514:, section 51(xxi), provides the federal parliament with power to make laws with respect simply to "marriage". In conventional terms of constitutional interpretation, one view can be that this is confined to different-sex marriage because that was all that the constitutional framers had in mind, while another view can be that "marriage" should be understood in terms of current public perceptions. Under this power, the federal parliament has enacted a uniform marriage law for the whole of Australia, the Marriage Act 1961 (Cth). As enacted, this Act appeared to envisage only different-sex marriage. However, to avoid doubt it was amended in 2004 to include in its interpretation section (section 5) a definition of "marriage" as "the union of a man and a woman to the exclusion of all others, voluntarily entered into for life".
743:
will be "invalid" to the extent that it is "inconsistent" with a federal law. The Court has understood "invalid" in section 109 to mean not that the state law is simply void but that it is "inoperative" for so long as the inconsistency remains; if that federal law were to be changed so as to remove the inconsistency, the state law would revive. The words "of no effect" in section 28(1) of the ACT self-government Act appear to reflect that. The addition of concurrent operation (which is not in
Constitution section 109) does not create an exception to inconsistency as such, but specifies a circumstance in which inconsistency will not arise. The Court found that, regarding the ACT's same-sex marriage Act, this circumstance did not arise.
758:
is to be construed as referring only to the particular legal status of "marriage" which could be formed at the time of federation (having the legal content which it had according to
English law at that time) or as using the word "marriage" in the sense of a "topic of juristic classification". For the reasons that follow, the latter construction should be adopted. Debates cast in terms like "originalism" or "original intent" (evidently intended to stand in opposition to "contemporary meaning") with their echoes of very different debates in other jurisdictions are not to the point and serve only to obscure much more than they illuminate.
31:
735:
exhaustive statement of the law with respect to the creation and recognition of the legal status of marriage". That exhaustiveness extended to the definition of marriage; the Court did not accept the ACT's contention that the
Marriage Act left room for same-sex marriage simply because it did not expressly exclude it. Nor did the Court accept the ACT's contention that the Marriage Act and the ACT act "do not regulate the same status of 'marriage'". After all, the Court observed, "as both the short title and the long title to the ACT Act show, the Act is intended to provide for
583:
829:
815:
747:
in limbo as to what they might do next. One option would have been for a state to enact same-sex marriage legislation and wait for it to be challenged in the High Court—probably, as had happened with the ACT act, after marriages under that legislation had already taken place. For these reasons, it would seem, the Court proceeded to decide whether the marriage power, Constitution s 51(xxi), extends to same-sex marriage.
193:, which included recognition of de facto partners, civil partnerships and same-sex-only civil unions (with civil unions being replaced by same-sex marriage if the Act was successfully passed). The Act was passed in the Legislative Assembly on 22 October 2013. It came into operation on 7 November although wedding ceremonies under the provisions of the Act did not occur until 7 December 2013.
714:'arranged involuntary marriage' or 'trial marriage'. Similarly, within and by reason of the schema of the Marriage Act, couples who are not man and woman (whether same-sex or intersex) are and must remain for the purposes of Australian law 'unmarried' persons. They remain on that side of the binary divide.
742:
The Court did not spell it out, but the consequence of this decision is not that the ACT Act is void. Rather, the Act is "of no effect" or, as the Court adds, "inoperative". The Court is using the language of its established interpretation of
Constitution section 109, which provides that a state law
713:
The
Marriage Act simply does not permit of the possibility that a State or Territory might clothe with the legal status of marriage (or a form of marriage) a union of these kinds. It leaves no room for a State or Territory legislature to create a status of 'bigamous marriage', 'polygamous marriage',
506:
The ACT is a self-governing
Territory, operating under federal legislation, the Australian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988 (Cth). Section 28(1) of this Act provides that legislation by the ACT Legislative Assembly will have "no effect to the extent that it is inconsistent with" a federal
757:
The utility of adopting or applying a single all-embracing theory of constitutional interpretation has been denied. This case does not require examination of those theories or the resolution of any conflict, real or supposed, between them. The determinative question in this case is whether s 51(xxi)
775:
There can now be uniform federal law for marriages of any kind. The most direct way to achieve that is to amend the
Marriage Act, to provide that a person's sex is not a criterion of eligibility to marry. The Marriage Act would retain its exclusivity, so that no state or territory would be able to
746:
That was sufficient to dispose of the case and the High Court is normally reluctant to determine an issue that does not need to be determined. To have stopped at that point, however, would have left the
Commonwealth, the ACT and the states that have been contemplating same-sex marriage legislation
517:
The marriage power, as with most of the federal parliament's legislative powers, is held concurrently with the states. In fact, marriage was regulated mainly by the states until the federal
Marriage Act 1961 introduced uniform marriage law for the whole of Australia. However, it arguably remained
529:
as inconsistent with the federal
Marriage Act. That is to say it would be "inconsistent" with a federal law in terms of the ACT self-government Act, section 28(1). If the Commonwealth were to lose in the High Court, it retained the option of introducing federal legislation to override the ACT Act.
771:
The Court did not refer to the several same-sex marriage ceremonies that had already taken place. However, the Court made it clear that, since the ACT Act had never been of any effect and the Marriage Act is exhaustive, the only type of marriage that can be contracted in Australia was and is that
497:
The Act was notified in the ACT Legislation Register on 4 November 2013. The following day the Attorney-General issued the commencement notice, effective 7 November 2013. It was at that point same-sex couples could officially notify of their intention to marry, allowing them to arrange weddings
264:
The ACT Government later retitled the bill as the "Marriage Equality (Same Sex) Bill", with the aim of further distinguishing it from the definition of "marriage" in the federal Marriage Act. Further proposed amendments to the bill that would have created a separate institution of marriage for
718:
On 25 November, the ACT provided its written submission to the Court, arguing in response to the Commonwealth that "neither the Marriage Act 1961 (Cth.) nor the Family Law Act 1975 (Cth.) manifest an intention to be an exhaustive or exclusive statement of the law governing the institution of
734:
The inconsistency identified was twofold. First, the definition of "marriage" in the ACT act was inconsistent with that in the Marriage Act. Second, the ACT Act could not nevertheless operate concurrently with the Marriage Act, since the Marriage Act was intended to be "a comprehensive and
762:
Thus the word "marriage" in Constitution section 51(xxi) states a "topic of juristic classification" which is not tied to any historical model and the federal parliament can legislate as it wishes within that topic. In the Court's view, same-sex marriage comes within the topic.
708:
On 13 November, the Commonwealth provided the High Court with its written submission, which argued that the ACT's law was "inconsistent", in terms of the Australian Capital Territory Self-Government Act 1988 (Cth), with the federal Marriage Act 1961 and Family Law Act
493:
The Act defined the scope of eligibility for a marriage in Part 2, stating that eligibility for marriage applies "in relation to all marriages between 2 adults of the same sex that are not marriages with the meaning of the Marriage Act".
730:
The Court delivered its judgment very quickly, on 12 December. It held unanimously (7-0) that the whole of the ACT's same-sex marriage Act was "inconsistent" with the federal Marriage Act 1961 and "of no effect".
695:
On 22 October 2013, as soon as the ACT had passed the bill, the Commonwealth Government requested a High Court hearing regarding the validity of this law. Following several directions hearings in the High Court,
1507:
until his appointment to the High Court in October 2012 or in some other role as a constitutional expert, he had already expressed an opinion upon the issues that would come before the Court in this case.
204:. The case was heard on 3 December and a ruling was handed down on 12 December 2013. The High Court unanimously struck the Act down in its entirety, on the basis that it was in conflict with the federal
776:
legislate about marriage of any kind. Owing to that exclusivity, the ACT same-sex marriage act would remain inconsistent with the Marriage Act and, consequently, continue to be of no effect.
1361:
284:
members voted against the bill. The passing of the bill represents the first time any Australian state, territory or federal legislature had passed legislation allowing same-sex marriage.
518:
unclear whether the Marriage Act "covers the field" of the topic "marriage", leaving no space for a state or a self-governing territory to make laws with respect to marriage of any kind.
750:
All parties to the case had agreed that the marriage power extends to same-sex marriage. The Court did not consider itself constrained by that agreement, but it came to the same view.
281:
233:
190:
1123:
1863:
1409:
1856:
796:
1597:
550:
269:
225:
1379:
1081:
Mr Corbell–Molongolo, Attorney General, Minister for Police and Emergency Services and Minister for the Environment and Sustainable Development (19 September 2013).
2026:
1905:
1844:
182:
955:
1918:
1112:
1093:
934:
739:". The Court then found it unnecessary to consider inconsistency with the Family Law Act 1975. It required the ACT to pay the Commonwealth's costs.
2112:
784:
240:
178:
90:
38:
999:
1834:
1365:
1622:
on the ACT statute book ("legislation register"), with a note: "This legislation is affected by the High Court's decision of 12 December 2013 in
988:
1758:
847:
1340:"ACT to push ahead with gay marriage laws despite High Court challenge from Federal Government - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)"
700:
Robert French announced that the full bench of the Court would hear the Commonwealth's challenge in a two-day hearing on 3 and 4 December 2013.
2061:
1475:
507:
law, although it "shall be taken to be consistent with such a law to the extent that it is capable of operating concurrently with that law".
1723:
1662:
1829:
530:
However, the federal government could not have been confident that such legislation would pass, since it had a majority only in the
216:
had the constitutional authority to amend the definition of marriage in the Marriage Act, so as to allow same-sex couples to marry.
2046:
1819:
1605:
1188:
561:
stated that their party would do whatever it could in the Senate to stop any federal legislation that would override the ACT Act.
196:
Alan Wright (Player) and Joel Player were the first same-sex couple to marry under the new laws. Upon the law's commencement, the
2117:
1387:
1839:
1768:
1136:
1575:
1279:
1645:
1558:. No state or other self-governing territory intervened, although any state or the Northern Territory could have done so:
58:
An Act to provide for marriage equality by allowing for marriage between 2 adults of the same sex, and for other purposes
2122:
2051:
2036:
531:
224:
The bill was presented to the Assembly as the Marriage Equality Bill 2013 and was supported by all eight members of the
1947:
2076:
1885:
1793:
803:
offered free marriage certificates for couples who married there under the Marriage Equality (Same Sex) Act 2013.
2127:
2071:
1814:
1716:
1339:
1280:"Commonwealth to fight ACT same-sex marriage bill in High Court - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)"
783:
to be of no effect, the Act is regarded as being "impliedly repealed", despite having never been repealed by the
1056:
2132:
2066:
1824:
1778:
1763:
1504:
852:
966:
1952:
1082:
923:
2041:
1809:
1551:
842:
800:
257:
Everyone is equal before the law and is entitled to the equal protection of the law without discrimination.
185:. It was first presented to the ACT Legislative Assembly on 19 September 2013 by the ACT Attorney-General,
80:
254:
Everyone has the right to enjoy his or her human rights without distinction or discrimination of any kind.
2137:
2091:
1302:
1327:
545:
maintained that the ACT had every legal right to pass the bill and allow same-sex marriage in the ACT.
1900:
1709:
1690:
1148:
697:
645:
432:
385:
70:
268:
On 22 October 2013, the ACT Legislative Assembly passed the bill by a vote of 9-8. All members of the
1877:
1773:
1503:
did not sit. No reason was given, as is the Court's practice. This may have been because, as federal
1414:
994:
511:
1743:
1039:
615:
370:
236:
Opposition, who argued that same-sex marriage should be dealt with by the Federal Parliament only.
200:
challenged the legal and constitutional validity of the Act, lodging an immediate challenge in the
150:
30:
212:
as the union of a man and a woman. The court did however expressly confirm in its ruling that the
1957:
1895:
1788:
1783:
1520:
1453:
1432:
772:
provided in the Marriage Act. It follows that those ceremonies could not have created marriages.
665:
626:
593:
526:
213:
201:
138:
1169:
321:
260:
Everyone has the right to equal and effective protection against discrimination on any ground.
2086:
1962:
661:
209:
2081:
1890:
1035:
933:. Australian Capital Territory: Legislative Assembly. 22 October 2013. pp. 3554–3582.
611:
146:
1619:
894:
8:
1925:
1118:
1052:
558:
525:
stated that, if the ACT's bill were passed, the Commonwealth would challenge it in the
1977:
1967:
1733:
1641:
1559:
554:
535:
449:
197:
174:
2031:
1997:
1931:
820:
546:
463:
277:
244:
1500:
161:
2004:
1972:
1696:
1583:
1538:
1533:
1461:
1440:
1257:
1235:
1213:
542:
522:
365:
360:
301:
753:
The Court rejected the conventional options in constitutional interpretation:
2106:
1983:
1362:"Commonwealth to launch high court challenge over ACT same-sex marriage laws"
653:
649:
642:
427:
417:
407:
355:
247:
186:
582:
834:
657:
422:
402:
345:
340:
232:
MLA Shane Rattenbury. It was, however, opposed by all eight members of the
205:
1697:
ACT Legislation Register: Marriage Equality (Same Sex) Act 2013 (repealed)
1410:"High Court challenge to gay marriage will be heard before ACT ceremonies"
1092:. Australian Capital Territory: Legislative Assembly. pp. 3429–3433.
437:
412:
335:
2056:
553:
MLAs released similar statements affirming their support for the bill.
273:
229:
49:
250:. In his speech to the Assembly introducing the bill, Corbell stated:
1701:
871:
The reference to "other jurisdictions" would be primarily to the USA.
350:
292:
Details of 2013 Legislative Assembly vote to allow same-sex marriage
2010:
669:
895:"ACT legislation register - Marriage Equality (Same Sex) Act 2013"
191:
recognition of same-sex unions in the Australian Capital Territory
1990:
1911:
1663:"Free marriages for same-sex couples who wed in Canberra in 2013"
1638:
Blackshield and Williams Australian Constitutional Law and Theory
989:"'We do' at midnight to celebrate new dawn for same-sex marriage"
1214:"Australian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988 (Cth)"
797:
Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017
564:
1189:"ACT same-sex marriage laws: First couples give notice to wed"
1113:"Same-sex marriage laws won't be amended by ACT Government"
1476:"Commonwealth 'doesn't prohibit' gay marriage, ACT argues"
382:
889:
887:
722:
The case was heard by a six-judge bench, on 3 December.
2027:
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Support Group Australia
1636:
Williams, George; Brennan, Sean; Lynch, Andrew (2014).
956:"Marriage Equality (Same Sex) Commencement Notice 2013"
1303:"Feds poised to challenge gay marriage laws - Yahoo!7"
318:
265:
same-sex couples were rejected by the ACT Government.
884:
521:
Already on 10 October, Commonwealth Attorney-General
1635:
1598:"High Court throws out ACT's same-sex marriage laws"
1080:
810:
501:
1324:
An Act to constitute the Commonwealth of Australia.
1427:
1425:
1170:"ACT legislation register: Notification Statement"
1111:
1051:
987:
446:
179:Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly
2104:
685:2013 (ACT) was invalid as inconsistent with the
1624:The Commonwealth v Australian Capital Territory
1446:
1422:
1186:
1032:The Commonwealth v Australian Capital Territory
848:LGBT rights in the Australian Capital Territory
143:The Commonwealth v Australian Capital Territory
16:Former Australian Capital Territory legislation
2062:Kaleidoscope Australia Human Rights Foundation
1919:Re Kevin – validity of marriage of transsexual
918:
916:
914:
912:
1717:
1534:"Commonwealth v ACT (audio-visual recording)"
1640:(6 ed.). Leichhardt: Federation Press.
779:Due to the fact the Court's ruling held the
280:) voted in favour of the bill and all eight
189:. The law intended to build on the existing
1691:Marriage Equality (Same Sex) Act 2013 (ACT)
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
909:
576:Commonwealth v ACT (Same-sex marriage case)
1724:
1710:
1473:
1110:Cox, Lisa; Jean, Peter (30 October 2013).
981:
979:
949:
947:
581:
1380:"Gay marriage hearing likely in December"
897:. Legislation.act.gov.au. 7 November 2013
300:Marriage Equality (Same Sex) Bill 2013 –
2113:Australian Capital Territory legislation
2047:Coalition of Activist Lesbians Australia
1550:Same-sex marriage advocacy organisation
1014:
1576:"Commonwealth v ACT: judgement summary"
1149:"Marriage Equality (Same Sex) Act 2013"
1109:
985:
976:
953:
944:
2105:
1731:
1294:
1705:
1596:Byrne, Elizabeth (12 December 2013),
1595:
781:Marriage Equality (Same Sex) Act 2013
219:
171:Marriage Equality (Same Sex) Act 2013
24:Marriage Equality (Same Sex) Act 2013
1433:"Written submissions (Commonwealth)"
1137:Same-sex marriage bill passes in ACT
986:Raggatt, Matthew (7 December 2013).
119:(Weddings held from 7 December 2013)
2052:Community Action Against Homophobia
2037:Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives
1258:"Marriage Amendment Act 2004 (Cth)"
1187:Penny McLintock (7 November 2013).
541:Following this, ACT Chief Minister
13:
1906:LGBTI holders of political offices
1300:
1126:from the original on 5 March 2024.
1099:from the original on 5 March 2024.
954:Corbell, Simon (7 November 2013).
940:from the original on 5 March 2024.
14:
2149:
1948:Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras
1684:
1523: (3 December 2013).
1386:. 25 October 2013. Archived from
1057:"ACT legalises same sex marriage"
1002:from the original on 5 March 2024
502:Commonwealth challenge to the Act
239:The bill was introduced into the
2077:Safe Schools Coalition Australia
2011:Joy 94.9 Melbourne radio station
1850:Marriage Equality Act 2013 (ACT)
827:
813:
683:Marriage Equality (Same Sex) Act
629: (3 December 2013)
29:
2072:Intersex Human Rights Australia
1655:
1629:
1612:
1589:
1568:
1544:
1526:
1510:
1493:
1474:Peter Jean (25 November 2013).
1467:
1402:
1372:
1354:
1332:
1317:
1272:
1250:
1228:
1206:
1180:
1162:
1141:
865:
766:
2118:Same-sex marriage in Australia
2067:National LGBTI Health Alliance
1968:ChillOut Festival (Daylesford)
1130:
1103:
1074:
1045:
853:Same-sex marriage in Australia
703:
181:that was intended to legalise
1:
1978:Midsumma Festival (Melbourne)
1953:Melbourne Queer Film Festival
1693:. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
1565:, sections 78AA, 78A and 78B.
1342:. Abc.net.au. 11 October 2013
1282:. Abc.net.au. 10 October 2013
1083:"Marriage Equality Bill 2013"
924:"Marriage Equality Bill 2013"
878:
2042:Australian Marriage Equality
1759:Australian Capital Territory
1552:Australian Marriage Equality
1521:[2013] HCATrans 299
843:Australian Marriage Equality
790:
627:[2013] HCATrans 299
498:commencing 7 December 2013.
243:on 19 September 2013 by the
183:same-sex marriage in the ACT
81:Australian Capital Territory
7:
2092:Zoe Belle Gender Collective
1857:Marriage Amendment Act 2017
1454:"Written submissions (ACT)"
806:
725:
10:
2154:
2123:Same-sex union legislation
1901:Suicide of Tyrone Unsworth
2019:
1973:Feast Festival (Adelaide)
1940:
1876:
1802:
1751:
1742:
1236:"Marriage Act 1961 (Cth)"
680:
675:
638:
633:
622:
607:
599:
589:
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575:
512:Commonwealth Constitution
475:
448:
384:
320:
307:
157:
137:
132:
124:
112:
104:
96:
86:
76:
66:
44:
37:
28:
23:
1586:High Court of Australia.
1541:High Court of Australia.
1464:High Court of Australia.
1443:High Court of Australia.
858:
532:House of Representatives
39:ACT Legislative Assembly
1958:Brisbane Pride Festival
1896:Murder of George Duncan
1038:, (2013) 250
614:, (2013) 250
594:High Court of Australia
527:High Court of Australia
214:Parliament of Australia
202:High Court of Australia
149:, (2013) 250
139:High Court of Australia
2128:2013 in Australian law
1820:Adoption and parenting
1174:legislation.act.gov.au
1156:legislation.act.gov.au
1036:[2013] HCA 55
963:legislation.act.gov.au
716:
612:[2013] HCA 55
147:[2013] HCA 55
2133:2013 in LGBTQ history
2087:Victorian Pride Lobby
1963:Cairns Tropical Pride
995:Sydney Morning Herald
711:
210:marriage in Australia
2082:Transgender Victoria
1891:Tasty nightclub raid
1886:Daughters of Bilitis
1744:LGBT rights and laws
785:Legislative Assembly
565:In the High Court:
91:Legislative Assembly
1926:Toonen v. Australia
1608:on 12 December 2013
1581:. 12 December 2013.
1459:. 25 November 2013.
1438:. 13 November 2013.
1368:on 22 October 2013.
1305:. Au.news.yahoo.com
1055:(22 October 2013).
304:
2138:LGBTQ marriage law
1941:Culture and events
1815:Transgender rights
1769:Northern Territory
1561:Judiciary Act 1903
1536:. 3 December 2013.
1517:Commonwealth v ACT
1418:. 5 November 2013.
1390:on 2 December 2013
1176:. 4 November 2013.
1158:. 7 November 2013.
1119:The Canberra Times
1053:Santilla Chingaipe
567:Commonwealth v ACT
559:Sarah Hanson-Young
299:
228:in the ACT and by
220:History of the Act
77:Territorial extent
2100:
2099:
1872:
1871:
1794:Western Australia
1735:LGBT in Australia
1669:. 8 December 2017
1554:Inc was heard as
1505:Solicitor-General
972:on 28 April 2017.
737:marriage equality
693:
692:
687:Marriage Act 1961
555:Australian Greens
490:
489:
486:
485:
198:Abbott government
175:act of parliament
167:
166:
120:
2145:
2032:The Aurora Group
1998:Queensland Pride
1932:Gay Gang Murders
1864:Military service
1749:
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1736:
1726:
1719:
1712:
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1702:
1679:
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1659:
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1647:978-186287-918-8
1633:
1627:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1604:, archived from
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1364:. Archived from
1358:
1352:
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1347:
1336:
1330:
1321:
1315:
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1312:
1310:
1301:Curtis, Katina.
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1049:
1043:
1029:
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1007:
991:
983:
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971:
965:. Archived from
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951:
942:
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928:
920:
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904:
902:
891:
872:
869:
837:
832:
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830:
823:
821:Australia portal
818:
817:
816:
799:was passed, the
634:Court membership
603:12 December 2013
585:
573:
572:
547:Shane Rattenbury
464:Shane Rattenbury
305:
298:
288:
287:
278:Shane Rattenbury
270:Labor government
245:Attorney-General
208:, which defined
128:12 December 2013
118:
116:7 November 2013
33:
21:
20:
2153:
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2103:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2015:
1936:
1868:
1810:Intersex rights
1798:
1779:South Australia
1764:New South Wales
1738:
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1730:
1687:
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867:
835:LGBTQ portal
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767:Consequences
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423:Giulia Jones
403:Alistair Coe
346:Chris Bourke
341:Yvette Berry
272:and the one
267:
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206:Marriage Act
195:
170:
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1485:15 December
1394:15 December
1264:31 December
1242:31 December
1220:31 December
1198:15 December
1066:30 December
1006:30 December
719:marriage".
704:Submissions
551:Labor Party
438:Andrew Wall
413:Vicki Dunne
371:Mary Porter
336:Andrew Barr
226:Labor Party
162:Struck down
125:Struck down
2107:Categories
2057:Equal Love
1845:in the ACT
1774:Queensland
1673:8 December
1346:22 October
1328:s 122
1309:22 October
1286:22 October
1042: 441.
901:4 November
879:References
795:After the
623:Transcript
153: 441.
50:Long title
791:Aftermath
618: 441
608:Citations
351:Joy Burch
311:Votes for
113:Commenced
1825:Marriage
1803:By topic
1789:Victoria
1784:Tasmania
1752:By state
1667:ABC News
1626:HCA 55."
1602:ABC News
1499:Justice
1260:. ComLaw
1238:. ComLaw
1216:. ComLaw
1193:ABC News
1124:Archived
1094:Archived
1000:Archived
935:Archived
807:See also
726:Judgment
557:Senator
276:member (
241:Assembly
71:A2013-39
67:Citation
1991:SX News
1912:Re Alex
1878:History
1830:History
1620:remains
1480:The Age
654:Crennan
600:Decided
386:Liberal
234:Liberal
177:of the
173:was an
159:Status:
105:Enacted
1840:Survey
1644:
1326:(Cth)
668:
664:&
658:Kiefel
643:French
569:(2013)
536:Senate
450:Greens
274:Greens
230:Greens
97:Passed
1652:ch. 8
1579:(PDF)
1563:(Cth)
1519:
1457:(PDF)
1436:(PDF)
1152:(PDF)
1097:(PDF)
1086:(PDF)
1034:
970:(PDF)
959:(PDF)
938:(PDF)
927:(PDF)
859:Notes
709:1975.
689:(Cth)
666:Keane
650:Hayne
590:Court
476:Total
322:Labor
308:Party
145:
1675:2017
1642:ISBN
1487:2013
1396:2013
1348:2013
1311:2013
1288:2013
1266:2013
1244:2013
1222:2013
1200:2013
1068:2013
1008:2013
903:2013
681:The
662:Bell
549:and
510:The
452:(1)
388:(8)
324:(8)
169:The
1618:It
1415:SMH
1040:CLR
616:CLR
151:CLR
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