rover computers, called "Rover Compute Element" (RCE), contain

8: 14586: 13787: 13726: 13715: 13711: 13411: 13256: 13094: 13087: 12946: 12771: 12013: 11972: 11937: 11725: 11634: 11100: 11066: 10597: 10578: 10167: 9955: 9689: 9513: 9439: 9253: 9093: 8996: 8526: 8080: 8048: 7675: 6665: 6578: 6083: 5193: 5156: 5106: 5104: 4599:"Mars Science Laboratory Participating Scientists Program – Proposal Information Package" 4598: 4418: 3286: 3124: 2390:

rotation and achieved an orientation with the heat shield facing Mars in preparation for

2204: 2082: 1823: 1793: 1174: 896: 863: 838:), and a 899 kg (1,982 lb) mobile rover with an integrated instrument package. 585: 550: 422: 12556: 7583: 7531: 5175: 5015: 4919: 4867: 4815: 4758: 4570: 3915: 3319: 14598: 13836: 13679: 12776: 12097: 11340: 10897: 10475: 10382: 10356: 10296: 10280: 10256: 9770: 9669: 9634: 9533: 9523: 9246: 8545: 7543: 7482: 7058: 6824: 6527: 6124: 5377: 5338: 5245: 5219: 5157:"The Mast Cameras and Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) for the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory" 4939: 4778: 4252: 3398: 3376: 3158: 3092: 2263: 2201: 1694: 1471:. It measures humidity, pressure, temperatures, wind speeds, and ultraviolet radiation. 1308: 1261: 962: 850: 712: 467: 396: 9451: 8091: 6400: 5297: 5101: 1658:

of radio signals, the landing was not registered on Earth for another 14 minutes. The

744: 150: 14432: 14300: 14113: 13824: 13386: 13291: 13263: 13152: 13133: 12904: 12654: 12607: 12571: 12311: 12290: 11989: 11616: 11561: 11491: 11472: 11459: 10861: 10745: 10705: 10665: 10585: 10545: 10412: 10402: 10150: 9809: 9657: 9548: 9227: 9167: 8985: 8921: 8913: 8858: 8825: 8793: 8668: 8590: 8504: 8022: 7782: 6963: 6814: 6517: 6344: 5468: 5326: 5316: 5049: 5027: 4931: 4906: 4879: 4854: 4770: 4723: 4646: 4519: 4063: 3929: 3902: 3101: 3058: 3032: 2990: 2968: 2952: 2923: 2426: 2391: 2386: 1781: 1761: 1745: 1678: 1421: 1304: 1043: 809: 566: 519: 504: 483: 319: 48: 20: 6720:"The Mars Landing Approach: Getting Large Payloads to the Surface of the Red Planet" 6531: 4782: 2328:

Martian atmosphere entry events from cruise stage separation to parachute deployment

14610: 14482: 13828: 13529: 13490: 12516: 11955: 11094: 10735: 10346: 10197: 9925: 9904: 9802: 9188: 8140: 7944: 7587: 7535: 6828: 6806: 6509: 6027: 5460: 5019: 4923: 4871: 4829: 4819: 4762: 4055: 3919: 3830: 3267: 2930: 2899: 2842: 2604: 2600: 2567: 2078: 1729: 1686: 1485: 1329: 757: 663: 341: 5313:

The design and engineering of Curiosity : how the Mars Rover performs its job

4943: 4875: 4389: 3175: – Overview of ventures beyond Earth as depicted for ease of American postage 1332:

and gases from both atmospheric and solid samples. This include oxygen and carbon

175: 19:

This article is about the spaceflight mission to Mars. For the surface rover, see

14287: 13433: 13380: 13354: 13301: 13224: 12811: 12644: 12270: 12119: 11966: 11896: 11073: 11043: 10506: 10480: 10407: 10331: 10306: 10301: 10261: 10177: 9503: 9345: 9340: 9269: 9160: 8962: 8556: 8511: 8017: 7997: 7964: 6767: 6765: 6763: 5911: 3523: 2998: 2542: 2308: 2228: 2197: 2101: 1785: 1633: 1544: 1027: 831: 641: 637: 571: 500: 11610: 7731: 6745: 4100: 3608: 1236: 14622: 14355: 14187: 14028: 13991: 13902: 13756: 13741: 13545: 13512: 13500: 13443: 13403: 12730: 12326: 12265: 12240: 11837: 11693: 11230: 11110: 10867: 10553: 10351: 10341: 10187: 10182: 10040: 9820: 9419: 9360: 9355: 9239: 9061: 9040: 8520: 8027: 6258:

Second Announcement for the Final MSL Landing Site Workshop and Call for Papers

5638: 5611: 4745: 4340: 3721: 3550:"Mars Exploration: Radioisotope Power and Heating for Mars Surface Exploration" 2647: 2470: 2466: 2414: 2304: 2038:

launch vehicle is capable of launching up to 8,290 kg (18,280 lb) to

1800: 1690: 1682: 1655: 1608: 1603:

that year. Testing and design of components also began in late 2004, including

1438: 1287: 789: 781: 723: 579: 8711: 7727:

MSL – Pre-Launch Preparations at KSC (Hi-Res Images & Spherical Panoramas)

7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7653: 7643: 7592: 7567: 7198: 6869: 6760: 6513: 6090: 6009: 5730: 5330: 5268:"Mars Science Laboratory (MSL): Mast Camera (Mastcam): Instrument Description" 4824: 4797: 3468: 2517: 2478:

team were able to acquire an image of the MSL descending under the parachute.

2021: 2013:

had been selected as the landing site of the Mars Science Laboratory mission.

675:(3) Identify features that may represent the effects of biological processes ( 14632: 14509: 14459: 14232: 14092: 14038: 13970: 13880: 13870: 13421: 13373: 13366: 12386: 12107: 12033: 12005: 11890: 11796: 11373: 11345: 11258: 11240: 11135: 11125: 11057: 10902: 10535: 10266: 10045: 9729: 9281: 9079: 8991: 8837: 8152: 8002: 7954: 7949: 6810: 6264: 5119:

4th International workshop on the Mars Atmosphere: modelling and observations

4367: 4305: 4067: 3421: 3006: 3002: 2964: 2701: 2611:

at launch, and as much as 1,000 times that number may not have been counted.

2576: 2571: 2445: 2240: 2010: 1985: 1972: 1962: 1937: 1924: 1915: 1892: 1879: 1846: 1833: 1765: 1737: 1647: 1312: 719: 633: 492: 366: 353: 345: 13041: 11983: 11283: 7726: 6277: 4927: 4834: 3924: 3897: 1559:

Engineering cameras: There are 12 additional cameras that support mobility:

14408: 14174: 13864: 13285: 13278: 12411: 12366: 12351: 12336: 12321: 12280: 12275: 12255: 12245: 12226: 12061: 11943: 11784: 11699: 11623: 11599: 11465: 11426: 11396: 11383: 11378: 11105: 10672: 9825: 9744: 9714: 9335: 9330: 9171: 8800: 8688: 7959: 7939: 7913: 5578: 5031: 4935: 4883: 4774: 4632:"Field Deployment of A Portable XRD/XRF Iinstrument On Mars Analog Terrain" 3933: 3191: 3189: 3107: 2868:

first image after landing – The rover's wheel can be seen (August 6, 2012).

2815: 2754: 2592: 2371: 2097: 2050: 1752: 1503: 1493: 1349: 1316: 1092: 1076: 920: 676: 535: 58: 8905: 7737: 5023: 3344: 14473: 14438: 14389: 14384: 14380: 14376: 14295: 14277: 14268: 14218: 14165: 14161: 13996: 13986: 13944: 13897: 13807: 13777: 13751: 12707: 12597: 12316: 12306: 12028: 11995: 11533: 11315: 10067: 9943: 9543: 9380: 8673: 8012: 7934: 6607: 4766: 4678: 4548: 2960: 2762: 2758: 2580: 2541:

was considered too heavy to use the airbag landing system as used on the

2275: 2271: 2180: 2070: 1733: 1484:

and they all share common design components, such as on-board electronic

1460: 1294:

that are re-emitted for determining the elemental composition of samples.

1245: 936: 761: 614: 539: 527: 470: 195:

Time since landing: 4310 sols (12 years, 1 month, 14 days)

189: 7608: 7445:

Brown, Dwayne; Cole, Steve; Webster, Guy; Agle, D.C. (August 22, 2012).

6148:"Possible MSL Landing Site: Eberswalde Crater - Mars Science Laboratory" 4045: 3186: 1586: 1319:, energy sources for life or indicators for past habitable environments. 978: 651:

To contribute to these goals, MSL has eight main scientific objectives:

628:

The MSL mission has four scientific goals: Determine the landing site's

14521: 14360: 14325: 14252: 14247: 14126: 13918: 12684: 12371: 11711: 11629: 10798: 10500: 10493: 10008: 9724: 9704: 9619: 9563: 9558: 9528: 9370: 8939: 8850: 8482: 7638: 3070: 2587:

will investigate. The landing site is a smooth region in "Yellowknife"

2232: 2223: 2164: 1777: 1677:

team presented a news conference a few hours after landing, they were:

1380: 1268:

can drill into the boulder and deliver a powdered sample to either the

1257: 1097: 835: 736: 488: 121: 4249:"Wind River's VxWorks Powers Mars Science Laboratory Rover, Curiosity" 4059: 3313:"NASA'S Management of the Mars Science Laboratory Project (IG-11-019)" 2108:

coordinated the launch via the NASA Launch Services (NLS) I Contract.

495:

on August 6, 2012. The overall objectives include investigating Mars'

14423: 14393: 14320: 14272: 14131: 13893: 13237: 13230: 13158: 12821: 12678: 12639: 12617: 12022: 11907: 11658: 11651: 11605: 11506: 11500: 11215: 11188: 11036: 10948: 10808: 10777: 10770: 10567: 10465: 10219: 9830: 9644: 9604: 9384: 9365: 9350: 9302: 9203: 9025: 8952: 8884: 8615: 8562: 7563: 7398: 7253: 5775: 5456:

New Frontiers in the Solar System: An Integrated Exploration Strategy

3146: 3143: – Alphabetical list of named rocks and meteorites found on Mars 2499: 2462: 2382: 2292: 2267: 2218:

During cruise, eight thrusters arranged in two clusters were used as

2168: 1392: 1388: 765: 427: 7539: 6229:"Possible MSL Landing Site: Mawrth Vallis - Mars Science Laboratory" 6175:"Possible MSL Landing Site: Holden Crater - Mars Science Laboratory" 5945:"MSL Landing Site Selection User's Guide to Engineering Constraints" 3898:"Habitability, Taphonomy, and the Search for Organic Carbon on Mars" 3582:"NASA Mars Rover Team Aims for Landing Closer to Prime Science Site" 2324: 1012:

is equipped with several means of communication, for redundancy. An

735:(8) Characterize the broad spectrum of surface radiation, including 14617: 14306: 14282: 14242: 14118: 14087: 14077: 13884: 13438: 13121: 13100: 12879: 12869: 12801: 12592: 12566: 12541: 11828: 11368: 9629: 9609: 9599: 9476: 9433: 9176: 9153: 9146: 9071: 9066: 9053: 9046: 7903: 7221: 5464: 5079: 4630:

Sarrazin P.; Blake D.; Feldman S.; Chipera S.; Vaniman D.; Bish D.

4629: 4441:"Watch NASA's Next Mars Rover Being Built Via Live 'Curiosity Cam'" 3237:"NASA's Mars Science Laboratory Launch Rescheduled for November 26" 2418: 2219: 2172: 1789: 1773: 1595: 1537: 1442: 916: 908: 900: 7686:

MSL – Landing Site – Gale Crater – Animated/Narrated Video (02:37)

7598:—overview article about the MSL, landing site, and instrumentation 6068: 1264:

to take a closer look. If the specimen warrants further analysis,

14498: 14494: 14490: 14486: 14468: 14343: 14180: 14122: 14097: 14082: 14068: 14023: 14017: 14001: 13981: 13929: 13923: 13875: 13847: 13842: 13832: 13796: 13782: 13746: 13560: 13337: 13127: 12735: 12561: 12102: 12085: 11951: 11914: 11456: 11431: 10730: 10720: 10623: 10062: 9614: 9375: 9196: 8645: 7644:

MSL – Entry, Descent & Landing (EDL) – Animated Video (02:00)

5987: 5639:"Mars Science Laboratory: the budgetary reasons behind its delay" 5612:"Mars Science Laboratory: the budgetary reasons behind its delay" 3971:(Report). Pasadena, California: Jet Propulsion Laboratory – NASA. 3420:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3129: 3118: 2579:

is the MSL landing site. Within Gale Crater is a mountain, named

2403: 2385:

that protected it during the travel through space and during the

2334: 2035: 1769: 1689:, MSL project manager; Richard Cook, MSL deputy project manager; 1624: 1604: 1468: 1353: 1333: 954: 692: 601:, and carries over ten times the mass of scientific instruments. 269: 16:

Robotic mission that deployed the Curiosity rover to Mars in 2012

7277:"'Mount Sharp' on Mars Compared to Three Big Mountains on Earth" 6844:"Viewers opted for the Web over TV to watch Curiosity's landing" 4798:"The Sample Analysis at Mars Investigation and Instrument Suite" 2437: 2295:, is 2,401 kg (5,293 lb). The novel EDL system placed 2262:

Landing a large mass on Mars is particularly challenging as the

1411: 972:

Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers

14464: 14443: 14398: 14291: 14157: 14032: 13953: 13455: 12978: 12551: 12521: 12511: 12471: 12195: 11920: 11806: 11801: 11421: 11401: 11387: 11363: 10764: 10695: 10192: 10057: 9222: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9035: 9030: 9020: 9015: 8972: 8967: 8957: 8947: 8496: 7862: 7842: 7827: 7561: 4988:"Radiation Levels on the Way to Mars - Mars Science Laboratory" 3606: 3001:" looking eastward toward "Point Lake" (center) on the way to " 2846: 2793: 2086: 1667: 1651: 1566: 1447: 1298: 1273: 1198: 1158: 1142: 1013: 929: 904: 885: 8451: 7478:"Mars Is Pretty Clean. Her Job at NASA Is to Keep It That Way" 7421:"'Impressive' Curiosity landing only 1.5 miles off, NASA says" 7138: 4596: 3168:

Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission

2726:

heat shield hitting Martian ground and raising a cloud of dust

2215:

during the 36,210 km/h (22,500 mph) cruise to Mars.

561:. The total cost of the MSL project is about US$ 2.5 billion. 14349: 14227: 14153: 14073: 13976: 13888: 13296: 12894: 12766: 11884: 11862: 11478: 10788: 10561: 10525: 10520: 10311: 9538: 8820: 6447:"After Trip of 352 Million Miles, Cheers for 23 Feet on Mars" 5000: 4278:"Impressive' Curiosity landing only 1.5 miles off, NASA says" 3152: 1400: 1303:

CheMin is short for 'Chemistry and Mineralogy', and it is an

1291: 448: 7047: 6919:

Brugarolas, Paul B.; San Martin, A. Miguel; Wong, Edward C.

6001: 5892: 3964:

Makovsky, Andre; Ilott, Peter; Taylor, Jim (November 2009).

3745:"Mars Science Lab Needs $ 44M More To Fly, NASA Audit Finds" 1565:

The rover has a pair of black and white navigation cameras (

849:

missions by providing measured atmospheric data to validate

672:(carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur) 13949: 13760: 13620: 13332: 12841: 12150: 9883: 8746: 7992: 7568:"Mars Science Laboratory Mission and Science Investigation" 7450: 7394:"Quad 51: Name of Mars base evokes rich parallels on Earth" 7340: 7314: 7306: 7280: 7205:

from the original on December 12, 2021 – via YouTube.

6399:. United Launch Alliance. November 26, 2011. Archived from 4706: 4084:(Press release). BAE Systems. June 17, 2008. Archived from 3771:"MSL Readings Could Improve Safety for Human Mars Missions" 3693:"NASA's New Mars Rover Will Explore Towering 'Mount Sharp'" 3662: 3240: 3203: 2883:

first color image of the Martian landscape (August 6, 2012)

1404: 669: 478: 474: 308: 131: 6964:"Curiosity relies on untried 'sky crane' for Mars descent" 6800: 6378:. Associated Press. p. 5C – via Newspapers.com. 6091:"Looking at Landing Sites for the Mars Science Laboratory" 6057: 4567:"MSL Science Corner – Chemistry & Mineralogy (CheMin)" 12937:

Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets

7720: 7627: 7617: 7033:"Mars Science Laboratory Parachute Qualification Testing" 6896: 6424:"NASA Announces Mars Science Lab Mission Launch Contract" 4606: 4564: 4390:"Relay sats provide ringside seat for Mars rover landing" 4223:"NASA Curiosity Mars Rover Installing Smarts for Driving" 386:

30.00 km (18.64 mi) as of 30 May 2023

259: 13709: 7712:

MSL – Entry, Descent & Landing (EDL) – Timeline/ieee

7335:

Agle, DC; Webster, Guy; Brown, Dwayne (August 9, 2012).

7133:

Sky Crane – how to land Curiosity on the surface of Mars

7082:"Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter HiRISE has done it again!!" 6958: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6944: 5919:"Survivor: Mars — Seven Possible MSL Landing Sites" 5429:"The Photo-Geek's Guide to Curiosity Rover's 17 Cameras" 5154: 5112:"Rover Environmental Monitoring Station for MSL mission" 4486:"Gale Crater: Geological 'sweet shop' awaits Mars rover" 2239:

kept sensitive science instruments warmer than the near-

2067:

Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41

1399:

on the Mars Science Laboratory while traveling from the

9852: 8121: 7717:

MSL – Entry, Descent & Landing (EDL) – Description.

7691:

MSL – Mission Summary – Animated/Extended Video (11:20)

7337:"NASA's Curiosity Beams Back a Color 360 of Gale Crate" 7002: 7000: 6998: 6422:

Buckingham, Bruce; Trinidad, Katherine (June 2, 2006).

5392:"MSL Picture of the Day: T-27 Days: instruments: MARDI" 4108:"E&ISNow — Media gets closer look at Manassas" 3659:"'Mount Sharp' On Mars Links Geology's Past and Future" 3274: 3163:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

7108:"Aerojet Ships Propulsion for Mars Science Laboratory" 6246:

Presentations for the Fourth MSL Landing Site Workshop

5046:"MSL Science Corner: Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN)" 3318:. NASA Office of the Inspector General. Archived from 2457:

as the probe descended to the surface. August 6, 2012.

2441:

MSL's parachute is 16 m (52 ft) in diameter.

2286:

rover is too heavy for this to be an option. Instead,

545:

The Mars Science Laboratory mission is part of NASA's

14570: 6941: 6600:"Mars Science Laboratory begins cruise to red planet" 5962: 5875:"Nasa's Curiosity rover targets smaller landing zone" 5798:"NASA Selects Student's Entry as New Mars Rover Name" 4545:"Home Page - Planetary Environments Laboratory - 699" 3283:"Geometry Drives Selection Date for 2011 Mars Launch" 3104: – One of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars 1650:

at 05:17:57.3 UTC on August 6, 2012, and transmitted

7649:

MSL – NASA Updates – *REPLAY* Anytime (NASA-YouTube)

7447:"NASA Mars Rover Begins Driving at Bradbury Landing" 7444: 7249:"NASA's Next Mars Rover to Land at Huge Gale Crater" 6995: 6918: 6714: 6712: 6683: 4962:"Data Point to Radiation Risk for Travelers to Mars" 4597:

The MSL Project Science Office (December 14, 2010).

4299:"Mars Science Laboratory, Communications With Earth" 3574: 3542: 3345:"Video from rover looks down on Mars during landing" 3082: 1614: 1528:(LIBS) system to be used for planetary science, and 7700:

Launch" (11/26/2011) – NASA/Kennedy – Video (04:00)

7172:"Orbiter Images NASA's Martian Landscape Additions" 7126: 6579:"Orbiter Spies Where Rover's Cruise Stage Hit Mars" 5790: 4516:"MSL Science Corner: Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM)" 3963: 3624: 3110: – Science concerned with life in the universe 2533:

being lowered from the rocket-powered descent stage

2246: 2207:on November 26, 2011, shortly after launch, by the 1792:minerals were suggested as possible substrates for 882:

multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator

9664:Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM) 9509:Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer 7524:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 7100: 6421: 6353:"NASA's new Mars rover reaches Florida launch pad" 6300:"Mars Science Laboratory: Mission: Launch Vehicle" 5260: 5164:36th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 5121:. Pierre und Marie Curie University. February 2011 5075:"Curiosity's Mars travel plans tentatively mapped" 4166:"RAD750 radiation-hardened PowerPC microprocessor" 3889: 3797:"Troubles parallel ambitions in NASA Mars project" 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3391: 2465:deployed, as was done by previous landers such as 2222:to control spin rate and perform axial or lateral 593:is about twice as long and five times as heavy as 333:(12 years, 1 month and 14 days ago) 12457:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems 12447:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems 9580: 7440: 7438: 6709: 5766: 5764: 5374:"MSL Science Corner: Mars Descent Imager (MARDI)" 4025:"Mars Science Laboratory: Mission: Rover: Brains" 3762: 3686: 3684: 1693:, MSL entry, descent and landing (EDL) lead; and 711:(6) Assess long-timescale (i.e., 4-billion-year) 698:(5) Interpret the processes that have formed and 14630: 7469: 7334: 6035:"Site List Narrows For NASA's Next Mars Landing" 5901:Landing – Discussion Points and Science Criteria 5690:"Cruise Configuration - Mars Science Laboratory" 4895: 4893: 4847: 4845: 4742: 4675:"Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) Instrument Suite" 4623: 4241: 3652: 3650: 3434: 3432: 3430: 2069:on November 26, 2011, at 15:02 UTC via the 481:on November 26, 2011, which successfully landed 12382:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) 8741: 7218:"NASA's Next Mars Rover To Land At Gale Crater" 6773:"Mission Timeline: Entry, Descent, and Landing" 6387: 6385: 6318: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5728: 5696: 5561:"Mars Science Laboratory: Still Alive, For Now" 5488: 5486: 5484: 4955: 4953: 4565:NASA Ames Research Center, David Blake (2011). 4387: 4215: 4183: 3975: 3487: 3363: 3149: – Astrobiology Mars rover mission by NASA 2453:rover and its parachute were spotted by NASA's 1955:Features 5 km (3.1 mi) tall mountain 718:(7) Determine present state, distribution, and 7658:Lands" (08/06/2012) – NASA/JPL – Video (03:40) 7506: 7435: 7328: 7299: 7268: 7008:"Final Minutes of Curiosity's Arrival at Mars" 6292: 5907:. MSL – Landing Sites Workshop. July 15, 2008. 5761: 5630: 5558: 4662:International Centre for Diffraction Data 2005 4381: 4158: 3814: 3681: 13695: 13071: 13057: 12211: 11313: 11299: 9868: 9321: 8727: 8467: 8107: 7753: 7385: 7359: 7240: 7216:Webster, Guy; Brown, Dwayne (July 22, 2011). 6990:Large Heat Shield for Mars Science Laboratory 6912: 5586:"Next NASA Mars Mission Rescheduled For 2011" 5552: 5524: 5139: 4890: 4842: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4113:. BAE Systems. August 1, 2008. Archived from 3984:"Science Overview System Design Review (SDR)" 3710: 3690: 3647: 3427: 3337: 3173:U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps 2792:descending under its parachute, as viewed by 1666:descending under its parachute, taken by its 644:. It is also useful preparation for a future 564:Previous successful U.S. Mars rovers include 12362:List of microorganisms tested in outer space 7413: 7215: 7209: 7027: 7025: 6382: 5830: 5588:. NASA/JPL. December 4, 2008. Archived from 5492: 5481: 5453:Council, National Research (July 11, 2002). 5359:"ChemCam - ChemCam - How does ChemCam work?" 4950: 4710:. Archived from the original on May 31, 2012 4560: 4558: 4415:"Next Mars Rover Sports a Set of New Wheels" 4196:. BAE Systems. June 23, 2008. Archived from 4039: 3306: 3304: 2278:. Although some previous missions have used 2167:system, consisting of eight thrusters using 1502:: This system provides multiple spectra and 1019:for communication directly to Earth via the 7767: 7614:Scientific Publications by MSL Team Members 4355: 4327: 4313:"Curiosity's data communication with Earth" 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3823:"What NASA's Next Mars Rover Will Discover" 3788: 3633:"Curiosity rover made near-perfect landing" 3197:"Mars Science Laboratory Landing Press Kit" 2319: 1957:of layered material near center. Selected. 1066:At landing, telemetry was monitored by the 13702: 13688: 13064: 13050: 12787:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability 12218: 12204: 11306: 11292: 10247:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services 9875: 9861: 9590:Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey 8734: 8720: 8474: 8460: 8114: 8100: 7760: 7746: 7305: 7274: 7079: 7073: 6992:, July 10, 2009 (Retrieved March 26, 2010) 6691:"Status Report – Curiosity's Daily Update" 6659:"Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics and Control" 6627: 6625: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6324: 6251: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5371: 5343:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4585: 4407: 4272: 4270: 3895: 3610:Mars Science Laboratory Navigation Results 3555:. NASA/JPL. April 18, 2006. Archived from 3441:"Touchdown! Huge NASA Rover Lands on Mars" 3161: – Spacecraft without people on board 2042:. The Atlas V was also used to launch the 1276:analytical laboratories inside the rover. 662:(1) Determine the nature and inventory of 395: 149: 102: 12974:European Astrobiology Network Association 11141:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images 9625:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C) 8684:List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies 7591: 7391: 7196: 7022: 6123:. NASA. February 19, 2009. Archived from 4985: 4900:Zeitlin, C.; et al. (May 31, 2013). 4833: 4823: 4699: 4555: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4463: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 3923: 3301: 2235:and motors, into space. In some systems, 1724: 1719:Clara Ma, NASA/JPL Name the Rover contest 785:Mars Science Laboratory in final assembly 84:Learn how and when to remove this message 12467:List of potentially habitable exoplanets 7368:"Mars rover makes first colour panorama" 7190: 6372:"NASA Launches Super-Size Rover to Mars" 5800:. NASA/JPL. May 27, 2009. Archived from 5774:. NASA/JPL. May 27, 2009. Archived from 5530: 5422: 5420: 5282: 5148: 4539: 4537: 4132: 3940: 3896:Grotzinger, John P. (January 24, 2014). 3516: 3265: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3230: 3228: 3155: – NASA Mars orbiter (2013–Present) 3073:(February 2013; Sun simulated by artist) 2524: 2516: 2485: 2444: 2436: 2360: 2323: 2251: 2115: 2020: 1728: 1585: 1543: 1410: 1359: 1235: 988: 977: 862: 788: 780: 608: 518: 12885:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment 11226:NASA International Space Apps Challenge 6880:from the original on December 12, 2021. 6656: 6622: 6597: 6464: 6327:"Assembling Curiosity's Rocket to Mars" 6239: 6220: 6202:"Gale Crater - Mars Science Laboratory" 6193: 6166: 6139: 5861: 5452: 5182: 4899: 4795: 4789: 4267: 3463: 3461: 3280: 3114:Camera, hand lens, and microscope probe 3039:view of Mount Sharp (September 9, 2015) 2400:ablation against the Martian atmosphere 2003:Channel carved by catastrophic floods. 1590:MSL's cruise stage being tested at the 1286:This device can irradiate samples with 873:Curiosity (rover) § Specifications 604: 23:. For events and findings on Mars, see 14631: 10014:Administrator and Deputy Administrator 7624:MSL – Media Press Kit (November, 2011) 7144: 6982: 6693:. NASA. August 6, 2012. Archived from 6598:Harwood, William (November 26, 2011). 6350: 6113: 6101:from the original on December 12, 2021 6007: 5737:from the original on December 12, 2021 5411:"Raw Images - Mars Science Laboratory" 5095:"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details" 5069: 5067: 5038: 4796:Mahaffy, Paul R.; et al. (2012). 4503: 4471:"New Mars Rover to Feature Morse Code" 4364:"Mars-Earth distance in light minutes" 4008: 3981: 3859: 3853:"Objectives - Mars Science Laboratory" 3794: 3475:from the original on December 12, 2021 3234: 3206:. July 2012. p. 6. Archived from 2191: 2100:with a 5 m (16 ft) diameter 1670:camera, during the landing procedure. 1455:Rover Environmental Monitoring Station 1348:in order to distinguish between their 1328:The SAM instrument suite will analyze 1215:Rover Environmental Monitoring Station 13683: 13202:Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer 13045: 12875:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection 12199: 11287: 10804:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite 9856: 9494:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection 8715: 8455: 8095: 7741: 7681:MSL – Landing ("7 Minutes of Terror") 7475: 6503: 6444: 5937: 5816: 5731:"Curiosity Rover Begins Mars Mission" 5681: 5636: 5417: 5310: 5234: 5208: 5133: 4959: 4534: 3768: 3742: 3736: 3369: 3268:"Mars Science Laboratory - Curiosity" 3254: 3225: 2677:, a NASA video describing the landing 2282:to cushion the shock of landing, the 549:, a long-term effort for the robotic 13024: 12452:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems 12437:Habitability of neutron star systems 11266: 7365: 7246: 7080:Lakdawalla, Emily (August 6, 2012). 6841: 6546:"Follow Curiosity's descent to Mars" 6369: 5872: 5841: 5512: 5426: 5311:Emily, Lakdawalla (March 27, 2018). 5140:Administrator, NASA (June 6, 2013). 4851: 4677:. NASA. October 2008. Archived from 4483: 4447:. September 13, 2011. Archived from 4333: 3820: 3656: 3630: 3458: 3438: 3235:Beutel, Allard (November 19, 2011). 3132: – NASA Mars lander (2018–2022) 2432: 2120:Animation of Mars Science Laboratory 2025:The MSL launched from Cape Canaveral 1772:salts would constitute a rich site. 1526:laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy 1232:Curiosity (rover) § Instruments 31: 12427:Habitability of binary star systems 8123:Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory 7791:Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory 7705:MSL – NASA/JPL Virtual Tour – Rover 6867: 6121:"Final 7 Prospective Landing Sites" 6041:. November 19, 2008. Archived from 5668:"GAO Slams JWST, MSL Cost Overruns" 5559:Nancy Atkinson (October 10, 2008). 5064: 4979: 4667: 3471:. NASA Television. August 8, 2012. 3372:"Watch Curiosity Descend onto Mars" 3266:Greicius, Tony (January 20, 2015). 2396:phenolic impregnated carbon ablator 2258:Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory 2081:includes a 3.8 m (12 ft) 1563:Hazard avoidance cameras (Hazcams): 1190: 623:Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory 25:Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory 13: 13214:Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer 12989:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science 12432:Habitability of natural satellites 12357:Hypothetical types of biochemistry 9920:National Aeronautics and Space Act 8920: 8912: 8904: 8768:List of artificial objects on Mars 7639:MSL – NASA/JPL News Channel Videos 7500: 7476:Chang, Kenneth (October 5, 2015). 7392:Halvorson, Todd (August 9, 2012). 6445:Chang, Kenneth (August 22, 2012). 6370:Dunn, Marcia (November 27, 2011). 5995:"Second MSL Landing Site Workshop" 5729:NASA Television (August 6, 2012). 5531:Craddock, Bob (November 1, 2007). 5493:Stathopoulos, Vic (October 2011). 3718:"Mars Science Laboratory: Mission" 3631:Amos, Jonathan (August 11, 2012). 3310: 3285:. NASA/JPL-Caltech. Archived from 2818:on August 17, 2012 (3-D versions: 2481: 2474:confirmed successful landing. The 2381:The rover was folded up within an 884:(MMRTG), and communicates in both 764:; a branch of paleontology called 559:California Institute of Technology 14: 14690: 13604:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher 13551:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope 12969:Center for Life Detection Science 12890:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher 12442:Habitability of red dwarf systems 12180:List of extraterrestrial orbiters 10874:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope 10428:Commercial Lunar Payload Services 9781:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative 7602: 7516:Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 7366:Amos, Jonathan (August 9, 2012). 6351:Sutton, Jane (November 3, 2011). 5844:"Mars rover aims for deep crater" 5521:. Richard Cook. (January 9, 2009) 4484:Amos, Jonathan (August 3, 2012). 4388:William Harwood (July 31, 2012). 4361: 4140:"Learn About Me: Curiosity Rover" 2029: 1615:Cost overruns, delays, and launch 1282:Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer 1127:Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer 1091:is equipped with six wheels in a 771: 14616: 14604: 14592: 14580: 13669:Space Flight Operations Facility 13461:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 13023: 13012: 13011: 12994:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program 12827:Life Investigation For Enceladus 12347:Extraterrestrial sample curation 12225: 12073:Double Asteroid Redirection Test 11265: 11254: 11253: 11169:Apollo 15 postal covers incident 10927:Space Flight Operations Facility 10113:Operations and Checkout Building 9469:Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters 8573: 8074: 8063: 8062: 7799: 7199:"Mars Science Laboratory (Full)" 7164: 6884: 6861: 6835: 6738: 6650: 6591: 6571: 6538: 6497: 6477: 6438: 6415: 6363: 6270: 6226: 6199: 6172: 6145: 5873:Amos, Jonathan (June 12, 2012). 5842:Amos, Jonathan (July 22, 2011). 5687: 5408: 5142:"Seventeen Cameras on Curiosity" 4334:Cain, Fraser (August 10, 2012). 3850: 3795:Watson, Traci (April 14, 2008). 3691:Staff writers (March 29, 2012). 3508:. August 6, 2012. Archived from 3415: 3370:Young, Monica (August 7, 2012). 3085: 3046: 3020: 2978: 2940: 2912: 2888: 2873: 2858: 2831: 2805: 2782: 2770: 2743: 2708: 2682: 2655: 2628: 2247:Entry, descent and landing (EDL) 1681:, NASA associate administrator; 409:Large Strategic Science Missions 36: 13518:Wide Field and Planetary Camera 12932:Astrobiology Society of Britain 12807:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan 12462:Habitable zone for complex life 10388:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program 9640:Mars Telecommunications Orbiter 9446:Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) 8481: 7147:"Mars rover lands on Xbox Live" 7145:Snider, MikeH (July 17, 2012). 6631: 5749: 5722: 5660: 5637:Brown, Adrian (March 2, 2009). 5519:MSL Technical and Replan Status 5446: 5402: 5384: 5365: 5351: 5304: 5216:"Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI)" 5087: 4960:Chang, Kenneth (May 30, 2013). 4736: 4693: 4433: 4291: 3982:Wright, Michael (May 1, 2007). 3844: 3600: 2561: 2356: 2157: 2060: 1952:−4,451 m (−14,603 ft) 997:. The Morse code pattern (for " 993:Wheels of a working sibling to 793:Diagram of the MSL spacecraft: 250:November 26, 2011, 15:02:00.211 12817:Journey to Enceladus and Titan 7247:Chow, Dennis (July 22, 2011). 6803:2007 IEEE Aerospace Conference 6775:. NASA and JPL. Archived from 6508:. IEEE Explore. pp. 1–6. 6506:2008 IEEE Aerospace Conference 6325:Ken Kremer (October 9, 2011). 4702:"Making Sense of Mars Methane" 4700:Tenenbaum, D. (June 9, 2008). 4473:. American Radio Relay League. 3769:Leone, Dan (August 10, 2012). 3657:Agle, D. C. (March 28, 2012). 3121: – Astrobiology programme 2000:−2,246 m (−7,369 ft) 1907:−1,940 m (−6,360 ft) 1861:−1,450 m (−4,760 ft) 1459:Meteorological package and an 1112: 691:(4) Investigate the chemical, 621:For results and findings, see 161: 1: 14649:Space probes launched in 2011 13598:Astrobiology Field Laboratory 12865:Astrobiology Field Laboratory 12417:Extraterrestrial liquid water 9595:Astrobiology Field Laboratory 7275:NASA Staff (March 27, 2012). 7055:"Mars Descent Imager (MARDI)" 6842:Kerr, Dara (August 9, 2012). 6010:"Reconnaissance of MSL Sites" 5772:"Name NASA's Next Mars Rover" 5427:Mann, Adam (August 7, 2012). 5270:. Malin Space Science Systems 5242:"Mars Descent Imager (MARDI)" 4876:10.1126/science.340.6136.1031 4336:"Distance from Earth to Mars" 3439:Wall, Mike (August 6, 2012). 3180: 2394:. The heat shield is made of 2152: Mars Science Laboratory 1573:Navigation cameras (Navcams): 1375:Radiation Assessment Detector 1207:Radiation assessment detector 776: 668:(2) Investigate the chemical 229:3,839 kg (8,463 lb) 13664:Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking 13524:Wide Field Infrared Explorer 13208:Soil Moisture Active Passive 13111:Atmospheric infrared sounder 12999:Spanish Astrobiology Center‎ 12407:Circumstellar habitable zone 11407:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 11206:Space program on U.S. stamps 11131:Gemini and Apollo medallions 11081:Solar System Family Portrait 10857:Joint Polar Satellite System 10726:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 9980:Vision for Space Exploration 9950:Space Exploration Initiative 6480:"MSL – Cruise Configuration" 3821:Mann, Adam (June 25, 2012). 2506: 2196:The MSL spacecraft departed 2040:geostationary transfer orbit 1393:energetic particle radiation 1336:ratios in carbon dioxide (CO 1135:Chemistry and Camera complex 1017:Small Deep Space Transponder 985:antenna can receive signals. 507:, and collecting data for a 7: 14679:Astrobiology space missions 13183:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 12984:NASA Astrobiology Institute 12170:List of Solar System probes 11201:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame 11158:We choose to go to the Moon 11121:Apollo 11 goodwill messages 10679:International Space Station 10659:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 10398:Great Observatories program 10242:International Space Station 10220:Roscosmos State Corporation 10137:Science Mission Directorate 10083:Manned Space Flight Network 9519:Mars Exploration Ice Mapper 9464:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return 9440:Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX) 8808:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 7734:, Listing by JPL (official) 6632:Way, David W.; et al. 6065:"Current MSL Landing Sites" 5538:Air & Space/Smithsonian 4171:. BAE Systems. July 1, 2008 3869:Curiosity, The Stunt Double 3743:Leone, Dan (July 8, 2011). 3078: 2476:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 2455:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 2186:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 2175:tanks. It also has its own 2045:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 1660:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 1646:successfully landed in the 1554:Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) 1482:Malin Space Science Systems 1441:and detector for measuring 1346:) in the atmosphere of Mars 1246:Aeolis Mons ("Mount Sharp") 1072:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 1038:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 846:MSL EDL Instrument (MEDLI): 514: 56:. The specific problem is: 10: 14695: 13641:Table Mountain Observatory 12832:Mars sample return mission 11018:NASA cameras on spacecraft 10829:James Webb Space Telescope 10741:Solar Dynamics Observatory 9962:U.S. National Space Policy 7311:"Curiosity's Quad – IMAGE" 7197:BotJunkie (June 2, 2007). 7057:. NASA/JPL. Archived from 6302:. NASA/JPL. Archived from 6097:. NASA/JPL. May 27, 2009. 6008:GuyMac (January 4, 2008). 5925:. NASA. September 18, 2008 5244:. NASA/JPL. Archived from 5218:. NASA/JPL. Archived from 5192:. NASA/JPL. Archived from 5048:. NASA/JPL. Archived from 4639:Advances in X-ray Analysis 4518:. NASA/JPL. Archived from 4417:. NASA/JPL. Archived from 4142:. NASA/JPL. Archived from 3989:. NASA/JPL. Archived from 3720:. NASA/JPL. Archived from 3584:. NASA/JPL. Archived from 2700:descent to the surface of 2565: 2513:Sky crane (landing system) 2510: 2413:returning to Earth in the 2255: 1673:Six senior members of the 1638:Planetary Science Division 1581: 1433:Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons 1229: 1151:Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons 969: 959:real-time operating system 953:The rover's computers run 928:The RCE computers use the 870: 684:Geological and geochemical 620: 415:Planetary Science Division 18: 14556: 14452: 14369: 14261: 14197: 14106: 14010: 13962: 13911: 13856: 13816: 13770: 13734: 13654: 13613: 13590: 13569: 13556:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout 13538: 13467:Solar Mesosphere Explorer 13249: 13146:Large Binocular Telescope 13079: 13073:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 13007: 12922: 12910:Terrestrial Planet Finder 12855: 12754: 12716: 12700: 12668: 12585: 12494: 12485: 12395: 12332:Earliest known life forms 12299: 12233: 12165: 12051: 11817: 11683: 11672: 11643: 11590: 11525: 11442: 11354: 11333: 11322: 11249: 11149: 11026: 10941: 10886: 10849: 10648: 10458: 10445: 10375: 10289: 10279: 10234: 10160: 10149: 10093:Vehicle Assembly Building 10001: 9900: 9890: 9843: 9794: 9763: 9697: 9688: 9576: 9486: 9404: 9397: 9317: 9280: 9215: 9117: 9008: 8938: 8931: 8902: 8849: 8826:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter 8783: 8776: 8753: 8702: 8656: 8631: 8582: 8571: 8489: 8375: 8129: 8057: 8036: 7978: 7935:Mount Sharp (Aeolis Mons) 7927: 7896: 7808: 7797: 7775: 7593:10.1007/s11214-012-9892-2 7110:. Aerojet. Archived from 6584:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 6514:10.1109/AERO.2008.4526539 5923:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 5495:"Mars Science Laboratory" 4825:10.1007/s11214-012-9879-z 4728:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4191:"RAD6000 Space Computers" 2733: 2619: 2490:The powered descent stage 2111: 2016: 1736:rises from the middle of 1700: 1697:, MSL project scientist. 1592:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1506:imaging with two cameras. 867:Color-coded rover diagram 617:sol 85 (October 31, 2012) 555:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 394: 390: 382: 337: 331:August 6, 2012, 05:17 UTC 327: 315: 307: 303: 299: 289: 276: 265: 246: 241: 237: 233: 225: 215: 210: 206: 202: 181: 171: 158: 137: 127: 117: 113: 101: 14644:Mars Exploration Program 13646:Solar System Ambassadors 13473:Spaceborne Imaging Radar 12942:Breakthrough Initiatives 12185:List of space telescopes 11164:Apollo 8 Genesis reading 11088:The Day the Earth Smiled 10423:Solar Terrestrial Probes 9882: 9776:Mars Exploration Program 8758:List of missions to Mars 8664:Rover embedded computers 7883:Rover embedded computers 6811:10.1109/AERO.2007.352825 6639:(Report). Archived from 6280:. United Launch Alliance 5758:(in alphabetical order). 3749:Space News International 3136:List of missions to Mars 2614: 2340:Eyes on the Solar System 2320:EDL event–August 6, 2012 2200:and was inserted into a 1548:MARDI views the surface. 1494:RGB Bayer pattern filter 1143:Chemistry and Mineralogy 858: 700:modified rocks and soils 664:organic carbon compounds 547:Mars Exploration Program 436:Mars Exploration Program 108:MSL cruise configuration 14639:Mars Science Laboratory 14429:Mars Science Laboratory 13631:NASA Deep Space Network 13479:Spitzer Space Telescope 13399:Mars Exploration Rovers 13190:Mars Science Laboratory 13117:Deep Space Atomic Clock 12603:Mars Science Laboratory 12422:Galactic habitable zone 11221:Other primates in space 10933:Deep Space Atomic Clock 10753:Mars Science Laboratory 10541:Spitzer Space Telescope 10130:Lunar Sample Laboratory 10073:Launch Services Program 8866:Mars Science Laboratory 8597:Mars Science Laboratory 8081:Solar System portal 7769:Mars Science Laboratory 7507:M. K. Lockwood (2006). 6805:. IEEE. pp. 1–10. 6657:Bacconi, Fabio (2006). 5190:"Mast Camera (Mastcam)" 4928:10.1126/science.1235989 4611:. Washington University 3925:10.1126/science.1249944 3397: 2675:Seven Minutes of Terror 2547:Mars Exploration Rovers 2529:Artist's conceptIon of 2423:reaction control system 2106:Launch Services Program 1391:based on the amount of 1324:Sample Analysis at Mars 1290:and map the spectra of 1223:Sample Analysis at Mars 1159:Hazard Avoidance Camera 1021:NASA Deep Space Network 670:building blocks of life 613:MSL self-portrait from 576:Mars Exploration Rovers 553:that is managed by the 460:Mars Science Laboratory 97:Mars Science Laboratory 13196:Microwave limb sounder 12782:Enceladus Life Finder‎ 12762:Breakthrough Enceladus 12286:Planetary oceanography 11236:National Astronaut Day 11179:The Astronaut Monument 11001:Space Shuttle missions 10701:Mars Exploration Rover 10684:Hubble Space Telescope 10593:Kepler space telescope 10393:Earth Observing System 10367:Mars Exploration Rover 10078:Mercury Control Center 9235:Mars Exploration Rover 8925: 8917: 8909: 8533:Mars Exploration Rover 6552:. 2012. Archived from 6397:ULA Launch Information 6263:September 8, 2012, at 6067:. NASA. Archived from 5970:"MSL Workshop Summary" 5706:. NASA. Archived from 5300:on September 16, 2012. 3005:" (November 26, 2012; 2534: 2522: 2491: 2458: 2442: 2411:Apollo Command Modules 2366: 2329: 2313:Mars Exploration Rover 2154: 2075:United Launch Alliance 2065:MSL was launched from 2026: 1756: 1725:Landing site selection 1722: 1599: 1549: 1427: 1369: 1368:on the MSL (2011–2013) 1248: 1032:software-defined radio 1002: 986: 868: 827: 786: 618: 531: 294:United Launch Alliance 14674:Soft landings on Mars 13614:Related organizations 12957:Breakthrough Starshot 12557:Lunar Micro Ecosystem 12477:Superhabitable planet 12342:Extraterrestrial life 12133:Peregrine Mission One 11677:(by termination date) 11452:Emirates Mars Mission 11327:(deep space missions) 11184:Lunar sample displays 11174:Space Mirror Memorial 11116:Voyager Golden Record 11008:United States rockets 10200: (with the 10108:Launch Control Center 9430:(2024, flyby in 2025) 9422:(2024, flyby in 2025) 9001:(2023, flyby in 2026) 8992:Mars Cube One (MarCO) 8924: 8916: 8908: 8763:List of Mars orbiters 7664:sim&real/narrated 7572:Space Science Reviews 7135:by Amal Shira Teitel. 6746:"Mission: Spacecraft" 6646:on February 25, 2014. 5315:. Cham, Switzerland. 5024:10.1089/ast.2007.0157 4803:Space Science Reviews 4707:Astrobiology Magazine 4551:on February 22, 2007. 4255:on September 20, 2012 4120:on September 18, 2008 3502:"MSL Mission Updates" 3399:"Where Is Curiosity?" 3141:List of rocks on Mars 2963:(September 20, 2012; 2528: 2520: 2489: 2448: 2440: 2364: 2327: 2252:EDL spacecraft system 2177:electric power system 2119: 2091:solid rocket boosters 2085:(CCB) powered by one 2024: 1864:Ancient river delta. 1732: 1712: 1662:sent a photograph of 1589: 1547: 1511:Mars Hand Lens Imager 1414: 1385:human mission to Mars 1363: 1239: 1167:Mars Hand Lens Imager 992: 981: 866: 792: 784: 741:solar particle events 646:human mission to Mars 612: 522: 509:human mission to Mars 211:Spacecraft properties 13718:Orbital launches in 13659:JPL Science Division 13393:Mars Global Surveyor 13361:Mars Climate Orbiter 12964:Carl Sagan Institute 12952:Breakthrough Message 12792:Enceladus Orbilander 12527:Biosatellite program 12377:Planetary protection 12261:Evolutionary biology 12251:Atmospheric sciences 12175:List of lunar probes 11762:Mars Global Surveyor 11674:Completed after 2000 10202:Soviet space program 10120:Johnson Space Center 10088:Kennedy Space Center 10051:spinoff technologies 9786:Mars Next Generation 9745:Permanent settlement 9635:Mars Surveyor Lander 9101:Mars Climate Orbiter 9087:Mars Global Surveyor 8679:Lunar Roving Vehicle 8044:Experience Curiosity 7457:on November 15, 2016 6892:"MSL – Guided Entry" 6870:"MSL Sol 4 briefing" 6045:on November 27, 2008 5778:on February 22, 2012 5398:on January 19, 2013. 5294:SpaceRef Interactive 5196:on February 18, 2009 4767:10.1364/AO.46.006923 4681:on February 22, 2007 4451:on November 26, 2011 4088:on September 6, 2008 2429:offset was removed. 1780:, sulfate minerals, 1387:may involve a great 935:(a successor to the 605:Goals and objectives 316:Spacecraft component 66:improve this article 52:to meet Knowledge's 12947:Breakthrough Listen 11324:Active space probes 11211:Apollo 17 Moon mice 11067:Pillars of Creation 10974:Space Shuttle crews 10452:(human and robotic) 10446:Individual featured 10029:Ranks and positions 8743:Spacecraft missions 8049:Exploration of Mars 7668:MSL real time/25fps 7584:2012SSRv..170....5G 7562:Grotzinger, J. P.; 7532:2006JSpRo..43..257L 7309:(August 10, 2012). 7114:on December 8, 2012 7088:. Planetary Society 6208:on January 17, 2012 6154:on January 27, 2012 5804:on January 28, 2012 5710:on January 21, 2012 5176:2005LPI....36.1214M 5016:2008AsBio...8..605L 4920:2013Sci...340.1080Z 4914:(6136): 1080–1084. 4868:2013Sci...340.1031K 4816:2012SSRv..170..401M 4759:2007ApOpt..46.6923T 4229:on February 9, 2022 3916:2014Sci...343..386G 3562:on October 12, 2012 3512:on August 25, 2012. 3377:Sky & Telescope 3325:on December 3, 2011 3125:Exploration of Mars 2902:) (August 22, 2012) 2853:) (August 14, 2012) 2753:landing site is on 2237:insulating blankets 2209:Centaur upper stage 2205:Mars transfer orbit 2192:Mars transfer orbit 2184:was located by the 2083:Common Core Booster 1982: / 1934: / 1889: / 1843: / 1794:fossil preservation 1623:MSL launched on an 1463:sensor provided by 1175:Mars Descent Imager 715:evolution processes 713:Martian atmospheric 636:, the study of the 551:exploration of Mars 367:4.5895°S 137.4417°E 363: / 98: 12777:Enceladus Explorer 12098:Hakuto-R Mission 1 11644:Interstellar space 11341:Parker Solar Probe 11013:NASA cancellations 10908:Deep Space Network 10898:Near Earth Network 10383:Living With a Star 10357:Project Prometheus 10337:Planetary Observer 9771:Mars Scout Program 9610:Mars 4NM & 5NM 9534:Mars Micro Orbiter 9524:Mars Geyser Hopper 8926: 8918: 8910: 7483:The New York Times 6556:on August 21, 2012 6451:The New York Times 6376:The Daily Sentinel 6235:on April 18, 2009. 5824:"NASA - Curiosity" 5380:on March 20, 2009. 4966:The New York Times 4203:on October 4, 2009 3996:on October 1, 2009 3506:Spaceflight101.com 3469:"MSL Sol 3 Update" 3159:Robotic spacecraft 3093:Spaceflight portal 2898:first test drive ( 2800:) (August 6, 2012) 2535: 2523: 2492: 2459: 2443: 2367: 2330: 2179:, consisting of a 2155: 2027: 1757: 1607:'s designing of a 1600: 1550: 1486:imaging processing 1428: 1370: 1309:X-ray fluorescence 1262:X-ray spectrometer 1249: 1191:MSL EDL Instrument 1003: 987: 963:Wind River Systems 897:radiation-hardened 869: 828: 787: 745:secondary neutrons 619: 532: 254:2011-11-26UTC15:02 96: 14659:NASA space probes 14568: 14567: 13954:GSAT-8 / INSAT-4G 13677: 13676: 13636:Goldstone Complex 13591:Canceled missions 13570:Proposed missions 13387:Mars Polar Lander 13039: 13038: 12918: 12917: 12742:Rosalind Franklin 12655:Trace Gas Orbiter 12312:Allan Hills 84001 12291:Planetary science 12193: 12192: 12161: 12160: 11668: 11667: 11473:2001 Mars Odyssey 11281: 11280: 11194:stolen or missing 10991:uncrewed missions 10969:Apollo astronauts 10964:Gemini astronauts 10882: 10881: 10666:2001 Mars Odyssey 10441: 10440: 10317:Mars Surveyor '98 10275: 10274: 10218: (with 10151:Human spaceflight 10145: 10144: 10103:Launch Complex 48 10098:Launch Complex 39 9850: 9849: 9839: 9838: 9810:The Case for Mars 9720:Atmospheric entry 9684: 9683: 9615:Mars 5M (Mars-79) 9572: 9571: 9549:Next Mars Orbiter 9457:Rosalind Franklin 9393: 9392: 9313: 9312: 9168:Mars Polar Lander 8900: 8899: 8794:2001 Mars Odyssey 8709: 8708: 8669:Crewed Mars rover 8640:Rosalind Franklin 8449: 8448: 8089: 8088: 7549:on August 9, 2012 7423:. August 14, 2012 7061:on March 20, 2009 6820:978-1-4244-0524-4 6697:on August 9, 2012 6610:on April 27, 2014 6523:978-1-4244-1487-1 6306:on March 11, 2009 6181:on April 30, 2012 6127:on April 13, 2011 6071:on March 15, 2012 5704:"Doug McCuistion" 5474:978-0-309-08495-6 5248:on March 20, 2009 5222:on March 20, 2009 5052:on March 20, 2009 4753:(28): 6923–6935. 4573:on March 20, 2009 4522:on March 20, 2009 4146:on August 7, 2012 4060:10.1109/MC.2008.9 3877:on August 1, 2012 3289:on April 18, 2021 3213:on August 5, 2012 3102:Aeolis quadrangle 2718: 2692: 2666: 2638: 2433:Parachute descent 2427:center of gravity 2392:Atmospheric entry 2387:atmospheric entry 2007: 2006: 1824:Eberswalde Crater 1782:silicate minerals 1762:hydrated minerals 1685:, director, JPL; 1488:boxes, 1600×1200 1305:X-ray diffraction 1228: 1227: 1199:Navigation Camera 1120:Main instruments 1086:Mobility systems: 1068:2001 Mars Odyssey 1044:2001 Mars Odyssey 758:organic compounds 730:Surface radiation 706:Planetary process 457: 456: 417: 372:-4.5895; 137.4417 94: 93: 86: 54:quality standards 45:This article may 21:Curiosity (rover) 14686: 14664:Missions to Mars 14621: 14620: 14609: 14608: 14607: 14597: 14596: 14595: 14585: 14584: 14583: 14576: 14415:Shiyan Weixing 4 14352: 14346: 14340: 14334: 14328: 14303: 13723: 13722: 13721: 13704: 13697: 13690: 13681: 13680: 13539:Planned missions 13530:Lunar Flashlight 13141:Keck observatory 13080:Current missions 13066: 13059: 13052: 13043: 13042: 13027: 13026: 13015: 13014: 12492: 12491: 12387:Yamato meteorite 12220: 12213: 12206: 12197: 12196: 11681: 11680: 11331: 11330: 11308: 11301: 11294: 11285: 11284: 11269: 11268: 11257: 11256: 11095:Fallen Astronaut 10736:Van Allen Probes 10456: 10455: 10362:Mars Exploration 10287: 10286: 10158: 10157: 9926:Space Task Group 9898: 9897: 9877: 9870: 9863: 9854: 9853: 9816:Inspiration Mars 9803:The Mars Project 9695: 9694: 9578: 9577: 9402: 9401: 9319: 9318: 8936: 8935: 8781: 8780: 8736: 8729: 8722: 8713: 8712: 8632:Planned missions 8583:Current missions 8577: 8476: 8469: 8462: 8453: 8452: 8371: 8366: 8359: 8354: 8347: 8342: 8335: 8330: 8323: 8318: 8311: 8306: 8299: 8294: 8287: 8282: 8275: 8270: 8261: 8258: 8251: 8248: 8241: 8238: 8231: 8228: 8221: 8216: 8209: 8204: 8195: 8192: 8185: 8182: 8175: 8172: 8165: 8162: 8155: 8150: 8143: 8138: 8116: 8109: 8102: 8093: 8092: 8079: 8078: 8077: 8066: 8065: 7945:Bradbury Landing 7803: 7762: 7755: 7748: 7739: 7738: 7732:MSL – Raw Images 7597: 7595: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7548: 7542:. Archived from 7513: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7453:. Archived from 7442: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7343:. Archived from 7332: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7303: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7283:. Archived from 7272: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7224:. Archived from 7213: 7207: 7206: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7178:. August 8, 2012 7168: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7142: 7136: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7051: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7029: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7004: 6993: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6960: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6925: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6798: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6779:on June 19, 2008 6769: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6716: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6670: 6664:. Archived from 6663: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6638: 6629: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6606:. Archived from 6595: 6589: 6588: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6561: 6542: 6536: 6535: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6475: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6403:on July 20, 2015 6389: 6380: 6379: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6274: 6268: 6255: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6231:. Archived from 6224: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6204:. Archived from 6197: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6177:. Archived from 6170: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6150:. Archived from 6143: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5975:. April 27, 2007 5974: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5949: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5905:(Microsoft Word) 5896: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5870: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5839: 5828: 5827: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5768: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5651: 5649: 5643:The Space Review 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5616:The Space Review 5608: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5592:on June 11, 2011 5582: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5490: 5479: 5478: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5424: 5415: 5414: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5394:. Archived from 5388: 5382: 5381: 5376:. Archived from 5369: 5363: 5362: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5342: 5334: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5296:. Archived from 5286: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5161: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5116: 5108: 5099: 5098: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5071: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5042: 5036: 5035: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4957: 4948: 4947: 4897: 4888: 4887: 4849: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835:2060/20120002542 4827: 4810:(1–4): 401–478. 4793: 4787: 4786: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4727: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4657: 4651: 4645:. Archived from 4636: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4603: 4594: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4569:. Archived from 4562: 4553: 4552: 4547:. Archived from 4541: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4512: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4274: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4251:. Archived from 4245: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4225:. Archived from 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4202: 4195: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4170: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4119: 4112: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4021: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3995: 3988: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3961: 3938: 3937: 3927: 3910:(6169): 386–87. 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3873:. Archived from 3863: 3857: 3856: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3724:on March 5, 2006 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3688: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3669:on March 6, 2017 3665:. Archived from 3654: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3615: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3588:on June 15, 2012 3578: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3561: 3554: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3498: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3465: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3436: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3351:. August 6, 2012 3341: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3324: 3317: 3311:Martin, Paul K. 3308: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3263: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3232: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3212: 3201: 3193: 3164: 3095: 3090: 3089: 3088: 3064: 3050: 3038: 3024: 3003:Glenelg Intrigue 2996: 2982: 2958: 2944: 2933:(August 9, 2012) 2931:Bradbury Landing 2916: 2900:Bradbury Landing 2892: 2877: 2862: 2843:Bradbury Landing 2835: 2809: 2786: 2774: 2765:– north is down. 2747: 2720: 2719: 2694: 2693: 2668: 2667: 2640: 2639: 2605:bacterial spores 2601:Bradbury Landing 2568:Bradbury Landing 2348: 2266:is too thin for 2213:attitude control 2153: 2151: 2142: 2140: 2131: 2129: 2123: 2079:two stage rocket 1997: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1986:24.01°N 341.03°E 1983: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1893:26.37°S 325.10°E 1890: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1847:23.86°S 326.73°E 1844: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1806: 1805: 1755:– North is down. 1751:landing site in 1743: 1720: 1687:Peter Theisinger 1534: 1395:detected by the 1117: 1116: 737:cosmic radiation 720:cycling of water 574:mission and the 413: 405:) mission patch 399: 378: 377: 375: 374: 373: 368: 364: 361: 360: 359: 356: 342:Bradbury Landing 257: 255: 242:Start of mission 182:Mission duration 176:science.nasa.gov 163: 154: 153: 147: 106: 99: 95: 89: 82: 78: 75: 69: 40: 39: 32: 14694: 14693: 14689: 14688: 14687: 14685: 14684: 14683: 14654:2011 in Florida 14629: 14628: 14627: 14615: 14605: 14603: 14593: 14591: 14581: 14579: 14571: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14552: 14548:Globalstar M092 14544:Globalstar M090 14540:Globalstar M086 14536:Globalstar M084 14532:Globalstar M082 14528:Globalstar M080 14448: 14365: 14348: 14342: 14336: 14330: 14324: 14316:Galileo-IOV FM2 14312:Galileo-IOV FM1 14299: 14288:Megha-Tropiques 14257: 14238:Atlantic Bird 7 14193: 14102: 14064:Globalstar M089 14060:Globalstar M081 14056:Globalstar M085 14052:Globalstar M091 14048:Globalstar M088 14044:Globalstar M083 14006: 13958: 13907: 13852: 13812: 13789:Johannes Kepler 13766: 13730: 13729: 13719: 13717: 13716: 13714: 13708: 13678: 13673: 13650: 13609: 13586: 13565: 13534: 13381:Mars Pathfinder 13258:Cassini-Huygens 13245: 13225:Voyager program 13075: 13070: 13040: 13035: 13003: 12924: 12914: 12857: 12851: 12812:Icebreaker Life 12750: 12712: 12696: 12670: 12664: 12581: 12487: 12481: 12398: 12391: 12295: 12271:Geomicrobiology 12229: 12224: 12194: 12189: 12157: 12047: 11967:LISA Pathfinder 11813: 11676: 11664: 11639: 11586: 11521: 11438: 11350: 11326: 11318: 11312: 11282: 11277: 11245: 11145: 11136:Mission patches 11111:Pioneer plaques 11074:Mystic Mountain 11051:Family Portrait 11044:The Blue Marble 11028: 11022: 10996:Apollo missions 10937: 10889: 10878: 10845: 10650: 10644: 10481:Mercury-Atlas 6 10451: 10447: 10437: 10371: 10307:Mariner Mark II 10271: 10252:Commercial Crew 10230: 10153: 10141: 10125:Mission Control 10024:Astronaut Corps 10019:Chief Scientist 9997: 9902: 9886: 9881: 9851: 9846: 9835: 9790: 9759: 9680: 9582: 9568: 9514:Mars Base Alpha 9504:Icebreaker Life 9482: 9389: 9371:Mars 3MS No.170 9323: 9309: 9276: 9211: 9162:Mars Pathfinder 9113: 9004: 8963:Mariner 6 and 7 8927: 8919: 8911: 8896: 8845: 8772: 8749: 8740: 8710: 8705: 8698: 8652: 8627: 8578: 8569: 8512:Mars Pathfinder 8485: 8480: 8450: 8445: 8444: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8428: 8423: 8422: 8417: 8416: 8411: 8410: 8405: 8404: 8399: 8398: 8393: 8392: 8387: 8386: 8381: 8380: 8374: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8355: 8352: 8349: 8348: 8343: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8331: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8319: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8307: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8295: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8283: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8271: 8268: 8264: 8263: 8262: 8259: 8256: 8253: 8252: 8249: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8239: 8236: 8233: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8223: 8222: 8217: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8205: 8202: 8198: 8197: 8196: 8193: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8183: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8173: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8163: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8151: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8139: 8136: 8125: 8120: 8090: 8085: 8075: 8073: 8053: 8032: 7974: 7970:Yellowknife Bay 7923: 7892: 7804: 7795: 7771: 7766: 7605: 7552: 7550: 7546: 7540:10.2514/1.20678 7511: 7503: 7501:Further reading 7498: 7488: 7486: 7474: 7470: 7460: 7458: 7443: 7436: 7426: 7424: 7419: 7418: 7414: 7404: 7402: 7390: 7386: 7376: 7374: 7364: 7360: 7350: 7348: 7347:on June 2, 2019 7333: 7329: 7319: 7317: 7304: 7300: 7290: 7288: 7273: 7269: 7259: 7257: 7245: 7241: 7231: 7229: 7228:on June 7, 2012 7214: 7210: 7195: 7191: 7181: 7179: 7170: 7169: 7165: 7155: 7153: 7143: 7139: 7131: 7127: 7117: 7115: 7106: 7105: 7101: 7091: 7089: 7078: 7074: 7064: 7062: 7053: 7052: 7048: 7038: 7036: 7031: 7030: 7023: 7013: 7011: 7006: 7005: 6996: 6987: 6983: 6973: 6971: 6970:. July 31, 2012 6968:Spaceflight Now 6962: 6961: 6942: 6932: 6930: 6928:Planetary Probe 6923: 6917: 6913: 6903: 6901: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6868:Ellison, Doug. 6866: 6862: 6852: 6850: 6840: 6836: 6821: 6799: 6792: 6782: 6780: 6771: 6770: 6761: 6751: 6749: 6744: 6743: 6739: 6729: 6727: 6726:. July 18, 2007 6718: 6717: 6710: 6700: 6698: 6689: 6688: 6684: 6674: 6672: 6671:on May 12, 2013 6668: 6661: 6655: 6651: 6643: 6636: 6630: 6623: 6613: 6611: 6604:Spaceflight Now 6596: 6592: 6577: 6576: 6572: 6559: 6557: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6524: 6502: 6498: 6488: 6486: 6476: 6465: 6455: 6453: 6443: 6439: 6429: 6427: 6420: 6416: 6406: 6404: 6391: 6390: 6383: 6368: 6364: 6349: 6345: 6335: 6333: 6323: 6319: 6309: 6307: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6283: 6281: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6256: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6225: 6221: 6211: 6209: 6198: 6194: 6184: 6182: 6171: 6167: 6157: 6155: 6144: 6140: 6130: 6128: 6119: 6118: 6114: 6104: 6102: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6074: 6072: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6048: 6046: 6033: 6032: 6028: 6018: 6016: 6006: 6002: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5978: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5953: 5951: 5950:. June 12, 2006 5947: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5926: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5883: 5881: 5871: 5862: 5852: 5850: 5840: 5831: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5807: 5805: 5796: 5795: 5791: 5781: 5779: 5770: 5769: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5740: 5738: 5727: 5723: 5713: 5711: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5686: 5682: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5665: 5661: 5647: 5645: 5635: 5631: 5621: 5619: 5618:. March 2, 2009 5610: 5609: 5605: 5595: 5593: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5569: 5567: 5557: 5553: 5543: 5541: 5529: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5503: 5501: 5499:Aerospace Guide 5491: 5482: 5475: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5435: 5425: 5418: 5407: 5403: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5370: 5366: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5336: 5335: 5323: 5309: 5305: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5273: 5271: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5251: 5249: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5225: 5223: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5199: 5197: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5159: 5153: 5149: 5138: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5102: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5073: 5072: 5065: 5055: 5053: 5044: 5043: 5039: 4999: 4995: 4986:mars.nasa.gov. 4984: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4958: 4951: 4898: 4891: 4850: 4843: 4794: 4790: 4741: 4737: 4721: 4720: 4713: 4711: 4698: 4694: 4684: 4682: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4655: 4653: 4652:on May 12, 2013 4649: 4634: 4628: 4624: 4614: 4612: 4601: 4595: 4586: 4576: 4574: 4563: 4556: 4543: 4542: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4514: 4513: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4482: 4478: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4421:on July 5, 2014 4413: 4412: 4408: 4398: 4396: 4394:Spaceflight Now 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4332: 4328: 4318: 4316: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4268: 4258: 4256: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4232: 4230: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4023: 4022: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3980: 3976: 3968: 3962: 3941: 3894: 3890: 3880: 3878: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3849: 3845: 3835: 3833: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3767: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3741: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3689: 3682: 3672: 3670: 3655: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3629: 3625: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3533: 3531: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3500: 3499: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3467: 3466: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3437: 3428: 3416: 3408: 3406: 3396: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3309: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3279: 3275: 3264: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3233: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3162: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3062: 3056: 3051: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3025: 3016: 3015: 3014: 2997:view from the " 2994: 2988: 2983: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2956: 2950: 2945: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2922: 2917: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2893: 2884: 2878: 2869: 2863: 2854: 2836: 2827: 2810: 2801: 2787: 2778: 2775: 2766: 2748: 2736: 2731: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2721: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2695: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2669: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2641: 2629: 2622: 2617: 2574: 2566:Main articles: 2564: 2543:Mars Pathfinder 2515: 2509: 2484: 2482:Powered descent 2435: 2359: 2346: 2322: 2309:Mars Pathfinder 2260: 2254: 2249: 2194: 2160: 2149: 2148: 2138: 2137: 2127: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2114: 2102:payload fairing 2093:(SRB), and one 2063: 2032: 2019: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1968: 1956: 1942: 1940: 1938:4.49°S 137.42°E 1936: 1933: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1920: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1875: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1788:, and possibly 1764:was preferred; 1741: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1703: 1695:John Grotzinger 1634:Doug McCuistion 1617: 1584: 1532: 1426: 1345: 1339: 1288:alpha particles 1234: 1115: 1007:Communications: 974: 888:and UHF bands. 875: 861: 851:Mars atmosphere 805:Descent stage; 779: 774: 642:geology of Mars 626: 607: 572:Mars Pathfinder 517: 499:, studying its 453: 452: 446: 439: 432: 431: 425: 423:Cassini–Huygens 418: 412: 400: 383:Distance driven 371: 369: 365: 362: 357: 354: 352: 350: 349: 348: 332: 253: 251: 198: 148: 143: 109: 90: 79: 73: 70: 63: 41: 37: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14692: 14682: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14626: 14625: 14613: 14601: 14589: 14566: 14565: 14561:Crewed flights 14557: 14554: 14553: 14551: 14550: 14525: 14518: 14513: 14506: 14501: 14479:Pléiades-HR 1A 14476: 14471: 14462: 14456: 14454: 14450: 14449: 14447: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14426: 14421: 14412: 14405: 14396: 14387: 14373: 14371: 14367: 14366: 14364: 14363: 14358: 14356:Progress M-13M 14353: 14318: 14309: 14304: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14265: 14263: 14259: 14258: 14256: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14201: 14199: 14195: 14194: 14192: 14191: 14188:Progress M-12M 14184: 14177: 14172: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14116: 14110: 14108: 14104: 14103: 14101: 14100: 14095: 14090: 14085: 14080: 14071: 14066: 14041: 14036: 14020: 14014: 14012: 14008: 14007: 14005: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13992:Progress M-11M 13989: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13966: 13964: 13960: 13959: 13957: 13956: 13947: 13942: 13926: 13921: 13915: 13913: 13909: 13908: 13906: 13905: 13903:Progress M-10M 13900: 13891: 13878: 13873: 13868: 13860: 13858: 13854: 13853: 13851: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13820: 13818: 13814: 13813: 13811: 13810: 13805: 13793: 13785: 13780: 13774: 13772: 13768: 13767: 13765: 13764: 13757:Progress M-09M 13754: 13749: 13744: 13742:Elektro-L No.1 13738: 13736: 13732: 13731: 13725: 13710: 13707: 13706: 13699: 13692: 13684: 13675: 13674: 13672: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13655: 13652: 13651: 13649: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13617: 13615: 13611: 13610: 13608: 13607: 13601: 13594: 13592: 13588: 13587: 13585: 13584: 13579: 13573: 13571: 13567: 13566: 13564: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13546:Europa Clipper 13542: 13540: 13536: 13535: 13533: 13532: 13527: 13521: 13515: 13510: 13503: 13501:TOPEX/Poseidon 13498: 13493: 13488: 13481: 13476: 13470: 13464: 13458: 13453: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13424: 13419: 13418: 13417: 13409: 13396: 13389: 13384: 13377: 13370: 13364: 13357: 13352: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13313: 13312: 13311: 13299: 13294: 13289: 13282: 13275: 13268: 13261: 13253: 13251: 13247: 13246: 13244: 13243: 13242: 13241: 13234: 13222: 13217: 13211: 13205: 13199: 13193: 13187: 13179: 13178: 13177: 13169: 13156: 13149: 13143: 13138: 13131: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13091: 13083: 13081: 13077: 13076: 13069: 13068: 13061: 13054: 13046: 13037: 13036: 13034: 13033: 13021: 13008: 13005: 13004: 13002: 13001: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12960: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12939: 12934: 12928: 12926: 12920: 12919: 12916: 12915: 12913: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12900:Northern Light 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12861: 12859: 12856:Cancelled and 12853: 12852: 12850: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12758: 12756: 12752: 12751: 12749: 12748: 12747: 12746: 12733: 12731:Europa Clipper 12728: 12720: 12718: 12714: 12713: 12711: 12710: 12704: 12702: 12698: 12697: 12695: 12694: 12687: 12682: 12674: 12672: 12666: 12665: 12663: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12651: 12650: 12637: 12630: 12629: 12628: 12615: 12614: 12613: 12600: 12595: 12589: 12587: 12583: 12582: 12580: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12498: 12496: 12489: 12483: 12482: 12480: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12403: 12401: 12393: 12392: 12390: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12327:Drake equation 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12303: 12301: 12297: 12296: 12294: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12266:Exoplanetology 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12241:Astrochemistry 12237: 12235: 12231: 12230: 12223: 12222: 12215: 12208: 12200: 12191: 12190: 12188: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12166: 12163: 12162: 12159: 12158: 12156: 12155: 12154: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12135: 12127: 12126: 12125: 12117: 12105: 12100: 12092: 12091: 12090: 12083: 12076: 12066: 12065: 12064: 12055: 12053: 12049: 12048: 12046: 12045: 12044: 12043: 12031: 12026: 12019: 12008: 12000: 11999: 11998: 11993: 11986: 11978: 11977: 11976: 11969: 11961: 11960: 11959: 11949: 11941: 11925: 11924: 11923: 11918: 11911: 11901: 11900: 11899: 11894: 11887: 11879: 11878: 11877: 11867: 11866: 11865: 11857: 11856: 11855: 11845: 11844: 11843: 11832: 11821: 11819: 11815: 11814: 11812: 11811: 11810: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11787: 11779: 11778: 11777: 11767: 11766: 11765: 11755: 11754: 11753: 11743: 11742: 11741: 11731: 11730: 11729: 11722: 11715: 11705: 11704: 11703: 11696: 11694:NEAR Shoemaker 11687: 11685: 11678: 11670: 11669: 11666: 11665: 11663: 11662: 11655: 11647: 11645: 11641: 11640: 11638: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11620: 11613: 11602: 11596: 11594: 11588: 11587: 11585: 11584: 11583: 11582: 11572: 11571: 11570: 11558: 11557: 11556: 11544: 11543: 11542: 11529: 11527: 11523: 11522: 11520: 11519: 11518: 11517: 11504: 11497: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11469: 11462: 11454: 11448: 11446: 11440: 11439: 11437: 11436: 11435: 11434: 11424: 11422:Tiandu 1 and 2 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11360: 11358: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11348: 11343: 11337: 11335: 11328: 11320: 11319: 11311: 11310: 11303: 11296: 11288: 11279: 11278: 11276: 11275: 11263: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11244: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11231:Astronauts Day 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11197: 11196: 11191: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11153: 11151: 11147: 11146: 11144: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11091: 11084: 11077: 11070: 11063: 11062: 11061: 11047: 11040: 11032: 11030: 11024: 11023: 11021: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11004: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10983: 10978: 10977: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10945: 10943: 10939: 10938: 10936: 10935: 10930: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10905: 10900: 10894: 10892: 10890:and navigation 10888:Communications 10884: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10876: 10871: 10868:Europa Clipper 10864: 10859: 10853: 10851: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10843: 10838: 10837: 10836: 10826: 10825: 10824: 10819: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10774: 10767: 10762: 10761: 10760: 10750: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10717: 10716: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10669: 10662: 10654: 10652: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10642: 10641: 10640: 10627: 10620: 10615: 10614: 10613: 10608: 10595: 10590: 10583: 10576: 10571: 10564: 10559: 10551: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10517: 10516: 10504: 10497: 10490: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10462: 10460: 10453: 10443: 10442: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10379: 10377: 10373: 10372: 10370: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10322:New Millennium 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10293: 10291: 10284: 10277: 10276: 10273: 10272: 10270: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10238: 10236: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10228: 10223: 10210: 10205: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10164: 10162: 10155: 10147: 10146: 10143: 10142: 10140: 10139: 10134: 10133: 10132: 10127: 10117: 10116: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10054: 10053: 10043: 10038: 10037: 10036: 10031: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10005: 10003: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9995: 9989: 9983: 9977: 9971: 9965: 9959: 9953: 9947: 9941: 9935: 9929: 9923: 9917: 9910: 9908: 9895: 9888: 9887: 9880: 9879: 9872: 9865: 9857: 9848: 9847: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9821:Mars Institute 9818: 9813: 9806: 9798: 9796: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9767: 9765: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9701: 9699: 9692: 9686: 9685: 9682: 9681: 9679: 9678: 9673: 9666: 9661: 9654: 9651:Northern Light 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9586: 9584: 9574: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9490: 9488: 9484: 9483: 9481: 9480: 9473: 9472: 9471: 9461: 9449: 9443: 9437: 9431: 9423: 9420:Europa Clipper 9417: 9408: 9406: 9399: 9395: 9394: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9356:Mars 2M No.521 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9327: 9325: 9315: 9314: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9307: 9306: 9305: 9300: 9286: 9284: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9274: 9267: 9266: 9265: 9264: 9263: 9251: 9250: 9249: 9232: 9225: 9219: 9217: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9209: 9201: 9194: 9186: 9179: 9174: 9165: 9158: 9151: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9123: 9121: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9111: 9104: 9097: 9090: 9083: 9076: 9075: 9074: 9069: 9062:Phobos program 9059: 9058: 9057: 9050: 9041:Viking program 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9012: 9010: 9006: 9005: 9003: 9002: 8994: 8989: 8982: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8944: 8942: 8933: 8929: 8928: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8894: 8893: 8892: 8887: 8875: 8874: 8873: 8868: 8855: 8853: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8843: 8835: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8817: 8816: 8804: 8797: 8789: 8787: 8778: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8739: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8716: 8707: 8706: 8703: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8660: 8658: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8650: 8649: 8648: 8635: 8633: 8629: 8628: 8626: 8625: 8624: 8623: 8618: 8606: 8605: 8604: 8599: 8586: 8584: 8580: 8579: 8572: 8570: 8568: 8567: 8566: 8565: 8553: 8552: 8551: 8543: 8535: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8500: 8499: 8493: 8491: 8487: 8486: 8479: 8478: 8471: 8464: 8456: 8447: 8446: 8438: 8436: 8432: 8430: 8426: 8424: 8420: 8418: 8414: 8412: 8408: 8406: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8394: 8390: 8388: 8384: 8382: 8378: 8376: 8363: 8362: 8351: 8350: 8339: 8338: 8327: 8326: 8315: 8314: 8303: 8302: 8291: 8290: 8279: 8278: 8267: 8266: 8265: 8255: 8254: 8245: 8244: 8235: 8234: 8225: 8224: 8213: 8212: 8201: 8200: 8199: 8189: 8188: 8179: 8178: 8169: 8168: 8159: 8158: 8147: 8146: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8119: 8118: 8111: 8104: 8096: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8071: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8046: 8040: 8038: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8008:Jake Matijevic 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7988:Bathurst Inlet 7984: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7931: 7929: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7900: 7898: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7814: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7779: 7777: 7773: 7772: 7765: 7764: 7757: 7750: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7729: 7724: 7714: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7702: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7662:Descent video 7660: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7631: 7621: 7611: 7604: 7603:External links 7601: 7600: 7599: 7559: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7496: 7468: 7434: 7412: 7384: 7358: 7327: 7298: 7287:on May 7, 2017 7267: 7239: 7208: 7189: 7163: 7137: 7125: 7099: 7072: 7046: 7021: 6994: 6981: 6940: 6911: 6883: 6860: 6834: 6819: 6790: 6759: 6737: 6724:Universe Today 6708: 6682: 6649: 6621: 6590: 6570: 6537: 6522: 6496: 6463: 6437: 6414: 6381: 6362: 6343: 6331:Universe Today 6317: 6291: 6269: 6250: 6248:September 2010 6238: 6219: 6192: 6165: 6138: 6112: 6082: 6056: 6026: 6000: 5986: 5961: 5936: 5910: 5891: 5860: 5829: 5815: 5789: 5760: 5748: 5721: 5695: 5680: 5659: 5629: 5603: 5577: 5565:Universe Today 5551: 5523: 5511: 5480: 5473: 5465:10.17226/10432 5445: 5416: 5401: 5383: 5364: 5350: 5321: 5303: 5281: 5259: 5233: 5207: 5181: 5147: 5132: 5100: 5086: 5063: 5037: 4993: 4978: 4949: 4889: 4862:(6136): 1031. 4841: 4788: 4746:Applied Optics 4735: 4692: 4666: 4622: 4584: 4554: 4533: 4502: 4476: 4462: 4432: 4406: 4380: 4354: 4341:Universe Today 4326: 4304: 4290: 4266: 4240: 4214: 4182: 4157: 4131: 4099: 4073: 4038: 4007: 3974: 3939: 3888: 3858: 3843: 3831:Wired Magazine 3813: 3787: 3761: 3735: 3709: 3680: 3646: 3623: 3599: 3573: 3541: 3515: 3486: 3457: 3426: 3390: 3362: 3336: 3300: 3273: 3253: 3224: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3176: 3170: 3165: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3133: 3127: 3122: 3116: 3111: 3105: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3080: 3077: 3053: 3052: 3045: 3044: 3043: 3027: 3026: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3007:white balanced 2985: 2984: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2965:white balanced 2947: 2946: 2939: 2938: 2937: 2919: 2918: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2894: 2887: 2885: 2879: 2872: 2870: 2864: 2857: 2855: 2841:landing site ( 2837: 2830: 2828: 2811: 2804: 2802: 2788: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2769: 2767: 2749: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2722: 2707: 2706: 2696: 2681: 2680: 2670: 2654: 2653: 2648:Cape Canaveral 2646:launches from 2642: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2563: 2560: 2511:Main article: 2508: 2505: 2497:monopropellant 2483: 2480: 2434: 2431: 2415:Apollo program 2358: 2355: 2321: 2318: 2305:Viking-derived 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2193: 2190: 2159: 2156: 2113: 2110: 2062: 2059: 2031: 2030:Launch vehicle 2028: 2018: 2015: 2005: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1966: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1950: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1910:Dry lake bed. 1908: 1905: 1898:-26.37; 325.10 1873: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1852:-23.86; 326.73 1827: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1726: 1723: 1716: 1702: 1699: 1691:Adam Steltzner 1683:Charles Elachi 1679:John Grunsfeld 1629:Cape Canaveral 1616: 1613: 1609:monopropellant 1583: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1570: 1557: 1542: 1541: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1507: 1472: 1451: 1439:neutron source 1415: 1409: 1408: 1389:radiation risk 1358: 1357: 1343: 1337: 1320: 1295: 1240:The shadow of 1230:Main article: 1226: 1225: 1218: 1217: 1210: 1209: 1202: 1201: 1194: 1193: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1177: 1170: 1169: 1162: 1161: 1154: 1153: 1146: 1145: 1138: 1137: 1130: 1129: 1122: 1121: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1106:•−−− •−−• •−•• 1082: 1081: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1056: 976: 975: 951: 950: 945: 944: 925: 924: 871:Main article: 860: 857: 856: 855: 797:Cruise stage; 778: 775: 773: 772:Specifications 770: 753: 752: 732: 731: 727: 726: 724:carbon dioxide 716: 708: 707: 703: 702: 696: 688: 687: 685: 681: 680: 673: 666: 659: 658: 656: 632:including the 606: 603: 526:view of Mars: 516: 513: 455: 454: 447: 441: 440: 433: 426: 420: 419: 406: 392: 391: 388: 387: 384: 380: 379: 339: 335: 334: 329: 325: 324: 317: 313: 312: 305: 304: 301: 300: 297: 296: 291: 287: 286: 281:Cape Canaveral 278: 274: 273: 267: 263: 262: 248: 244: 243: 239: 238: 235: 234: 231: 230: 227: 223: 222: 217: 213: 212: 208: 207: 204: 203: 200: 199: 197: 196: 193: 185: 183: 179: 178: 173: 169: 168: 165: 156: 155: 141: 135: 134: 129: 125: 124: 119: 115: 114: 111: 110: 107: 92: 91: 44: 42: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14691: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14636: 14634: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14612: 14602: 14600: 14590: 14588: 14578: 14577: 14574: 14562: 14555: 14549: 14545: 14541: 14537: 14533: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14523: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14511: 14510:Soyuz TMA-03M 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14496: 14492: 14488: 14484: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14460:Compass-IGSO5 14458: 14457: 14455: 14451: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14434: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14419:Chuang Xin 1C 14416: 14413: 14411: 14410: 14406: 14404: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14382: 14378: 14375: 14374: 14372: 14368: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14351: 14345: 14339: 14333: 14327: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14302: 14297: 14293: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14273:GLONASS-M 742 14270: 14267: 14266: 14264: 14260: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14233:IGS Optical 4 14231: 14229: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14206: 14203: 14202: 14200: 14196: 14190: 14189: 14185: 14183: 14182: 14181:Shijian XI-04 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14167: 14163: 14159: 14155: 14151: 14147: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14124: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14111: 14109: 14105: 14099: 14098:Shijian XI-02 14096: 14094: 14093:Compass-IGSO4 14091: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14061: 14057: 14053: 14049: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14039:Tianlian I-02 14037: 14034: 14030: 14026: 14025: 14021: 14019: 14018:Shijian XI-03 14016: 14015: 14013: 14009: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13972: 13971:Soyuz TMA-02M 13968: 13967: 13965: 13961: 13955: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13940: 13936: 13932: 13931: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13916: 13914: 13910: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13886: 13882: 13881:Resourcesat-2 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13871:Compass-IGSO3 13869: 13867: 13866: 13862: 13861: 13859: 13855: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13838: 13834: 13830: 13826: 13822: 13821: 13819: 13815: 13809: 13806: 13803: 13799: 13798: 13794: 13792: 13790: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13775: 13773: 13769: 13762: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13739: 13737: 13733: 13728: 13724: 13713: 13705: 13700: 13698: 13693: 13691: 13686: 13685: 13682: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13656: 13653: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13618: 13616: 13612: 13605: 13602: 13599: 13596: 13595: 13593: 13589: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13577:Europa Lander 13575: 13574: 13572: 13568: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13543: 13541: 13537: 13531: 13528: 13525: 13522: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13508: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13486: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13474: 13471: 13468: 13465: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13451: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13429: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13416: 13414: 13410: 13408: 13406: 13402: 13401: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13394: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13382: 13378: 13376: 13375: 13374:Mars Observer 13371: 13368: 13367:Mars Cube One 13365: 13363: 13362: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13350: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13318: 13314: 13310: 13307: 13306: 13305: 13304: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13287: 13283: 13281: 13280: 13276: 13274: 13273: 13269: 13267: 13266: 13262: 13260: 13259: 13255: 13254: 13252: 13250:Past missions 13248: 13240: 13239: 13235: 13233: 13232: 13228: 13227: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13215: 13212: 13209: 13206: 13203: 13200: 13197: 13194: 13191: 13188: 13185: 13184: 13180: 13176: 13174: 13170: 13168: 13166: 13162: 13161: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13154: 13150: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13136: 13132: 13130: 13129: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13096: 13092: 13090: 13089: 13085: 13084: 13082: 13078: 13074: 13067: 13062: 13060: 13055: 13053: 13048: 13047: 13044: 13032: 13031: 13022: 13020: 13019: 13010: 13009: 13006: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12944: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12929: 12927: 12921: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12862: 12860: 12854: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12797:Europa Lander 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12759: 12757: 12753: 12745: 12743: 12739: 12738: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12726: 12722: 12721: 12719: 12715: 12709: 12706: 12705: 12703: 12699: 12693: 12692: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12680: 12676: 12675: 12673: 12667: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12649: 12647: 12643: 12642: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12635: 12631: 12627: 12625: 12621: 12620: 12619: 12616: 12612: 12610: 12606: 12605: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12590: 12588: 12584: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12499: 12497: 12493: 12490: 12484: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12404: 12402: 12400: 12394: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12352:Extremophiles 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12304: 12302: 12298: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12238: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12221: 12216: 12214: 12209: 12207: 12202: 12201: 12198: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12167: 12164: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12140: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12130: 12128: 12124: 12122: 12118: 12116: 12114: 12109: 12108:Chandrayaan-3 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12095: 12093: 12089: 12088: 12084: 12082: 12081: 12077: 12075: 12074: 12070: 12069: 12067: 12063: 12060: 12059: 12057: 12056: 12054: 12050: 12042: 12040: 12035: 12034:Chandrayaan-2 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12024: 12020: 12018: 12016: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12003: 12001: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11991: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11981: 11979: 11975: 11974: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11958: 11957: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11946: 11942: 11940: 11939: 11934: 11933: 11929: 11928: 11926: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11916: 11912: 11910: 11909: 11905: 11904: 11902: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11892: 11891:Venus Express 11888: 11886: 11883: 11882: 11880: 11876: 11875: 11871: 11870: 11868: 11864: 11861: 11860: 11858: 11854: 11853: 11849: 11848: 11846: 11842: 11840: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11830: 11826: 11825: 11823: 11822: 11820: 11816: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11797:Chandrayaan-1 11795: 11793: 11792: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11782: 11780: 11776: 11775: 11771: 11770: 11768: 11764: 11763: 11759: 11758: 11756: 11752: 11751: 11747: 11746: 11744: 11740: 11739: 11735: 11734: 11732: 11728: 11727: 11723: 11721: 11720: 11716: 11714: 11713: 11709: 11708: 11706: 11702: 11701: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11691: 11689: 11688: 11686: 11682: 11679: 11675: 11671: 11661: 11660: 11656: 11654: 11653: 11649: 11648: 11646: 11642: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11625: 11621: 11619: 11618: 11614: 11612: 11608: 11607: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11597: 11595: 11593: 11592:Minor planets 11589: 11580: 11579: 11578: 11577: 11573: 11569: 11566: 11565: 11564: 11563: 11559: 11555: 11552: 11551: 11550: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11538: 11537: 11536: 11535: 11531: 11530: 11528: 11526:Other planets 11524: 11516: 11514: 11510: 11509: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11502: 11498: 11496: 11494: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11474: 11470: 11468: 11467: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11449: 11447: 11445: 11441: 11433: 11430: 11429: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11374:Chandrayaan-2 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11357: 11353: 11347: 11346:Solar Orbiter 11344: 11342: 11339: 11338: 11336: 11332: 11329: 11325: 11321: 11317: 11314:21st-century 11309: 11304: 11302: 11297: 11295: 11290: 11289: 11286: 11274: 11273: 11264: 11262: 11261: 11252: 11251: 11248: 11242: 11241:Nikon NASA F4 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11186: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11159: 11155: 11154: 11152: 11148: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11126:NASA insignia 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11106:Lunar plaques 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11096: 11092: 11090: 11089: 11085: 11083: 11082: 11078: 11076: 11075: 11071: 11069: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11059: 11058:Pale Blue Dot 11055: 11054: 11053: 11052: 11048: 11046: 11045: 11041: 11039: 11038: 11034: 11033: 11031: 11025: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10988: 10987: 10986:NASA missions 10984: 10982: 10981:NASA aircraft 10979: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10951: 10950: 10947: 10946: 10944: 10940: 10934: 10931: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10903:Space Network 10901: 10899: 10896: 10895: 10893: 10891: 10885: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10869: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10854: 10852: 10848: 10842: 10839: 10835: 10832: 10831: 10830: 10827: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10816: 10812: 10811: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10779: 10775: 10773: 10772: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10759: 10756: 10755: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10748: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10715: 10712: 10711: 10710: 10708: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10691: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10674: 10670: 10668: 10667: 10663: 10661: 10660: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10647: 10639: 10636: 10635: 10634: 10632: 10628: 10626: 10625: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10603: 10602: 10600: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10588: 10584: 10582: 10581: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10569: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10556: 10552: 10550: 10548: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10536:Space Shuttle 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10509: 10505: 10503: 10502: 10498: 10496: 10495: 10491: 10489: 10488: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10463: 10461: 10457: 10454: 10450: 10444: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10418:New Frontiers 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10380: 10378: 10374: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10327:Lunar Orbiter 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10294: 10292: 10288: 10285: 10282: 10278: 10268: 10267:Lunar Gateway 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10239: 10237: 10233: 10227: 10226:Constellation 10224: 10221: 10217: 10216: 10211: 10209: 10208:Space Shuttle 10206: 10203: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10173: 10169: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10159: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10138: 10135: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10122: 10121: 10118: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10090: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10052: 10049: 10048: 10047: 10046:NASA research 10044: 10042: 10039: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10026: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10006: 10004: 10000: 9993: 9990: 9987: 9984: 9981: 9978: 9975: 9972: 9969: 9966: 9963: 9960: 9957: 9954: 9951: 9948: 9945: 9942: 9939: 9936: 9933: 9930: 9927: 9924: 9921: 9918: 9915: 9912: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9899: 9896: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9878: 9873: 9871: 9866: 9864: 9859: 9858: 9855: 9842: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9811: 9807: 9805: 9804: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9793: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9762: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9740:Human mission 9738: 9736: 9735:Sample return 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9702: 9700: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9687: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9671: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9659: 9655: 9653: 9652: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9585: 9579: 9575: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9485: 9479: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9467: 9466: 9465: 9462: 9459: 9458: 9453: 9450: 9447: 9444: 9441: 9438: 9435: 9432: 9429: 9428: 9424: 9421: 9418: 9415: 9414: 9410: 9409: 9407: 9403: 9400: 9396: 9386: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9320: 9316: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9295: 9294: 9292: 9288: 9287: 9285: 9283: 9279: 9273: 9272: 9268: 9262: 9259: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9243: 9242: 9238: 9237: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9230: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9218: 9214: 9208: 9206: 9202: 9200: 9199: 9195: 9193: 9192: 9187: 9185: 9184: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9163: 9159: 9157: 9156: 9152: 9150: 9149: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9116: 9110: 9109: 9105: 9103: 9102: 9098: 9096: 9095: 9091: 9089: 9088: 9084: 9082: 9081: 9080:Mars Observer 9077: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9063: 9060: 9056: 9055: 9051: 9049: 9048: 9044: 9043: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9007: 9000: 8999: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8987: 8983: 8981: 8980: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8937: 8934: 8930: 8923: 8915: 8907: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8882: 8881: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8852: 8848: 8842: 8840: 8836: 8834: 8833: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8815: 8812: 8811: 8810: 8809: 8805: 8803: 8802: 8798: 8796: 8795: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8782: 8779: 8775: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8755: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8737: 8732: 8730: 8725: 8723: 8718: 8717: 8714: 8701: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8655: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8642: 8641: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8630: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8612: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8593: 8592: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8581: 8576: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8559: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8549: 8544: 8542: 8541: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8530: 8529: 8528: 8523: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8513: 8509: 8508: 8507: 8506: 8502: 8501: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8492: 8490:Past missions 8488: 8484: 8477: 8472: 8470: 8465: 8463: 8458: 8457: 8454: 8370: 8358: 8346: 8334: 8322: 8310: 8298: 8286: 8274: 8220: 8208: 8154: 8142: 8128: 8124: 8117: 8112: 8110: 8105: 8103: 8098: 8097: 8094: 8082: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8060: 8059: 8056: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8035: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7977: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7926: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7807: 7802: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7763: 7758: 7756: 7751: 7749: 7744: 7743: 7740: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7722: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7659: 7657: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7635: 7634:Image Gallery 7632: 7629: 7625: 7622: 7619: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7609:MSL Home Page 7607: 7606: 7594: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7578:(1–4): 5–56. 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7560: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7510: 7505: 7504: 7485: 7484: 7479: 7472: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7441: 7439: 7422: 7416: 7401: 7400: 7395: 7388: 7373: 7369: 7362: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7331: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7302: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7271: 7256: 7255: 7250: 7243: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7212: 7204: 7200: 7193: 7177: 7173: 7167: 7152: 7148: 7141: 7134: 7129: 7113: 7109: 7103: 7087: 7083: 7076: 7060: 7056: 7050: 7034: 7028: 7026: 7009: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6991: 6985: 6969: 6965: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6929: 6922: 6915: 6899: 6898: 6893: 6887: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6849: 6845: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6797: 6795: 6778: 6774: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6747: 6741: 6725: 6721: 6715: 6713: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6667: 6660: 6653: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6626: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6594: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6574: 6567: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6541: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6500: 6485: 6481: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6452: 6448: 6441: 6425: 6418: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6388: 6386: 6377: 6373: 6366: 6358: 6354: 6347: 6332: 6328: 6321: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6279: 6273: 6266: 6265:archive.today 6262: 6259: 6254: 6247: 6242: 6234: 6230: 6223: 6207: 6203: 6196: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6153: 6149: 6142: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6015: 6011: 6004: 5996: 5990: 5971: 5965: 5946: 5940: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5903: 5902: 5895: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5849: 5845: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5825: 5819: 5803: 5799: 5793: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5765: 5757: 5756:The Finalists 5752: 5736: 5732: 5725: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5691: 5684: 5669: 5663: 5656: 5644: 5640: 5633: 5617: 5613: 5607: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5566: 5562: 5555: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5515: 5500: 5496: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5476: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5449: 5434: 5433:Wired Science 5430: 5423: 5421: 5412: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5360: 5354: 5346: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5322:9783319681467 5318: 5314: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5269: 5263: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5143: 5136: 5120: 5113: 5107: 5105: 5096: 5090: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5070: 5068: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5010:(3): 605–12. 5009: 5005: 4997: 4989: 4982: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4954: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4896: 4894: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4848: 4846: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4792: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4739: 4731: 4725: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4696: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4663: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4610: 4608: 4600: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4559: 4550: 4546: 4540: 4538: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4472: 4466: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4369: 4368:Wolfram Alpha 4365: 4358: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4330: 4314: 4308: 4300: 4294: 4279: 4273: 4271: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4199: 4192: 4186: 4167: 4161: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4116: 4109: 4103: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4026: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3992: 3985: 3978: 3967: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3892: 3876: 3872: 3870: 3862: 3854: 3847: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3685: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3651: 3634: 3627: 3619: 3618:Beacon record 3612: 3611: 3603: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3558: 3551: 3545: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3462: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3423: 3422:public domain 3404: 3403:mars.nasa.gov 3400: 3394: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3366: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3321: 3314: 3307: 3305: 3293:September 22, 3288: 3284: 3281:Guy Webster. 3277: 3269: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3229: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3192: 3190: 3185: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3083: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3049: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3023: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2992: 2987: 2981: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2943: 2932: 2928: 2926: 2921: 2915: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2780: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2741: 2740: 2725: 2703: 2699: 2676: 2673: 2649: 2645: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2572:Gale (crater) 2569: 2559: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2532: 2527: 2519: 2514: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2488: 2479: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2439: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2363: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2326: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2244: 2242: 2241:absolute zero 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2189: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2146: 2135: 2118: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2089:engine, four 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2052: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2023: 2014: 2012: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1991:24.01; 341.03 1967: 1964: 1963:Mawrth Vallis 1961: 1960: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1943:-4.49; 137.42 1919: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1874: 1871: 1870:Holden Crater 1868: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1766:clay minerals 1763: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1656:limited speed 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1539: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1413: 1407:in 2011–2012. 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1317:biosignatures 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1000: 996: 991: 984: 980: 973: 968: 967: 966: 964: 960: 956: 947: 946: 942: 938: 934: 931: 927: 926: 922: 918: 915:, and 2 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 891: 890: 889: 887: 883: 879: 874: 865: 852: 847: 844: 843: 842: 839: 837: 833: 825: 821: 818: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 791: 783: 769: 767: 763: 759: 750: 749:human mission 746: 742: 738: 734: 733: 729: 728: 725: 721: 717: 714: 710: 709: 705: 704: 701: 697: 694: 690: 689: 686: 683: 682: 678: 677:biosignatures 674: 671: 667: 665: 661: 660: 657: 654: 653: 652: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 634:role of water 631: 624: 616: 611: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 587: 582: 581: 577: 573: 569: 568: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 543: 541: 537: 529: 525: 521: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 485: 480: 476: 472: 469: 465: 461: 451: → 450: 445: 442:← 438: 437: 430: → 429: 424: 421:← 416: 411: 410: 404: 398: 393: 389: 385: 381: 376: 347: 343: 340: 336: 330: 326: 323: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 295: 292: 288: 285: 282: 279: 275: 271: 268: 264: 261: 249: 245: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 221: 218: 214: 209: 205: 201: 194: 191: 188:Primary: 669 187: 186: 184: 180: 177: 174: 170: 166: 164: 157: 152: 146: 142: 140: 136: 133: 130: 126: 123: 120: 116: 112: 105: 100: 88: 85: 77: 67: 62: 60: 55: 51: 50: 43: 34: 33: 30: 26: 22: 14587:Solar System 14560: 14520: 14508: 14504:NigComSat-1R 14428: 14409:Soyuz TMA-22 14407: 14283:Eutelsat 16A 14214:Zhongxing-1A 14186: 14179: 14175:Ekspress-AM4 14150:NigeriaSat-X 14146:NigeriaSat-2 14022: 13969: 13928: 13865:Soyuz TMA-21 13863: 13823: 13795: 13788: 13506: 13484: 13449: 13427: 13412: 13404: 13391: 13379: 13372: 13359: 13348: 13316: 13302: 13286:Deep Space 2 13284: 13279:Deep Space 1 13277: 13271: 13264: 13257: 13236: 13229: 13189: 13181: 13172: 13165:Perseverance 13164: 13153:Mars Odyssey 13151: 13134: 13126: 13093: 13086: 13028: 13016: 12925:and programs 12923:Institutions 12741: 12723: 12701:Heliocentric 12689: 12677: 12645: 12632: 12624:Perseverance 12623: 12608: 12602: 12412:Earth analog 12399:habitability 12367:Ocean planet 12337:Earth analog 12322:Biosignature 12281:Paleontology 12276:Microbiology 12256:Biochemistry 12246:Astrophysics 12227:Astrobiology 12138: 12120: 12112: 12086: 12079: 12072: 12038: 12021: 12014: 11988: 11971: 11956:Schiaparelli 11954: 11944: 11936: 11930: 11913: 11906: 11897:Chang'e 5-T1 11889: 11872: 11850: 11838: 11827: 11789: 11772: 11760: 11748: 11736: 11724: 11717: 11710: 11700:Deep Space 1 11698: 11657: 11650: 11624:New Horizons 11622: 11615: 11604: 11574: 11560: 11546: 11532: 11513:Perseverance 11512: 11499: 11492: 11488: 11471: 11466:Mars Express 11464: 11388: 11316:space probes 11271: 11259: 11093: 11086: 11080: 11072: 11065: 11056: 11049: 11042: 11035: 10866: 10815:Perseverance 10814: 10776: 10769: 10752: 10746: 10706: 10689: 10673:New Horizons 10671: 10664: 10657: 10630: 10622: 10598: 10586: 10579: 10566: 10554: 10546: 10507: 10499: 10492: 10485: 10214: 10198:Apollo–Soyuz 9826:Mars Society 9808: 9801: 9755:Terraforming 9750:Colonization 9676:Voyager Mars 9668: 9656: 9649: 9475: 9455: 9426: 9413:Mangalyaan-2 9412: 9331:Mars 1M No.1 9290: 9270: 9254: 9240: 9228: 9204: 9197: 9191:Schiaparelli 9190: 9182: 9172:Deep Space 2 9161: 9154: 9147: 9107: 9099: 9092: 9085: 9078: 9052: 9045: 8997: 8984: 8977: 8879:Perseverance 8878: 8865: 8859: 8838: 8831: 8806: 8801:Mars Express 8799: 8792: 8689:Mars landing 8638: 8610:Perseverance 8608: 8596: 8589: 8555: 8547: 8546:Timeline of 8539: 8538:Timeline of 8525: 8519: 8510: 8503: 8285:Launch Delay 8219:1st Drilling 8061: 7960:Peace Vallis 7940:Aeolis Palus 7914:Rocker-bogie 7783: 7768: 7697: 7655: 7575: 7571: 7553:November 13, 7551:. Retrieved 7544:the original 7519: 7515: 7487:. Retrieved 7481: 7471: 7459:. Retrieved 7455:the original 7425:. Retrieved 7415: 7403:. Retrieved 7397: 7387: 7375:. Retrieved 7371: 7361: 7349:. Retrieved 7345:the original 7330: 7318:. Retrieved 7301: 7289:. Retrieved 7285:the original 7270: 7258:. Retrieved 7252: 7242: 7230:. Retrieved 7226:the original 7211: 7192: 7180:. Retrieved 7175: 7166: 7154:. Retrieved 7150: 7140: 7128: 7118:December 18, 7116:. Retrieved 7112:the original 7102: 7090:. Retrieved 7085: 7075: 7063:. Retrieved 7059:the original 7049: 7037:. Retrieved 7012:. Retrieved 6984: 6972:. Retrieved 6967: 6931:. Retrieved 6927: 6914: 6902:. Retrieved 6900:. NASA. 2011 6895: 6886: 6873: 6863: 6851:. Retrieved 6847: 6837: 6802: 6781:. Retrieved 6777:the original 6750:. Retrieved 6740: 6728:. Retrieved 6723: 6699:. Retrieved 6695:the original 6685: 6673:. Retrieved 6666:the original 6652: 6641:the original 6612:. Retrieved 6608:the original 6603: 6593: 6582: 6573: 6565: 6558:. Retrieved 6554:the original 6549: 6540: 6505: 6499: 6487:. Retrieved 6483: 6454:. Retrieved 6450: 6440: 6428:. Retrieved 6417: 6405:. Retrieved 6401:the original 6396: 6375: 6365: 6356: 6346: 6334:. Retrieved 6330: 6320: 6308:. Retrieved 6304:the original 6294: 6282:. Retrieved 6272: 6253: 6241: 6233:the original 6222: 6210:. Retrieved 6206:the original 6195: 6183:. Retrieved 6179:the original 6168: 6156:. Retrieved 6152:the original 6141: 6129:. Retrieved 6125:the original 6115: 6103:. Retrieved 6094: 6085: 6073:. Retrieved 6069:the original 6059: 6047:. Retrieved 6043:the original 6038: 6029: 6017:. Retrieved 6013: 6003: 5989: 5977:. Retrieved 5964: 5952:. Retrieved 5939: 5927:. Retrieved 5922: 5913: 5900: 5894: 5882:. Retrieved 5878: 5851:. Retrieved 5847: 5818: 5806:. Retrieved 5802:the original 5792: 5780:. Retrieved 5776:the original 5751: 5739:. Retrieved 5724: 5714:December 16, 5712:. Retrieved 5708:the original 5698: 5683: 5673:December 30, 5671:. Retrieved 5662: 5653: 5646:. Retrieved 5642: 5632: 5620:. Retrieved 5615: 5606: 5594:. Retrieved 5590:the original 5580: 5568:. Retrieved 5564: 5554: 5544:November 10, 5542:. Retrieved 5536: 5526: 5514: 5502:. Retrieved 5498: 5455: 5448: 5436:. Retrieved 5432: 5404: 5396:the original 5386: 5378:the original 5367: 5353: 5312: 5306: 5298:the original 5293: 5284: 5272:. Retrieved 5262: 5250:. Retrieved 5246:the original 5236: 5224:. Retrieved 5220:the original 5210: 5198:. Retrieved 5194:the original 5184: 5167: 5163: 5150: 5135: 5123:. Retrieved 5118: 5089: 5078: 5056:September 9, 5054:. Retrieved 5050:the original 5040: 5007: 5004:Astrobiology 5003: 4996: 4981: 4969:. Retrieved 4965: 4911: 4905: 4859: 4853: 4807: 4801: 4791: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4712:. Retrieved 4705: 4695: 4683:. Retrieved 4679:the original 4669: 4661: 4654:. Retrieved 4647:the original 4642: 4638: 4625: 4613:. Retrieved 4605: 4575:. Retrieved 4571:the original 4549:the original 4526:September 9, 4524:. Retrieved 4520:the original 4493:. Retrieved 4489: 4479: 4465: 4453:. Retrieved 4449:the original 4444: 4435: 4423:. Retrieved 4419:the original 4409: 4397:. Retrieved 4393: 4383: 4371:. Retrieved 4357: 4345:. Retrieved 4339: 4329: 4317:. Retrieved 4307: 4293: 4281:. Retrieved 4257:. Retrieved 4253:the original 4243: 4231:. Retrieved 4227:the original 4217: 4207:September 7, 4205:. Retrieved 4198:the original 4185: 4175:September 7, 4173:. Retrieved 4160: 4148:. Retrieved 4144:the original 4134: 4124:November 17, 4122:. Retrieved 4115:the original 4102: 4092:November 17, 4090:. Retrieved 4086:the original 4076: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4029:. Retrieved 4000:September 9, 3998:. Retrieved 3991:the original 3977: 3907: 3901: 3891: 3881:February 28, 3879:. Retrieved 3875:the original 3868: 3861: 3846: 3834:. Retrieved 3826: 3816: 3804:. Retrieved 3800: 3790: 3778:. Retrieved 3774: 3764: 3754:November 26, 3752:. Retrieved 3748: 3738: 3726:. Retrieved 3722:the original 3712: 3700:. Retrieved 3696: 3671:. Retrieved 3667:the original 3637:. Retrieved 3626: 3609: 3602: 3590:. Retrieved 3586:the original 3576: 3566:September 7, 3564:. Retrieved 3557:the original 3544: 3534:November 27, 3532:. Retrieved 3527: 3518: 3510:the original 3505: 3477:. Retrieved 3450:December 14, 3448:. Retrieved 3444: 3407:. Retrieved 3402: 3393: 3381:. Retrieved 3375: 3365: 3353:. Retrieved 3348: 3339: 3327:. Retrieved 3320:the original 3291:. Retrieved 3287:the original 3276: 3246:November 21, 3244:. Retrieved 3215:. Retrieved 3208:the original 3108:Astrobiology 3057: 3031: 2989: 2951: 2924: 2895: 2880: 2865: 2845:) viewed by 2838: 2816:debris field 2812: 2789: 2755:Aeolis Palus 2750: 2723: 2697: 2674: 2671: 2643: 2608: 2597: 2593:Aeolis Palus 2588: 2584: 2575: 2562:Landing site 2550: 2538: 2536: 2530: 2493: 2475: 2460: 2450: 2408: 2380: 2368: 2357:Guided entry 2351: 2343: 2331: 2301: 2296: 2287: 2283: 2276:retrorockets 2261: 2217: 2202:heliocentric 2195: 2185: 2171:fuel in two 2161: 2158:Cruise stage 2144: 2133: 2130: Earth 2098:second stage 2073:provided by 2064: 2061:Launch event 2056: 2051:New Horizons 2049: 2043: 2033: 2008: 1798: 1758: 1753:Aeolis Palus 1746: 1713: 1707: 1704: 1674: 1672: 1663: 1659: 1643: 1642: 1627:rocket from 1622: 1618: 1601: 1598:, California 1572: 1562: 1553: 1529: 1520: 1509: 1499: 1477: 1474: 1453: 1431: 1422: 1373: 1322: 1297: 1280: 1265: 1252: 1250: 1241: 1105: 1093:rocker-bogie 1088: 1085: 1077:Mars Express 1075: 1071: 1067: 1052: 1048: 1042: 1036: 1009: 1006: 994: 952: 921:flash memory 892: 877: 876: 845: 840: 832:cruise stage 829: 823: 816: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 762:biomolecules 754: 650: 630:habitability 627: 598: 594: 590: 584: 578: 565: 563: 544: 536:Aeolis Palus 533: 497:habitability 482: 477:launched by 463: 459: 458: 434: 414: 407: 402: 338:Landing site 328:Landing date 320: 272:541 (AV-028) 216:Manufacturer 118:Mission type 80: 71: 64:Please help 59:MOS:SANDWICH 57: 46: 29: 14669:Mars rovers 14599:Spaceflight 14474:IGS Radar 3 14439:Kosmos 2478 14390:Fobos-Grunt 14385:Kosmos 2477 14381:Kosmos 2476 14377:Kosmos 2475 14296:VesselSat-1 14278:Intelsat 18 14269:Kosmos 2474 14219:Kosmos 2473 14166:AprizeSat-6 14162:AprizeSat-5 14137:Hai Yang 2A 13997:Kosmos 2472 13987:ChinaSat 10 13945:Telstar 14R 13829:Explorer-1 13808:Kosmos 2471 13778:Kosmos 2470 13752:Kounotori 2 13413:Opportunity 13272:Deep Impact 12858:undeveloped 12708:BioSentinel 12598:Fobos-Grunt 12495:Earth orbit 12317:Biomolecule 12307:Abiogenesis 12300:Main topics 12234:Disciplines 12029:Longjiang-2 12015:Opportunity 11996:Longjiang-1 11874:Deep Impact 11534:BepiColombo 11101:Deep fields 11029:and artwork 11027:NASA images 10599:Opportunity 10068:NASA Social 9894:and history 9690:Exploration 9539:MELOS rover 9442:(mid 2020s) 9381:Fobos-Grunt 9255:Opportunity 8674:Lunar rover 8540:Opportunity 8527:Opportunity 8483:Mars rovers 7950:Gale Crater 7878:Robotic arm 7810:Instruments 7065:December 2, 6730:October 21, 6456:October 18, 6227:NASA, JPL. 6200:NASA, JPL. 6173:NASA, JPL. 6146:NASA, JPL. 6131:February 9, 6019:October 21, 5929:October 21, 5733:. YouTube. 5688:NASA, JPL. 5622:January 26, 5596:December 4, 5504:February 4, 5409:NASA, JPL. 3851:NASA, JPL. 2961:Mount Sharp 2896:Curiosity's 2881:Curiosity's 2866:Curiosity's 2839:Curiosity's 2763:Gale Crater 2759:Mount Sharp 2751:Curiosity's 2702:Gale Crater 2581:Aeolis Mons 2577:Gale Crater 2372:lift vector 2272:aerobraking 2233:solar cells 2198:Earth orbit 2181:solar array 2141: Mars 2104:. The NASA 2071:Atlas V 541 2011:Gale Crater 1989: / 1941: / 1916:Gale Crater 1896: / 1850: / 1778:iron oxides 1738:Gale Crater 1734:Aeolis Mons 1648:Gale Crater 1461:ultraviolet 1350:geochemical 1342:methane (CH 1183:Mast Camera 1113:Instruments 907:, 256 820:Heat shield 801:Backshell; 615:Gale Crater 599:Opportunity 586:Opportunity 540:Aeolis Mons 528:Gale crater 493:Gale Crater 473:mission to 471:space probe 370: / 358:137°26′30″E 346:Gale Crater 277:Launch site 247:Launch date 226:Launch mass 68:if you can. 14633:Categories 14522:Meridian 5 14403:Tian Xun-1 14361:Shenzhou 8 14326:AubieSat-1 14253:QuetzSat 1 14248:Tiangong-1 14224:Arabsat 5C 14127:JCSAT-110R 13919:Meridian 4 13309:spacecraft 13175:helicopter 12905:Red Dragon 12685:OSIRIS-REx 12669:Comets and 12372:Panspermia 12141:helicopter 12080:Mangalyaan 11712:Pioneer 10 11630:OSIRIS-REx 11611:MINERVA-II 11189:Moon rocks 10949:Astronauts 10942:NASA lists 10799:OSIRIS-REx 10633:helicopter 10501:Pioneer 11 10494:Pioneer 10 10297:Hitchhiker 10172:suborbital 10009:Space Race 9764:Strategies 9658:Red Dragon 9620:Mars-Aster 9564:Sky-Sailor 9559:Phootprint 9529:Mars-Grunt 9346:2MV-3 No.1 9341:2MV-4 No.1 9293:helicopter 9108:Mangalyaan 8260:Stratified 8194:Old Soaker 8023:Rocknest 3 7993:Coronation 7489:October 6, 7461:August 22, 7427:August 20, 7405:August 12, 7351:August 11, 7320:August 11, 7307:NASA Staff 7035:. NASA/JPL 7010:. NASA/JPL 6783:October 7, 6701:August 13, 6675:August 11, 6614:August 21, 6560:August 23, 6407:August 19, 6267:March 2011 6075:January 4, 6039:Mars Today 5741:August 14, 5438:August 15, 5331:1030303276 4714:October 8, 4685:October 9, 4656:August 24, 4615:August 24, 4577:August 24, 4455:August 16, 4347:August 17, 4283:August 10, 4233:August 10, 4054:(12): 45. 4027:. NASA/JPL 3775:Space News 3639:August 13, 3524:"Overview" 3383:October 7, 3355:October 7, 3181:References 2471:drag force 2268:parachutes 2264:atmosphere 2256:See also: 2224:trajectory 2165:propulsion 2124:trajectory 1815:Elevation 1744:marks the 1636:of NASA's 1504:true-color 1354:biological 1258:microscope 1181:MastCam – 1133:ChemCam – 1098:Morse code 1074:and ESA's 1041:(MRO) and 970:See also: 893:Computers: 836:propellant 777:Spacecraft 655:Biological 489:Mars rover 290:Contractor 192:(687 days) 122:Mars rover 14611:Astronomy 14516:Ziyuan-1C 14444:Yaogan 13 14433:Curiosity 14424:AsiaSat 7 14399:Yaogan 12 14394:Yinghuo-1 14198:September 14132:Paksat-1R 14029:Raffaello 13894:Yahsat 1A 13292:Explorers 13238:Voyager 2 13231:Voyager 1 13173:Ingenuity 13159:Mars 2020 12822:Laplace-P 12725:Dragonfly 12679:Hayabusa2 12671:asteroids 12640:Tianwen-1 12618:Mars 2020 12609:Curiosity 12542:Eu:CROPIS 12397:Planetary 12139:Ingenuity 12062:Chang'e 5 12023:Beresheet 11908:MESSENGER 11785:Chang'e 1 11659:Voyager 2 11652:Voyager 1 11606:Hayabusa2 11600:Chang'e 2 11507:Mars 2020 11501:Tianwen-1 11493:Curiosity 11427:Chang'e 6 11417:Queqiao 2 11397:Chang'e 5 11384:Chang'e 4 11379:Chang'e 3 11216:Moon tree 11037:Earthrise 10912:Goldstone 10809:Mars 2020 10778:Voyager 2 10771:Voyager 1 10707:Curiosity 10651:operating 10649:Currently 10631:Ingenuity 10568:MESSENGER 10547:Sojourner 10476:Mercury 3 10466:Apollo 11 10413:Discovery 10403:Explorers 9992:Augustine 9956:Augustine 9831:Mars race 9645:NetLander 9605:Marsokhod 9583:proposals 9581:Cancelled 9385:Yinghuo-1 9366:Mariner 8 9361:2M No.522 9351:Mariner 3 9303:Mars 2020 9291:Ingenuity 9229:Sojourner 9205:Tianwen-1 9026:Mariner 9 8953:Mariner 4 8885:Mars 2020 8860:Curiosity 8839:Tianwen-1 8694:Sky crane 8616:Mars 2020 8591:Curiosity 8563:Tianwen-1 8505:Sojourner 8164:Dingo Gap 7919:Sky crane 7784:Curiosity 7698:Curiosity 7656:Curiosity 7564:Crisp, J. 7399:USA Today 7377:August 9, 7291:March 31, 7254:Space.com 7182:August 9, 7151:USA Today 7092:August 6, 7039:April 15, 6974:August 1, 6933:August 8, 6904:August 8, 6853:August 9, 6566:Animation 6489:August 8, 6278:"Atlas V" 6049:April 21, 5648:August 4, 5339:cite book 5274:April 19, 5226:March 23, 5200:March 18, 5125:August 6, 4495:August 6, 4373:August 6, 4319:August 7, 4259:August 6, 4150:August 8, 4068:0018-9162 4031:March 27, 3801:USA Today 3728:March 12, 3702:March 30, 3697:Space.com 3673:March 31, 3479:August 9, 3445:Space.com 3217:August 5, 3147:Mars 2020 3059:Curiosity 3033:Curiosity 3011:raw color 2991:Curiosity 2969:raw color 2953:Curiosity 2925:Curiosity 2824:parachute 2790:Curiosity 2609:Curiosity 2585:Curiosity 2551:Curiosity 2539:Curiosity 2531:Curiosity 2507:Sky crane 2500:hydrazine 2463:parachute 2451:Curiosity 2383:aeroshell 2344:Curiosity 2297:Curiosity 2293:aeroshell 2288:Curiosity 2284:Curiosity 2220:actuators 2169:hydrazine 1812:Location 1747:Curiosity 1742:Green dot 1708:Curiosity 1675:Curiosity 1664:Curiosity 1644:Curiosity 1530:Curiosity 1478:Curiosity 1437:A pulsed 1423:Curiosity 1381:radiation 1266:Curiosity 1253:Curiosity 1242:Curiosity 1197:Navcam – 1157:Hazcam – 1141:CheMin – 1089:Curiosity 1070:orbiter, 1053:Curiosity 1049:Curiosity 1010:Curiosity 995:Curiosity 983:Goldstone 878:Curiosity 826:Parachute 811:Curiosity 766:taphonomy 591:Curiosity 570:from the 567:Sojourner 484:Curiosity 428:Mars 2020 403:Curiosity 355:4°35′22″S 321:Curiosity 145:2011-070A 139:COSPAR ID 74:July 2024 14453:December 14370:November 14307:ViaSat-1 14243:TacSat-4 14119:Astra 1N 14088:Spektr-R 14078:KazSat-2 13898:New Dawn 13885:YouthSat 13802:Leonardo 13771:February 13491:Surveyor 13485:Stardust 13439:QuikSCAT 13349:Magellan 13328:Herschel 13122:GRACE-FO 13101:ACRIMSAT 13018:Category 12880:Kazachok 12870:Beagle 3 12802:ExoLance 12755:Proposed 12593:Beagle 2 12567:OREOcube 12547:EXOSTACK 12488:missions 11852:Stardust 11829:Hayabusa 11548:Akatsuki 11369:CAPSTONE 11260:Category 10922:Canberra 10834:timeline 10822:timeline 10758:timeline 10714:timeline 10611:observed 10606:timeline 10574:Aquarius 10514:timeline 10487:Magellan 10449:missions 10347:Surveyor 10283:programs 10213:Shuttle– 10154:programs 9986:Aldridge 9905:creation 9795:Advocacy 9730:Aircraft 9698:Concepts 9630:Mars One 9600:Beagle 3 9487:Proposed 9477:Kazachok 9460:) (2028) 9434:EscaPADE 9324:launches 9282:Aircraft 9261:timeline 9247:timeline 9189:ExoMars 9177:Beagle 2 9155:Viking 2 9148:Viking 1 9072:Phobos 2 9067:Phobos 1 9054:Viking 2 9047:Viking 1 9009:Orbiters 8890:timeline 8871:timeline 8814:timeline 8785:Orbiters 8621:timeline 8602:timeline 8250:Old-lake 8240:Old-lake 8207:Testings 8141:Bradbury 8068:Category 8018:Rocknest 7998:Goulburn 7965:Rocknest 7904:MarsDial 7897:Features 7372:BBC News 7260:July 22, 7232:July 22, 7222:NASA JPL 7203:Archived 7156:July 27, 7014:April 8, 6878:Archived 6752:June 12, 6532:21599522 6310:April 1, 6261:Archived 6212:June 24, 6185:June 24, 6158:June 24, 6099:Archived 5884:June 12, 5879:BBC News 5853:July 22, 5848:BBC News 5735:Archived 5252:April 3, 5170:: 1214. 5080:CBS News 5032:18598140 4936:23723233 4884:23723213 4783:45886335 4775:17906720 4724:cite web 4490:BBC News 4048:Computer 3934:24458635 3867:"NASA – 3836:June 26, 3780:June 18, 3473:Archived 3079:See also 3067:Mars sky 3065:view of 2999:Rocknest 2959:view of 2607:were on 2419:tungsten 2376:attitude 2229:antennas 2173:titanium 2048:and the 1977:341°02′E 1929:137°25′E 1884:325°06′E 1838:326°44′E 1790:chloride 1776:, other 1774:Hematite 1717:— 1596:Pasadena 1521:ChemCam: 1492:, and a 1475:Cameras: 1443:hydrogen 1330:organics 1189:MEDLI – 1173:MARDI – 1165:MAHLI – 693:isotopic 640:and the 515:Overview 128:Operator 47:require 14623:Biology 14573:Portals 14499:ELISA 4 14495:ELISA 3 14491:ELISA 2 14487:ELISA 1 14469:Luch 5A 14344:M-Cubed 14262:October 14209:GRAIL-B 14205:GRAIL-A 14123:BSAT-3c 14083:USA-232 14069:GSAT-12 14024:STS-135 14002:USA-231 13982:Rasad 1 13930:STS-134 13924:USA-230 13876:USA-229 13848:USA-227 13843:USA-226 13833:KySat-1 13797:STS-133 13783:USA-225 13747:USA-224 13735:January 13626:Caltech 13606:(MAX-C) 13582:FINESSE 13561:SPHEREx 13507:Ulysses 13450:Rosetta 13434:Pioneer 13428:Phoenix 13369:(MarCO) 13355:Mariner 13338:Jason-1 13317:Genesis 13303:Galileo 13128:InSight 13030:Commons 12847:Trident 12837:Oceanus 12736:ExoMars 12717:Planned 12691:Rosetta 12646:Zhurong 12634:Phoenix 12572:Tanpopo 12562:O/OREOS 12507:BIOCORE 12121:Zhurong 12113:Pragyan 12103:Luna 25 12087:InSight 12039:Pragyan 11973:Cassini 11952:ExoMars 11932:Rosetta 11915:PROCYON 11791:Ulysses 11774:Phoenix 11750:Huygens 11738:Genesis 11719:Galileo 11581:Jupiter 11568:Jupiter 11540:Mercury 11457:ExoMars 11432:ICUBE-Q 11412:Queqiao 11364:ARTEMIS 11272:Commons 11150:Related 10959:by year 10954:by name 10731:GOES 15 10721:GOES 14 10638:flights 10624:InSight 10580:Cassini 10508:Galileo 10433:SIMPLEx 10408:Voyager 10376:Current 10332:Pioneer 10302:Mariner 10281:Robotic 10262:Artemis 10235:Current 10178:Mercury 10170: ( 10063:NASA TV 10002:General 9901:History 9715:Landing 9710:Orbiter 9499:DePhine 9452:ExoMars 9405:Planned 9376:Mars 96 9336:1M No.2 9298:flights 9271:Zhurong 9198:InSight 9183:Phoenix 9119:Landers 8979:Rosetta 8841:orbiter 8657:Related 8646:ExoMars 8557:Zhurong 8369:Driving 8357:Driving 8345:Driving 8333:Driving 8321:Driving 8309:Landing 8153:Glenelg 8037:Related 8028:Tintina 7955:Glenelg 7858:MastCam 7823:ChemCam 7776:General 7696:MSL – " 7672:all/4fp 7654:MSL – " 7580:Bibcode 7528:Bibcode 7526:: 257. 6874:YouTube 6829:7755536 6357:Reuters 6336:July 9, 6105:May 28, 6095:YouTube 5979:May 29, 5954:May 29, 5808:May 27, 5782:May 27, 5570:July 1, 5172:Bibcode 5012:Bibcode 4971:May 31, 4916:Bibcode 4907:Science 4864:Bibcode 4855:Science 4812:Bibcode 4755:Bibcode 4425:July 1, 4399:July 1, 4362:Staff. 3912:Bibcode 3903:Science 3871:(2012)" 3806:May 27, 3592:May 15, 3409:May 30, 3329:June 8, 3130:InSight 3119:ExoMars 2929:– near 2589:Quad 51 2449:NASA's 2335:NASA TV 2280:airbags 2095:Centaur 2077:. This 2054:probe. 2036:Atlas V 1974:24°01′N 1881:26°22′S 1835:23°52′S 1770:sulfate 1625:Atlas V 1605:Aerojet 1582:History 1567:Hazcams 1540:camera. 1513:(MAHLI) 1500:MastCam 1469:Finland 1457:(REMS): 1356:origin. 1334:isotope 1284:(APXS): 1272:or the 1260:and an 1213:REMS – 1125:APXS – 1028:Electra 955:VxWorks 937:RAD6000 638:climate 505:geology 501:climate 468:robotic 466:) is a 444:Phoenix 270:Atlas V 252: ( 172:Website 160:SATCAT 49:cleanup 14465:Amos-5 14338:DICE-2 14332:DICE-1 14292:SRMSAT 14158:EduSAT 14142:Sich 2 14107:August 14033:PSSC-2 13935:AMS-02 13837:Hermes 13727:2012 → 13712:← 2010 13526:(WIRE) 13520:(WFPC) 13513:Viking 13463:(SRTM) 13456:Seasat 13444:Ranger 13405:Spirit 13343:Kepler 13210:(SMAP) 13204:(MISR) 13113:(AIRS) 13095:Psyche 13088:Euclid 12979:MERMOZ 12772:CAESAR 12660:Viking 12577:VEGGIE 12552:EXPOSE 12532:E-MIST 12522:BIOPAN 12512:Biolab 12472:Tholin 11984:MASCOT 11938:Philae 11921:IKAROS 11839:Spirit 11807:LCROSS 11802:SELENE 11726:Nozomi 11635:Psyche 11402:Danuri 11389:Yutu-2 10917:Madrid 10850:Future 10765:NuSTAR 10696:THEMIS 10618:RHESSI 10555:Spirit 10352:Viking 10342:Ranger 10193:Skylab 10188:Apollo 10183:Gemini 10041:Budget 9994:(2009) 9988:(2004) 9982:(2004) 9976:(2003) 9970:(2002) 9968:CFUSAI 9964:(1996) 9958:(1990) 9952:(1989) 9946:(1987) 9940:(1986) 9938:Rogers 9934:(1986) 9928:(1958) 9922:(1958) 9916:(1915) 9892:Policy 9544:MetNet 9448:(2026) 9436:(2024) 9416:(2024) 9398:Future 9322:Failed 9241:Spirit 9223:PrOP-M 9216:Rovers 9207:lander 9142:Mars 7 9137:Mars 6 9132:Mars 3 9127:Mars 2 9094:Nozomi 9036:Mars 5 9031:Mars 4 9021:Mars 3 9016:Mars 2 8998:Psyche 8973:Mars 7 8968:Mars 6 8958:Zond 2 8948:Mars 1 8940:Flybys 8851:Rovers 8777:Active 8548:Spirit 8521:Spirit 8497:PrOP-M 8297:Launch 8184:Murray 8174:Mojave 8003:Hottah 7863:Navcam 7843:Hazcam 7828:CheMin 7676:HiRise 6988:NASA, 6827: 6817: 6748:. NASA 6530: 6520: 6478:NASA. 6430:May 1, 6426:. NASA 6284:May 1, 6014:HiBlog 5471: 5329: 5319: 5030: 4944:604569 4942: 4934: 4882: 4781: 4773: 4609:– NASA 4315:. NASA 4301:. JPL. 4066: 3932: 3530:. NASA 3405:. NASA 3071:sunset 3063:'s 3037:'s 2995:'s 2957:'s 2847:HiRISE 2794:HiRISE 2734:Images 2620:Videos 2467:Viking 2347:'s 2150: 2145:· 2143: 2139: 2134:· 2132: 2128: 2122:'s 2112:Cruise 2087:RD-180 2017:Launch 1965:Site 2 1926:4°29′S 1818:Notes 1786:silica 1701:Naming 1668:HiRISE 1652:Hazcam 1533:'s 1448:Mars 3 1435:(DAN): 1377:(RAD): 1340:) and 1326:(SAM): 1299:CheMin 1292:X-rays 1274:CheMin 1221:SAM – 1205:RAD – 1149:DAN – 1030:-Lite 1023:and a 1014:X band 930:RAD750 905:EEPROM 886:X band 854:(SSE). 595:Spirit 580:Spirit 524:Hubble 284:SLC-41 266:Rocket 258: 14350:RAX-2 14301:Jugnu 14228:SES-2 14170:BPA-2 14154:RASAT 14074:SES-3 13977:SAC-D 13939:ELC-3 13889:X-Sat 13857:April 13825:Glory 13817:March 13600:(AFL) 13496:SVLBI 13475:(SIR) 13469:(SME) 13422:NSCAT 13415:rover 13407:rover 13323:GRACE 13297:GALEX 13216:(TES) 13198:(MLS) 13192:(MSL) 13186:(MRO) 13167:rover 13148:(LBT) 13106:ASTER 12895:MELOS 12767:BRUIE 12744:rover 12648:rover 12626:rover 12611:rover 12486:Space 12129:2024 12123:rover 12115:rover 12094:2023 12068:2022 12058:2020 12052:2020s 12041:rover 12017:rover 12006:MarCO 12002:2019 11980:2018 11963:2017 11947:rover 11927:2016 11903:2015 11885:LADEE 11881:2014 11869:2013 11863:GRAIL 11859:2012 11847:2011 11841:rover 11824:2010 11818:2010s 11781:2009 11769:2008 11757:2006 11745:2005 11733:2004 11707:2003 11690:2001 11684:2000s 11576:Juice 11554:Venus 11515:rover 11495:rover 11479:MAVEN 11391:rover 10862:NISAR 10817:rover 10789:MAVEN 10709:rover 10690:Swift 10601:rover 10562:LADEE 10557:rover 10549:rover 10526:GRAIL 10521:GALEX 10312:MESUR 10257:Orion 10058:NASA+ 10034:Chief 9932:Paine 9725:Rover 9705:Flyby 9670:Vesta 9554:PADME 8821:MAVEN 8273:Begin 8230:Dents 7980:Rocks 7928:Sites 7909:MMRTG 7853:MAHLI 7848:MARDI 7786:rover 7547:(PDF) 7522:(2). 7512:(PDF) 6924:(PDF) 6825:S2CID 6669:(PDF) 6662:(PDF) 6644:(PDF) 6637:(PDF) 6528:S2CID 5973:(PDF) 5948:(PDF) 5160:(PDF) 5115:(PDF) 4940:S2CID 4779:S2CID 4650:(PDF) 4635:(PDF) 4602:(PDF) 4201:(PDF) 4194:(PDF) 4169:(PDF) 4118:(PDF) 4111:(PDF) 3994:(PDF) 3987:(PDF) 3969:(PDF) 3827:Wired 3635:. BBC 3614:(PDF) 3560:(PDF) 3553:(PDF) 3349:MSNBC 3323:(PDF) 3316:(PDF) 3211:(PDF) 3200:(PDF) 3153:MAVEN 2927:rover 2820:rover 2813:MSL's 2757:near 2724:MSL's 2698:MSL's 2672:MSL's 2615:Media 2556:pyros 2147: 2136: 1826:Delta 1809:Name 1801:datum 1749:rover 1594:near 1538:35 mm 1465:Spain 1401:Earth 1313:water 1100:for " 961:from 859:Rover 813:rover 491:, in 449:MAVEN 401:MSL ( 311:rover 167:37936 14483:SSOT 14114:Juno 14011:July 13963:June 13950:ST-2 13761:Kedr 13720:2011 13621:NASA 13333:IRAS 13265:Dawn 13220:SWOT 13135:Juno 12842:THEO 12586:Mars 12517:Bion 12151:IM-1 12146:SLIM 11990:Dawn 11945:Yutu 11617:Lucy 11562:Juno 11444:Mars 11356:Moon 10841:PACE 10784:WISE 10747:Juno 10587:Dawn 10531:WMAP 10471:COBE 10459:Past 10290:Past 10168:X-15 10161:Past 9974:CAIB 9944:Ride 9914:NACA 9884:NASA 9427:Hera 8986:Dawn 8932:Past 8832:Hope 8747:Mars 8524:and 8439:2024 8433:2022 8427:2020 8421:2018 8415:2016 8409:2014 8403:2012 8397:2010 8391:2008 8385:2006 8379:2004 8013:Link 7873:REMS 7818:APXS 7555:2006 7491:2015 7463:2012 7451:NASA 7429:2012 7407:2012 7379:2012 7353:2012 7341:NASA 7322:2012 7315:NASA 7293:2012 7281:NASA 7262:2011 7234:2011 7184:2012 7176:NASA 7158:2012 7120:2010 7094:2012 7086:NASA 7067:2009 7041:2009 7016:2011 6976:2012 6935:2012 6906:2012 6855:2012 6848:CNET 6815:ISBN 6785:2008 6754:2018 6732:2008 6703:2012 6677:2012 6616:2012 6562:2012 6550:NASA 6518:ISBN 6491:2012 6458:2012 6432:2018 6409:2012 6338:2013 6312:2009 6286:2018 6214:2011 6187:2011 6160:2011 6133:2009 6107:2009 6077:2010 6051:2009 6021:2008 5981:2007 5956:2007 5931:2008 5886:2012 5855:2011 5810:2009 5784:2009 5743:2012 5716:2011 5675:2018 5650:2012 5624:2010 5598:2008 5572:2013 5546:2007 5506:2012 5469:ISBN 5440:2012 5345:link 5327:OCLC 5317:ISBN 5276:2009 5254:2009 5228:2009 5202:2009 5127:2012 5058:2009 5028:PMID 4973:2013 4932:PMID 4880:PMID 4771:PMID 4730:link 4716:2008 4687:2008 4658:2012 4617:2012 4579:2012 4528:2009 4497:2012 4457:2012 4445:NASA 4427:2010 4401:2013 4375:2012 4349:2012 4321:2012 4285:2012 4261:2012 4235:2012 4209:2009 4177:2009 4152:2012 4126:2008 4094:2008 4064:ISSN 4033:2009 4002:2009 3930:PMID 3883:2012 3838:2012 3808:2009 3782:2014 3756:2011 3730:2010 3704:2012 3675:2012 3663:NASA 3641:2012 3594:2012 3568:2009 3536:2011 3481:2012 3452:2012 3411:2023 3385:2012 3357:2012 3331:2011 3295:2011 3248:2011 3241:NASA 3219:2012 3204:NASA 2822:and 2570:and 2545:and 2311:and 2270:and 2034:The 1768:and 1490:CCDs 1467:and 1416:The 1405:Mars 1307:and 1244:and 957:, a 941:MIPS 913:DRAM 760:and 743:and 722:and 597:and 583:and 503:and 487:, a 479:NASA 475:Mars 309:Mars 190:sols 132:NASA 14321:NPP 14207:, 13912:May 13791:ATV 12537:ERA 12502:BIO 12011:MER 11835:MER 11489:MSL 11484:MRO 11460:TGO 11334:Sun 10794:MMS 10215:Mir 8745:to 7888:SAM 7868:RAD 7838:DRT 7833:DAN 7721:PDF 7628:PDF 7618:PDF 7588:doi 7576:170 7536:doi 6897:JPL 6807:doi 6510:doi 6484:JPL 5461:doi 5020:doi 4924:doi 4912:340 4872:doi 4860:340 4830:hdl 4820:doi 4808:170 4763:doi 4607:JPL 4056:doi 3920:doi 3908:343 3528:JPL 3069:at 3009:) ( 2967:) ( 2851:MRO 2798:MRO 2761:in 2644:MSL 2591:of 1872:Fan 1420:on 1418:RAD 1403:to 1397:RAD 1366:RAD 1352:or 1270:SAM 1104:" ( 1102:JPL 1025:UHF 999:JPL 933:CPU 919:of 911:of 903:of 795:1- 557:of 464:MSL 260:UTC 220:JPL 162:no. 14635:: 14546:, 14542:, 14538:, 14534:, 14530:, 14497:, 14493:, 14489:, 14485:, 14481:, 14467:, 14417:, 14401:, 14392:, 14383:, 14379:, 14347:, 14341:, 14335:, 14329:, 14323:, 14314:, 14298:, 14294:, 14290:, 14271:/ 14226:, 14168:, 14164:, 14160:, 14156:, 14152:, 14148:, 14144:, 14121:, 14076:, 14062:, 14058:, 14054:, 14050:, 14046:, 14031:, 13952:, 13937:, 13896:, 13887:, 13883:, 13835:, 13831:, 13827:, 12110:/ 12036:/ 11935:/ 11609:/ 9383:/ 9170:/ 7674:, 7670:, 7666:, 7586:. 7574:. 7570:. 7534:. 7520:43 7518:. 7514:. 7480:. 7449:. 7437:^ 7396:. 7370:. 7339:. 7313:. 7279:. 7251:. 7220:. 7201:. 7174:. 7149:. 7084:. 7024:^ 6997:^ 6966:. 6943:^ 6926:. 6894:. 6876:. 6872:. 6846:. 6823:. 6813:. 6793:^ 6762:^ 6722:. 6711:^ 6624:^ 6602:. 6581:. 6564:. 6548:. 6526:. 6516:. 6482:. 6466:^ 6449:. 6395:. 6384:^ 6374:. 6355:. 6329:. 6093:. 6037:. 6012:. 5921:. 5877:. 5863:^ 5846:. 5832:^ 5763:^ 5652:. 5641:. 5614:. 5563:. 5535:. 5497:. 5483:^ 5467:. 5459:. 5431:. 5419:^ 5372:. 5341:}} 5337:{{ 5325:. 5292:. 5168:36 5166:. 5162:. 5117:. 5103:^ 5077:. 5066:^ 5026:. 5018:. 5006:. 4964:. 4952:^ 4938:. 4930:. 4922:. 4910:. 4904:. 4892:^ 4878:. 4870:. 4858:. 4844:^ 4828:. 4818:. 4806:. 4800:. 4777:. 4769:. 4761:. 4751:46 4749:. 4726:}} 4722:{{ 4704:. 4660:. 4643:48 4641:. 4637:. 4604:. 4587:^ 4557:^ 4536:^ 4505:^ 4488:. 4443:. 4392:. 4366:. 4338:. 4269:^ 4062:. 4052:41 4050:. 4010:^ 3942:^ 3928:. 3918:. 3906:. 3900:. 3829:. 3825:. 3799:. 3773:. 3747:. 3695:. 3683:^ 3661:. 3649:^ 3526:. 3504:. 3489:^ 3460:^ 3443:. 3429:^ 3401:. 3374:. 3347:. 3303:^ 3256:^ 3239:. 3227:^ 3202:. 3188:^ 2406:. 1784:, 1740:– 1640:. 1496:. 917:GB 909:MB 901:KB 824:6- 822:; 817:5- 815:; 807:4- 803:3- 799:2- 768:. 739:, 648:. 589:. 344:, 14575:: 14435:) 14431:( 14125:/ 14035:) 14027:( 13941:) 13933:( 13804:) 13800:( 13763:) 13759:( 13703:e 13696:t 13689:v 13065:e 13058:t 13051:v 12219:e 12212:t 12205:v 11393:) 11386:( 11307:e 11300:t 11293:v 11160:" 11156:" 10929:) 10910:( 10222:) 10204:) 10174:) 9907:) 9903:( 9876:e 9869:t 9862:v 9454:( 8735:e 8728:t 8721:v 8475:e 8468:t 8461:v 8437:│ 8431:│ 8425:│ 8419:│ 8413:│ 8407:│ 8401:│ 8395:│ 8389:│ 8383:│ 8377:│ 8365:↓ 8353:↓ 8341:↓ 8329:↓ 8317:↓ 8305:↓ 8293:↓ 8281:↓ 8269:↓ 8257:↓ 8247:↓ 8237:↓ 8227:↓ 8215:↓ 8203:↓ 8191:↓ 8181:↓ 8171:↓ 8161:↓ 8149:↓ 8137:↓ 8115:e 8108:t 8101:v 7761:e 7754:t 7747:v 7723:) 7719:( 7630:) 7626:( 7620:) 7616:( 7596:. 7590:: 7582:: 7557:. 7538:: 7530:: 7493:. 7465:. 7431:. 7409:. 7381:. 7355:. 7324:. 7295:. 7264:. 7236:. 7186:. 7160:. 7122:. 7096:. 7069:. 7043:. 7018:. 6978:. 6937:. 6908:. 6857:. 6831:. 6809:: 6787:. 6756:. 6734:. 6705:. 6679:. 6618:. 6587:. 6534:. 6512:: 6493:. 6460:. 6434:. 6411:. 6359:. 6340:. 6314:. 6288:. 6216:. 6189:. 6162:. 6135:. 6109:. 6079:. 6053:. 6023:. 5997:. 5983:. 5958:. 5933:. 5888:. 5857:. 5826:. 5812:. 5786:. 5745:. 5718:. 5692:. 5677:. 5626:. 5600:. 5574:. 5548:. 5508:. 5477:. 5463:: 5442:. 5413:. 5361:. 5347:) 5333:. 5278:. 5256:. 5230:. 5204:. 5178:. 5174:: 5144:. 5129:. 5097:. 5083:. 5060:. 5034:. 5022:: 5014:: 5008:8 4990:. 4975:. 4946:. 4926:: 4918:: 4886:. 4874:: 4866:: 4838:. 4832:: 4822:: 4814:: 4785:. 4765:: 4757:: 4732:) 4718:. 4689:. 4619:. 4581:. 4530:. 4499:. 4459:. 4429:. 4403:. 4377:. 4351:. 4323:. 4287:. 4263:. 4237:. 4211:. 4179:. 4154:. 4128:. 4096:. 4070:. 4058:: 4035:. 4004:. 3936:. 3922:: 3914:: 3885:. 3855:. 3840:. 3810:. 3784:. 3758:. 3732:. 3706:. 3677:. 3643:. 3620:. 3596:. 3570:. 3538:. 3483:. 3454:. 3424:. 3413:. 3387:. 3359:. 3333:. 3297:. 3270:. 3250:. 3221:. 3013:) 2971:) 2849:( 2826:) 2796:( 2650:. 2404:g 1344:4 1338:2 1301:: 751:. 679:) 625:. 462:( 256:) 87:) 81:( 76:) 72:( 61:. 27:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index