1542:
389:
408:
454:-rich layers in the top 1 km (0.62 mi) of the 7 km (4.3 mi) Neoproterozoic strata of the northeastern Svalbard archipelago represent the first and final phases of the Marinoan glaciation. In Uruguay, evidence of the Marinoan glaciation is known from dropstones, diamictites, rhythmites, clast layers, and varve-like deposits.
356:. There were three (or possibly four) significant ice ages during the late Neoproterozoic. These periods of nearly complete glaciation of Earth are often referred to as "Snowball Earth", where it is hypothesized that at times the planet was covered by ice 1–2 km (0.62–1.24 mi) thick. Of these glaciations, the
379:
The melting of the
Snowball Earth is associated with greenhouse warming due to the accumulation of high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Deglaciation likely started in the mid-latitudes, as in the tropics, the intense hydrological cycle replenished snow rapidly. As the mid-latitudes became
329:
The term
Marinoan glaciation was later applied globally to any glaciogenic formations assumed (directly or indirectly) to correlate with Mawson's original Elatina glaciation in South Australia. Recently, there has been a move to return to the term Elatina glaciation in South Australia because of
215:
A recent estimate of the timing and duration of
Proterozoic glacial periods. Note that great uncertainty surrounds the dating of pre-Gaskiers glaciations. The status of the Kaigas is not clear; its dating is very tentative and many researchers do not recognise it as a glaciation. An earlier and
326:) where he found the evidence. However, the term Marinoan glaciation came into common usage because it was the glaciation that occurred during the Marinoan Epoch, as distinct from the earlier glaciation during the Sturtian Epoch (the time period of deposition of the older Sturtian Series).
879:
Wen, Bin; Evans, David A. D.; Li, Yong-Xiang; Wang, Zhengrong; Liu, Chao (2015-12-01). "Newly discovered
Neoproterozoic diamictite and cap carbonate (DCC) couplet in Tarim Craton, NW China: Stratigraphy, geochemistry, and paleoenvironment".
360:
was the most significant, whereas the
Marinoan was a shorter, but still worldwide glaciation. Other Cryogenian glaciations were probably small and not global as compared to the Marinoan or Sturtian glaciations.
469:. According to them, "It is separated from the Sturtian by a thick succession of sedimentary rocks containing no evidence of glaciation. This glacial phase could correspond to the recently described Ice Brooke
375:
The Earth may not have been fully covered in ice, as some computer simulations show an extreme slowdown of the hydrological cycle that inhibited new glacial formation before the Earth was fully ice-covered.
917:
Williams, G.E.; Gostin, V.A.; McKirdy, D.M.; Preiss, W.V. (2008). "The
Elatina glaciation, late Cryogenian (Marinoan Epoch), South Australia: Sedimentary facies and palaeoenvironments".
613:
Rooney, Alan D.; Strauss, Justin V.; Brandon, Alan D.; Macdonald, Francis A. (2015). "A Cryogenian chronology: Two long-lasting synchronous
Neoproterozoic glaciations".
322:
in modern terminology. Mawson recognised a glacial episode within the
Marinoan Epoch which he referred to as the Elatina glaciation after the 'Elatina Tillite' (now
1750:
1413:
650:
Ma, Xiaochen; Wang, Jiasheng; Wang, Zhou; Algeo, Thomas J.; Chen, Can; Cen, Yue; Yin, Qing-Zhu; Huang, Chang; Xu, Liyuan; Huang, Chao; Chen, Dahe (March 2023).
1473:
1499:
860:
311:
323:
330:
uncertainties regarding global correlation and because an
Ediacaran glacial episode (Gaskiers) also occurs within the wide-ranging Marinoan Epoch.
783:
Kennedy, M.; Mrofka, D.; von Der Borch, C. (2008). "Snowball Earth termination by destabilization of equatorial permafrost methane clathrate".
1198:
422:
Even though much evidence has been lost through geological changes, field investigations show evidence of the
Marinoan glaciation in China,
396:
1743:
1541:
1736:
1160:
1101:
Pierrehumbert, R.T. (2004). "High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".
318:. The corresponding time period, referred to as the Marinoan Epoch, spanned from the middle Cryogenian to the top of the
692:
Sun, Ruiyang; Shen, Jun; Grasby, Stephen E.; Zhang, Jiawei; Chen, Jianshu; Yang, Chuang; Yin, Runsheng (December 2022).
1324:
1290:
442:. Glacial deposits in South Australia are approximately the same age (about 630 Ma), confirmed by similar stable
653:"Geochronological constraints on Cryogenian ice ages: Zircon Usingle bondPb ages from a shelf section in South China"
1060:"Climate forcings and the initiation of low-latitude ice sheets during the Neoproterozoic Varanger glacial interval"
1064:
694:"CO2 buildup drove global warming, the Marinoan deglaciation, and the genesis of the Ediacaran cap carbonates"
1759:
1676:
400:
1154:
De Vrese, Philipp; Stacke, Tobias; Rugenstein, Jeremy Caves; Goodman, Jason; Brovkin, Victor (14 May 2021).
693:
652:
563:
658:
1156:"Snowfall-albedo feedbacks could have led to deglaciation of snowball Earth starting from mid-latitudes"
1877:
1373:
352:
Emerging evidence suggests that the Earth underwent a number of glaciations during the Neoproterozoic
1882:
1558:
380:
ice free, dust was blown from them into other regions, lowering albedo and speeding up deglaciation.
353:
1451:
1226:
1247:
564:"The Record of the Varanger Glaciation at the Río De La Plata Craton, Vendian-Cambrian of Uruguay"
1564:
1037:
994:
372:
extended and contracted in a series of rhythmic pulses, possibly reaching as far as the equator.
295:
1813:
1718:
1589:
1405:
1317:
1221:
1282:
1276:
1681:
1526:
1429:
1346:
1341:
491:
1409:
1401:
1382:
1213:
1169:
1112:
1073:
1016:
965:
928:
919:
891:
882:
794:
757:
707:
698:
624:
577:
525:
470:
466:
283:
8:
1872:
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1701:
1635:
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1583:
1491:
1417:
1378:
1368:
496:
486:
474:
357:
217:
161:
149:
1217:
1173:
1116:
1077:
969:
932:
895:
858:
Mawson, D. (1949). "A third occurrence of glaciation evidenced in the Adelaide System".
798:
761:
711:
628:
581:
529:
1654:
1239:
1136:
954:
Allen, Philip A.; Etienne, James L. (2008). "Sedimentary challenge to Snowball Earth".
818:
723:
541:
1397:
589:
1862:
1772:
1465:
1457:
1439:
1425:
1421:
1310:
1286:
1235:
1128:
956:
810:
727:
615:
568:
545:
1243:
940:
903:
719:
671:
1781:
1627:
1495:
1447:
1443:
1231:
1177:
1140:
1120:
1103:
1081:
973:
936:
916:
899:
822:
802:
785:
765:
715:
667:
632:
585:
533:
427:
1487:
1479:
1435:
287:
247:
1728:
1836:
1802:
1790:
1691:
1686:
1671:
1604:
1182:
1155:
458:
443:
415:
347:
343:
307:
299:
255:
251:
189:
364:
During the Marinoan glaciation, characteristic glacial deposits indicate that
1856:
1483:
1469:
1461:
1390:
1278:
Geodynamic controls on glaciation in Earth history, in Earth's Glacial Record
1272:
439:
250:. This glaciation possibly covered the entire planet, in an event called the
430:, China, glacial rocks were found to be underlying and overlying a layer of
1827:
1822:
1696:
1132:
814:
562:
Pazos, Pablo J.; Sánchez-Bettucci, Leda; Tofalo, Ofelia R. (January 2003).
431:
279:
259:
239:. Its beginning is poorly constrained, but occurred no earlier than 654.5
310:
rocks of the Adelaide area and encompassed all strata from the top of the
1646:
1386:
1086:
1059:
995:"New Evidence Supports Three Major Glaciation Events In The Distant Past"
1124:
806:
388:
243:(million years ago). It ended approximately 632.3 ± 5.9 Ma during the
1600:
1363:
1355:
839:
Mawson, D.; Sprigg, R.C. (1950). "Subdivision of the Adelaide System".
451:
411:
339:
303:
267:
244:
236:
135:
1575:
1550:
1518:
636:
393:
319:
240:
142:
977:
769:
537:
1510:
1271:
Eyles, Nicholas; Young, Grant (1994). Deynoux, M.; Miller, J.M.G.;
423:
315:
291:
516:
Smith, A.G. (2009). "Neoproterozoic timescales and stratigraphy".
457:
According to Eyles and Young, the Marinoan is a second episode of
1831:
1796:
1706:
1514:
1333:
369:
263:
1199:"The Marinoan glaciation (Neoproterozoic) in northeast Svalbard"
1038:"Global Glaciation Snowballed Into Giant Change in Carbon Cycle"
1153:
447:
435:
128:
407:
254:. The end of the glaciation was caused by volcanic release of
612:
365:
298:. The term Marinoan Series was first used in a 1950 paper by
273:
1302:
748:
Shields, G. A. (2008). "Palaeoclimate: Marinoan meltdown".
561:
16:
Period of worldwide glaciation during the Cryogenian period
782:
462:
368:
suffered one of the most severe ice ages in its history.
953:
1196:
838:
1017:"Microfossil lineages support sloshy snowball Earth"
861:
Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia
418:
Pocatello Formation, a 'Snowball Earth'—type deposit
1100:
1058:Chandler, Mark A.; Sohl, Linda E. (1 August 2000).
18:
1281:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
1275:; Eyles, N.; Fairchild, I.J.; Young, G.M. (eds.).
691:
651:
1758:
1094:
450:), and other unusual sedimentary structures. Two
1854:
608:
606:
518:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
179:
1807:Earth's surface entirely or nearly frozen over
989:
987:
649:
557:
555:
878:
1744:
1318:
1014:
603:
262:and may have been hastened by the release of
1197:Halverson GP, Maloof AC, Hoffman PF (2004).
1057:
984:
910:
834:
832:
552:
333:
1751:
1737:
1325:
1311:
1270:
857:
446:, mineral deposits (including sedimentary
1225:
1181:
1085:
851:
829:
274:Origin of name and history of terminology
509:
406:
387:
747:
438:minerals, which could be dated through
403:, South Australia. A$ 1 coin for scale.
1855:
1786:Tropical temperatures may reach poles
1777:Hypothetical runaway greenhouse state
1161:Communications Earth & Environment
213:
1732:
1306:
1264:
515:
426:archipelago and South Australia. In
178:
216:longer possible snowball phase, the
21:
13:
14:
1894:
1540:
1236:10.1111/j.1365-2117.2004.00234.x
1190:
1147:
1065:Journal of Geophysical Research
1051:
1030:
1008:
947:
941:10.1016/j.precamres.2007.12.001
904:10.1016/j.precamres.2015.10.006
872:
720:10.1016/j.precamres.2022.106891
672:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2023.104071
23:Neoproterozoic Snowball Periods
776:
741:
685:
643:
231:, sometimes also known as the
1:
1760:Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth
1677:Greenhouse and icehouse Earth
841:Australian Journal of Science
590:10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70644-4
502:
278:The name is derived from the
1332:
392:Elatina Fm diamictite below
235:, was a period of worldwide
7:
659:Global and Planetary Change
480:
383:
286:(Adelaide Rift Complex) in
214:
125:
10:
1899:
1374:Penultimate Glacial Period
1183:10.1038/s43247-021-00160-4
1040:. ScienceDaily. 2010-05-02
997:. ScienceDaily. 2004-04-22
337:
1801:
1795:Global climate during an
1789:
1780:
1771:
1766:
1715:
1664:
1645:
1626:
1599:
1574:
1549:
1538:
1509:
1354:
1340:
334:Cryogenian Snowball Earth
31:−1000 —
28:
1565:Late Paleozoic icehouse
169:(millions of years ago)
121:−550 —
111:−600 —
101:−650 —
91:−700 —
81:−750 —
71:−800 —
61:−850 —
51:−900 —
41:−950 —
1719:Timeline of glaciation
1586:(579.88 to 579.63 Mya)
1015:Dave Lawrence (2003).
419:
404:
290:and is taken from the
1682:Great Oxidation Event
492:Adelaide Rift Complex
410:
391:
338:Further information:
1567:(360 Mya to 260 Mya)
1561:(460 Mya to 430 Mya)
1383:Last Glacial Maximum
1087:10.1029/2000JD900221
1072:(D16): 20737–20756.
920:Precambrian Research
883:Precambrian Research
699:Precambrian Research
467:Adelaide Geosyncline
461:glaciation (680–690
284:Adelaide Geosyncline
220:, is not shown here.
1702:Milankovitch cycles
1379:Last Glacial Period
1218:2004BasR...16..297H
1174:2021ComEE...2...91D
1125:10.1038/nature02640
1117:2004Natur.429..646P
1078:2000JGR...10520737C
970:2008NatGe...1..817A
933:2008PreR..163..307W
896:2015PreR..271..278W
807:10.1038/nature06961
799:2008Natur.453..642K
762:2008NatGe...1..351S
712:2022PreR..38306891S
629:2015Geo....43..459R
582:2003GondR...6...65P
530:2009GSLSP.326...27S
497:Huronian glaciation
487:Sturtian glaciation
465:) occurring in the
358:Sturtian glaciation
314:to the base of the
282:terminology of the
258:and dissolution of
233:Varanger glaciation
229:Marinoan glaciation
218:Huronian glaciation
1615:(717 to 660 Mya);
1592:(547 to 541.5 Mya)
420:
405:
401:Flinders Ranges NP
312:Brighton Limestone
1878:Extinction events
1850:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1726:
1725:
1657:(2.9 to 2.78 Gya)
1536:
1535:
957:Nature Geoscience
750:Nature Geoscience
569:Gondwana Research
324:Elatina Formation
306:to subdivide the
225:
224:
209:
208:
170:
1890:
1883:1950s neologisms
1782:Greenhouse Earth
1769:
1768:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1638:(2.4 to 2.1 Gya)
1628:Paleoproterozoic
1619:(650 to 635 Mya)
1544:
1352:
1351:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1246:. Archived from
1229:
1203:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
991:
982:
981:
951:
945:
944:
927:(3–4): 307–331.
914:
908:
907:
876:
870:
869:
855:
849:
848:
836:
827:
826:
780:
774:
773:
745:
739:
738:
736:
734:
689:
683:
682:
680:
678:
655:
647:
641:
640:
637:10.1130/G36511.1
610:
601:
600:
598:
596:
559:
550:
549:
513:
473:in the northern
434:which contained
428:Guizhou Province
266:from equatorial
200:
185:
180:
168:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
32:
19:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1805:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1762:
1757:
1727:
1722:
1711:
1660:
1641:
1622:
1595:
1570:
1545:
1532:
1529:(34 to 2.5 Mya)
1517:
1513:
1505:
1345:
1336:
1331:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1269:
1265:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1227:10.1.1.368.2815
1201:
1195:
1191:
1152:
1148:
1111:(6992): 646–9.
1099:
1095:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1020:
1013:
1009:
1000:
998:
993:
992:
985:
978:10.1038/ngeo355
964:(12): 817–825.
952:
948:
915:
911:
877:
873:
856:
852:
837:
830:
793:(7195): 642–5.
781:
777:
770:10.1038/ngeo214
746:
742:
732:
730:
690:
686:
676:
674:
648:
644:
611:
604:
594:
592:
560:
553:
538:10.1144/SP326.2
514:
510:
505:
483:
444:carbon isotopes
386:
350:
336:
288:South Australia
276:
221:
205:
198:
193:
183:
172:
171:
165:
164:
158:
157:
153:
152:
146:
145:
139:
138:
132:
131:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
53:
50:
48:
45:
43:
40:
38:
35:
33:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1896:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1810:
1809:
1803:Snowball Earth
1800:
1791:Icehouse Earth
1788:
1779:
1773:Hothouse Earth
1767:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1692:Snowball Earth
1689:
1687:Little Ice Age
1684:
1679:
1674:
1672:Glacial period
1668:
1666:
1665:Related topics
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1609:
1607:
1605:Snowball Earth
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1559:Andean-Saharan
1555:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1502:(2.5 to 0 Mya)
1476:
1454:
1432:
1394:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1349:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1298:
1292:978-0521548038
1291:
1263:
1212:(3): 297–324.
1206:Basin Research
1189:
1146:
1093:
1050:
1029:
1007:
983:
946:
909:
871:
850:
828:
775:
756:(6): 351–353.
740:
684:
642:
623:(5): 459–462.
602:
551:
507:
506:
504:
501:
500:
499:
494:
489:
482:
479:
459:Neoproterozoic
432:volcanic ashes
416:Neoproterozoic
385:
382:
348:Neoproterozoic
344:Snowball Earth
335:
332:
308:Neoproterozoic
300:Douglas Mawson
275:
272:
256:carbon dioxide
252:Snowball Earth
223:
222:
211:
210:
207:
206:
204:Snowball Earth
203:
201:
195:
194:
190:Neoproterozoic
188:
186:
176:
174:
173:
167:
166:
160:
159:
155:
154:
148:
147:
141:
140:
134:
133:
127:
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119:
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109:
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99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
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69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
34:
29:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1895:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:Interstadials
1826:
1824:
1823:Interglacials
1821:
1818:
1815:
1814:Uninhabitably
1812:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1528:
1525:
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576:(1): 65–77.
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399:site in the
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260:gas hydrates
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1647:Mesoarchean
1590:Baykonurian
1452:Santa María
1406:Weichselian
890:: 278–294.
733:17 December
1873:Glaciology
1868:Cryogenian
1857:Categories
1601:Cryogenian
1496:Beestonian
1448:Wolstonian
1430:Llanquihue
1414:Midlandian
1364:Antarctica
1356:Quaternary
1342:Quaternary
1257:2011-06-18
1044:2011-06-18
1023:2011-06-18
1019:. Geotimes
1001:2011-06-18
868:: 117–121.
706:: 106891.
595:16 October
503:References
475:Cordillera
452:diamictite
412:Diamictite
340:Cryogenian
304:Reg Sprigg
294:suburb of
268:permafrost
245:Cryogenian
237:glaciation
136:Cryogenian
1576:Ediacaran
1551:Paleozoic
1527:Antarctic
1519:Oligocene
1478:7th–8th:
1474:Rio Llico
1456:3rd–6th:
1440:Illinoian
1410:Devensian
1402:Wisconsin
1369:Greenland
1222:CiteSeerX
1168:(1): 91.
728:253430013
546:129706604
471:formation
394:Ediacaran
320:Ediacaran
143:Ediacaran
1863:Ice ages
1837:Glacials
1832:Stadials
1636:Huronian
1617:Marinoan
1613:Sturtian
1584:Gaskiers
1511:Pliocene
1492:Menapian
1418:Pinedale
1334:Ice ages
1244:53588955
1133:15190348
847:: 69–72.
815:18509441
481:See also
424:Svalbard
384:Evidence
370:Glaciers
316:Cambrian
292:Adelaide
162:Gaskiers
156:Marinoan
150:Sturtian
1797:ice age
1707:Stadial
1655:Pongola
1515:Miocene
1500:Caracol
1470:Anglian
1214:Bibcode
1170:Bibcode
1141:2205883
1113:Bibcode
1074:Bibcode
966:Bibcode
929:Bibcode
892:Bibcode
823:4416812
795:Bibcode
758:Bibcode
708:Bibcode
625:Bibcode
616:Geology
578:Bibcode
526:Bibcode
414:of the
264:methane
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106:–
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1458:Mindel
1426:Merida
1422:Fraser
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677:1 June
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448:barite
436:zircon
346:, and
296:Marino
248:period
129:Tonian
1444:Saale
1434:2nd:
1396:1st:
1387:Older
1251:(PDF)
1240:S2CID
1202:(PDF)
1137:S2CID
819:S2CID
724:S2CID
542:S2CID
366:Earth
1830:and
1816:hot
1488:Elbe
1480:Günz
1436:Riss
1398:Würm
1389:and
1287:ISBN
1283:5–10
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811:PMID
735:2022
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227:The
1490:or
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