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8398:(A) Microbial interactions range from mutually beneficial to harmful for one or more partners. Blue double headed arrows highlight that relationships can move between classifications often influenced by environmental conditions. (B) Host-microbe symbioses should be considered within the context of microbial communities where the host participates in multiple and often different symbiotic relationships. (C) Microbial communities are influenced by a variety of microbe-microbe symbioses ranging from cooperation (e.g., syntrophy or co-metabolism) to competition. Arrows depict generally beneficial (blue) and detrimental (red) outcomes for one (single arrowhead) or both (double arrowhead) members. Note as with host-microbe symbioses these relationships can be viewed as fluid and influenced by environmental conditions.
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21261:; Daria Rybakova, Doreen Fischer, Tomislav Cernava, Marie-Christine Champomier Vergès, Trevor Charles, Xiaoyulong Chen, Luca Cocolin, Kellye Eversole, Gema Herrero Corral, Maria Kazou, Linda Kinkel, Lene Lange, Nelson Lima, Alexander Loy, James A. Macklin, Emmanuelle Maguin, Tim Mauchline, Ryan McClure, Birgit Mitter, Matthew Ryan, Inga Sarand, Hauke Smidt, Bettina Schelkle, Hugo Roume, G. Seghal Kiran, Joseph Selvin, Rafael Soares Correa de Souza, Leo van Overbeek, Brajesh K. Singh, Michael Wagner, Aaron Walsh, Angela Sessitsch and Michael Schloter (2020) "Microbiome definition re-visited: old concepts and new challenges".
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9903:. Environmental selection in a trait‐based global marine ecosystem model was then linking emergent growth and cellular allocation strategies to large‐scale patterns in light, nutrients and temperature in the surface marine environment. Global predictions of cellular resource allocation and stoichiometry (N:P ratio) were consistent with patterns in metatranscriptome data and latitudinal patterns in the elemental ratios of marine plankton and organic matter. The three‐dimensional view of ribosome shows rRNA in dark blue and dark red. Lighter colours represent
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1710:. They are a common and diverse group of viruses and are the most abundant biological entity in marine environments, because their hosts, bacteria, are typically the numerically dominant cellular life in the sea. Generally there are about 1 million to 10 million viruses in each mL of seawater, or about ten times more double-stranded DNA viruses than there are cellular organisms, although estimates of viral abundance in seawater can vary over a wide range. For a long time,
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4106:, where they occupy different vertical zones depending on how tolerant they are to submersion. Some lichens live a long time; one species has been dated at 8,600 years. However their lifespan is difficult to measure because what defines the same lichen is not precise. Lichens grow by vegetatively breaking off a piece, which may or may not be defined as the same lichen, and two lichens of different ages can merge, raising the issue of whether it is the same lichen.
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the deep subsurface and ‘extreme’ environments. Microorganisms date back to the origin of life on Earth at least 3.8 billion years ago, and they will likely exist well beyond any future extinction events... Unless we appreciate the importance of microbial processes, we fundamentally limit our understanding of Earth's biosphere and response to climate change and thus jeopardize efforts to create an environmentally sustainable future.
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5753:(>30) and contains an abundance of resource-acquisition machinery to sustain growth under scarce resources. Bloomer phytoplankton has a low N:P ratio (<10), contains a high proportion of growth machinery and is adapted to exponential growth. Generalist phytoplankton has similar N:P to the Redfield ratio and contain relatively equal resource-acquisition and growth machinery.
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8618:(DOM), which can be readily taken up by microorganisms. Viral shunting helps maintain diversity within the microbial ecosystem by preventing a single species of marine microbe from dominating the micro-environment. The DOM recycled by the viral shunt pathway is comparable to the amount generated by the other main sources of marine DOM.
3769:. This means the deformation of one cilium is in phase with the deformation of its neighbor, causing deformation waves that propagate along the surface of the organism. These propagating waves of cilia are what allow the organism to use the cilia in a coordinated manner to move. A typical example of a ciliated microorganism is the
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1421:. According to one researcher, "You can find microbes everywhere — they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are." Marine microorganisms serve as "the foundation of all marine food webs, recycling major elements and producing and consuming about half the organic matter generated on Earth each year".
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are also a part of the hydrothermal vent microbial community and their influence on the microbial ecology in these ecosystems is a burgeoning field of research. Viruses are the most abundant life in the ocean, harboring the greatest reservoir of genetic diversity. As their infections are often fatal,
3764:
generally have hundreds to thousands of cilia that are densely packed together in arrays. During movement, an individual cilium deforms using a high-friction power stroke followed by a low-friction recovery stroke. Since there are multiple cilia packed together on an individual organism, they display
14183:
Adl SM, Simpson AG, Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Anderson OR, Barta JR, Bowser SS, Brugerolle G, Fensome RA, Fredericq S, James TY, Karpov S, Kugrens P, Krug J, Lane CE, Lewis LA, Lodge J, Lynn DH, Mann DG, McCourt RM, Mendoza L, Moestrup O, Mozley-Standridge SE, Nerad TA, Shearer CA, Smirnov AV, Spiegel
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It would be difficult to consistently separate out these two microbes using images alone. However, if their barcodes are aligned to each other and their bases are coloured to see them more clearly, it becomes easy to see which bases are different between these two microbes. In this manner, millions
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are moving apart and spreading. This allows water from the ocean to enter into the crust of the earth where it is heated by the magma. The increasing pressure and temperature forces the water back out of these openings, on the way out, the water accumulates dissolved minerals and chemicals from the
5740:
found similarities between the composition of elements in phytoplankton and the major dissolved nutrients in the deep ocean. Redfield proposed that the ratio of carbon to nitrogen to phosphorus (106:16:1) in the ocean was controlled by the phytoplankton's requirements, as phytoplankton subsequently
2654:. Eukaryotes are the more developed life forms known as plants, animals, fungi and protists. The term protist came into use historically as a term of convenience for eukaryotes that cannot be strictly classified as plants, animals or fungi. They are not a part of modern cladistics, because they are
10000:
Microorganisms have key roles in carbon and nutrient cycling, animal (including human) and plant health, agriculture and the global food web. Microorganisms live in all environments on Earth that are occupied by macroscopic organisms, and they are the sole life forms in other environments, such as
9869:
from environmental, imaging, and meta-omics data. A semi-automatic computational pipeline is schematized for combining biomarkers with biogeochemical data that can be incorporated into classic biogeochemical models for creating a next generation of biogeochemical trait-based meta-omics models by
9697:
The new sequencing technologies and the accumulation of sequence data have resulted in a paradigm shift, highlighted both the ubiquity of microbial communities in association within higher organisms and the critical roles of microbes in ecosystem health. These new possibilities have revolutionized
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which killed the dinosaurs 66 million years ago also rendered extinct three-quarters of all other animal and plant species. However, deep-sea benthic forams flourished in the aftermath. In 2020 it was reported that researchers have examined the chemical composition of thousands of samples of these
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Three different possibilities to process the sample are using raw samples, fixation or preservation, and filtration. For microscopy and flow cytometry raw samples either are measured immediately or have to be fixed for later measurements. Since molecular methods, pigment analysis and detection of
5752:
However, the
Redfield ratio is not a universal value and can change with things like geographical latitude. Based on allocation of resources, phytoplankton can be classified into three different growth strategies: survivalist, bloomer and generalist. Survivalist phytoplankton has a high N:P ratio
2935:
Protists are highly diverse organisms currently organised into 18 phyla, but are not easy to classify. Studies have shown high protist diversity exists in oceans, deep sea-vents and river sediments, suggesting a large number of eukaryotic microbial communities have yet to be discovered. There has
9339:
5716:
Research in 2019 shows these "sun-snatching bacteria" are more widespread than previously thought and could change how oceans are affected by global warming. "The findings break from the traditional interpretation of marine ecology found in textbooks, which states that nearly all sunlight in the
1862:
The discovery and subsequent characterization of giant viruses has triggered some debate concerning their evolutionary origins. The two main hypotheses for their origin are that either they evolved from small viruses, picking up DNA from host organisms, or that they evolved from very complicated
18828:
Westerhold, Thomas; Marwan, Norbert; Drury, Anna Joy; Liebrand, Diederik; Agnini, Claudia; Anagnostou, Eleni; Barnet, James S. K.; Bohaty, Steven M.; De
Vleeschouwer, David; Florindo, Fabio; Frederichs, Thomas; Hodell, David A.; Holbourn, Ann E.; Kroon, Dick; Lauretano, Vittoria; Littler, Kate;
21553:
Capotondi, A., Jacox, M., Bowler, C., Kavanaugh, M., Lehodey, P., Barrie, D., Brodie, S., Chaffron, S., Cheng, W., Dias, D.F., Eveillard, D. and 20 others (2019) "Observational needs supporting marine ecosystems modeling and forecasting: from the global ocean to regional and coastal systems".
9157:
Comparative representation of the known and estimated (small box) and the yet unknown (large box) microbial diversity, which applies to both marine and terrestrial microorganisms. The text boxes refer to factors that adversely affect the knowledge of the microbial diversity that exists on the
8829:
formed during the melting sea ice creates pores and channels in the sea ice in which these microbes can live. As a result of these gradients and dynamic conditions, a higher abundance of microbes are found in the lower layer of the ice, although some are found in the middle and upper layers.
19838:
Kádár, Enikõ; Costa, Valentina; Santos, Ricardo S.; Powell, Jonathan J. (July 2006). "Tissue partitioning of micro-essential metals in the vent bivalve
Bathymodiolus azoricus and associated organisms (endosymbiont bacteria and a parasite polychaete) from geochemically distinct vents of the
6009:
encased in elaborate globular shells usually made of silica and pierced with holes. Their name comes from the Latin for "radius". They catch prey by extending parts of their body through the holes. As with the silica frustules of diatoms, radiolarian shells can sink to the ocean floor when
8923:
their hosts to replicate. However, in contrast to their role as a source of mortality and population control, viruses have also been postulated to enhance survival of prokaryotes in extreme environments, acting as reservoirs of genetic information. The interactions of the virosphere with
19486:
Cavalcanti, G.S., Shukla, P., Morris, M., Ribeiro, B., Foley, M., Doane, M.P., Thompson, C.C., Edwards, M.S., Dinsdale, E.A. and
Thompson, F.L. (2018) "Rhodoliths holobionts in a changing ocean: host-microbes interactions mediate coralline algae resilience under ocean acidification".
4796:. It has been estimated there are 200,000-800,000 species of which about 50,000 species have been described. Depending on the species, their sizes range from a few micrometers (μm) to a few hundred micrometers. They are specially adapted to an environment dominated by viscous forces.
1774:
Microorganisms make up about 70% of the marine biomass. It is estimated viruses kill 20% of this biomass each day and that there are 15 times as many viruses in the oceans as there are bacteria and archaea. Viruses are the main agents responsible for the rapid destruction of harmful
10015:
era roughly 2 billion years ago. Over eons, the photosynthesis of marine microorganisms generated by oxygen has helped shape the chemical environment in the evolution of plants, animals and many other life forms. Marine microorganisms were first observed in 1675 by Dutch lensmaker
3201:
3200:
3197:
18967:
Willerslev, Eske; Froese, Duane; Gilichinsky, David; Rønn, Regin; Bunce, Michael; Zuber, Maria T.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Brand, Tina; Munch, Kasper; Nielsen, Rasmus; Mastepanov, Mikhail; Christensen, Torben R.; Hebsgaard, Martin B.; Johnson, Sarah
Stewart (4 September 2007).
2074:, and these studies indicate that bacteria diverged first from the archaeal/eukaryotic lineage. Bacteria were also involved in the second great evolutionary divergence, that of the archaea and eukaryotes. Here, eukaryotes resulted from the entering of ancient bacteria into
3202:
9727:. Previously unknown genes, pathways and even whole genomes are being discovered. These genome-editing technologies are used to retrieve and modify valuable microorganisms for production, particularly in marine metagenomics. Organisms may be cultivable or uncultivable.
8345:
in the shells, since lighter isotopes evaporate more readily in warmer water leaving the heavier isotopes in the shells. Information about past climates can be inferred further from the abundance of forams and diatoms, since they tend to be more abundant in warm water.
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Theis, K.R., Dheilly, N.M., Klassen, J.L., Brucker, R.M., Baines, J.F., Bosch, T.C., Cryan, J.F., Gilbert, S.F., Goodnight, C.J., Lloyd, E.A. and Sapp, J. (2016) "Getting the hologenome concept right: an eco-evolutionary framework for hosts and their microbiomes".
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1575:. However, they lack key characteristics (such as cell structure) that are generally considered necessary to count as life. Because they possess some but not all such qualities, viruses have been described as "organisms at the edge of life" and as replicators.
8995:
There is very little energy at greater depths, and metabolism can be up to a million times slower than at the surface. Cells may live for thousands of years before dividing and there is no known limit to their age. The subsurface accounts for about 90% of the
5088:
which grow rapidly and can double their population every day. The blooms can become toxic and deplete the water of oxygen. However, phytoplankton numbers are usually kept in check by the phytoplankton exhausting available nutrients and by grazing zooplankton.
4454:
into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in the structural components of cells. Marine primary producers are important because they underpin almost all marine animal life by generating most of the
1288:
While recent technological developments and scientific discoveries have been substantial, we still lack a major understanding at all levels of the basic ecological questions in relation to the microorganisms in our seas and oceans. These fundamental questions
6736:
20417:
Lollar, Garnet S.; Warr, Oliver; Telling, Jon; Osburn, Magdalena R.; Sherwood Lollar, Barbara (2019). "'Follow the Water': Hydrogeochemical
Constraints on Microbial Investigations 2.4 km Below Surface at the Kidd Creek Deep Fluid and Deep Life Observatory".
8138:
1649:. However they lack key characteristics such as a cellular structure generally considered necessary to count as life. Because they possess some but not all such qualities, viruses have been described as replicators and as "organisms at the edge of life".
3757:
in the flagella of bacteria is created by particles that conduct protons around the base of the flagellum. The direction of rotation of the flagella in bacteria comes from the occupancy of the proton channels along the perimeter of the flagellar motor.
8053:
16934:
5704:, previously unheard of in bacteria. These proteins found in the cell membranes are capable of converting light energy to biochemical energy due to a change in configuration of the rhodopsin molecule as sunlight strikes it, causing the pumping of a
5430:
4653:
and accounts for much of the photosynthesis of the open ocean and an estimated 20% of the oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere. It is possibly the most plentiful genus on Earth: a single millilitre of surface seawater may contain 100,000 cells or more.
4609:. They are found almost everywhere on earth: in damp soil, in both freshwater and marine environments, and even on Antarctic rocks. In particular, some species occur as drifting cells floating in the ocean, and as such were amongst the first of the
5389:. Each frustule is made from two interlocking parts covered with tiny holes through which the diatom exchanges nutrients and wastes. The frustules of dead diatoms drift to the ocean floor where, over millions of years, they can build up as much as
4978:
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organisms into the current form which is not self-sufficient for reproduction. What sort of complicated organism giant viruses might have diverged from is also a topic of debate. One proposal is that the origin point actually represents a fourth
9790:
has recently emerged as a field of research of its own. Omics aims at collectively characterising and quantifying pools of biological molecules that translate into the structure, function, and dynamics of an organism or organisms. For example,
2128:
21714:
Mock, T., Daines, S.J., Geider, R., Collins, S., Metodiev, M., Millar, A.J., Moulton, V. and Lenton, T.M. (2016) "Bridging the gap between omics and earth system science to better understand how environmental change impacts marine microbes".
10872:
Glud, Ronnie; Wenzhöfer, Frank; Middelboe, Mathias; Oguri, Kazumasa; Turnewitsch, Robert; Canfield, Donald E.; Kitazato, Hiroshi (17 March 2013). "High rates of microbial carbon turnover in sediments in the deepest oceanic trench on Earth".
5057:– naturally gives off red fluorescent light which dissipates excess solar energy they cannot consume through photosynthesis. This glow can be detected by satellites as an indicator of how efficiently ocean phytoplankton is photosynthesising.
4977:
4817:, has the appearance of a vascular plant including "leaves" arranged neatly up stalks like a fern. Selective breeding in aquariums to produce hardier strains resulted in an accidental release into the Mediterranean where it has become an
1644:
or organic structures that interact with living organisms. They are considered by some to be a life form, because they carry genetic material, reproduce by creating multiple copies of themselves through self-assembly, and evolve through
6733:
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evolutionary strategy in order to survive the extreme and volatile environment they exist in. Deep-sea hydrothermal vents were found to have high numbers of viruses indicating high viral production. Like in other marine environments,
9702:, because the analysis of genomes and metagenomes in a high-throughput manner provides efficient methods for addressing the functional potential of individual microorganisms as well as of whole communities in their natural habitats.
4364:
1375:
A stream of airborne microorganisms circles the planet above weather systems but below commercial air lanes. Some peripatetic microorganisms are swept up from terrestrial dust storms, but most originate from marine microorganisms in
16783:
Béja, O.; Aravind, L.; Koonin, E.V.; Suzuki, M.T.; Hadd, A.; Nguyen, L.P.; Jovanovich, S.B.; Gates, C.M.; Feldman, R.A.; Spudich, J.L.; Spudich, E.N. (2000). "Bacterial rhodopsin: evidence for a new type of phototrophy in the sea".
16687:
Béja, O.; Aravind, L.; Koonin, E.V.; Suzuki, M.T.; Hadd, A.; Nguyen, L.P.; Jovanovich, S.B.; Gates, C.M.; Feldman, R.A.; Spudich, J.L.; Spudich, E.N. (2000). "Bacterial rhodopsin: evidence for a new type of phototrophy in the sea".
9102:
of physics and cosmology, but is so-called for the difficulty in effectively studying it. It is hard to estimate its relative magnitude, but the accepted gross estimate is that less than one per cent of microbial species in a given
8361:
have extremely long lives. In 2013 researchers reported evidence of endoliths in the ocean floor, perhaps millions of years old, with a generation time of 10,000 years. These are slowly metabolizing and not in a dormant state. Some
12010:
Kauffman KM, Hussain FA, Yang J, Arevalo P, Brown JM, Chang WK, VanInsberghe D, Elsherbini J, Sharma RS, Cutler MB, Kelly L, Polz MF (2018). "A major lineage of non-tailed dsDNA viruses as unrecognized killers of marine bacteria".
3961:
feeding on dead organic matter from algae, corals, protozoan cysts, sea grasses, and other substrata. Spores of many species have special appendages which facilitate attachment to the substratum. Marine fungi can also be found in
8269:
comes from Greek, meaning "depth of the sea". Microbenthos are found everywhere on or about the seafloor of continental shelves, as well as in deeper waters, with greater diversity in or on seafloor sediments. In shallow waters,
18690:
Moheimani, N.R.; Webb, J.P.; Borowitzka, M.A. (2012), "Bioremediation and other potential applications of coccolithophorid algae: A review. . Bioremediation and other potential applications of coccolithophorid algae: A review",
1344:, which are harmless to plants and animals, but are essential to the regulation of saltwater and freshwater ecosystems. They infect and destroy bacteria in aquatic microbial communities, and are the most important mechanism of
6233:, and (rarely) of silica. Most forams are benthic, but about 40 species are planktic. They are widely researched with well established fossil records which allow scientists to infer a lot about past environments and climates.
5708:
from inside out and a subsequent inflow that generates the energy. The archaeal-like rhodopsins have subsequently been found among different taxa, protists as well as in bacteria and archaea, though they are rare in complex
2587:
prokaryotes and later evolved into the more complex eukaryotes. In contrast to prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells are highly organised. Prokaryotes are the bacteria and archaea, while eukaryotes are the other life forms —
5275:
form a (disputed) phylum containing about 100,000 recognised species of mainly unicellular algae. Diatoms generate about 20 per cent of the oxygen produced on the planet each year, take in over 6.7 billion metric tons of
3240:. Most protists are single-celled and microscopic. But there are exceptions. Some single-celled marine protists are macroscopic. Some marine slime molds have unique life cycles that involve switching between unicellular,
8980:
that resides below the first few meters of the surface. It extends at least 5 kilometers below the continental surface and 10.5 kilometers below the sea surface, with temperatures that may exceed 100 °C.
7641:
21207:
Venter, J.C., Remington, K., Heidelberg, J.F., Halpern, A.L., Rusch, D., Eisen, J.A., Wu, D., Paulsen, I., Nelson, K.E., Nelson, W. and Fouts, D.E. (2004) "Environmental genome shotgun sequencing of the
Sargasso Sea".
1718:
seemed to dominate marine ecosystems in number and diversity of organisms. However, as a result of more recent research, non-tailed viruses appear to be dominant in multiple depths and oceanic regions, followed by the
1067:, causing disease and even death in plants and animals. As inhabitants of the largest environment on Earth, microbial marine systems drive changes in every global system. Microbes are responsible for virtually all the
20693:
Hedlund, Brian P.; Dodsworth, Jeremy A.; Murugapiran, Senthil K.; Rinke, Christian; Woyke, Tanja (2014). "Impact of single-cell genomics and metagenomics on the emerging view of extremophile "microbial dark matter"".
5717:
ocean is captured by chlorophyll in algae. Instead, rhodopsin-equipped bacteria function like hybrid cars, powered by organic matter when available — as most bacteria are — and by sunlight when nutrients are scarce."
3373:
can be placed. Some modern authors prefer to exclude multicellular organisms from the traditional definition of a protist, restricting protists to unicellular organisms. This more constrained definition excludes many
890:, both producing and consuming about half of all organic matter generated on the planet every year. As inhabitants of the largest environment on Earth, microbial marine systems drive changes in every global system.
4975:
2098:
in algae and plants. There are also some algae that originated from even later endosymbiotic events. Here, eukaryotes engulfed a eukaryotic algae that developed into a "second-generation" plastid. This is known as
4850:
3306:
8084:
8341:. The chemical composition of the shells are a consequence of the chemical composition of the ocean at the time the shells were formed. Past water temperatures can be also be inferred from the ratios of stable
9000:
in bacteria and archaea, and 15% of the total biomass for the biosphere. Eukaryotes are also found, mostly microscopic, but including some multicellular life. Viruses are also present and infect the microbes.
17733:
Schoemann, Véronique; Becquevort, Sylvie; Stefels, Jacqueline; Rousseau, Véronique; Lancelot, Christiane (1 January 2005). "Phaeocystis blooms in the global ocean and their controlling mechanisms: a review".
2069:
prevents them from being used to examine the history of bacterial evolution, or to date the time of origin of a particular bacterial species. However, gene sequences can be used to reconstruct the bacterial
6897:
life cycle, ranging from free-living cells to large colonies. It has the ability to form floating colonies, where hundreds of cells are embedded in a gel matrix, which can increase massively in size during
17797:; Arrigo, K. R.; Lizotte, M. P.; Robinson, D. H.; Leventer, A.; Barry, J. P.; VanWoert, M. L.; Dunbar, R. B. (2000). "Rapid and early export of Phaeocystis antarctica blooms in the Ross Sea, Antarctica".
4349:
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at the poles. The ice matrix they inhabit has strong vertical gradients of salinity, light, temperature and nutrients. Sea ice chemistry is most influenced by the salinity of the brine which affects the
3501:) is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body of some protists (as well as some bacteria). Flagellates use from one to several flagella for locomotion and sometimes as feeding and sensory
9091:
in the laboratory the vast majority of microorganisms. This applies particularly to bacteria and archaea, and is due to a lack of knowledge or ability to supply the required growth conditions. The term
5075:
Phytoplankton perform three crucial functions: they generate nearly half of the world atmospheric oxygen, they regulate ocean and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, and they form the base of the marine
2148:
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7353:. This refers to the two whip-like attachments (flagella) used for forward movement. Most dinoflagellates are protected with red-brown, cellulose armour. Like other phytoplankton, dinoflagellates are
5411:
1407:, the deepest spot in the Earth's oceans. Microorganisms live inside rocks 580 m (1,900 ft) below the sea floor under 2,590 m (8,500 ft) of ocean off the coast of the northwestern
9870:
considering their respective traits. Such novel meta-omics-enabled approaches aim to improve the monitoring and prediction of ocean processes while respecting the complexity of the planktonic system.
8709:
3331:
17462:
9098:
has come to be used to describe microorganisms scientists know are there but have been unable to culture, and whose properties therefore remain elusive. Microbial dark matter is unrelated to the
8040:
Coccolithophores are the largest global source of biogenic calcium carbonate, and significantly contribute to the global carbon cycle. They are the main constituent of chalk deposits such as the
7094:
by Mitra et al., 2016. Zooplankton that are photosynthetic: microzooplankton or metazoan zooplankton that acquire phototrophy through chloroplast retention or maintenance of algal endosymbionts.
4831:
4131:
era 900-570 million years ago. Fossil marine lichens 600 million years old have been discovered in China. It has been hypothesized that mycoplankton evolved from terrestrial fungi, likely in the
2202:
and its relatives may be the most abundant organisms in the ocean, and it has been claimed that they are possibly the most abundant bacteria in the world. They make up about 25% of all microbial
21639:
Guyennon, A., Baklouti, M., Diaz, F., Palmieri, J., Beuvier, J., Lebaupin-Brossier, C., et al. (2015). "New insights into the organic carbon export in the
Mediterranean Sea from 3-D modelling".
5096:
which inhabit the upper sunlit layer in all oceans. They need sunlight so they can photosynthesize. Most phytoplankton are single-celled algae, but other phytoplankton are bacteria and some are
9899:) underpinning adaptation to environmental conditions (temperature). A mechanistic phytoplankton cell model was used to test the significance of the identified physiological trait for cellular
3285:
9402:
molecular tracers usually require concentrated cells, filter residues serve for phytoplankton measurements. Molecular characterization and quantification of trace molecules is performed using
4041:
is. This profile changes between seasons due to changes in nutrient availability. Marine fungi survive in a constant oxygen deficient environment, and therefore depend on oxygen diffusion by
3198:
17585:
17025:
Redfield, Alfred C. (1934). "On the
Proportions of Organic Derivatives in Sea Water and their Relation to the Composition of Plankton". In Johnstone, James; Daniel, Richard Jellicoe (eds.).
9136:
Bacteria are the oldest and most biodiverse group, followed by
Archaea and Fungi (the most recent groups). In 1998, before awareness of the extent of microbial life had gotten underway,
7450:
6454:
6048:
3216:
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in the sea marshes where it lives, which enables spores of intertidal ascomycetous fungi to colonise the plant. The snail then eats the fungal growth in preference to the grass itself.
2057:
to appear on Earth, about 4 billion years ago. For about 3 billion years, most organisms were microscopic, and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms of life. Although bacterial
6036:
5700:
made a crucial discovery in the understanding of the marine carbon and energy cycles. They discovered a gene in several species of bacteria responsible for production of the protein
2094:, which are still found in all known Eukarya. Later on, some eukaryotes that already contained mitochondria also engulfed cyanobacterial-like organisms. This led to the formation of
9140:
estimated there were 3 million species of living organisms on the planet. But in 2016, Locey and Lennon estimated the number of microorganism species could be as high as 1 trillion.
7583:
for the dinoflagellate, while the dinoflagellate provides the nassellarian with a mucous membrane useful for hunting and protection against harmful invaders. There is evidence from
19752:
Boetius, Antje; Anesio, Alexandre M.; Deming, Jody W.; Mikucki, Jill A.; Rapp, Josephine Z. (1 November 2015). "Microbial ecology of the cryosphere: sea ice and glacial habitats".
8688:
8443:
The concept has subsequently evolved since this original definition, with the focus moving to the microbial species associated with the host. Thus the holobiont includes the host,
6221:
for short) are single-celled predatory protists, also protected with shells that have holes in them. Their name comes from the Latin for "hole bearers". Their shells, often called
4628:
as a by-product of photosynthesis induced global changes in the Earth's environment. Because oxygen was toxic to most life on Earth at the time, this led to the near-extinction of
4312:
1411:, as well as 2,400 m (7,900 ft; 1.5 mi) beneath the seabed off Japan. The greatest known temperature at which microbial life can exist is 122 °C (252 °F) (
19614:
Robinson, Carol, and Nagappa Ramaiah. "Microbial heterotrophic metabolic rates constrain the microbial carbon pump." The American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2011.
8165:
20390:
7618:, occurs as brief (0.1 sec) blue flashes or sparks when individual scintillons are stimulated, usually by mechanical disturbances from, for example, a boat or a swimmer or surf.
6732:
1790:
and drives evolution. It is thought that viruses played a central role in the early evolution, before the diversification of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes, at the time of the
13268:
5442:
4499:
4331:
21778:
Martiny AC, Pham CTA, Primeau FW, Vrugt JA, Moore JK, Levin SA and Lomas MW (2013) "Strong latitudinal patterns in the elemental ratios of marine plankton and organic matter".
21122:
Franco-Duarte, R.; Černáková, L.; Kadam, S.; Kaushik, K.; Salehi, B.; Bevilacqua, A.; Corbo, M.R.; Antolak, H.; Dybka-Stępień, K.; Leszczewicz, M.; Relison Tintino, S. (2019).
15659:
2436:(also known as eocytes or Crenarchaeota) are a phylum of archaea thought to be very abundant in marine environments and one of the main contributors to the fixation of carbon.
5196:
4974:
3263:
1348:
in the marine environment. The organic molecules released from the dead bacterial cells stimulate fresh bacterial and algal growth. Viral activity may also contribute to the
1293:
2. What are they doing? What functions do each of these microorganisms perform in the marine environment and how do they contribute to the global cycles of energy and matter?
21589:
Sunagawa, S., Coelho, L. P., Chaffron, S., Kultima, J. R., Labadie, K., Salazar, G., et al. (2015). "Ocean plankton. Structure and function of the global ocean microbiome".
9980:
to the atmosphere. Microbial biomass and other organic matter (remnants of plants and animals) are converted to fossil fuels over millions of years. By contrast, burning of
20509:"These Microbes May Have Survived 100 Million Years Beneath the Seafloor – Rescued from their cold, cramped and nutrient-poor homes, the bacteria awoke in the lab and grew"
15489:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code), Adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011
5675:. The significance of chlorophyll in converting light energy has been written about for decades, but phototrophy based on retinal pigments is just beginning to be studied.
5496:
are minute unicellular photosynthetic protists with two flagella for locomotion. Most of them are protected by a shell covered with ornate circular plates or scales called
18937:
11736:
Wigington CH, Sonderegger D, Brussaard CP, Buchan A, Finke JF, Fuhrman JA, Lennon JT, Middelboe M, Suttle CA, Stock C, Wilson WH, Wommack KE, Wilhelm SW, Weitz JS (2016).
3128:
1832:
Viruses normally range in length from about 20 to 300 nanometers. This can be contrasted with the length of bacteria, which starts at about 400 nanometers. There are also
1626:
Viruses are found wherever there is life and have probably existed since living cells first evolved. The origin of viruses is unclear because they do not form fossils, so
19391:
Thompson, J.R., Rivera, H.E., Closek, C.J. and Medina, M. (2015) "Microbes in the coral holobiont: partners through evolution, development, and ecological interactions".
15109:
Gutierrez, Marcelo H; Pantoja, Silvio; Quinones, Renato a and Gonzalez, Rodrigo R. First record of flamentous fungi in the coastal upwelling ecosystem off central Chile.
9114:
sequence from environmental samples and then by gaining insights to their metabolism from their sequenced genome, promoting the knowledge required for their cultivation.
7434:
5504:, referring to their small size and the coccolith stones they carry. Under the right conditions they bloom, like other phytoplankton, and can turn the ocean milky white.
2977:
2457:
20461:
16998:
Sparks, William B.; DasSarma, S.; Reid, I. N. (December 2006). "Evolutionary Competition Between Primitive Photosynthetic Systems: Existence of an early purple Earth?".
12081:
9315:, particularly hampered early efforts at classifying bacteria and archaea. This resulted in erroneous, distorted and confused classification, an example of which, noted
7264:
6631:
14091:
Gooday, A. J.; Aranda da Silva, A.; Pawlowski, J. (1 December 2011). "Xenophyophores (Rhizaria, Foraminifera) from the Nazaré Canyon (Portuguese margin, NE Atlantic)".
5802:(other-feeding), meaning they cannot produce their own food and must consume instead other plants or animals as food. In particular, this means they eat phytoplankton.
16176:
Behrenfeld, M.J.; Westberry, T.K.; Boss, E.S.; O'Malley, R.T.; Siegel, D.A.; Wiggert, J.D.; Franz, B.A.; McLain, C.R.; Feldman, G.C.; Doney, S.C.; Moore, J.K. (2009).
13217:
Zhao Y, Temperton B, Thrash JC, Schwalbach MS, Vergin KL, Landry ZC, Ellisman M, Deerinck T, Sullivan MB, Giovannoni SJ (2013). "Abundant SAR11 viruses in the ocean".
20169:
Ortmann, Alice C.; Suttle, Curtis A. (August 2005). "High abundances of viruses in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent system indicates viral mediated microbial mortality".
19572:
Weinbauer, Markus G.; et al. (2007). "Synergistic and antagonistic effects of viral lysis and protistan grazing on bacterial biomass, production and diversity".
6827:
at the other. It is estimated that mixotrophs comprise more than half of all microscopic plankton. There are two types of eukaryotic mixotrophs: those with their own
1779:, which often kill other marine life. The number of viruses in the oceans decreases further offshore and deeper into the water, where there are fewer host organisms.
21689:
Coles, V. J., Stukel, M. R., Brooks, M. T., Burd, A., Crump, B. C., Moran, M. A., et al. (2017). "Ocean biogeochemistry modeled with emergent trait-based genomics".
5500:. The coccoliths are made from calcium carbonate. The calcite shells are important to the marine carbon cycle. The term coccolithophore derives from the Greek for a
19325:
Pollock, F. Joseph; McMinds, Ryan; Smith, Styles; Bourne, David G.; Willis, Bette L.; Medina, Mónica; Thurber, Rebecca Vega; Zaneveld, Jesse R. (22 November 2018).
5546:
4982:
Red, orange, yellow and green represent areas where algal blooms abound. Blue areas represent nutrient-poor zones where phytoplankton exist in lower concentrations.
4033:
due to nutritional runoff from terrestrial communities. A higher diversity of mycoplankton is found around coasts and in surface waters down to 1000 metres, with a
2180:
19026:
Egan, S., Fukatsu, T. and Francino, M.P., 2020. Opportunities and Challenges to Microbial Symbiosis Research in the Microbiome Era. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11.
15051:
Panzer, Katrin; Yilmaz, Pelin; Weiß, Michael; Reich, Lothar; Richter, Michael; Wiese, Jutta; Schmaljohann, Rolf; Labes, Antje; Imhoff, Johannes F. (30 July 2015).
5728:
which surmises that original life forms on Earth were retinal-based rather than chlorophyll-based, which would have made the Earth appear purple instead of green.
5510:
19624:
Gutierrez, MH; Jara, AM; Pantoja, S (2016). "Fungal parasites infect marine diatoms in the upwelling ecosystem of the Humboldt current system off central Chile".
16362:
13189:
1380:. In 2018, scientists reported that hundreds of millions of viruses and tens of millions of bacteria are deposited daily on every square meter around the planet.
21614:
Guidi, L., Chaffron, S., Bittner, L., Eveillard, D., Larhlimi, A., Roux, S., et al. (2016). "Plankton networks driving carbon export in the oligotrophic ocean".
17892:
Decelle, Johan; Simó, Rafel; Galí, Martí; Vargas, Colomban de; Colin, Sébastien; Desdevises, Yves; Bittner, Lucie; Probert, Ian; Not, Fabrice (30 October 2012).
15053:"Identification of Habitat-Specific Biomes of Aquatic Fungal Communities Using a Comprehensive Nearly Full-Length 18S rRNA Dataset Enriched with Contextual Data"
3351:
1494:
When not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent particles. These viral particles, also known as
19175:
Bulgarelli, D., Schlaeppi, K., Spaepen, S., Van Themaat, E.V.L. and Schulze-Lefert, P. (2013) "Structure and functions of the bacterial microbiota of plants".
16739:
8556:
4601:
were the first organisms to evolve an ability to turn sunlight into chemical energy. They form a phylum (division) of bacteria which range from unicellular to
3105:
905:
on the planet, including the marine microorganisms. Despite its diversity, microscopic life in the oceans is still poorly understood. For example, the role of
16571:
Gómez-Consarnau, L.; Raven, J.A.; Levine, N.M.; Cutter, L.S.; Wang, D.; Seegers, B.; Arístegui, J.; Fuhrman, J.A.; Gasol, J.M.; Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S.A. (2019).
16027:
Mandoli DF (1998). "Elaboration of Body Plan and Phase Change during Development of Acetabularia: How Is the Complex Architecture of a Giant Unicell Built?".
7244:
6377:
16311:
Treguer, P.; Nelson, D. M.; Van Bennekom, A. J.; Demaster, D. J.; Leynaert, A.; Queguiner, B. (1995). "The Silica Balance in the World Ocean: A Reestimate".
9325:
whose etymology ironically matched its taxonomy, namely "false unit". Many bacterial taxa have been reclassified or redefined using molecular phylogenetics.
13159:
8883:. These organisms utilize this symbiotic relationship in order to utilize and obtain the chemical energy that is released at these hydrothermal vent areas.
7780:, in the context of a marine sediment, does not refer to the consistency of the sediment but to its biological origin. The term ooze was originally used by
9682:, directly from environmental samples and avoiding the need for culturing. This has led for example, to a rapid expansion in knowledge of the diversity of
2331:
Archaea and bacteria are generally similar in size and shape, although a few archaea have very strange shapes, such as the flat and square-shaped cells of
12454:
4730:, an informal group, contains about 8,000 recognised species. Many species live most of their lives as single cells or are filamentous, while others form
2992:
22249:
15461:
Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B.; Urry, Lisa Andrea; Cain, Michael L.; Wasserman, Steven Alexander; Minorsky, Peter V.; Jackson, Robert Bradley (2008).
670:
20482:
19249:
Sánchez-Cañizares, C., Jorrín, B., Poole, P.S. and Tkacz, A. (2017) "Understanding the holobiont: the interdependence of plants and their microbiome".
7417:
6485:
6316:
2509:
2489:
21182:
Lozupone, C.A., Stombaugh, J.I., Gordon, J.I., Jansson, J.K. and Knight, R. (2012) "Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota".
20909:
Karsenti, E.; Acinas, S.G.; Bork, P.; Bowler, C.; De Vargas, C.; Raes, J.; Sullivan, M.; Arendt, D.; Benzoni, F.; Claverie, J.M.; Follows, M. (2011).
14025:
6877:
Recent studies of marine microzooplankton found 30–45% of the ciliate abundance was mixotrophic, and up to 65% of the amoeboid, foram and radiolarian
5399:
2666:
Protists can be broadly divided into four groups depending on whether their nutrition is plant-like, animal-like, fungal-like, or a mixture of these.
1295:
3. What are the factors that determine the presence or absence of a microorganism and how do they influence biodiversity and function and vice versa?
18409:
5286:
1743:
17849:
12552:
Schulz F, Yutin N, Ivanova NN, Ortega DR, Lee TK, Vierheilig J, Daims H, Horn M, Wagner M, Jensen GJ, Kyrpides NC, Koonin EV, Woyke T (April 2017).
8863:
are microscopic unicellular organisms that live and reproduce in the chemically distinct area around hydrothermal vents. These include organisms in
2625:
is a unique microorganism larger than a typical prokaryote, but with nuclear material enclosed in a membrane as in a eukaryote, and the presence of
18829:
Lourens, Lucas J.; Lyle, Mitchell; Pälike, Heiko; Röhl, Ursula; Tian, Jun; Wilkens, Roy H.; Wilson, Paul A.; Zachos, James C. (11 September 2020).
3087:
18075:"Defining planktonic protist functional groups on mechanisms for energy and nutrient acquisition; incorporation of diverse mixotrophic strategies"
4293:
2629:. This is seen to be the first plausible evolutionary form of microorganism, showing a stage of development from the prokaryote to the eukaryote.
7213:
Chloroplast (or plastid) retention = sequestration = enslavement. Some plastid-retaining species also retain other organelles and prey cytoplasm.
6328:
4661:
was algae, and referred to it as "blue-green algae". The more recent view is that cyanobacteria are bacteria, and hence are not even in the same
3809:
2472:
15742:
Flombaum P, Gallegos JL, Gordillo RA, Rincon J, Zabala LL, Jiao N, Karl DM, Li WK, Lomas MW, Veneziano D, Vera CS, Vrugt JA, Martiny AC (2013).
8514:
8337:
or live on sediment at the bottom of the ocean. Either way, their shells end up on the seafloor after they die. These shells are widely used as
3882:
2109:
5157:
5021:
of large bodies of water but cannot swim against a current. As a result, they wander or drift with the currents. Plankton are defined by their
1859:. This genus of giant virus was discovered in 2018 in the deep ocean as well as a soda lake, and can reach up to 2.3 microns in total length.
20364:
19416:
Pita, L., Rix, L., Slaby, B.M., Franke, A. and Hentschel, U. (2018) "The sponge holobiont in a changing ocean: from microbes to ecosystems".
18255:
Gast, R. J.; Caron, D. A. (1 November 1996). "Molecular phylogeny of symbiotic dinoflagellates from planktonic foraminifera and radiolaria".
7697:
6068:
2324:. Classification is difficult because the majority have not been isolated in the laboratory and have only been detected by analysis of their
1966:
in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on
174:
21522:
3041:
2206:
cells, and in the summer they may account for approximately half the cells present in temperate ocean surface water. The total abundance of
14318:
Atkinson, A.; Polimene, L.; Fileman, E.S.; Widdicombe, C.E.; McEvoy, A.J.; Smyth, T.J.; Djeghri, N.; Sailley, S.F.; Cornwell, L.E. (2018).
13888:
10469:
7507:
4947:
Plankton are drifting or floating organisms that cannot swim effectively against a current, and include organisms from most areas of life:
2424:
may be one of the most abundant groups of organisms on the planet. Archaea are a major part of Earth's life and may play roles in both the
21233:
Liu, L., Li, Y., Li, S., Hu, N., He, Y., Pong, R., Lin, D., Lu, L. and Law, M. (2012) "Comparison of next-generation sequencing systems".
14408:
13951:
10707:
9818:
study is reasonably recognisable as relating to large-scale analyses of gene-gene, protein-protein, or protein-ligand interactions, while
9049:
These aerobic microorganisms, found deep in organically poor sediments, have been in quasi-suspended animation for maybe 100 million years
8984:
Above the surface living organisms consume organic matter and oxygen. Lower down, these are not available, so they make use of "edibles" (
7776:(single-celled plankton and benthos microorganisms). Much smaller amounts of precipitated minerals and meteoric dust can also be present.
7405:
acquire chloroplasts from its prey. "It cannot catch the cryptophytes by itself, and instead relies on ingesting ciliates such as the red
6346:
5920:) prey on other microorganisms; the feeding mode is evidently ancient, and evolved many times in both groups. Among freshwater and marine
5181:
1540:
forms for some virus species to more complex structures for others. Most virus species have virions that are too small to be seen with an
21753:
Toseland A, Daines SJ and Clark JR et al. (2013) "The impact of temperature on marine phytoplankton resource allocation and metabolism".
19691:
Monroy, P., Hernández-García, E., Rossi, V. and López, C. (2017) "Modeling the dynamical sinking of biogenic particles in oceanic flow".
9663:
5214:
3864:
2646:
are eukaryotes that cannot be classified as plants, fungi or animals. They are usually single-celled and microscopic. Life originated as
17490:
Bernhard, J. M.; Bowser, S.M. (1999). "Benthic Foraminifera of dysoxic sediments: chloroplast sequestration and functional morphology".
15555:
15440:
15149:
8924:
microorganisms under environmental stresses is therefore thought to aide microorganism survival through dispersal of host genes through
8292:
5589:
5301:
3012:
1754:: these are double-stranded DNA viruses with unusual and sometimes unique shapes. These viruses have been studied in most detail in the
1563:—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria. In evolution, viruses are an important means of
3404:
Another way of categorising protists is according to their mode of locomotion. Many unicellular protists, particularly protozoans, are
718:
21808:
18773:
13276:
11953:"Evolution and diversity of the Microviridae viral family through a collection of 81 new complete genomes assembled from virome reads"
22588:
22578:
15698:
12612:
Bäckström D, Yutin N, Jørgensen SL, Dharamshi J, Homa F, Zaremba-Niedwiedzka K, Spang A, Wolf YI, Koonin EV, Ettema TJ (March 2019).
11078:
10969:"Cell proliferation at 122°C and isotopically heavy CH4 production by a hyperthermophilic methanogen under high-pressure cultivation"
10122:
8988:) such as hydrogen released from rocks by various chemical processes, methane, reduced sulfur compounds and ammonium. They "breathe"
8350:
5872:
15585:
Flannery DT, Walter RM (2012). "Archean tufted microbial mats and the Great Oxidation Event: new insights into an ancient problem".
6024:
4418:
organisms that make their own food instead of eating other organisms. This means primary producers become the starting point in the
21965:
21496:
Zhang, W., Li, F. and Nie, L. (2010) "Integrating multiple 'omics' analysis for microbial biology: application and methodologies".
15994:
1253:
9833:. Multi-omics approaches are needed to satisfactorily unravel the complexities of the host-microbiome interactions. For instance,
9107:
niche is culturable. In recent years effort is being put to decipher more of the microbial dark matter by means of learning their
7666:
6565:
2127:
22364:
22339:
16387:
Arsenieff, L.; Simon, N.; Rigaut-Jalabert, F.; Le Gall, F.; Chaffron, S.; Corre, E.; Com, E.; Bigeard, E.; Baudoux, A.C. (2018).
10567:
10075:
8912:
8860:
8804:
8309:
8177:
7587:
analysis that dinoflagellate symbiosis with radiolarians evolved independently from other dinoflagellate symbioses, such as with
7126:
1. Protists that retain chloroplasts and sometimes other organelles from one algal species or very closely related algal species
4807:, is single-celled but remarkably large and complex in form with a single large nucleus, making it a model organism for studying
2312:, but this classification is outdated. Archaeal cells have unique properties separating them from the other two domains of life,
18945:
17247:
10417:
Bolhuis, H. and Cretoiu, M.S. (2016) "What is so special about marine microorganisms?". In: L. J. Stal and M. S. Cretoiu (Eds.)
7624:
6358:
21061:
14536:
Hyde, K.D.; E.B.J. Jones; E. Leaño; S.B. Pointing; A.D. Poonyth; L.L.P. Vrijmoed (1998). "Role of fungi in marine ecosystems".
13656:
Leles SG, Mitra A, Flynn KJ, Stoecker DK, Hansen PJ, Calbet A, McManus GB, Sanders RW, Caron DA, Not F, Hallegraeff GM (2017).
10809:
9920:
8887:
bacteria can derive nutrients and energy from the geological activity at a hydrothermal vent to fix carbon into organic forms.
8222:
Within each colored area, the type of material shown is what dominates, although other materials are also likely to be present.
6584:
3027:
997:
too small to be recognised adequately with the naked eye. In practice, that includes organisms smaller than about 0.1 mm.
20469:
19726:
Simon, M., Grossart, H., Schweitzer, B. and Ploug, H. (2002) "Microbial ecology of organic aggregates in aquatic ecosystems".
15632:
8875:
where symbiotic bacteria and archaea form the bottom of the food chain and are able to support a variety of organisms such as
7341:, and form a phylum of unicellular flagellates with about 2,000 marine species. The name comes from the Greek "dinos" meaning
3587:) is a tiny flagellum. Ciliates use multiple cilia, which can number in many hundreds, to power themselves through the water.
21898:
18626:
17474:
17429:
17294:
16895:
15942:
15818:
15539:
15470:
14932:
Kubanek, Julia; Jensen, Paul R.; Keifer, Paul A.; Sullards, M. Cameron; Collins, Dwight O.; Fenical, William (10 June 2003).
14850:
14747:
14377:
13476:
11512:
10579:
10184:
8925:
4722:
Not all algae are microscopic. Green, red and brown algae all have multicellular macroscopic forms that make up the familiar
3232:
In contrast to the cells of prokaryotes, the cells of eukaryotes are highly organised. Plants, animals and fungi are usually
1920:
1802:
20494:
8894:
they constitute a significant source of mortality and thus have widespread influence on biological oceanographic processes,
8508:), and associated bacteria and viruses. Co-evolutionary patterns exist for coral microbial communities and coral phylogeny.
6600:
5805:
Zooplankton are generally larger than phytoplankton, mostly still microscopic but some can be seen with the naked eye. Many
2940:
protists, but recent studies in marine environments found mixotrophic protests contribute a significant part of the protist
2599:
It seems very plausible that the root of the eukaryotes lie within archaea; the closest relatives nowadays known may be the
22385:
20662:
16917:
10127:
8899:
8120:
6225:, are chambered (forams add more chambers as they grow). The shells are usually made of calcite, but are sometimes made of
16071:
14680:
San-Martín, A.; S. Orejanera; C. Gallardo; M. Silva; J. Becerra; R. Reinoso; M.C. Chamy; K. Vergara; J. Rovirosa (2008).
14126:
9635:
9579:
6506:
3058:
20104:"Evolutionary Strategies of Viruses, Bacteria and Archaea in Hydrothermal Vent Ecosystems Revealed through Metagenomics"
17149:
Eppley, R.W.; Peterson, B.J. (1979). "Particulate organic matter flux and planktonic new production in the deep ocean".
13516:
Yamaguchi, Masashi; et al. (1 December 2012). "Prokaryote or eukaryote? A unique microorganism from the deep sea".
11304:
Canchaya C, Fournous G, Chibani-Chennoufi S, Dillmann ML, Brüssow H (2003). "Phage as agents of lateral gene transfer".
8451:, and other members, all of which contribute in some way to the function of the whole. A holobiont typically includes a
8193:
4029:
A typical milliliter of seawater contains about 10 to 10 fungal cells. This number is greater in coastal ecosystems and
22573:
18307:
11845:"Putative prophages related to lytic tailless marine dsDNA phage PM2 are widespread in the genomes of aquatic bacteria"
9295:
have allowed evolutionary relationship of species to be established by analyzing deeper characteristics, such as their
1571:. Viruses are considered by some to be a life form, because they carry genetic material, reproduce, and evolve through
1211:
21664:
Louca, S., Parfrey, L. W., and Doebeli, M. (2016). "Decoupling function and taxonomy in the global ocean microbiome".
16478:
Rost, B. and Riebesell, U. (2004) "Coccolithophores and the biological pump: responses to environmental changes". In:
12661:
Fredrickson JK, Zachara JM, Balkwill DL, Kennedy D, Li SM, Kostandarithes HM, Daly MJ, Romine MF, Brockman FJ (2004).
12614:"Virus Genomes from Deep Sea Sediments Expand the Ocean Megavirome and Support Independent Origins of Viral Gigantism"
11788:"Global morphological analysis of marine viruses shows minimal regional variation and dominance of non-tailed viruses"
8902:
within the ocean. Evidence has been found however to indicate that viruses found in vent habitats have adopted a more
8542:
6691:
5280:
each year from the waters in which they live, and contribute nearly half of the organic material found in the oceans.
21933:
21917:
21882:
21866:
21850:
21834:
21818:
21534:
19065:
18799:
18783:
18600:
18224:
16487:
16145:
15969:
15373:
14247:
14136:
12357:
Abrahão, Jônatas; Silva, Lorena; Silva, Ludmila Santos; Khalil, Jacques Yaacoub Bou; et al. (27 February 2018).
10426:
9932:
9463:
9274:
5528:
4166:
3369:
Protists have been described as a taxonomic grab bag of misfits where anything that doesn't fit into one of the main
843:. Over billions of years this microbiome has evolved many life styles and adaptations and come to participate in the
167:
21923:
18531:
Wierer, U.; Arrighi, S.; Bertola, S.; Kaufmann, G.; Baumgarten, B.; Pedrotti, A.; Pernter, P.; Pelegrin, J. (2018).
16749:
9521:
7933:
7159:
2. Protists or zooplankton with algal endosymbionts of only one algal species or very closely related algal species
4426:
organisms that do eat other organisms. Some marine primary producers are specialised bacteria and archaea which are
1532:
that surrounds the protein coat when they are outside a cell. The shapes of these virus particles range from simple
1417:). In 2014, scientists confirmed the existence of microorganisms living 800 m (2,600 ft) below the ice of
875:
and trace elements. Marine microorganisms sequester large amounts of carbon and produce much of the world's oxygen.
22647:
22400:
22380:
21872:
16744:
15004:"Molecular characterization of the spatial diversity and novel lineages of mycoplankton in Hawaiian coastal waters"
14320:""Comment. What drives plankton seasonality in a stratifying shelf sea? Some competing and complementary theories""
9552:
8719:
is the shower of organic particles that falls from upper waters to the deep ocean It is a major exporter of carbon.
4935:
since they are not true plants. But they are not microorganisms, so they are not within the scope of this article.
2442:
9891:
from natural phytoplankton communities were used to help identify physiological traits (cellular concentration of
9034:
below the seabed. In 2019 microbial organisms were discovered living 7,900 feet (2,400 m) below the surface,
5569:
4395:. Dark red and blue-green indicate regions of high photosynthetic activity in the ocean and on land, respectively.
21856:
20745:
20508:
18916:
17682:
may invade and suppress specialist phago- and phototroph plankton communities depending on nutrient conditions".
15510:
13167:
12663:"Geomicrobiology of high-level nuclear waste-contaminated vadose sediments at the Hanford site, Washington state"
10337:
10115:
9796:
9035:
4026:. While mostly microscopic, some mycoplankton can be up to 20 mm in diameter and over 50 mm in length.
2032:
changed after the discovery in the 1990s that prokaryotes consist of two very different groups of organisms that
19274:
Douglas, A.E. and Werren, J.H. (2016) "Holes in the hologenome: why host-microbe symbioses are not holobionts".
14319:
13658:"Oceanic protists with different forms of acquired phototrophy display contrasting biogeographies and abundance"
8563:
7683:
6842:
The distinction between plants and animals often breaks down in very small organisms. Possible combinations are
1291:
1. What is out there? Which microorganisms are present in our seas and oceans and in what numbers do they occur?
22657:
17850:"DMSP-lyase activity in a spring phytoplankton bloom off the Dutch coast, related to Phaeocystis sp. abundance"
15934:
14881:
Damare, Samir; Raghukumar, Chandralata (11 November 2007). "Fungi and Macroaggregation in Deep-Sea Sediments".
12779:"Disparate rates, differing fates: tempo and mode of evolution changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic"
9603:
9045:
8437:
7465:
898:
711:
19299:
Knowlton, N. and Rohwer, F. (2003) "Multispecies microbial mutualisms on coral reefs: the host as a habitat".
19201:
Vandenkoornhuyse, Philippe; Quaiser, Achim; Duhamel, Marie; Le Van, Amandine; Dufresne, Alexis (1 June 2015).
17603:
17269:
Jurkevitch, Edouard; Davidov, Yaacov (2006). "Phylogenetic Diversity and Evolution of Predatory Prokaryotes".
11342:
Rybicki EP (1990). "The classification of organisms at the edge of life, or problems with virus systematics".
10203:
Rybicki EP (1990). "The classification of organisms at the edge of life, or problems with virus systematics".
9195:
The blue background indicates the filtered volume required to obtain sufficient organism numbers for analysis.
7226:
6788:
5887:
5624:
4902:
2712:
protists that make their own food without needing to consume other organisms, usually by using photosynthesis
22484:
22349:
21907:
19795:
Lutz, Richard A.; Kennish, Michael J. (1993). "Ecology of deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities: A review".
11685:
Bergh O, Børsheim KY, Bratbak G, Heldal M (1989). "High abundance of viruses found in aquatic environments".
10110:
9491:
8857:
which emit water darkened by accumulated precipitates of sulfide at hot temperatures, about 300-400 °C.
8809:
8800:
7411:, which sequester their chloroplasts from a specific cryptophyte clade (Geminigera/Plagioselmis/Teleaulax)".
7372:
By trophic orientation dinoflagellates cannot be uniformly categorized. Some dinoflagellates are known to be
4240:
are more commonly found inland in freshwater, but there are marine species as well. Microscopic adult marine
4019:
3825:
2592:, plants, fungi and animals. Protists are usually single-celled, while plants, fungi and animals are usually
574:
16827:
Boeuf, Dominique; Audic, Stéphane; Brillet-Guéguen, Loraine; Caron, Christophe; Jeanthon, Christian (2015).
8945:
in the ocean, much of which cannot be effectively studied because they resist attempts at laboratory culture
6616:
1794:
of life on Earth. Viruses are still one of the largest reservoirs of unexplored genetic diversity on Earth.
1630:
have been used to compare the DNA or RNA of viruses and are a useful means of investigating how they arose.
22082:
22040:
21958:
19451:
Ugarelli, K., Chakrabarti, S., Laas, P. and Stingl, U. (2017) "The seagrass holobiont and its microbiome".
18812:
16160:
14074:
10751:
Reche, Isabel; D'Orta, Gaetano; Mladenov, Natalie; Winget, Danielle M; Suttle, Curtis A (29 January 2018).
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9548:
9181:
8761:
8183:
2965:
2406:
1552:
883:
614:
160:
120:
19055:
13981:
Devreotes P (1989). "Dictyostelium discoideum: a model system for cell-cell interactions in development".
10486:
9795:
aims at identifying the functions of as many genes as possible of a given organism. It combines different
9710:
5608:
4450:
on the carbon dioxide dissolved in the water. This process uses energy from sunlight to convert water and
1633:
Viruses are now recognised as ancient and as having origins that pre-date the divergence of life into the
22425:
21840:
18831:"An astronomically dated record of Earth's climate and its predictability over the last 66 million years"
18417:
18413:
13933:
10911:
10571:
9945:
8967:
7781:
6547:
5780:
5553:
4406:
1301:
303:
125:
18590:
17961:"Intra-host Symbiont Diversity and Extended Symbiont Maintenance in Photosymbiotic Acantharea (Clade F)"
14148:
O'Malley MA, Simpson AG, Roger AJ (2012). "The other eukaryotes in light of evolutionary protistology".
14024:
Mikhail V. Matz; Tamara M. Frank; N. Justin Marshall; Edith A. Widder; Sonke Johnsen (9 December 2008).
11896:"High frequency of a novel filamentous phage, VCY φ, within an environmental Vibrio cholerae population"
9829:
Any given omics technique, used just by itself, cannot adequately disentangle the intricacies of a host
9515:
8992:
such as nitrates and nitrites, manganese and iron oxides, oxidized sulfur compounds and carbon dioxide.
4715:
Dinoflagellates and diatoms are important components of marine algae and have their own sections below.
203:
22455:
22344:
22170:
22142:
18897:
13116:
12473:
10724:
10080:
9411:
8657:
8607:
8403:
8265:
of the ocean – that live near or on the seafloor, or within or on surface seafloor sediments. The word
7325:
6816:
6806:
5169:
4358:, usually 0.1–0.5 mm long, may look like protists but are multicellular and belong to the Animalia
3775:, a one-celled, ciliated protozoan covered by thousands of cilia. The cilia beating together allow the
3409:
2866:
665:
397:
272:
12553:
12100:
6080:
4606:
413:
22637:
21367:
20666:
20391:"Massive 'deep life' study reveals billions of tonnes of microbes living far beneath Earth's surface"
20337:"Life in deep Earth totals 15 to 23 billion tons of carbon – hundreds of times more than humans"
17623:"Evidence for the Ubiquity of Mixotrophic Bacteria in the Upper Ocean: Implications and Consequences"
17448:
17195:
17102:
Martiny, A.C.; Pham, C.T.; Primeau, F.W.; Vrugt, J.A.; Moore, J.K.; Levin, S.A.; Lomas, M.W. (2013).
14578:
Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers, J. "Dictionary of the Fungi". Edn 10. CABI, 2008
12359:"Tailed giant Tupanvirus possesses the most complete translational apparatus of the known virosphere"
9643:
9639:
9631:
9607:
7611:
6929:
Mixotrophic plankton that combine phototrophy and heterotrophy – table based on Stoecker et al., 2017
5322:
4400:
3749:
include bacteria as well as protists. The rotary motor model used by bacteria uses the protons of an
2619:
of microorganism between a prokaryote and a eukaryote was discovered in 2012 by Japanese scientists.
2232:
2117:
2029:
704:
629:
402:
105:
20336:
18191:
17756:
15216:. National Park Service, US Department of the Interior, Government of the United States. 22 May 2016
14268:"Alternative cytoskeletal landscapes: cytoskeletal novelty and evolution in basal excavate protists"
12850:
9503:
7766:
on land, transported by rivers and land runoff, windborne dust, volcanoes, or grinding by glaciers.
6432:. Mixotrophic foraminifers are particularly common in nutrient-poor oceanic waters. Some forams are
5148:, and account for half of the current global primary production, more than the terrestrial forests.
959:
are formed from microbial mats as microbes slowly move upwards to avoid being smothered by sediment.
22474:
22185:
18813:
Earth barreling toward 'Hothouse' state not seen in 50 million years, epic new climate record shows
10070:
10065:
9810:
have become useful and have been widely adopted in recent years by research scientists. The suffix
9620:
9527:
9022:, including 70% of the bacteria and archaea on Earth, totaling a biomass of 23 billion tonnes
8653:
8615:
8145:
8034:
7329:
6767:
4339:
3750:
3244:, and multicellular forms. Other marine protist are neither single-celled nor microscopic, such as
2350:
2078:
associations with the ancestors of eukaryotic cells, which were themselves possibly related to the
1783:
1564:
1367:
Sea spray containing marine microorganisms can be swept high into the atmosphere where they become
18795:
17355:
16935:"Early evolution of purple retinal pigments on Earth and implications for exoplanet biosignatures"
13036:
Lang BF, Gray MW, Burger G (1999). "Mitochondrial genome evolution and the origin of eukaryotes".
11368:"Are viruses alive? The replicator paradigm sheds decisive light on an old but misguided question"
7494:
at night sparkles with blue light due to the presence of a bioluminescent dinoflagellate, such as
2604:
22652:
22632:
22611:
22525:
22520:
22415:
22329:
22077:
21951:
17794:
15724:
14770:
Wang, Xin; Singh, Purnima; Gao, Zheng; Zhang, Xiaobo; Johnson, Zackary I.; Wang, Guangyi (2014).
10441:
10017:
9560:
9540:
9380:
9292:
9266:
9262:
9228:
9177:
9088:
9015:
8528:
7630:
7496:
6226:
5725:
5072:(self-feeding), meaning they generate their own food and do not need to consume other organisms.
2100:
1791:
650:
619:
296:
21087:
15118:
12720:"Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya"
12314:
Forterre P, Philippe H (1999). "The last universal common ancestor (LUCA), simple or complex?".
10847:
10359:
Cavicchioli, Ricardo; Ripple, William J.; Timmis, Kenneth N.; Azam, Farooq; et al. (2019).
9856:
8871:
relationships with animals. Because there is no sunlight at these depths, energy is provided by
8841:
rocks that it encounters. Vents can be characterized by temperature and chemical composition as
8354:
benthic forams and used their findings to build the most detailed climate record of Earth ever.
7734:
containing radiolarians, calcispheres, calpionellids and a few sponge spicules. The presence of
7176:
2883:
Many marine mixotrops are found among protists, particularly among ciliates and dinoflagellates
22566:
22510:
22067:
22057:
17751:
17527:"Space station image captures a red tide ciliate bloom at high spectral and spatial resolution"
17525:
Dierssen, Heidi; McManus, George B.; Chlus, Adam; Qiu, Dajun; Gao, Bo-Cai; Lin, Senjie (2015).
17444:
14483:
Lauga, Eric; Thomas R Powers (25 August 2009). "The hydrodynamics of swimming microorganisms".
14412:
14023:
13959:
12845:
10085:
9509:
8171:
Opal can contain protist microfossils of diatoms, radiolarians, silicoflagellates and ebridians
7599:
7595:
6894:
5757:
5710:
5686:
5642:
4927:. Seaweeds usually grow in shallow coastal waters where they are anchored to the seafloor by a
4800:
4277:
3981:
3233:
2621:
2593:
2546:
1005:
835:
Marine microorganisms have been variously estimated to make up about 70%, or about 90%, of the
785:
624:
497:
18612:
17278:
16829:"MicRhoDE: a curated database for the analysis of microbial rhodopsin diversity and evolution"
15527:
13551:
Whittaker, R.H.; Margulis, L. (1978). "Protist classification and the kingdoms of organisms".
9212:
9053:
In 2020 researchers reported they had found what could be the longest-living life forms ever:
8725:
7917:
4758:. Unlike higher plants, algae lack roots, stems, or leaves. They can be classified by size as
2210:
and relatives is estimated to be about 2 × 10 microbes. However, it was reported in
22556:
22500:
22405:
22180:
22113:
21124:"Advances in Chemical and Biological Methods to Identify Microorganisms—From Past to Present"
20539:
16519:"The light-driven proton pump proteorhodopsin enhances bacterial survival during tough times"
16500:
15563:
15157:
14186:"The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists"
13114:
Patrick J. Keeling (2004). "Diversity and evolutionary history of plastids and their hosts".
12062:
10090:
9593:
9094:
9081:
9076:
8959:
8884:
8483:
Reef-building corals are well-studied holobionts that include the coral itself (a eukaryotic
8041:
7789:
7704:
7204:
7170:
6698:
6115:
5779:). The ratio was originally defined by Richard Eppley and Bruce Peterson in one of the first
4318:
3049:
2825:
protists that get their food from the remains of organisms that have broken down and decayed
2354:
1413:
882:, causing disease and even death in marine plants and animals. However marine microorganisms
21824:
20051:
Suttle, Curtis A. (October 2007). "Marine viruses — major players in the global ecosystem".
17270:
16885:
15959:
12414:
Reardon, Sara (6 April 2017). "Patchwork giant viruses spark debate over the tree of life".
8634:
3591:
22642:
22462:
22175:
22072:
21396:
21310:
20812:
20757:
20608:
20597:"Marine T4-type bacteriophages, a ubiquitous component of the dark matter of the biosphere"
20548:
20427:
20285:
20224:
20178:
20115:
20001:
19848:
19804:
19633:
19581:
19338:
18981:
18842:
18544:
18456:
18367:
18034:
17905:
17864:
17806:
17743:
17691:
17634:
17538:
17499:
17381:
17323:
17160:
17115:
17104:"Strong latitudinal patterns in the elemental ratios of marine plankton and organic matter"
17060:
17007:
16956:
16793:
16697:
16643:
16584:
16451:
16320:
16277:
16247:
16189:
15858:
15763:
15674:
15594:
15398:
15320:
15265:
15064:
14945:
14783:
14636:
14545:
14502:
14439:
14334:
14100:
14040:
13990:
13840:"The extent of protist diversity: insights from molecular ecology of freshwater eukaryotes"
13804:
13607:
13560:
13374:
13226:
13080:
12943:
12790:
12731:
12674:
12568:
12370:
12020:
11964:
11907:
11799:
11694:
11643:
11114:
11041:
10980:
10884:
10764:
10600:
10522:
10292:
10132:
9965:
9884:
9691:
9672:
9659:
9288:
7881:
7759:
7137:
4490:
cycles. They stabilize coastal areas and can provide habitats for marine animals. The term
4479:
3695:
3441:
3313:
2767:
protists that get their food consuming other organisms (bacteria, archaea and small algae)
2584:
2398:
2287:
2167:
2066:
1703:
1596:
1357:
1001:
966:
844:
781:
554:
318:
95:
19188:
18268:
17738:. Iron Resources and Oceanic Nutrients – Advancement of Global Environmental Simulations.
14934:"Seaweed resistance to microbial attack: A targeted chemical defense against marine fungi"
13492:
13269:"The largest Bacterium: Scientist discovers new bacterial life form off the African coast"
12199:
Prangishvili D, Forterre P, Garrett RA (2006). "Viruses of the Archaea: a unifying view".
9042:
as their regular food source. This discovery occurred in the oldest known water on Earth.
7772:
account for the other 55% of the total sediment, and originate in the skeletal remains of
5064:
are the plant-like components of the plankton community ("phyto" comes from the Greek for
4890:
4387:
Composite image showing the global distribution of photosynthesis, including both oceanic
3509:
2607:
superphylum. This theory is a modern version of a scenario originally proposed in 1984 as
1723:
families of myoviruses, podoviruses, and siphoviruses. Phages belonging to the families:
1336:
Microscopic life undersea is diverse and still poorly understood, such as for the role of
8:
22278:
20236:
18379:
18047:
18022:
12931:
12244:"Exceptionally diverse morphotypes and genomes of crenarchaeal hyperthermophilic viruses"
11737:
10814:
10568:
Marine microbial diversity and its role in ecosystem functioning and environmental change
9888:
9838:
9792:
9752:
9564:
9556:
9392:
9362:
9345:
9270:
9058:
8903:
8880:
8695:
8649:
7392:. Others predate other protozoa, and a few forms are parasitic. Many dinoflagellates are
6990:
5838:
5741:
release nitrogen and phosphorus as they remineralize. This ratio has become known as the
5660:
5650:
4114:
4091:
3923:
3872:
3795:
3675:
3598:
2198:
2188:
2083:
1891:
1864:
1634:
1456:
1045:
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in marine ecosystems has barely been explored even in the beginning of the 21st century.
825:
638:
559:
477:
130:
16:
Any life form too small for the naked human eye to see that lives in a marine environment
21874:
The Marine Microbiome: An Untapped Source of Biodiversity and Biotechnological Potential
21400:
21314:
20816:
20761:
20612:
20552:
20431:
20289:
20228:
20182:
20119:
20005:
19852:
19808:
19637:
19585:
19342:
18985:
18846:
18613:
Grethe R. Hasle; Erik E. Syvertsen; Karen A. Steidinger; Karl Tangen (25 January 1996).
18548:
18460:
18371:
18038:
17909:
17868:
17810:
17747:
17695:
17638:
17542:
17503:
17385:
17327:
17164:
17119:
17064:
17011:
16960:
16797:
16701:
16647:
16588:
16455:
16324:
16281:
16193:
16002:
15862:
15767:
15678:
15598:
15402:
15324:
15269:
15068:
14949:
14787:
14640:
14549:
14514:
14506:
14443:
14338:
14104:
14044:
13994:
13808:
13795:
Corliss JO (1992). "Should there be a separate code of nomenclature for the protists?".
13611:
13564:
13378:
13230:
13084:
12947:
12794:
12735:
12678:
12572:
12374:
12024:
11968:
11911:
11803:
11698:
11647:
11118:
11105:
Armbrust, E.V.; Palumbi, S.R. (2015). "Uncovering hidden worlds of ocean biodiversity".
11045:
10984:
10940:
10888:
10768:
10604:
10526:
10296:
8243:
Archaea rock – this deep ocean rock harboured worms that consumed methane-eating archaea
4878:
2227:, has been discovered and "it probably really is the commonest organism on the planet".
1392:
22515:
22479:
22467:
22314:
22200:
22130:
22118:
22108:
22062:
21474:
21439:
21420:
21150:
21123:
20937:
20910:
20835:
20800:
20781:
20727:
20639:
20596:
20569:
20535:"Aerobic microbial life persists in oxic marine sediment as old as 101.5 million years"
20534:
20443:
20317:
20275:
20146:
20103:
20084:
20033:
19969:
19934:
19910:
19883:
19777:
19554:
19369:
19326:
19117:
19083:"Host Biology in Light of the Microbiome: Ten Principles of Holobionts and Hologenomes"
19082:
19004:
18969:
18878:
18747:
18720:
18567:
18532:
18477:
18440:
18391:
18174:
18170:
17995:
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17936:
17893:
17830:
17715:
17655:
17622:
17561:
17526:
17228:
17176:
17131:
17084:
16980:
16946:
16861:
16828:
16721:
16656:
16631:
16607:
16572:
16545:
16518:
16415:
16388:
16344:
16052:
15882:
15786:
15743:
15628:
15610:
15511:
Changes in oxygen concentrations in our ocean can disrupt fundamental biological cycles
15422:
15344:
15180:
15087:
15052:
14914:
14856:
14806:
14771:
14657:
14624:
14605:
14561:
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14492:
14460:
14427:
14350:
14292:
14267:
14218:
14165:
14066:
13864:
13839:
13682:
13657:
13628:
13595:
13400:
13250:
13190:"Flea market: A newly discovered virus may be the most abundant organism on the planet"
13141:
13018:
12975:
12638:
12613:
12594:
12529:
12504:
12435:
12391:
12358:
12331:
12274:
12224:
12176:
12149:
12125:
12044:
11987:
11952:
11928:
11895:
11871:
11844:
11820:
11787:
11768:
11738:"Re-examination of the relationship between marine virus and microbial cell abundances"
11718:
11667:
11559:
11532:
11480:
11455:
11392:
11367:
11278:
11251:
11227:
11200:
11181:
11138:
11003:
10968:
10785:
10752:
10729:
10690:
10624:
10546:
10385:
10360:
10315:
10280:
10100:
10037:
9961:
9588:
9284:
9070:
8789:
8548:
8379:
8059:
7769:
7756:
Sediments at the bottom of the ocean have two main origins, terrigenous and biogenous.
6954:
5761:
5737:
5480:
5141:
5030:
4928:
4857:
4813:
4633:
4629:
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4431:
4269:
4000:
3944:
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2265:
1943:
1876:
1845:
1541:
1127:
977:
643:
579:
461:
148:
100:
80:
21035:
21010:
20986:
20961:
19676:
18126:"A checklist and classification of living dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata, Alveolata)"
17959:
Mars Brisbin, Margaret; Grossmann, Mary M.; Mesrop, Lisa Y.; Mitarai, Satoshi (2018).
17511:
15686:
15288:
15253:
14976:
14933:
14796:
14451:
14185:
13907:
13772:
13747:
13707:"The origin of the animals and a 'Savannah' hypothesis for early bilaterian evolution"
13444:
13419:
13092:
12907:
12882:
12695:
12662:
11317:
9874:
8851:
which emit milky coloured water at warmer temperatures, about 200-330 °C, and as
7011:
by Mitra et al., 2016. Phytoplankton that eat: photosynthetic protists with inherited
4734:
made up from long chains of cells, or are highly differentiated macroscopic seaweeds.
3909:. Lichens are mutualistic associations between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium.
1840:, typically about 1000 nanometers (one micron) in length. All giant viruses belongto
22440:
22390:
22283:
22222:
22190:
22152:
22135:
21929:
21913:
21894:
21878:
21862:
21846:
21830:
21814:
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21479:
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21338:
21155:
21040:
20991:
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20840:
20773:
20719:
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20644:
20626:
20574:
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20309:
20301:
20248:
20240:
20194:
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20133:
20076:
20068:
20025:
20017:
19974:
19956:
19915:
19864:
19820:
19769:
19659:
19597:
19593:
19546:
19374:
19356:
19232:
19224:
19122:
19104:
19061:
19009:
18882:
18870:
18779:
18752:
18721:"A voltage-gated H+ channel underlying pH homeostasis in calcifying coccolithophores"
18672:
18622:
18596:
18572:
18482:
18383:
18340:
18336:
18303:
18280:
18272:
18220:
18106:
18052:
18000:
17982:
17941:
17923:
17822:
17707:
17660:
17566:
17470:
17425:
17397:
17290:
17271:
17220:
17076:
17030:
16984:
16972:
16891:
16866:
16848:
16809:
16713:
16669:
16661:
16612:
16573:"Microbial rhodopsins are major contributors to the solar energy captured in the sea"
16550:
16483:
16420:
16336:
16293:
16266:"Primary production of the biosphere: Integrating terrestrial and oceanic components"
16141:
16118:
16044:
16040:
15975:
15965:
15938:
15904:
15874:
15870:
15814:
15791:
15690:
15535:
15487:
15466:
15414:
15369:
15336:
15293:
15114:
15092:
15033:
15025:
14981:
14963:
14906:
14898:
14846:
14811:
14743:
14662:
14465:
14373:
14297:
14243:
14210:
14205:
14132:
14058:
14006:
13911:
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13777:
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13576:
13572:
13533:
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13392:
13328:
13242:
13133:
13096:
13053:
13010:
12967:
12959:
12912:
12863:
12818:
12813:
12778:
12759:
12754:
12719:
12700:
12643:
12598:
12586:
12534:
12427:
12396:
12339:
12266:
12216:
12181:
12130:
12036:
11992:
11933:
11876:
11825:
11760:
11710:
11659:
11613:
11608:
11583:
11564:
11508:
11485:
11436:
11397:
11321:
11283:
11232:
11173:
11130:
11059:
11008:
10875:
10790:
10682:
10616:
10575:
10538:
10422:
10390:
10320:
10256:
10212:
10180:
10176:
10095:
9928:
9904:
9740:
9699:
9611:
9583:
9407:
9254:
8997:
8989:
8876:
8833:
8785:
8582:
8200:
8008:
of a planktic foraminiferan. There are about 10,000 living species of foraminiferans
7949:
7039:
6878:
6638:
6059:
5794:
are the animal component of the planktonic community ("zoo" comes from the Greek for
5772:
5690:
5580:
4662:
3996:
3370:
2941:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2551:
2520:
2370:
2342:
2283:
1979:
1908:
1826:
1787:
1646:
1627:
1572:
1568:
1396:
1037:
847:
of almost all chemical elements. Microorganisms are crucial to nutrient recycling in
840:
817:
759:
691:
584:
365:
291:
70:
20785:
20731:
20321:
19781:
18323:
Hastings JW (1996). "Chemistries and colors of bioluminescent reactions: a review".
18178:
17719:
17180:
17088:
15886:
15614:
15526:
Walsh PJ, Smith S, Fleming L, Solo-Gabriele H, Gerwick WH, eds. (2 September 2011).
15348:
15213:
14918:
14860:
14734:. Marine and Freshwater Botany. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter (published August 2012).
14698:
14681:
14609:
14565:
14354:
14169:
13145:
13022:
12979:
12686:
12439:
12278:
12243:
11772:
11185:
11142:
10819:
10011:
Marine microorganisms known as cyanobacteria first emerged in the oceans during the
9950:
8936:
7762:
account for about 45% of the total marine sediment, and originate in the erosion of
6534:
4536:
4232:, is unicellular in its adult form, and includes marine species. Other adult marine
2236:, can be visible to the naked eye and sometimes attains 0.75 mm (750 μm).
1403:
marine microbes have been found at a depth of 10,900 m (35,800 ft) in the
1232:
1168:
22410:
22334:
22268:
22123:
21787:
21762:
21724:
21698:
21673:
21648:
21623:
21598:
21563:
21538:
21505:
21469:
21459:
21451:
21424:
21404:
21328:
21318:
21270:
21242:
21217:
21191:
21145:
21135:
21095:
21030:
21026:
21022:
20981:
20973:
20932:
20922:
20874:
20830:
20820:
20765:
20703:
20634:
20616:
20564:
20556:
20435:
20293:
20232:
20186:
20141:
20123:
20088:
20060:
20037:
20009:
19964:
19946:
19905:
19895:
19856:
19812:
19761:
19735:
19700:
19649:
19641:
19589:
19536:
19496:
19460:
19425:
19400:
19364:
19346:
19308:
19283:
19258:
19214:
19184:
19149:
19112:
19094:
19027:
18999:
18989:
18860:
18850:
18742:
18732:
18702:
18662:
18562:
18552:
18513:
18472:
18464:
18395:
18375:
18332:
18264:
18212:
18192:
Suggested Explanation for Glowing Seas--Including Currently Glowing California Seas
18166:
18137:
18096:
18086:
18042:
17990:
17972:
17931:
17913:
17872:
17834:
17814:
17761:
17699:
17650:
17642:
17586:"Beware the mixotrophs – they can destroy entire ecosystems 'in a matter of hours'"
17556:
17546:
17507:
17389:
17331:
17282:
17232:
17210:
17168:
17151:
17135:
17123:
17068:
16964:
16856:
16840:
16801:
16725:
16705:
16651:
16602:
16592:
16540:
16530:
16459:
16410:
16400:
16348:
16328:
16285:
16207:
16197:
16056:
16036:
15866:
15781:
15771:
15682:
15636:
15602:
15426:
15406:
15328:
15283:
15273:
15082:
15072:
15015:
14971:
14953:
14890:
14838:
14801:
14791:
14735:
14693:
14652:
14644:
14597:
14553:
14522:
14510:
14455:
14447:
14342:
14287:
14279:
14222:
14200:
14157:
14108:
14070:
14048:
13998:
13903:
13859:
13851:
13812:
13767:
13763:
13759:
13718:
13677:
13669:
13623:
13615:
13568:
13525:
13439:
13431:
13404:
13382:
13345:
13318:
13254:
13234:
13125:
13088:
13049:
13045:
13002:
12951:
12902:
12898:
12894:
12855:
12808:
12798:
12749:
12739:
12690:
12682:
12633:
12625:
12576:
12524:
12516:
12485:
12419:
12386:
12378:
12323:
12258:
12228:
12208:
12171:
12161:
12120:
12112:
12048:
12028:
11982:
11972:
11923:
11915:
11866:
11856:
11815:
11807:
11752:
11722:
11702:
11671:
11651:
11603:
11595:
11554:
11544:
11475:
11467:
11432:
11428:
11387:
11379:
11313:
11273:
11263:
11222:
11212:
11165:
11122:
11049:
11032:
10998:
10988:
10892:
10780:
10772:
10694:
10674:
10628:
10608:
10550:
10530:
10380:
10372:
10310:
10300:
10246:
9375:
9054:
8534:
8067:
7797:
7743:
7614:, the main enzyme involved in the luminescence. The luminescence, sometimes called
7407:
7401:
7388:
of marine animals and other protists, and play an important part in the biology of
7151:
7102:
Protists that retain chloroplasts and rarely other organelles from many algal taxa
6957:
6949:
6384:
5187:
5137:
5121:
5022:
4993:
4908:
4818:
4731:
4602:
4459:
and food that provide other organisms with the chemical energy they need to exist.
4411:
4065:
4023:
4012:
3533:
3529:
3292:
3241:
2918:
2279:
2212:
2037:
1952:
1939:
1501:
887:
286:
245:
21901:
21140:
20769:
20439:
19464:
16805:
16709:
16178:"Satellite-detected fluorescence reveals global physiology of ocean phytoplankton"
13435:
11599:
9383:
alignment and comparison between the two species of marine bacteria pictured above
8520:
8424:
and the many other species living in or around it, which together form a discrete
7718:
5833:. Macroscopic zooplankton (not generally covered in this article) include pelagic
4776:
are the microscopic types of algae, not visible to the naked eye. They are mostly
2839:
form labyrinthine networks of tubes in which amoeba without pseudopods can travel
1391:
microorganisms — which includes bacteria and archaea, but not the nucleated
213:
22435:
22319:
22273:
22165:
21323:
21298:
20927:
20395:
20128:
19860:
19099:
18737:
18614:
18557:
18216:
18142:
18125:
18091:
18074:
17765:
17419:
16535:
16332:
16289:
15606:
15363:
15077:
14830:
14714:
14237:
11977:
11549:
10936:
10442:"Functions of global ocean microbiome key to understanding environmental changes"
9973:
9683:
9307:. The lack of easily accessible morphological features, such as those present in
8596:
8590:
8477:
8425:
8279:
8271:
8013:
7944:
7484:
6970:
5576:
5560:
5516:
5493:
5204:
5049:
4997:
4987:
4747:
4645:
4544:
4373:(water bears), about 0.5 mm long, are among the most resilient animals known
4148:
3816:
3727:
2638:
2539:
2390:
1983:
1763:
1429:
1349:
609:
507:
466:
456:
349:
115:
110:
85:
21542:
21099:
19935:"Is the genetic landscape of the deep subsurface biosphere affected by viruses?"
19884:"Is the Genetic Landscape of the Deep Subsurface Biosphere Affected by Viruses?"
18706:
14095:. The Geology, Geochemistry, and Biology of Submarine Canyons West of Portugal.
12993:
Poole AM, Penny D (2007). "Evaluating hypotheses for the origin of eukaryotes".
11383:
9883:
As an example of how omics data can be used with marine phytoplankton to inform
8226:
7788:
for the silica deposits of radiolarian shells brought to the surface during the
6642:
produce deep red blooms using enslaved chloroplasts from their algal prey
5457:
5033:
classification. They are a crucial source of food for many marine animals, from
1524:, which surrounds and protects the genetic material; and in some cases (iii) an
22551:
22546:
22505:
22430:
22309:
22244:
22205:
22195:
21738:
21577:
21438:
Cain AK, Barquist L, Goodman AL, Paulsen IT, Parkhill J, van Opijnen T (2020).
21353:
21284:
21274:
21170:
21109:
20891:
20560:
19714:
19510:
19474:
19439:
19351:
19163:
19041:
18693:
17103:
15238:
14729:
14601:
14428:"Torque and switching in the bacterial flagellar motor. An electrostatic model"
14112:
12859:
12783:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
12724:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
12382:
12116:
11756:
10973:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
10753:"Deposition rates of viruses and bacteria above the atmospheric boundary layer"
10491:
10405:
10105:
9842:
9720:
9403:
9250:
9235:
9004:
8985:
8973:
8955:
8951:
8872:
8837:
8627:
8495:
8492:
8455:
8421:
8389:
8363:
8342:
8107:
8005:
7923:
7842:
7800:
containing at least 30 per cent from the skeletal remains of marine organisms.
7763:
7751:
7673:
7657:
7580:
7569:
7373:
7334:
7163:
6513:
6491:
6441:
6429:
6336:
6222:
6128:
6011:
5933:
5929:
5826:
5742:
5357:
5343:
5113:
5041:. Plankton can be divided into a plant-like component and an animal component.
4705:
4520:
4451:
4447:
4439:
3989:
3525:
3521:
3297:
3065:
2742:
2612:
2496:
2433:
2429:
2402:
2357:. Other aspects of archaeal biochemistry are unique, such as their reliance on
2053:
The ancestors of modern bacteria were unicellular microorganisms that were the
1525:
1460:
1442:
1404:
1068:
983:
941:
856:
747:
739:
569:
549:
517:
422:
354:
264:
250:
75:
60:
21888:
21455:
21408:
20707:
20190:
19500:
19429:
19262:
19153:
18667:
18650:
18468:
17703:
17336:
17311:
17215:
16968:
16844:
16464:
16439:
16083:
14894:
14842:
14772:"Distribution and Diversity of Planktonic Fungi in the West Pacific Warm Pool"
14623:
Le Calvez T, Burgaud G, Mahé S, Barbier G, Vandenkoornhuyse P (October 2009).
14557:
14283:
14161:
14053:
13619:
12836:
DeLong EF, Pace NR (2001). "Environmental diversity of bacteria and archaea".
12423:
10776:
10376:
10251:
10234:
9984:
liberates greenhouse gases in a small fraction of that time. As a result, the
9447:
9431:
8677:
8090:
Calcareous microfossils from marine sediment consisting mainly of star-shaped
6305:
6293:
6162:
6150:
4202:
4190:
4178:
3184:
3172:
3160:
2562:
1395:— may be as much as 0.8 trillion tons of carbon (of the total biosphere
22626:
22450:
22395:
22359:
22217:
22010:
22000:
21982:
21974:
21567:
21258:
21074:
20715:
20630:
20483:
Strange life-forms found deep in a mine point to vast 'underground Galapagos'
20305:
20244:
20212:
20198:
20137:
20072:
20021:
19960:
19951:
19900:
19868:
19824:
19550:
19404:
19360:
19228:
19108:
19031:
18517:
18276:
17986:
17977:
17927:
17393:
17372:
Varea, C.; Aragon, J.L.; Barrio, R.A. (1999). "Turing patterns on a sphere".
17051:
Arrigo, Kevin R. (2005). "Marine microorganisms and global nutrient cycles".
16976:
16852:
16665:
16405:
15979:
15029:
14967:
14902:
13292:
List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature – Genus Thiomargarita
13194:
12963:
12431:
11156:
Azam, F.; Malfatti, F. (2007). "Microbial structuring of marine ecosystems".
10482:
10216:
10142:
10051:
9900:
9815:
9744:
9304:
9258:
9169:
9137:
8864:
8813:
8611:
8499:
8413:
8338:
8256:
8144:
Marble can contain protist microfossils of foraminiferans, coccolithophores,
7977:
7847:
7735:
7270:
7000:
6984:
6890:
6664:
6554:
6538:
6204:
5993:
5925:
5814:
5799:
5746:
5697:
5313:
5263:
5221:
5061:
5026:
4920:
4866:
4781:
4751:
4739:
4658:
4649:, discovered in 1986, forms today an important part of the base of the ocean
4625:
4617:
4610:
4598:
4530:. Cyanobacteria were the first organisms to release oxygen via photosynthesis
4527:
4463:
4388:
4325:, 0.06-3.0 mm long, a worm-like animal living between sediment particles
4273:
4099:
4080:
4038:
4008:
3710:
3608:
3553:
3338:
3318:
3135:
3120:
3116:
3093:
2786:
2781:
2771:
2480:
2394:
2362:
2333:
2290:
2217:
2171:
2163:
2133:
2091:
2087:
2071:
2018:
1959:
1926:
1707:
1691:
1683:
1480:
1408:
1341:
987:
956:
933:
836:
777:
735:
522:
376:
308:
221:
21702:
21677:
21652:
21602:
21366:
Giuliano, Laura; Barbier, Michele; Briand, Frederic, eds. (September 2010).
21221:
20825:
20621:
20365:"Scientists Reveal a Massive Biosphere of Life Hidden Under Earth's Surface"
20266:
Goldenfeld, Nigel; Woese, Carl (January 2007). "Biology's next revolution".
19704:
19645:
18994:
18855:
18830:
17918:
17551:
17312:"Zooplankton grazing and growth: Scaling within the 2-2,-μm body size range"
17034:
16265:
15776:
15332:
15278:
14958:
14002:
13596:"Mixotrophic protists display contrasted biogeographies in the global ocean"
13529:
13323:
13306:
12955:
12803:
12744:
12581:
12554:"Giant viruses with an expanded complement of translation system components"
12082:"Never-Before-Seen Viruses With Weird DNA Were Just Discovered in The Ocean"
11861:
11126:
10993:
10305:
9186:
8699:, the most abundant bacteria in the ocean, plays a major role in the global
5678:
3659:
2944:. Since protists are eukaryotes they possess within their cell at least one
2252:
living in harsh environments, such as the yellow archaea pictured here in a
1895:, the most abundant bacteria in the ocean, plays a major role in the global
1594:
Multiple phages attached to a bacterial cell wall at 200,000x magnification
950:
22561:
22288:
22049:
21509:
21483:
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20946:
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20777:
20723:
20648:
20578:
20313:
20252:
20155:
20080:
20029:
19978:
19919:
19773:
19663:
19601:
19378:
19236:
19126:
19013:
18921:
18898:"Soil beneath ocean found to harbor long lived bacteria, fungi and viruses"
18874:
18756:
18719:
Taylor, A.R.; Chrachri, A.; Wheeler, G.; Goddard, H.; Brownlee, C. (2011).
18676:
18576:
18486:
18387:
18110:
18056:
18004:
17945:
17826:
17711:
17664:
17570:
17401:
17224:
17080:
16870:
16813:
16717:
16673:
16616:
16597:
16554:
16424:
16340:
16264:
Field, C. B.; Behrenfeld, M. J.; Randerson, J. T.; Falwoski, P. G. (1998).
16230:
16122:
16048:
15878:
15795:
15694:
15418:
15340:
15297:
15096:
15037:
14985:
14910:
14815:
14666:
14301:
14214:
14062:
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13873:
13855:
13732:
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13673:
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13332:
13290:
13246:
13137:
13129:
13100:
13057:
13014:
12971:
12867:
12704:
12647:
12590:
12538:
12400:
12343:
12270:
12220:
12185:
12166:
12134:
12040:
11996:
11937:
11880:
11829:
11764:
11663:
11617:
11568:
11489:
11440:
11401:
11325:
11287:
11268:
11236:
11177:
11134:
11063:
11012:
10794:
10686:
10620:
10542:
10394:
10324:
10260:
9992:
levels will continue to rise as long as fossil fuels continue to be burnt.
9985:
9846:
9834:
9779:
9748:
9728:
9687:
9569:
9173:
8942:
8868:
8853:
8847:
8781:
8777:
8757:
8700:
8576:
8504:
8484:
8334:
8262:
8252:
8111:
7747:
7588:
7565:
7554:
Traditionally dinoflagellates have been presented as armoured or unarmoured
7456:
7385:
7354:
7197:
7193:
7180:
7074:
6911:
6907:
6836:
6832:
6824:
6433:
6421:
6409:
6214:
5945:
5854:
5818:
5721:
5682:
5655:
Phototrophic metabolism relies on one of three energy-converting pigments:
5133:
5085:
5018:
5001:
4808:
4793:
4780:
species which exist as individuals or in chains or groups, though some are
4716:
4701:
4685:
4483:
4383:
4102:. Several lichens are found in marine environments. Many more occur in the
4072:
4034:
3977:
3967:
3954:
3940:
3936:
3928:
3342:
3276:
3271:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2655:
2626:
2466:, found in water nearly saturated with salt, are now recognised as archaea.
2463:
2425:
2325:
2298:
2249:
2075:
2062:
2014:
1896:
1759:
1737:
1725:
1711:
1666:
1612:
1368:
1345:
927:
743:
564:
512:
502:
442:
338:
313:
240:
235:
90:
27:
21372:. Microbial Biotechnology, Vol. 3, n°5. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 489–621.
21246:
21044:
20995:
20962:"The winds of (evolutionary) change: breathing new life into microbiology"
19287:
18344:
18284:
18073:
Mitra, A; Flynn, KJ; Tillmann, U; Raven, J; Caron, D; et al. (2016).
17780:"Welcome to the Phaeocystis antarctica genome sequencing project homepage"
16297:
16202:
16177:
15389:
Janet Fang (6 April 2010). "Animals thrive without oxygen at sea bottom".
15020:
15003:
14739:
14469:
14010:
13824:
13781:
13453:
12916:
12822:
12763:
12629:
11811:
11714:
10665:
Suttle CA (2007). "Marine viruses—major players in the global ecosystem".
10566:
Glöckner, F.O., Gasol, J.M., McDonough, N., Calewaert, J.B. et al. (2012)
8019:
6194:
5983:
3638:
3487:
2244:
22593:
22354:
22210:
21766:
20671:
20341:
20102:
Anderson, Rika E.; Sogin, Mitchell L.; Baross, John A. (3 October 2014).
18865:
18533:"The Iceman's lithic toolkit: Raw material, technology, typology and use"
17646:
17310:
Hansen, Per Juel; Bjørnsen, Peter Koefoed; Hansen, Benni Winding (1997).
15633:"Understand the evolutionary mechanisms and environmental limits of life"
14679:
14648:
13580:
11919:
11471:
11303:
10915:
10851:
10147:
10060:
10012:
9981:
9485:
9321:
9099:
8751:
8716:
8603:
8316:
8275:
8248:
8128:
7911:
7903:
7896:
7607:
7603:
7602:
because of these dinoflagellates. Bioluminescent dinoflagellates possess
7424:
7393:
7381:
7358:
7083:
7067:
7060:
7053:
7046:
6977:
6899:
6885:
6863:
6855:
6828:
6819:, instead of having a single trophic mode on the continuum from complete
6778:
6773:
6743:
6607:
6437:
6413:
6258:
6055:
6002:
5921:
5822:
5791:
5668:
5656:
5595:
5421:
5129:
5125:
5081:
5069:
5034:
5005:
4804:
4777:
4743:
4727:
4697:
4689:
4680:
is an informal term for a widespread and diverse group of photosynthetic
4666:
4561:
4487:
4423:
4322:
4281:
4233:
4210:
As juveniles, animals develop from microscopic stages, which can include
4144:
4128:
4103:
4016:
3906:
3832:
3737:
3732:
3648:
3557:
3549:
3537:
3515:
3383:
3375:
3361:
3237:
3033:
2937:
2859:
2855:
2810:
2777:
2764:
2734:
2724:
2615:
were the closest known archaeal relatives of eukaryotes then. A possible
2515:
2386:
2358:
2294:
2159:
2155:
2136:
2095:
2054:
2006:
1956:
1931:
1833:
1776:
1755:
1537:
1363:
1322:
660:
655:
604:
544:
536:
447:
226:
42:
21627:
21464:
21333:
21195:
20064:
20013:
19765:
19654:
18101:
17072:
14831:"Diversity and biogeochemical function of planktonic fungi in the ocean"
14239:
Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth
13238:
12489:
12212:
12032:
11655:
11169:
10678:
10612:
10534:
9766:
8770:
6103:
4719:
are a phylum of unicellular flagellates with only a few marine members.
2986:
are a major algae group generating about 20% of world oxygen production.
1544:. The average virion is about one one-hundredth the size of the average
22445:
22324:
22232:
22227:
22015:
21384:
20462:"World's Oldest Groundwater Supports Life Through Water-Rock Chemistry"
19558:
18803:, Carleton College. Modified 23 July 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
17877:
16440:"Bio-manufacturing technology based on diatom micro- and nanostructure"
13420:"Walsby's square bacterium: fine structure of an orthogonal procaryote"
13006:
12934:(9 April 2004). "Ancient Invasions: From Endosymbionts to Organelles".
12335:
12262:
11372:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences
9921:"Reading the Book of Life–Omics as a Universal Tool Across Disciplines"
9908:
9850:
9830:
9819:
9775:
9655:
9544:
9497:
9366:, a bacterium which grows inside Arctic sea ice at subzero temperatures
9316:
9246:
9104:
8916:
8907:
8845:
which release clear relatively cool water usually below 30 °C, as
8448:
8326:
8091:
7983:
7727:
7542:
7389:
7377:
7299:
7256:
7189:
7144:
7130:
7115:
7032:
6963:
6919:
6871:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6820:
6673:
6496:
6246:
5974:
5917:
5858:
4916:
4862:
4773:
4766:
4760:
4650:
4435:
4427:
4419:
4392:
4370:
4304:
4265:
4253:
4241:
4095:
4076:
4046:
4042:
3971:
3847:
3771:
3746:
3679:
3620:
3481:
3425:
3387:
3357:
3019:
2922:
2878:
2822:
2798:
2647:
2576:
2558:
2253:
2140:
1975:
1963:
1903:
1855:
1850:
1818:
1731:
1679:
1468:
1418:
1400:
1388:
1314:
1227:
1192:
1080:
1060:
991:
868:
852:
370:
281:
21737:
Modified text was copied from this source, which is available under a
21728:
21576:
Modified text was copied from this source, which is available under a
21352:
Modified text was copied from this source, which is available under a
21283:
Modified text was copied from this source, which is available under a
21169:
Modified text was copied from this source, which is available under a
21108:
Modified text was copied from this source, which is available under a
20890:
Modified text was copied from this source, which is available under a
20879:
20862:
20280:
19816:
19739:
19713:
Modified text was copied from this source, which is available under a
19509:
Modified text was copied from this source, which is available under a
19473:
Modified text was copied from this source, which is available under a
19438:
Modified text was copied from this source, which is available under a
19327:"Coral-associated bacteria demonstrate phylosymbiosis and cophylogeny"
19219:
19202:
19162:
Modified text was copied from this source, which is available under a
19040:
Modified text was copied from this source, which is available under a
18917:"The oldest living organisms: ancient survivors with a fragile future"
15311:
Yuan X, Xiao S (2005). "Lichen-Like Symbiosis 600 Million Years Ago".
14394:
14370:
Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 3rd Edition, revised
14346:
13889:"The molecular ecology of microbial eukaryotes unveils a hidden world"
13723:
13706:
12520:
12105:
NCBI Taxonomy: A Comprehensive Update on Curation, Resources and Tools
12063:"Scientists Find New Type of Virus in World's Oceans: Autolykiviridae"
10404:
Modified text was copied from this source, which is available under a
10045:
9814:
can provide an easy shorthand to encapsulate a field; for example, an
9731:
is providing especially valuable information for uncultivable samples.
9355:
8429:
8274:, coral reefs and kelp forests provide particularly rich habitats. In
7530:
6185:
5635:(2) it changes its configuration so a proton is expelled from the cell
5084:
of phytoplankton algae can occur in surface waters. Phytoplankton are
4738:, a (disputed) phylum contains about 7,000 recognised species, mostly
4636:
which redirected the evolution of the major animal and plant species.
3913:
3573:
1924:
Electron micrograph showing a species of the widespread cyanobacteria
21:
22420:
22237:
21938:
21791:
18358:
Haddock SH, Moline MA, Case JF (2009). "Bioluminescence in the sea".
17818:
17286:
17172:
17127:
16212:
15744:"Present and future global distributions of the marine Cyanobacteria
14588:
Hyde, K.D.; E.B.J. Jones (1989). "Spore attachment in marine fungi".
14535:
13594:
Faure E, Not F, Benoiston AS, Labadie K, Bittner L, Ayata SD (2019).
13071:
McFadden GI (1999). "Endosymbiosis and evolution of the plant cell".
11706:
11454:
Sanjuán R, Nebot MR, Chirico N, Mansky LM, Belshaw R (October 2010).
11217:
10896:
9783:
9598:
9280:
9019:
8977:
8895:
8459:
8452:
8407:
8299:
8149:
8063:
8025:
8002:
7964:
7960:
7653:
7572:
7561:
7491:
7232:
6867:
6859:
6812:
6591:
6417:
6397:
6388:
6365:
5953:
5909:
5893:
5846:
5834:
5806:
5701:
5672:
5637:(3) the chemical potential causes the proton to flow back to the cell
5520:
5497:
5349:
5253:
5093:
4799:
Unicellular organisms are usually microscopic. There are exceptions.
4735:
4693:
4566:
4415:
4249:
4237:
4132:
4110:
3993:
3918:
3779:
to propel through the water at speeds of 500 micrometers per second.
3502:
3494:
3421:
3379:
3139:
3079:
2949:
2836:
2816:
2758:
2730:
2709:
2651:
2580:
2337:. Despite this morphological similarity to bacteria, archaea possess
2317:
2302:
2033:
2021:
2010:
1991:
1987:
1913:
1807:
1556:
1545:
1384:
1377:
1084:
1056:
872:
848:
773:
21088:"Phytoplankton Responses to Marine Climate Change – An Introduction"
20661:
20297:
19541:
19524:
19200:
16438:
Zhang, D.; Wang, Y.; Cai, J.; Pan, J.; Jiang, X.; Jiang, Y. (2012).
16386:
15410:
13387:
13362:
12327:
11416:
11054:
11027:
10361:"Scientists' warning to humanity: Microorganisms and climate change"
9197:
Actual volumes from which organisms are sampled are always recorded.
8480:
over whether holobionts can be viewed as single evolutionary units.
7311:
4264:
are also too small to be recognised with the naked eye, as are many
2420:
Archaea are particularly numerous in the oceans, and the archaea in
2369:. Archaea use more energy sources than eukaryotes: these range from
22530:
22092:
22087:
22025:
21995:
21906:
Ohtsuka S, Suzaki T, Horiguchi T, Suzuki N and Not F (Eds.) (2015)
20977:
19312:
18207:
Boltovskoy, Demetrio; Anderson, O. Roger; Correa, Nancy M. (2017).
17469:. Vol. 11. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 22.
16951:
16175:
15492:(electronic ed.). International Association for Plant Taxonomy
12292:
11735:
10945:
9892:
9823:
9771:
9234:
High volumes of plankton samples can also be analysed rapidly with
9062:
8488:
8466:
8358:
8153:
8071:
7887:
7689:
7648:
7576:
7366:
7362:
7185:
5913:
5905:
5850:
5776:
5769:
5405:
Silicified frustule of a pennate diatom with two overlapping halves
5386:
5376:
5363:
5244:
5145:
5117:
5077:
5010:
4960:
4948:
4943:
4841:
4257:
4226:
4223:
4120:
4061:
4057:
3985:
3963:
3856:
3474:
3437:
3424:. Cells which use flagella for movement are usually referred to as
3413:
3003:
2421:
2382:
2366:
2313:
2309:
2220:
2203:
1948:
1699:
1513:
1484:
1464:
1452:
1332:
Under a magnifier, a splash of seawater teems with microscopic life
1076:
1064:
1025:
1009:
994:
879:
864:
797:
789:
765:
386:
195:
21121:
20863:"Microbial diversity: the gap between the estimated and the known"
19933:
Anderson, Rika E.; Brazelton, William J.; Baross, John A. (2011).
19882:
Anderson, Rika E.; Brazelton, William J.; Baross, John A. (2011).
17958:
17732:
15134:
Sridhar, K.R. (2009). "10. Aquatic fungi – Are they planktonic?".
14497:
13307:"Archaea associated with human surfaces: not to be underestimated"
9955:
Microorganisms and climate change in marine and terrestrial biomes
9133:
Estimates of microbial species counts in the three domains of life
6657:
6042:
Also like diatoms, radiolarian shells are usually made of silicate
4616:
The first primary producers that used photosynthesis were oceanic
4554:
3364:, is not a true plant, yet it is multicellular and can grow to 50m
2906:
2345:
that are more closely related to those of eukaryotes, notably the
1328:
1147:
22160:
22020:
21990:
21943:
21925:
Mixotrophy in Protists: From Model Systems to Mathematical Models
21073:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
16933:
DasSarma, Shiladitya; Schwieterman, Edward W. (11 October 2018).
16310:
16015:
Algae is the crop of the future, according to researchers in Geel
15849:
Guiry MD (October 2012). "How many species of algae are there?".
15441:"Briny deep basin may be home to animals thriving without oxygen"
14317:
12660:
11502:
9761:
9338:
9308:
9300:
8817:
8621:
8367:
8330:
8157:
8075:
7956:
7274:
7251:
7012:
6874:. They can take advantage of different environmental conditions.
6518:
6473:
5949:
5941:
5937:
5878:
5842:
5765:
5664:
5277:
5097:
4952:
4924:
4870:
4723:
4355:
4300:
4261:
4245:
4229:
4030:
3958:
3852:
3761:
3616:
3612:
3567:
3429:
3245:
3112:
2961:
2873:
2794:
2790:
2716:
2643:
2589:
2501:
2448:
2410:
2389:) use sunlight as an energy source, and other species of archaea
2374:
2271:
2257:
2079:
2046:
1971:
1751:
1560:
1517:
1488:
1309:
1111:
1033:
1017:
1013:
813:
809:
793:
751:
20692:
16632:"Molecular ecology of extremely halophilic Archaea and Bacteria"
16570:
16389:"First Viruses Infecting the Marine Diatom Guinardia delicatula"
16263:
12611:
10725:"Trillions Upon Trillions of Viruses Fall From the Sky Each Day"
9061:
for up to 101.5 million years. The microorganisms were found in
7723:
5928:
and smaller zooplankton is common, and found in many species of
5924:, whether single-celled or multi-cellular, predatory grazing on
5813:
that prey on other microscopic life) are zooplankton, including
5385:
Diatoms are enclosed in protective silica (glass) shells called
2925:
protists, are thought to be the closest living relatives of the
2745:. Plant-like protists are important components of phytoplankton
22005:
18966:
15002:
Gao, Zheng; Johnson, Zackary I.; Wang, Guangyi (30 July 2009).
13493:"Deep sea microorganisms and the origin of the eukaryotic cell"
11417:"Evolutionary genomics of nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA viruses"
11083:
9925:
YOUMARES 8 – Oceans Across Boundaries: Learning from each other
9807:
9800:
9724:
9676:
9312:
9108:
9066:
9039:
9023:
8470:
8444:
8433:
8239:
7968:
7875:
7858:
7854:
6469:
6425:
6369:
6230:
5705:
5449:
5372:
5292:
5272:
5105:
4964:
4709:
4621:
4500:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
4495:
4482:. In addition, primary producers are influential in the global
4471:
4456:
4087:
4004:
3902:
3898:
3754:
3723:
3718:
3668:
3644:
3628:
3580:
3545:
3433:
3405:
3322:
2999:
2983:
2926:
2738:
2346:
2321:
2058:
1886:
1841:
1662:
1657:
1605:
1521:
1496:
1472:
1353:
1072:
937:
936:
are the earliest form of life on Earth for which there is good
860:
381:
343:
21527:
Understanding Host-Microbiome Interactions – An Omics Approach
17792:
17779:
16826:
15741:
15525:
14090:
9972:. Marine microorganisms also recycle nutrients for use in the
9192:
Strategies for sampling plankton by size classes and abundance
8644:
7996:
6018:, provide valuable information about past oceanic conditions.
4343:, about 0.2 mm long, live in spaces between marine gravel
4071:
Higher fungi – filamentous, modified to planktonic lifestyle (
1813:
1673:
22583:
22030:
21733:
21572:
21348:
21279:
21165:
21104:
21092:
YOUMARES 8–Oceans Across Boundaries: Learning from each other
20886:
20667:"Study: Microbial dark matter dominates Earth's environments"
19709:
19505:
19469:
19434:
19158:
19036:
18827:
18021:
Stoecker, D.K.; Hansen, P.J.; Caron, D.A.; Mitra, A. (2017).
17029:. Liverpool: University Press of Liverpool. pp. 176–92.
16918:
A tiny marine microbe could play a big role in climate change
16884:
Yawo, Hiromu; Kandori, Hideki; Koizumi, Amane (5 June 2015).
16029:
Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology
13216:
12505:"Genomics of Megavirus and the elusive fourth domain of Life"
12503:
Legendre M, Arslan D, Abergel C, Claverie JM (January 2012).
12502:
10967:
Takai K, Nakamura K, Toki T, Tsunogai U, et al. (2008).
10750:
10400:
9757:
9736:
8963:
8920:
8890:
8826:
8462:
7972:
7870:
7862:
7784:, the "father of modern oceanography", who proposed the term
7731:
7019:
6405:
6131:
on a sphere closely replicate some radiolarian shell patterns
5109:
5038:
4956:
4784:. Microalgae are important components of the marine protists
4677:
4467:
4219:
4211:
3950:
3687:
3683:
3417:
3097:
2862:
protists that get their food from a combination of the above
2829:
2697:
2414:
1998:
1967:
1533:
1529:
1476:
1448:
1436:
including viral infection of bacteria, phytoplankton and fish
1399:, estimated at between 1 and 4 trillion tons). Single-celled
1337:
1318:
1049:
1041:
1029:
1021:
906:
829:
821:
805:
801:
769:
20595:
Filee, J.; Tetart, F.; Suttle, C. A.; Krisch, H. M. (2005).
18718:
18530:
16105:
Duval, B.; Margulis, L. (1995). "The microbial community of
15465:(8th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson – Benjamin Cummings.
8825:
and the concentration of dissolved nutrients and gases. The
4931:. Like microalgae, macroalgae (seaweeds) can be regarded as
4640:
3647:
have the ability to alter shape by extending and retracting
3432:, and cells which use pseudopods are usually referred to as
2256:, but they have since been found in a much broader range of
2082:. This involved the engulfment by proto-eukaryotic cells of
1052:
as microorganisms, but others consider these as non-living.
832:
as microorganisms, but others consider these as non-living.
20495:
Oldest Water on Earth Found Deep Within the Canadian Shield
16887:
Optogenetics: Light-Sensing Proteins and Their Applications
16480:
Coccolithophores: From Molecular Processes to Global Impact
15958:
Van den Hoek, Christiaan; Mann, David; Jahns, H.M. (1995).
14931:
14712:
Jones, E.B.G., Hyde, K.D., & Pang, K.-L., eds. (2014).
14622:
12455:"In Giant Virus Genes, Hints About Their Mysterious Origin"
12198:
10871:
10358:
10137:
9896:
9651:
9647:
9574:
8283:
7866:
7106:
5745:, and is used as a fundamental principle in describing the
5630:
Model of the energy generating mechanism in marine bacteria
5092:
Phytoplankton consist mainly of microscopic photosynthetic
4755:
4620:
about 2.3 billion years ago. The release of molecular
3953:
are known from marine environments. These are parasitic on
2894:
2338:
2320:. The Archaea are further divided into multiple recognized
1641:
902:
894:
893:
In July 2016, scientists reported identifying a set of 355
762:
21525:. In: Singh RP, Kothari R, Koringa PG and Singh SP (Eds.)
21437:
19992:
Suttle, Curtis A. (September 2005). "Viruses in the sea".
19751:
15138:. Jaipur, India: Pratiksha Publications. pp. 133–148.
14093:
Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
13837:
12009:
11951:
Roux S, Krupovic M, Poulet A, Debroas D, Enault F (2012).
11684:
9907:. Bands above show temperature‐dependent abundance of the
8428:. The components of a holobiont are individual species or
6747:
swimming in a drop of pond water with other microorganisms
6074:
Cutaway schematic diagram of a spherical radiolarian shell
3300:
which makes mud trails. Its diameter is up to 3.8 cm.
21440:"A decade of advances in transposon-insertion sequencing"
19324:
19203:"The importance of the microbiome of the plant holobiont"
18439:
Brand, Larry E.; Campbell, Lisa; Bresnan, Eileen (2012).
17303:
17187:
15532:
Oceans and Human Health: Risks and Remedies from the Seas
14395:"Amoebae: Protists Which Move and Feed Using Pseudopodia"
13166:. European Bioinformatics Institute. 2011. Archived from
11950:
11453:
10966:
10465:
10463:
9296:
9111:
8919:
and therefore impact microbial biogeochemical cycling by
8278:
benthic diatoms dominate as photosynthetic organisms. In
7584:
6866:
or other combinations of these. Mixotrophs can be either
4215:
4127:
According to fossil records, fungi date back to the late
3970:
areas of the ocean. A diverse range of unusual secondary
2960:. Protists are asexual but can reproduce rapidly through
2413:; unlike bacteria and eukaryotes, no known species forms
2378:
1509:
1505:
1032:
protists, as well as certain microscopic animals such as
20908:
18206:
18157:
Stoecker DK (1999). "Mixotrophy among Dinoflagellates".
18020:
17848:
J, Stefels; L, Dijkhuizen; WWC, Gieskes (20 July 1995).
17417:
14182:
14147:
14026:"Giant Deep-Sea Protist Produces Bilaterian-like Traces"
13593:
12551:
9218:
High volumes of plankton samples can be analysed rapidly
9080:
Unidentified spherical algal microorganism, part of the
8261:
Marine microbenthos are microorganisms that live in the
7428:, one of the few naked dinoflagellates which lack armour
6889:
is an important algal genus found as part of the marine
5163:
Phytoplankton are the foundation of the ocean food chain
4669:, and hence cyanobacteria from the definition of algae.
4474:
released as a by-product of photosynthesis is needed by
1588:
1371:, and can travel the globe before falling back to earth.
20594:
20468:. Deep Carbon Observatory. 29 July 2019. Archived from
20416:
20334:
20171:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
19932:
19881:
18689:
18072:
17524:
17101:
16782:
16686:
16566:
16564:
16069:
15239:"The Earth Life Web, Growth and Development in Lichens"
14837:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 71–88.
13844:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
13662:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
13655:
12356:
12150:"Structural and functional studies of archaeal viruses"
11414:
10436:
10434:
10198:
10196:
9716:
DNA sequencing technologies used in marine metagenomics
8822:
5452:
which account for 50% of the ocean's primary production
5379:) with radial (centric) or bilateral (pennate) symmetry
4684:
which are not necessarily closely related and are thus
4284:
of the world oceans than any other group of organisms.
3096:
is a photosynthetic algae that lives inside hosts like
1750:
There are also archaean viruses which replicate within
21842:
Alien Ocean: Anthropological Voyages in Microbial Seas
21739:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
21578:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
21354:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
21285:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
21171:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
21110:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
20892:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
19837:
19715:
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License
19511:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
19475:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
19440:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
19243:
19164:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
19042:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
17894:"An original mode of symbiosis in open ocean plankton"
17262:
14625:"Fungal diversity in deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystems"
10941:"Microbes discovered by deepest marine drill analysed"
10460:
10406:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
9799:
such as transcriptomics and proteomics with saturated
8606:
pathway is a mechanism that prevents marine microbial
8412:
The concept of the holobiont was initially defined by
6571:
Naked amoeba showing food vacuoles and ingested diatom
6015:
5307:
Their protective shells (frustles) are made of silicon
21365:
20686:
19194:
17891:
17245:
15957:
15460:
15050:
14372:. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. p. 32.
9373:
of different kinds of microbes can be distinguished.
7459:
radiolarians can be in symbiosis with dinoflagellates
6270:
Foraminiferans are important unicellular zooplankton
6010:
radiolarians die and become preserved as part of the
5948:
animal larvae, and two groups of crustaceans, namely
21299:"Marine metagenomics as a source for bioprospecting"
20215:(15 January 2012). "Marine Viruses: Truth or Dare".
19623:
18500:
Buskey, E.J. (1995). "Growth and bioluminescence of
18438:
17489:
17309:
17193:
16932:
16561:
15362:
Jones, E. B. Gareth; Pang, Ka-Lai (31 August 2012).
15156:. University of Southern Mississippi. Archived from
14482:
12883:"Archaea and the prokaryote-to-eukaryote transition"
11365:
11249:
11079:"Life Confirmed Under Antarctic Ice; Is Space Next?"
10431:
10193:
10027:
7713:
7598:. At night, ocean water can light up internally and
5017:) are a diverse group of organisms that live in the
4203:
Tardigrades: Chubby, misunderstood, and not immortal
1071:
that occurs in the ocean, as well as the cycling of
1055:
Microorganisms are crucial to nutrient recycling in
859:
that occurs in the ocean, as well as the cycling of
21382:
20911:"A holistic approach to marine eco-systems biology"
20590:
20588:
20101:
18796:"Paleoclimatology: How Can We Infer Past Climates?"
18651:"Diversity, Nomenclature, and Taxonomy of Protists"
18606:
17678:Katechakis A, Stibor H (July 2006). "The mixotroph
17418:Hemleben, C.; Anderson, O.R.; Spindler, M. (1989).
17350:
17348:
17194:Velicer, Gregory J.; Mendes-Soares, Helena (2007).
13886:
12717:
12241:
12147:
11786:Brum JR, Schenck RO, Sullivan MB (September 2013).
11785:
10170:
9849:methods are all used to provide information on the
7380:, combining photosynthesis with ingestion of prey (
5208:
accounts for much of the ocean's primary production
4007:and yeasts associated with planktonic particles or
3428:, cells which use cilia are usually referred to as
2192:
grows inside Arctic sea ice at subzero temperatures
20959:
16997:
16883:
16225:
16223:
16109:colonies: endosymbionts, residents, and tenants".
15725:"The Most Important Microbe You've Never Heard Of"
13927:
13925:
13113:
11503:Mahy, W.J.; Van Regenmortel, M.H.V., eds. (2009).
11201:"Marine viruses: key players in marine ecosystems"
11198:
10278:
9760:is a term used informally to refer to branches of
7738:, which are extinct, was used to date this dagger.
5865:Microzooplankton: major grazers of the plankton...
4750:containing about 2,000 recognised species, mostly
1747:are also known to infect diverse marine bacteria.
20801:"Scaling laws predict global microbial diversity"
18357:
17371:
17268:
14769:
14425:
13550:
12929:
11028:"Lakes under the ice: Antarctica's secret garden"
10354:
10352:
10350:
10348:
10346:
8931:
8286:strongly control opportunities for microbenthos.
5295:are one of the most common types of phytoplankton
4923:and more visible types of algae, commonly called
4015:, these aquatic fungi play a significant role in
3927:, covered in lichen. This snail farms intertidal
2397:, no known species of archaea does both. Archaea
1640:Opinions differ on whether viruses are a form of
22624:
21749:
21747:
20904:
20902:
20900:
20856:
20854:
20748:(1988). "How many species are there on earth?".
20585:
20485:, By Corey S. Powell, 7 Sept. 2019, nbcnews.com.
19393:Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
19080:
19074:
19057:Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation
18016:
18014:
17677:
17345:
16877:
16135:
15456:
15454:
14880:
14587:
14313:
14311:
13745:
12313:
12293:"Harmful Algal Blooms: Red Tide: Home | CDC HSB"
11893:
11415:Iyer LM, Balaji S, Koonin EV, Aravind L (2006).
11252:"The ancient Virus World and evolution of cells"
10912:"Intraterrestrials: Life Thrives in Ocean Floor"
9719:The discovery process involves marine sampling,
8595:Marine microorganisms play central roles in the
8418:Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation
5390:
3341:, another single-celled foraminiferan, lives in
1434:Virus-host interactions in the marine ecosystem,
878:A small proportion of marine microorganisms are
21858:Marine Microbiology: Ecology & Applications
21296:
21056:
21054:
20805:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
20601:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
20265:
19480:
19169:
18974:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
17898:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
17583:
17531:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
17000:American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts
16820:
16437:
16220:
15756:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
15519:
15129:
15127:
14997:
14995:
14938:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
14682:"Steroids from the marine fungus Geotrichum sp"
14235:
13956:University of California Museum of Paleontology
13931:
13922:
13466:
11842:
11629:
11627:
11361:
11359:
11357:
11104:
10929:
10708:Living Bacteria Are Riding Earth's Air Currents
10660:
10658:
10656:
10562:
10560:
7396:and could also be classified as phytoplankton.
6815:is an organism that can use a mix of different
6387:were constructed from limestone that contained
4688:. Marine algae can be divided into six groups:
4167:Copepods: The Diatom-Devouring King of Plankton
3444:, and consequently have no movement mechanism.
3345:. It has a giant shell up to 20 cm across.
3321:with an appearance and lifestyle that mimics a
1867:of life, but this has been largely discounted.
780:. Microorganisms are very diverse. They can be
19523:Wilhelm, Steven W.; Suttle, Curtis A. (1999).
19081:Bordenstein, Seth R.; Theis, Kevin R. (2015).
19053:
18970:"Ancient bacteria show evidence of DNA repair"
18683:
18619:Identifying Marine Diatoms and Dinoflagellates
17604:"Microscopic body snatchers infest our oceans"
17148:
17046:
17044:
15584:
15251:
15001:
14392:
14266:Dawson, Scott C; Paredez, Alexander R (2013).
14261:
14259:
13934:"The Air You're Breathing? A Diatom Made That"
13035:
12880:
11584:"Virioplankton: viruses in aquatic ecosystems"
11581:
10841:
10839:
10837:
10487:"Meet Luca, the Ancestor of All Living Things"
10343:
10228:
10226:
9862:Meta-omics data based biogeochemical modeling
9822:has become established as a term for studying
8370:are estimated to be half a million years old.
8219:Distribution of sediment types on the seafloor
7575:within their tests. The nassellarian provides
6839:or by enslaving the entire phototrophic cell.
6340:streaming granular ectoplasm for catching food
6030:Like diatoms, radiolarians come in many shapes
5633:(1) When sunlight strikes a rhodopsin molecule
5481:Diatoms: Tiny factories you can see from space
4191:Rotifers: Charmingly bizarre and often ignored
4083:). Most mycoplankton species are higher fungi.
2650:(bacteria and archaea) and later evolved into
2575:All living organisms can be grouped as either
1706:parasite marine bacteria and archaea, such as
1340:in marine ecosystems. Most marine viruses are
26:Role of the microbial community in the marine
21959:
21744:
21090:. In Jungblut S., Liebich V., Bode M. (Eds)
20897:
20860:
20851:
20168:
19745:
19522:
19445:
19293:
19047:
18068:
18066:
18011:
16246:Lindsey, R., Scott, M. and Simmon, R. (2010)
16104:
15898:
15896:
15813:. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc.
15621:
15451:
14828:
14616:
14411:. The University of Edinburgh. Archived from
14308:
14265:
13838:Slapeta J, Moreira D, López-García P (2005).
11337:
11335:
9202:
8303:a widespread abundant genus of benthic forams
8110:), usually made of calcium carbonate, from a
7444:extrudes a large feeding veil to capture prey
5881:eat phytoplankton. This one is carrying eggs.
4276:environment. Copepods contribute more to the
4222:. At least one microscopic animal group, the
1008:. Microorganisms are diverse and include all
712:
168:
21887:Middelboe M and Corina Brussaard CPD (Eds.)
21067:, Gulf of Alaska Seamounts 2019 Expedition.
21051:
20655:
20532:
20526:
20500:
20382:
20356:
20335:Deep Carbon Observatory (10 December 2018).
20328:
19268:
18592:Voyage of the Challenger : The Atlantic
17460:
17413:
17411:
17239:
15181:"Freshwater and marine lichen-forming fungi"
15124:
14992:
14829:Wang, G.; Wang, X.; Liu, X.; Li, Q. (2012).
14141:
13651:
13649:
13647:
13273:Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology
12307:
12192:
11624:
11447:
11408:
11366:Koonin EV, Starokadomskyy P (October 2016).
11354:
11243:
11155:
11070:
11019:
10653:
10644:
10557:
10475:
10274:
10272:
10270:
7376:, but a large fraction of these are in fact
4548:is a major contributor to atmospheric oxygen
4430:, making their own food by gathering around
2028:traditionally included all prokaryotes, the
1095:Marine microorganisms
20798:
19794:
18768:
18766:
18445:: The biology and ecology of a toxic genus"
18297:
17041:
15964:. Cambridge University Press. p. 166.
14715:Freshwater fungi: and fungal-like organisms
14256:
13980:
13417:
13304:
12465:
11496:
11299:
11297:
10903:
10865:
10834:
10591:Suttle, C.A. (2005). "Viruses in the Sea".
10223:
8731:Size and classification of marine particles
8384:
8070:made up of microfossils in the form of the
4498:when discussing primary producers, but the
4462:The principal marine primary producers are
3255:
2998:Diatoms have glass like cell walls made of
1786:between different species, which increases
855:. They are also responsible for nearly all
21966:
21952:
21383:Holtorf, Hauke; Guitton, Marie-Christine;
20533:Morono, Yuki; et al. (28 July 2020).
19133:
18914:
18063:
16516:
15922:
15902:
15893:
15827:
15627:
15388:
15233:
15231:
15178:
13794:
13704:
13485:
12992:
12887:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
12835:
12496:
11588:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
11332:
11250:Koonin EV, Senkevich TG, Dolja VV (2006).
10848:"Microbes Thrive in Deepest Spot on Earth"
10635:
10202:
9880:Using omics data with marine phytoplankton
9432:Microbes don't actually look like anything
8564:Climate change and the rhodolith holobiont
7369:may be the most basal flagellate lineage.
6906:is an important contributor to the marine
6322:section showing chambers of a spiral foram
4094:associations between a fungus, usually an
4056:Lower fungi – adapted to marine habitats (
3548:when they have temporary flagellum – some
2451:may be the most abundant of marine archaea
1782:Viruses are an important natural means of
1383:Microscopic organisms live throughout the
719:
705:
175:
161:
22589:Physical factors affecting microbial life
22579:Microbially induced sedimentary structure
21473:
21463:
21332:
21322:
21252:
21149:
21139:
21034:
20985:
20936:
20926:
20878:
20834:
20824:
20638:
20620:
20568:
20388:
20279:
20211:
20145:
20127:
19968:
19950:
19909:
19899:
19653:
19571:
19540:
19410:
19368:
19350:
19218:
19116:
19098:
19003:
18993:
18895:
18864:
18854:
18746:
18736:
18666:
18566:
18556:
18476:
18302:(8th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 95.
18254:
18141:
18100:
18090:
18046:
17994:
17976:
17935:
17917:
17876:
17755:
17654:
17560:
17550:
17408:
17335:
17214:
16950:
16860:
16776:
16773:, Popular Science, January 2001, Page 55.
16655:
16623:
16606:
16596:
16544:
16534:
16463:
16414:
16404:
16211:
16201:
16072:"Literature Review of Caulerpa taxifolia"
15986:
15928:
15802:
15785:
15775:
15722:
15528:"Cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial toxins"
15361:
15287:
15277:
15086:
15076:
15019:
14975:
14957:
14805:
14795:
14728:Jones, E.B.G.; Pang, K.-L., eds. (2012).
14697:
14656:
14496:
14459:
14367:
14291:
14204:
14052:
13863:
13771:
13722:
13681:
13644:
13627:
13515:
13509:
13443:
13386:
13322:
12906:
12849:
12812:
12802:
12753:
12743:
12694:
12637:
12580:
12528:
12471:
12390:
12175:
12165:
12124:
11986:
11976:
11927:
11870:
11860:
11819:
11779:
11607:
11558:
11548:
11479:
11391:
11277:
11267:
11226:
11216:
11053:
11002:
10992:
10801:
10784:
10744:
10448:. University of Georgia. 10 December 2015
10384:
10314:
10304:
10279:Bar-On, YM; Phillips, R; Milo, R (2018).
10267:
10250:
10123:Microbially induced sedimentary structure
9283:of microorganisms was inferred and their
8639:Roles of fungi in the marine carbon cycle
7677:produces red tides highly toxic to humans
5749:of seawater and phytoplankton evolution.
5731:
5696:In 2000 a team of microbiologists led by
2478:Flat, square-shaped cells of the archaea
1500:, consist of two or three parts: (i) the
1321:relative to those of other organisms and
21810:Introduction to Marine Micropaleontology
21002:
20362:
19525:"Viruses and Nutrient Cycles in the Sea"
18775:Introduction to Marine Micropaleontology
18763:
18642:
18351:
18322:
18244:. Springer Science & Business Media.
18239:
18156:
18117:
17360:Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
17024:
16505:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
16235:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
16161:Eerie red glow traces ocean plant health
16138:Biological Oceanography: An Introduction
15310:
14236:Margulis L, Chapman MJ (19 March 2009).
14017:
13698:
13298:
13070:
12718:Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML (1990).
12148:Lawrence CM, Menon S, Eilers BJ (2009).
12141:
12079:
11894:Xue H, Xu Y, Boucher Y, Polz MF (2012).
11634:Suttle CA (2005). "Viruses in the sea".
11294:
10513:Suttle CA (2005). "Viruses in the Sea".
9949:
9939:
9873:
9855:
9709:
9464:Differential interference contrast (DIC)
9391:
9374:
9349:, the most common bacterium in the ocean
9185:
9075:
9073:(SPG), "the deadest spot in the ocean".
9044:
9003:
8935:
8724:
8643:
8633:
8620:
8575:
8388:
8238:
7948:
7939:elaborate silica shell of a radiolarian
7846:
7717:
6537:testate amoeba covered in diatoms (from
6451:
5830:
5677:
5623:
5557:, named after the BBC documentary series
5456:
5424:in the North Sea and the English Channel
5048:
4970:
4942:
4570:cyanobacteria swirling in the Baltic Sea
4382:
3912:
3897:
2243:
2230:The largest known bacterium, the marine
1919:
1902:
1885:
1812:
1801:
1672:
1656:
1620:Phage injecting its genome into bacteria
1428:
1362:
1327:
1308:
1248:
982:Microorganisms make up about 70% of the
965:
20:
22365:International Census of Marine Microbes
22340:Hydrothermal vent microbial communities
21909:Marine Protists: Diversity and Dynamics
20960:Olsen GJ, Woese CR, Overbeek R (1994).
18123:
17620:
17142:
16764:
16363:"King's College London – Lake Megachad"
16026:
15992:
15486:McNeill, J.; et al., eds. (2012).
15485:
15365:Marine Fungi: and Fungal-like Organisms
15228:
15133:
14731:Marine Fungi, and Fungal-like Organisms
14686:Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society
14176:
13107:
12509:Communicative & Integrative Biology
12413:
12285:
11526:
11524:
11341:
10935:
10722:
10232:
10166:
10164:
10076:International Census of Marine Microbes
9919:Brüwer, J.D. and Buck-Wiese, H. (2018)
9686:. These techniques are genome-resolved
9087:To date biologists have been unable to
8867:, free floating cells, and bacteria in
8861:Hydrothermal vent microbial communities
8816:living within and at the interfaces of
8805:Hydrothermal vent microbial communities
7305:Unarmored dinoflagellates Kofoid (1921)
5112:(red, green, brown, and yellow-green),
5053:Phytoplankton – such as this colony of
4938:
4665:as algae. Most authorities exclude all
4502:now accepts both terms as equivalents.
4494:has been traditionally used instead of
4179:Gastrotrichs: Four-day-old grandmothers
3173:Euglenoids: Single-celled shapeshifters
3161:How microscopic hunters get their lunch
2673:Protists according to how they get food
2036:from an ancient common ancestor. These
1994:relationships with plants and animals.
1516:that carry genetic information; (ii) a
22625:
21807:Haq B.U. and Boersma A. (Eds.) (1998)
20050:
19991:
18938:"The oldest living thing in the world"
18935:
18772:Haq B.U. and Boersma A. (Eds.) (1998)
18595:Cambridge University Press, page235.
18499:
18159:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
17614:
17342:summarizes findings from many authors.
17248:"Predation, Herbivory, and Parasitism"
17050:
16732:
15833:
15808:
14629:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
14193:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
14125:Neil A C, Reece J B, Simon E J (2004)
13705:Budd, Graham E; Jensen, Sören (2017).
12776:
12667:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
12098:
11900:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
11633:
11507:. Oxford: Academic Press. p. 28.
10664:
10590:
10512:
9996:Scientists' warning to humanity
9163:
9117:
8333:forms, that is, they can drift in the
8234:
7841:
7513:Suggested explanation for glowing seas
6995:Widespread among bacteria and archaea
6835:—and others that acquire them through
6163:Ernst Haeckel's radiolarian engravings
5783:estimating global oceanic production.
5619:
5462:Structure of a centric diatom frustule
5224:scum washed up on a rock in California
4138:
3544:(Other protists go through a phase as
2972:Single-celled and microscopic protists
971:Relative sizes of microscopic entities
21947:
21801:
21387:(2002). "Plant functional genomics".
21062:The Small and Mighty – Microbial Life
21008:
19189:10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120106
19054:Margulis, Lynn; Fester, René (1991).
18269:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025684
17847:
16939:International Journal of Astrobiology
15848:
15657:
14131:Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, Page 291.
12923:
12711:
11505:Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology
10909:
10807:
9988:is out of balance, and atmospheric CO
9865:A schematic conceptual framework for
9479:Methods of identifying microorganisms
8373:
7635:is recognisable by its U-shaped horns
5768:(as opposed to that fuelled by other
4742:and including many notable seaweeds.
4591:How cyanobacteria took over the world
4272:species that spend their lives in an
4236:are multicellular. Microscopic adult
3796:Paramecium: The White Rat of Ciliates
3018:Fossil diatom frustule from 32 to 40
2563:Where Did Eukaryotic Cells Come From?
2308:Archaea were initially classified as
1934:appear as polyhedral dark structures.
1048:. Some microbiologists also classify
828:. Some microbiologists also classify
22386:Microbiomes of the built environment
21922:Johnson MD and V. Moeller HV (2019)
21523:"The omics era and host microbiomes"
21065:NOAA: Ocean Exploration and Research
20861:Vitorino, L.C.; Bessa, L.A. (2018).
20663:University of Tennessee at Knoxville
20389:Gabbatiss, Josh (11 December 2018).
20363:Dockrill, Peter (11 December 2018).
20237:10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142805
20162:
20095:
18380:10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081028
18211:. Springer, Cham. pp. 731–763.
18048:10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060617
17584:Richard Collins (14 November 2016).
16740:"Interviews with Fellows: Ed Delong"
16629:
15716:
15587:Australian Journal of Earth Sciences
15534:. Academic Press. pp. 271–296.
15479:
13467:Madigan M, Martinko J, eds. (2005).
13360:
11944:
11575:
11530:
11521:
11076:
10845:
10481:
10171:Madigan M; Martinko J, eds. (2006).
10161:
10128:Microbiology of oxygen minimum zones
9287:was established based on studies of
8741:
8320:, an extinct genus of benthic forams
7773:
7345:and the Latin "flagellum" meaning a
6721:Several taxa of ciliates interacting
6412:, from diverse lineages such as the
6271:
6006:
5810:
4932:
4840:, a unicellular green alga with two
4785:
4754:and including many seaweeds such as
4681:
4378:
4268:, including the recently discovered
2554:between a prokaryote and a eukaryote
2009:. Unlike cells of animals and other
1207:
1143:
21521:Singh, R.P. and Kothari, R. (2017)
20744:
18648:
18410:"Protozoa Infecting Gills and Skin"
18023:"Mixotrophy in the marine plankton"
17952:
17885:
17726:
15961:Algae: an introduction to phycology
15103:
13932:Andrew Alverson (14 October 2022).
13748:"Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla"
12930:Dyall, Sabrina D.; Brown, Mark T.;
12452:
12242:Prangishvili D, Garrett RA (2004).
12080:Dockrill, Peter (25 January 2018).
11025:
10281:"The biomass distribution on Earth"
9705:
9398:Methods used to study phytoplankton
8941:Fluorescence microscopy of various
8325:Both foraminifera and diatoms have
6058:radiolarians have shells made from
5488:
5175:They come in many shapes and sizes.
4052:Marine fungi can be classified as:
3451:Protists according to how they move
2328:in samples from their environment.
2013:, bacterial cells do not contain a
1163:
1107:
13:
22574:Lines on the Antiquity of Microbes
21973:
21297:Kodzius, R.; Gojobori, T. (2015).
20799:Locey, K.J.; Lennon, J.T. (2016).
20506:
18621:. Academic Press. pp. 5–385.
18171:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04619.x
16657:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00900.x
16070:Pierre Madl; Maricela Yip (2004).
15993:Starckx, Senne (31 October 2012).
15838:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15241:. earthlife.net. 14 February 2020.
15136:Plankton Dynamics of Indian Waters
13887:Moreira D, López-García P (2002).
13746:Cavalier-Smith T (December 1993).
10846:Choi, Charles Q. (17 March 2013).
9960:In marine environments, microbial
8915:affect abundance and diversity of
8571:
8473:, etc. that live on or inside it.
8199:
7284:
5448:There are over 100,000 species of
5328:They come in many shapes and sizes
5101:
4789:
3709:
3658:
2746:
2661:
2632:
1881:
1769:
1467:. Viruses can infect all types of
772:, which is invisibly small to the
14:
22669:
20507:Wu, Katherine J. (28 July 2020).
20497:, 14 December 2016, Maggie Romuld
19693:Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics
16921:University of Southern California
15903:Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. (2016).
15834:Allaby, M., ed. (1992). "Algae".
15687:10.1038/scientificamerican1203-52
14797:10.1371/journal.pone.0101523.s001
14128:Essential biology with physiology
12472:Van Etten JL (July–August 2011).
11199:Middelboe M, Brussaard C (2017).
9675:have allowed for the recovery of
9275:Bacterioplankton counting methods
9065:68.9 metres (226 feet) below the
9057:microorganisms which had been in
8776:Bacteria can be beneficial. This
8660:(POM) through the marine food web
8395:Main types of microbial symbioses
7714:Marine sediments and microfossils
7708:, a bioluminescent dinoflagellate
7357:which under right conditions can
7015:and the capacity to ingest prey.
6368:forams of various sizes from the
6306:Foraminiferal networks and growth
6252:...can have more than one nucleus
6170:
6096:Turing and radiolarian morphology
5602:off the southern coast of England
4060:fungi, including mastigomycetes:
3815:Bacterial flagellum rotated by a
3753:in order to move their flagella.
3678:. Amoeboid cells occur among the
2500:, a marine archaea that produces
2248:Archaea were initially viewed as
2239:
2166:layer, evidence suggesting their
2005:, bacteria are now classified as
1970:, and are present in most of its
1758:archaea, particularly the orders
1424:
22607:
22606:
22401:Microbial symbiosis and immunity
22039:
21928:, 2nd Edition, Frontiers Media.
21845:University of California Press.
21772:
21732:
21708:
21683:
21658:
21633:
21608:
21583:
21571:
21547:
21515:
21490:
21431:
21376:
21359:
21347:
21290:
21278:
21227:
21201:
21176:
21164:
21115:
21103:
21080:
21068:
20953:
20885:
20792:
20738:
20488:
20476:
20454:
20410:
20259:
20205:
20044:
19985:
19926:
19875:
19831:
19788:
19720:
19708:
19685:
19670:
19617:
19608:
19594:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01200.x
19565:
19516:
19504:
19468:
19433:
19385:
19318:
19157:
19035:
19020:
18960:
18929:
18908:
18889:
18821:
18806:
18788:
18712:
18589:Thomson, Charles Wyville (2014)
18583:
18524:
18493:
18432:
18402:
18316:
18291:
18248:
18233:
18200:
18185:
18150:
17841:
17786:
17772:
17671:
17596:
17577:
17518:
17483:
17454:
17438:
17365:
17095:
17018:
16991:
16926:
16911:
16745:American Academy of Microbiology
16680:
16510:
16493:
16472:
16431:
16380:
16355:
16304:
16257:
16240:
16169:
16154:
16129:
16098:
16063:
16041:10.1146/annurev.arplant.49.1.173
16020:
15951:
15871:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01222.x
15842:
15836:The Concise Dictionary of Botany
15735:
15651:
15578:
15548:
15504:
15433:
15382:
15355:
15304:
15245:
15206:
15172:
15150:"Species of Higher Marine Fungi"
15142:
15113:. 2010, vol.74, n.1, pp. 66-73.
15044:
14925:
14874:
14822:
14763:
14721:
14706:
14673:
14581:
14572:
14529:
14476:
14419:
14401:
14386:
14361:
14229:
14206:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x
13471:(11th ed.). Prentice Hall.
13418:Stoeckenius W (1 October 1981).
13160:"Candidatus Pelagibacter Ubique"
13073:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
12251:Biochemical Society Transactions
11344:South African Journal of Science
10399:
10205:South African Journal of Science
10044:
10030:
9526:
9514:
9502:
9490:
9458:
9442:
9426:
9354:
9337:
9227:
9220:using modern imaging techniques.
9211:
9145:
9124:
8769:
8760:in the High Rise portion of the
8750:
8735:Adapted from Simon et al., 2002.
8708:
8687:
8672:
8555:
8541:
8527:
8513:
8308:
8291:
8211:
8192:
8176:
8164:
8137:
8119:
8099:
8083:
8052:
8033:
8018:
7995:
7982:
7932:
7916:
7895:
7880:
7696:
7682:
7665:
7640:
7623:
7541:
7529:
7506:
7483:
7464:
7449:
7433:
7416:
7310:
7298:
7263:
7243:
7225:
7162:
7129:
7105:
7018:
6962:
6798:algal foam washing up on a beach
6787:
6766:
6726:
6706:
6690:
6672:
6656:
6630:
6615:
6599:
6583:
6564:
6546:
6527:
6505:
6484:
6376:
6357:
6345:
6327:
6315:
6300:
6288:
6257:
6245:
6193:
6184:
6157:
6145:
6114:
6109:Shell of a spherical radiolarian
6102:
6079:
6067:
6047:
6035:
6023:
5982:
5973:
5886:
5871:
5607:
5588:
5568:
5545:
5527:
5509:
5475:
5441:
5429:
5410:
5398:
5356:
5342:
5321:
5312:
5300:
5285:
5252:
5243:
5213:
5195:
5180:
5168:
5156:
5044:
4901:
4889:
4877:
4849:
4830:
4585:
4553:
4535:
4519:
4505:
4363:
4348:
4330:
4311:
4292:
4197:
4185:
4173:
4161:
3881:
3863:
3839:
3824:
3808:
3790:
3637:
3590:
3572:
3508:
3486:
3393:
3350:
3330:
3305:
3284:
3279:and reaches lengths of 5 mm
3262:
3213:
3194:
3179:
3167:
3155:
3142:or mouth is at the bottom right.
3127:
3104:
3086:
3072:
3057:
3040:
3026:
3011:
2991:
2976:
2905:
2893:
2865:
2828:
2770:
2715:
2557:
2538:
2508:
2488:
2471:
2456:
2441:
2179:
2147:
2126:
2108:
1974:. Bacteria inhabit soil, water,
1912:, a virulent bacterium found in
1853:. The largest known of these is
1797:
1604:
1595:
1587:
1252:
1231:
1210:
1167:
1146:
1110:
949:
926:
734:are defined by their habitat as
686:
685:
202:
142:
49:
37:Part of a series of overviews on
20217:Annual Review of Marine Science
19251:Current Opinion in Microbiology
18649:Ald, S.M.; et al. (2007).
18360:Annual Review of Marine Science
18257:Molecular Biology and Evolution
18027:Annual Review of Marine Science
17027:James Johnstone Memorial Volume
16517:DeLong, E.F.; Beja, O. (2010).
16136:Lalli, C.; Parsons, T. (1993).
15252:Silliman BR, Newell SY (2003).
14699:10.4067/S0717-97072008000100011
14272:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
14119:
14084:
14039:(23). Elsevier Ltd: 1849–1854.
13974:
13944:
13880:
13831:
13788:
13739:
13587:
13544:
13469:Brock Biology of Microorganisms
13460:
13411:
13354:
13339:
13283:
13261:
13210:
13182:
13152:
13064:
13029:
12986:
12881:Brown JR, Doolittle WF (1997).
12874:
12829:
12770:
12687:10.1128/AEM.70.7.4230-4241.2004
12654:
12605:
12545:
12446:
12407:
12350:
12235:
12154:Journal of Biological Chemistry
12099:Schoch CL, et al. (2020).
12092:
12073:
12055:
12003:
11887:
11843:Krupovic M, Bamford DH (2007).
11836:
11729:
11678:
11582:Wommack KE, Colwell RR (2000).
11306:Current Opinion in Microbiology
11192:
11149:
11098:
11026:Fox, Douglas (20 August 2014).
10960:
10716:
10701:
10584:
10506:
10239:Journal of General Microbiology
10173:Brock Biology of Microorganisms
10116:Sulfate-reducing microorganisms
8094:with a sprinkling of coccoliths
6440:from ingested algae to conduct
6401:
5959:
4811:. Another single-celled algae,
4788:, as well as the phytoplankton
4657:Originally, biologists thought
4478:all living things to carry out
4446:comes from organisms which use
4299:Over 10,000 marine species are
3893:
3804:Flagellate, ciliates and amoeba
3736:Among protozoans the parasitic
3254:Macroscopic protists (see also
2524:, survive well over 100 °C
839:. Taken together they form the
21871:Stal LJ and Cretoiu MS (2016)
21826:Processes in Microbial Ecology
21027:10.1128/MMBR.51.2.221-271.1987
19177:Annual review of plant biology
17857:Marine Ecology Progress Series
17451:. Retrieved: 18 November 2019.
17445:Foraminifera: History of Study
17421:Modern Planktonic Foraminifera
17246:Stevens, Alison N. P. (2010).
15935:Natural History Museum, London
15660:"The cells that rule the seas"
15562:. 30 July 2003. Archived from
14727:
14485:Reports on Progress in Physics
13764:10.1128/mmbr.57.4.953-994.1993
13518:Journal of Electron Microscopy
13275:, 8 April 1999, archived from
13050:10.1146/annurev.genet.33.1.351
12899:10.1128/mmbr.61.4.456-502.1997
12322:(3): 373–5, discussion 375–7.
11433:10.1016/j.virusres.2006.01.009
10910:Oskin, Becky (14 March 2013).
10723:Robbins, Jim (13 April 2018).
10411:
10331:
9867:marine biogeochemical modeling
9806:Many omes beyond the original
9764:whose names end in the suffix
9617: – Wickerham card
9014:In 2018, researchers from the
8932:Deep biosphere and dark matter
7616:the phosphorescence of the sea
7560:Dinoflagellates often live in
7118:ciliates that retain plastids
5786:
1870:
1792:last universal common ancestor
1551:The origins of viruses in the
899:last universal common ancestor
1:
22485:Synthetic microbial consortia
22350:Microbial oxidation of sulfur
22250:Host microbe interactions in
21235:BioMed Research International
21141:10.3390/microorganisms7050130
20770:10.1126/science.241.4872.1441
20440:10.1080/01490451.2019.1641770
19465:10.3390/microorganisms5040081
18617:. In Carmelo R. Tomas (ed.).
17512:10.1016/S0012-8252(99)00017-3
17467:Advances in Microbial Ecology
16806:10.1126/science.289.5486.1902
16710:10.1126/science.289.5486.1902
14538:Biodiversity and Conservation
14515:10.1088/0034-4885/72/9/096601
14452:10.1016/S0006-3495(93)81462-0
13908:10.1016/S0966-842X(01)02257-0
13436:10.1128/JB.148.1.352-360.1981
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11600:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.69-114.2000
11318:10.1016/S1369-5274(03)00086-9
11077:Mack, Eric (20 August 2014).
10815:Aspen Global Change Institute
10154:
10111:Microbial oxidation of sulfur
9976:and in the process release CO
9964:contributes substantially to
8913:deep-sea hydrothermal viruses
8810:Sea ice microbial communities
8801:Sea ice microbial communities
8206:Thickness of marine sediments
6918:species are endosymbionts to
6752:
5080:. When conditions are right,
4135:era (390 million years ago).
4037:that depends on how abundant
3974:is produced by marine fungi.
3674:Found in every major protist
3185:How do protozoans get around?
2658:(lacking a common ancestor).
2529:
2393:; however, unlike plants and
2385:. Salt-tolerant archaea (the
575:Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt
22083:Microbial population biology
21324:10.1016/j.margen.2015.07.001
20928:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001177
20129:10.1371/journal.pone.0109696
19861:10.1016/j.seares.2006.01.002
19100:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002226
18896:Bob Yirka (29 August 2013).
18738:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001085
18558:10.1371/journal.pone.0198292
18506:Journal of Plankton Research
18337:10.1016/0378-1119(95)00676-1
18217:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_19
18143:10.37543/oceanides.v27i1.111
18092:10.1016/j.protis.2016.01.003
17766:10.1016/j.seares.2004.01.008
17362:. Accessed: 2 November 2019.
17356:"Plankton - Animal plankton"
16923:, Press Room, 8 August 2019.
16536:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000359
16507:. Accessed: 2 November 2019.
16333:10.1126/science.268.5209.375
16290:10.1126/science.281.5374.237
16237:. Accessed: 2 November 2019.
15607:10.1080/08120099.2011.607849
15078:10.1371/journal.pone.0134377
14718:. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter.
13817:10.1016/0303-2647(92)90003-H
13573:10.1016/0303-2647(78)90023-0
11978:10.1371/journal.pone.0040418
11550:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030182
9182:continuous plankton recorder
9030:deep underground, including
9009:Subsurface life environments
8788:, has a protective cover of
8762:Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents
8114:ooze on the deep ocean floor
6817:sources of energy and carbon
5140:. They form the base of the
3888:Amoeba with ingested diatoms
3730:, and non‐motile species of
2301:or any other membrane-bound
2065:, their lack of distinctive
1686:(scale bars indicate 100 nm)
1553:evolutionary history of life
1313:The range of sizes shown by
940:evidence. The image shows a
7:
21556:Frontiers in Marine Science
21543:10.1007/978-981-10-5050-3_1
21369:Special Issue: Marine Omics
21100:10.1007/978-3-319-93284-2_5
20053:Nature Reviews Microbiology
19754:Nature Reviews Microbiology
19680:NOAA National Ocean Service
18707:10.1016/j.algal.2012.06.002
18414:The Merck Veterinary Manual
18298:Castro P, Huber ME (2010).
18195:National Science Foundation
17465:. In Marshall, K.C. (ed.).
16231:"Plankton – Plant plankton"
15254:"Fungal farming in a snail"
14833:. In Raghukumar, C. (ed.).
14397:. Tree of Life web project.
13351:. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
13349:Online Etymology Dictionary
13305:Bang C, Schmitz RA (2015).
12201:Nature Reviews Microbiology
11384:10.1016/j.shpsc.2016.02.016
11158:Nature Reviews Microbiology
10667:Nature Reviews Microbiology
10572:European Science Foundation
10365:Nature Reviews Microbiology
10023:
9946:Human impact on marine life
9889:metatranscriptome sequences
9624: – BBL Crystal
9291:. However, developments in
8968:marine cryptic interactions
8812:(SIMCO) refer to groups of
8678:The secret Life of plankton
7830:
7807:Main types of biogenic ooze
7564:with other organisms. Many
6893:around the world. It has a
6576:
5554:Syracosphaera azureaplaneta
5420:, a diatom responsible for
4844:just visible at bottom left
4630:oxygen-intolerant organisms
4407:Evolution of photosynthesis
4303:, small, often microscopic
4256:(water bears). Some marine
1982:, and the deep portions of
1555:are unclear: some may have
1317:(bacteria and archaea) and
1302:European Science Foundation
912:
304:Photosynthetic picoplankton
10:
22674:
22345:Marine microbial symbiosis
22171:Kill the Winner hypothesis
22143:Bacteria collective motion
21823:Kirchman, David L. (2018)
21275:10.1186/s40168-020-00875-0
20561:10.1038/s41467-020-17330-1
19574:Environmental Microbiology
19352:10.1038/s41467-018-07275-x
17316:Limnology and Oceanography
17252:Nature Education Knowledge
16890:. Springer. pp. 3–4.
16482:, pages 99–125, Springer.
15809:Nabors, Murray W. (2004).
15723:Joe Palca (12 June 2008).
14602:10.1515/botm.1989.32.3.205
14426:Brady, Richard M. (1993).
14327:Limnology and Oceanography
14113:10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.04.005
13117:American Journal of Botany
12860:10.1080/106351501750435040
12383:10.1038/s41467-018-03168-1
11757:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.24
10081:Marine microbial symbiosis
10006:
9943:
9734:
9630:
9568:
9539:
9534:
9412:nuclear magnetic resonance
9244:
9203:Identifying microorganisms
9167:
9063:organically poor sediments
8949:
8798:
8658:particulate organic matter
8608:particulate organic matter
8588:
8404:marine microbial symbiosis
8401:
8377:
8246:
7906:from 40 million years ago
7741:
7338:
7326:Mixotrophic dinoflagellate
7323:
7273:(green) living inside the
7091:nonconstitutive mixotrophs
6807:Mixotrophic dinoflagellate
6804:
6539:Penard's Amoeba Collection
6404:). These have unicellular
6352:Group of planktonic forams
6005:are unicellular predatory
5648:
5639:(4) thus generating energy
5229:
4991:
4985:
4404:
4398:
4142:
3934:
3876:with cilia clearly visible
3480:
3397:
3325:, grows to 5 cm long.
3208:Ciliate ingesting a diatom
3134:This ciliate is digesting
2702:
2695:
2692:
2636:
2567:Journey to the Microcosmos
2263:
2216:in February 2013 that the
1937:
1874:
1504:(genome) made from either
1440:
1063:. Some microorganisms are
975:
273:Heterotrophic picoplankton
22602:
22539:
22493:
22381:Microbes in human culture
22373:
22297:
22261:
22151:
22101:
22048:
22037:
21981:
21839:Helmreich, Stefan (2009)
21829:Oxford University Press.
21456:10.1038/s41576-020-0244-x
21409:10.1007/s00114-002-0321-3
21094:, pages 55–72, Springer.
21086:Käse L, Geuer JK. (2018)
20708:10.1007/s00792-014-0664-7
20191:10.1016/j.dsr.2005.04.002
19939:Frontiers in Microbiology
19888:Frontiers in Microbiology
19728:Aquatic microbial ecology
19501:10.1186/s12864-018-5064-4
19430:10.1186/s40168-018-0428-1
19263:10.1016/j.mib.2017.07.001
19154:10.1128/mSystems.00028-16
18915:Ian Sample (2 May 2010).
18668:10.1080/10635150701494127
18504:on varying algal diets".
18469:10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.020
17965:Frontiers in Microbiology
17704:10.1007/s00442-006-0413-4
17621:Eiler A (December 2006).
17449:University College London
17354:Wassilieff, Maggy (2006)
17337:10.4319/lo.1997.42.4.0687
17216:10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.043
16969:10.1017/S1473550418000423
16636:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
16499:Wassilieff, Maggy (2006)
16465:10.1007/s11434-012-5410-x
16393:Frontiers in Microbiology
16229:Wassilieff, Maggy (2006)
16140:. Butterworth-Heinemann.
15658:Nadis S (December 2003).
15179:Hawksworth, D.L. (2000).
14895:10.1007/s00248-007-9334-y
14843:10.1007/978-3-642-23342-5
14284:10.1016/j.ceb.2012.11.005
14162:10.1007/s10539-012-9354-y
14054:10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.028
13620:10.1038/s41396-018-0340-5
13311:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
13038:Annual Review of Genetics
12424:10.1038/nature.2017.21798
10777:10.1038/s41396-017-0042-4
10377:10.1038/s41579-019-0222-5
10340:Accessed 29 October 2020.
10252:10.1099/00221287-17-2-239
9927:, pages 73–82. Springer.
9608:Electrokinetic separation
9477:
9457:
9441:
9425:
9420:
9059:quasi-suspended animation
9038:and eating rocks such as
9032:2.5 km (1.6 mi)
9028:4.8 km (3.0 mi)
8671:
8666:
8225:For further information,
7943:
7837:
7805:
7612:dinoflagellate luciferase
7594:Some dinoflagellates are
7399:The toxic dinoflagellate
7211:
7122:
7087:
7082:
7044:Dinoflagellate examples:
7004:
6953:
6940:
6937:
6927:
6464:Amoeba engulfing a diatom
6447:
6299:
6287:
6282:
6156:
6144:
6139:
5760:is the fraction of total
5474:
5469:
5108:, various other types of
4803:, a genus of subtropical
4584:
4579:
4401:Marine primary production
4196:
4184:
4172:
4160:
4155:
3789:
3784:
3765:collective behavior in a
3694:
3473:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3456:
3449:
3227:Amoeba engulfing a diatom
3178:
3166:
3154:
3149:
2921:, unicellular "collared"
2684:
2678:
2671:
2648:single-celled prokaryotes
2233:Thiomargarita namibiensis
2121:, largest known bacterium
2118:Thiomargarita namibiensis
2086:symbionts to form either
2030:scientific classification
1665:of different families of
1652:
1246:
1225:
1205:
1198:
1161:
1141:
1134:
1105:
1098:
746:of a sea or ocean or the
630:Marine primary production
22475:Human Microbiome Project
22186:Microbial biodegradation
21568:10.3389/fmars.2019.00623
21529:, pages 3–12, Springer.
21060:Collins, R. Eric (2019)
19952:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00219
19901:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00219
19405:10.3389/fcimb.2014.00176
19032:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01150
18794:Bruckner, Monica (2020)
18240:Anderson, O. R. (1983).
18209:Handbook of the Protists
17978:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01998
17394:10.1103/PhysRevE.60.4588
16444:Chinese Science Bulletin
16406:10.3389/fmicb.2018.03235
16248:"What are phytoplankton"
14368:Singleton, Paul (2006).
14150:Biology & Philosophy
12117:10.1093/database/baaa062
11533:"The Third Age of Phage"
10472:Accessed 20 January 2007
10421:, pages 3–20, Springer.
10071:Hawaii Ocean Time-series
10066:Deep chlorophyll maximum
9448:How to Identify Microbes
8926:horizontal gene transfer
8654:dissolved organic matter
8652:facilitates the flow of
8616:dissolved organic matter
8610:(POM) from migrating up
8385:Symbiosis and holobionts
8184:Carbonate–silicate cycle
8146:calcareous nannoplankton
8074:(shells) of single cell
7656:dinoflagellates, causes
7330:Predatory dinoflagellate
7317:Haeckel Peridinea (1904)
6760:Mixotrophic radiolarians
6667:1904 (click for details)
6480:Shelled and naked amoeba
6207:1904 (click for details)
6127:Computer simulations of
5996:1904 (click for details)
5853:, as well as planktonic
5266:1904 (click for details)
5100:. Phytoplankton include
4672:
4643:) marine cyanobacterium
4542:The tiny cyanobacterium
4340:Pliciloricus enigmaticus
4047:photosynthetic organisms
4045:and oxygen generated by
3751:electrochemical gradient
2936:been little research on
1986:. Bacteria also live in
1565:horizontal gene transfer
1393:eukaryote microorganisms
22648:Biological oceanography
22526:Microbiological culture
22521:Microbial DNA barcoding
22330:Antarctic microorganism
22078:Microbial phylogenetics
21703:10.1126/science.aan5712
21678:10.1126/science.aaf4507
21653:10.5194/bg-12-7025-2015
21603:10.1126/science.1261359
21444:Nature Reviews Genetics
21222:10.1126/science.1093857
21015:Microbiological Reviews
20966:Journal of Bacteriology
20826:10.1073/pnas.1521291113
20622:10.1073/pnas.0503404102
20420:Geomicrobiology Journal
19841:Journal of Sea Research
19705:10.5194/npg-24-293-2017
19646:10.1111/1462-2920.13257
19301:The American Naturalist
18995:10.1073/pnas.0706787104
18856:10.1126/science.aba6853
17919:10.1073/pnas.1212303109
17736:Journal of Sea Research
17552:10.1073/pnas.1512538112
16845:10.1093/database/bav080
16771:Bacteria with Batteries
15777:10.1073/pnas.1307701110
15333:10.1126/science.1111347
15279:10.1073/pnas.2535227100
14959:10.1073/pnas.1131855100
14835:Biology of marine fungi
14558:10.1023/A:1008823515157
14003:10.1126/science.2672337
13752:Microbiological Reviews
13424:Journal of Bacteriology
12956:10.1126/science.1094884
12804:10.1073/pnas.91.15.6735
12745:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576
12582:10.1126/science.aal4657
12316:The Biological Bulletin
11862:10.1186/1471-2164-8-236
11531:Mann NH (17 May 2005).
11127:10.1126/science.aaa7378
10994:10.1073/pnas.0712334105
10470:2002 WHO mortality data
10306:10.1073/pnas.1711842115
10018:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
9671:Recent developments in
9628: – Biolog
9303:sequences, for example
9293:molecular phylogenetics
9267:microbial DNA barcoding
9263:high throughput biology
9178:video plankton recorder
9016:Deep Carbon Observatory
8614:by recycling them into
8249:Seabed § Sediments
7730:. The blade is made of
7600:sparkle with blue light
7497:Lingulodinium polyedrum
7008:constitutive mixotrophs
6592:Oxytricha chlorelligera
6396:A number of forams are
6264:...and defensive spines
5726:Purple Earth hypothesis
5711:multicellular organisms
4470:and marine plants. The
3999:. They are composed of
2652:more complex eukaryotes
2603:phylum of the proposed
2297:, meaning they have no
2101:secondary endosymbiosis
2001:constituting the class
1916:and along coastal areas
1849:(NCLDV), together with
1827:supreme god of creation
1581:Bacteriophages (phages)
1459:only inside the living
808:, and animals, such as
651:Paradox of the plankton
620:Diel vertical migration
22511:Impedance microbiology
22252:Caenorhabditis elegans
22068:Microbial intelligence
22058:Microbial biogeography
21855:Munn, Colin B. (2019)
21510:10.1099/mic.0.034793-0
18518:10.1093/plankt/17.1.29
17680:Ochromonas tuberculata
17627:Appl Environ Microbiol
16598:10.1126/sciadv.aaw8855
16252:NASA Earth Observatory
15811:Introduction to Botany
15635:. NASA. Archived from
14184:FW, Taylor MF (2005).
13896:Trends in Microbiology
13856:10.1098/rspb.2005.3195
13674:10.1098/rspb.2017.0664
13130:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1481
12167:10.1074/jbc.R800078200
11456:"Viral mutation rates"
11269:10.1186/1745-6150-1-29
10235:"The concept of virus"
10086:Microbial biogeography
10003:
9957:
9912:
9911:ribosomal protein S14.
9871:
9732:
9415:
9385:
9199:
9084:
9050:
9011:
8947:
8900:biogeochemical cycling
8836:are located where the
8738:
8661:
8641:
8631:
8586:
8420:as an assemblage of a
8399:
8244:
8204:
7739:
6744:Blepharisma americanum
6680:Tintinnopsis campanula
6466:
6229:sediment particles or
5732:Redfield and f- ratios
5724:conjecture called the
5693:
5687:salt evaporation ponds
5646:
5643:adenosine triphosphate
5464:
5144:that drives the ocean
5058:
4983:
4968:
4821:known colloquially as
4560:NASA image of a large
4442:. However most marine
4396:
4278:secondary productivity
3932:
3910:
3905:on a rock in a marine
3714:
3663:
3256:unicellular macroalgae
2622:Parakaryon myojinensis
2547:Parakaryon myojinensis
2497:Methanosarcina barkeri
2261:
1935:
1917:
1900:
1829:
1810:
1702:bacteria and archaea.
1688:
1682:, viruses that infect
1670:
1438:
1372:
1352:, the process whereby
1333:
1325:
1297:
1000:Such organisms can be
973:
754:. A microorganism (or
498:Gelatinous zooplankton
149:Marine life portal
31:
22658:Marine microorganisms
22557:Microbial dark matter
22501:Dark-field microscopy
22305:Marine microorganisms
22181:Microbial cooperation
21755:Nature Climate Change
21717:Global Change Biology
21011:"Bacterial evolution"
20665:(25 September 2018).
20540:Nature Communications
20472:on 10 September 2019.
19839:Mid-Atlantic Ridge".
19797:Reviews of Geophysics
19331:Nature Communications
19288:10.1128/mBio.02099-15
18942:It's Okay to be Smart
18502:Noctiluca scintillans
17492:Earth-Science Reviews
17461:Finlay, B.J. (2013).
17277:. Springer. pp.
17273:Predatory Prokaryotes
17196:"Bacterial predators"
16630:Oren, Aharon (2002).
16203:10.5194/bg-6-779-2009
15560:Astrobiology Magazine
15368:. Walter de Gruyter.
15021:10.1038/ismej.2009.87
14740:10.1515/9783110264067
13530:10.1093/jmicro/dfs062
13324:10.1093/femsre/fuv010
12630:10.1128/mBio.02497-18
12459:All Things Considered
12363:Nature Communications
12107:(Database (Oxford)).
11812:10.1038/ismej.2013.67
10574:, Position Paper 17.
10419:The Marine Microbiome
10338:Census Of Marine Life
10091:Microbial communities
9998:
9953:
9940:Anthropogenic impacts
9877:
9859:
9735:Further information:
9713:
9626: – Vitek
9395:
9378:
9245:Further information:
9236:sequencing techniques
9189:
9095:microbial dark matter
9082:microbial dark matter
9079:
9048:
9007:
8960:microbial dark matter
8939:
8885:Chemolithoautotrophic
8728:
8647:
8637:
8624:
8589:Further information:
8579:
8436:of all bionts is the
8432:, while the combined
8402:Further information:
8392:
8242:
8203:
8042:white cliffs of Dover
7790:Challenger expedition
7760:Terrigenous sediments
7742:Further information:
7726:who lived during the
7721:
7705:Noctiluca scintillans
7610:bodies which contain
7292:Dinoflagellate shapes
7205:Noctiluca scintillans
7171:Noctiluca scintillans
6699:Blepharisma japonicum
6462:
6087:Cladococcus abietinus
5944:, a diverse range of
5681:
5627:
5535:Coccolithus pelagicus
5460:
5102:cyanobacteria (above)
5052:
4992:Further information:
4981:
4946:
4838:Chlamydomonas globosa
4526:Cyanobacteria from a
4386:
3949:Over 1500 species of
3916:
3901:
3713:
3662:
3440:. Other protists are
3296:is a large spherical
3050:Gephyrocapsa oceanica
2583:. Life originated as
2481:Haloquadratum walsbyi
2373:, such as sugars, to
2334:Haloquadratum walsbyi
2293:. These microbes are
2247:
1923:
1906:
1889:
1817:Largest known virus,
1816:
1805:
1676:
1660:
1611:Diagram of a typical
1432:
1414:Methanopyrus kandleri
1366:
1331:
1312:
1286:
969:
732:Marine microorganisms
121:Biogeochemical cycles
24:
22176:Microbial consortium
22073:Microbial metabolism
21767:10.1038/nclimate1989
19677:What is marine snow?
18818:, 10 September 2020.
17647:10.1128/AEM.01559-06
16082:(31). Archived from
15995:"A place in the sun"
15851:Journal of Phycology
15556:"The Rise of Oxygen"
15447:. 23 September 2013.
14649:10.1128/AEM.00653-09
14393:David J. Patterson.
14099:(23–24): 2401–2419.
14080:on 16 December 2008.
13361:Pace NR (May 2006).
12932:Johnson, Patricia J.
12453:Bichell, Rae Ellen.
11920:10.1128/AEM.06297-11
11472:10.1128/JVI.00694-10
10939:(15 December 2014).
10711:Smithsonian Magazine
10446:www.sciencedaily.com
10133:Oceanic carbon cycle
9885:Earth system science
9692:single-cell genomics
9673:molecular sequencing
9468:Meet the Microcosmos
9452:Meet the Microcosmos
9436:Meet the Microcosmos
8976:is that part of the
8156:, calpionellids and
7384:). Some species are
7278:Stichotricha secunda
7138:Dinophysis acuminata
6991:Gammaproteobacterial
6274:, with calcium tests
6178:Foraminiferan shapes
6151:Radiolarian geometry
6014:. These remains, as
5418:Guinardia delicatula
5055:Chaetoceros socialis
4939:Marine microplankton
4480:cellular respiration
3314:Spiculosiphon oceana
3047:Single-celled alga,
2780:protist as drawn by
2688:Some other examples
2084:alphaproteobacterial
2038:evolutionary domains
2024:. Although the term
1694:, often just called
1628:molecular techniques
1087:and trace elements.
837:biomass in the ocean
796:, viruses, and most
555:Cyanobacterial bloom
319:Marine microplankton
22279:Seagrass microbiome
21890:Marine Viruses 2016
21628:10.1038/nature16942
21401:2002NW.....89..235H
21389:Naturwissenschaften
21315:2015MarGn..24...21K
21247:10.1155/2012/251364
21196:10.1038/nature11550
20817:2016PNAS..113.5970L
20762:1988Sci...241.1441M
20756:(4872): 1441–1449.
20613:2005PNAS..10212471F
20607:(35): 12471–12476.
20553:2020NatCo..11.3626M
20432:2019GmbJ...36..859L
20290:2007Natur.445..369G
20229:2012ARMS....4..425B
20183:2005DSRI...52.1515O
20120:2014PLoSO...9j9696A
20065:10.1038/nrmicro1750
20014:10.1038/nature04160
20006:2005Natur.437..356S
19853:2006JSR....56...45K
19809:1993RvGeo..31..211L
19766:10.1038/nrmicro3522
19682:. Updated:06/25/18.
19638:2016EnvMi..18.1646G
19586:2007EnvMi...9..777W
19343:2018NatCo...9.4921P
19207:The New Phytologist
18986:2007PNAS..10414401J
18980:(36): 14401–14405.
18847:2020Sci...369.1383W
18841:(6509): 1383–1387.
18549:2018PLoSO..1398292W
18461:2012HAlga..14..156B
18372:2010ARMS....2..443H
18331:(1 Spec No): 5–11.
18039:2017ARMS....9..311S
17910:2012PNAS..10918000D
17904:(44): 18000–18005.
17869:1995MEPS..123..235S
17811:2000Natur.404..595D
17748:2005JSR....53...43S
17696:2006Oecol.148..692K
17639:2006ApEnM..72.7431E
17543:2015PNAS..11214783D
17537:(48): 14783–14787.
17504:1999ESRv...46..149B
17424:. Springer-Verlag.
17386:1999PhRvE..60.4588V
17328:1997LimOc..42..687H
17165:1979Natur.282..677E
17120:2013NatGe...6..279M
17073:10.1038/nature04159
17065:2005Natur.437..349A
17012:2006AAS...209.0605S
16961:2018arXiv181005150D
16798:2000Sci...289.1902B
16792:(5486): 1902–1906.
16702:2000Sci...289.1902B
16696:(5486): 1902–1906.
16648:2002FEMME..39....1O
16589:2019SciA....5.8855G
16501:"A coccolithophore"
16456:2012ChSBu..57.3836Z
16325:1995Sci...268..375T
16282:1998Sci...281..237F
16194:2009BGeo....6..779B
16107:Ophrydium versatile
15863:2012JPcgy..48.1057G
15768:2013PNAS..110.9824F
15679:2003SciAm.289f..52N
15667:Scientific American
15599:2012AuJES..59....1F
15516:, 25 November 2019.
15403:2010Natur.464..825F
15325:2005Sci...308.1017Y
15319:(5724): 1017–1020.
15270:2003PNAS..10015643S
15264:(26): 15643–15648.
15069:2015PLoSO..1034377P
14950:2003PNAS..100.6916K
14788:2014PLoSO...9j1523W
14641:2009ApEnM..75.6415L
14550:1998BiCon...7.1147H
14507:2009RPPh...72i6601L
14444:1993BpJ....64..961B
14432:Biophysical Journal
14339:2018LimOc..63.2877A
14105:2011DSRII..58.2401G
14045:2008CBio...18.1849M
13995:1989Sci...245.1054D
13809:1992BiSys..28....1C
13612:2019ISMEJ..13.1072F
13565:1978BiSys..10....3W
13379:2006Natur.441..289P
13363:"Time for a change"
13239:10.1038/nature11921
13231:2013Natur.494..357Z
13085:1999COPB....2..513M
12948:2004Sci...304..253D
12795:1994PNAS...91.6735S
12736:1990PNAS...87.4576W
12679:2004ApEnM..70.4230F
12624:(2): e02497-02418.
12573:2017Sci...356...82S
12490:10.1511/2011.91.304
12375:2018NatCo...9..749A
12213:10.1038/nrmicro1527
12033:10.1038/nature25474
12025:2018Natur.554..118K
11969:2012PLoSO...740418R
11912:2012ApEnM..78...28X
11804:2013ISMEJ...7.1738B
11745:Nature Microbiology
11699:1989Natur.340..467B
11656:10.1038/nature04160
11648:2005Natur.437..356S
11460:Journal of Virology
11170:10.1038/nrmicro1747
11119:2015Sci...348..865A
11046:2014Natur.512..244F
10985:2008PNAS..10510949T
10889:2013NatGe...6..284G
10822:on 2 September 2010
10769:2018ISMEJ..12.1154R
10679:10.1038/nrmicro1750
10613:10.1038/nature04160
10605:2005Natur.437..356S
10535:10.1038/nature04160
10527:2005Natur.437..356S
10297:2018PNAS..115.6506B
9839:metatranscriptomics
9793:functional genomics
9753:metatranscriptomics
9565:Inverted microscopy
9363:Marinomonas arctica
9346:Pelagibacter ubique
9279:Traditionally, the
9271:algae DNA barcoding
9164:Sampling techniques
9154:Microbial diversity
9118:Microbial diversity
8696:Pelagibacter ubique
8650:viral shunt pathway
8235:Marine microbenthos
7770:Biogenous sediments
7568:radiolarians house
7471:The dinoflagellate
7440:The dinoflagellate
7255:, a photosynthetic
6608:Stylonychia putrina
6512:Shell or test of a
6213:Like radiolarians,
5831:marine microanimals
5689:coloured purple by
5661:bacteriochlorophyll
5651:Microbial rhodopsin
5641:(5) in the form of
5620:Microbial rhodopsin
5519:have plates called
5502:seed carrying stone
5202:The cyanobacterium
4801:Mermaid's wineglass
4288:Marine microanimals
4139:Marine microanimals
4115:Littoraria irrorata
4098:, and an alga or a
3957:or animals, or are
3924:Littoraria irrorata
3873:Oxytricha trifallax
3599:Paramecium bursaria
3460:Movement mechanism
3371:biological kingdoms
2877:, a photosynthetic
2399:reproduce asexually
2199:Pelagibacter ubique
2189:Marinomonas arctica
2139:can contain lethal
2055:first forms of life
2017:and rarely harbour
1951:constitute a large
1892:Pelagibacter ubique
1698:, are viruses that
1360:in the deep ocean.
990:, or microbe, is a
639:Ocean fertilization
560:Harmful algal bloom
478:Freshwater plankton
190:Part of a series on
22516:Microbial cytology
22480:Protein production
22315:Marine prokaryotes
22201:Microbial food web
22131:Protist locomotion
22109:Bacterial motility
22063:Microbial genetics
21802:General references
21009:Woese, CR (1987).
20513:The New York Times
18197:, 18 October 2011.
17878:10.3354/meps123235
15929:D. Thomas (2002).
15631:(September 2003).
14242:. Academic Press.
13711:Biological Reviews
13668:(1860): 20170664.
13279:on 20 January 2010
13198:. 16 February 2013
13170:on 1 December 2008
13007:10.1002/bies.20516
12838:Systematic Biology
12777:Schopf JW (1994).
12478:American Scientist
12263:10.1042/BST0320204
12069:. 25 January 2018.
10730:The New York Times
10713:, 11 January 2016.
10101:Microbial food web
10038:Marine life portal
9962:primary production
9958:
9913:
9905:ribosomal proteins
9872:
9826:on a large scale.
9733:
9580:Raman spectrometry
9416:
9386:
9200:
9085:
9071:South Pacific Gyre
9051:
9012:
8990:electron acceptors
8948:
8834:Hydrothermal vents
8790:symbiotic bacteria
8786:hydrothermal vents
8739:
8662:
8642:
8632:
8587:
8549:Seagrass holobiont
8476:However, there is
8400:
8380:Marine microbiomes
8374:Marine microbiomes
8245:
8205:
8126:Illustration of a
8078:(click to magnify)
8060:Diatomaceous earth
7740:
6955:Photoheterotrophic
6776:radiolarian hosts
6467:
5967:Radiolarian shapes
5762:primary production
5738:Alfred C. Redfield
5694:
5647:
5465:
5142:primary production
5059:
4984:
4969:
4858:Chlorella vulgaris
4814:Caulerpa taxifolia
4444:primary production
4432:hydrothermal vents
4397:
4118:damages plants of
3945:Evolution of fungi
3933:
3911:
3767:metachronal rhythm
3715:
3682:, but also in the
3664:
3611:, and some marine
3604:click to see cilia
3400:Protist locomotion
3269:The single-celled
3236:and are typically
2789:, and some marine
2343:metabolic pathways
2266:Marine prokaryotes
2262:
1976:acidic hot springs
1962:. Typically a few
1944:Bacterial motility
1936:
1918:
1901:
1877:Marine prokaryotes
1846:Nucleocytoviricota
1830:
1811:
1784:transferring genes
1689:
1671:
1567:, which increases
1542:optical microscope
1439:
1373:
1334:
1326:
978:Evolution of cells
974:
800:, as well as some
742:, that is, in the
740:marine environment
580:Great Calcite Belt
106:Primary production
32:
22620:
22619:
22391:Food microbiology
22284:Soil microbiology
22223:Microbial synergy
22191:Microbial ecology
21899:978-3-03842-621-9
21780:Nature Geoscience
21729:10.1111/gcb.12983
21190:(7415): 220–230.
20880:10.3390/d10020046
20811:(21): 5970–5975.
20000:(7057): 356–361.
19817:10.1029/93rg01280
19740:10.3354/ame028175
19626:Environ Microbiol
19220:10.1111/nph.13312
18628:978-0-08-053441-1
18130:CICIMAR Oceánides
17805:(6778): 595–598.
17793:DiTullio, G. R.;
17476:978-1-4684-7612-5
17431:978-3-540-96815-3
17374:Physical Review E
17296:978-3-540-38577-6
17159:(5740): 677–680.
17108:Nature Geoscience
16897:978-4-431-55516-2
16450:(30): 3836–3849.
16276:(5374): 237–240.
16086:on 8 October 2022
15944:978-0-565-09175-0
15909:www.algaebase.org
15820:978-0-8053-4416-5
15762:(24): 9824–9829.
15541:978-0-08-087782-2
15472:978-0-321-54325-7
15111:Gayana (Concepc.)
14944:(12): 6916–6921.
14883:Microbial Ecology
14852:978-3-642-23341-8
14749:978-3-11-026406-7
14379:978-0-470-03545-0
14347:10.1002/lno.11036
13962:on 4 October 2012
13952:"More on Diatoms"
13850:(1576): 2073–81.
13724:10.1111/brv.12239
13478:978-0-13-144329-7
13225:(7437): 357–360.
13124:(10): 1481–1493.
12942:(5668): 253–257.
12521:10.4161/cib.18624
12160:(19): 12599–603.
12101:"Autolykiviridae"
12019:(7690): 118–122.
11642:(7057): 356–361.
11514:978-0-12-375146-1
11113:(6237): 865–867.
11040:(7514): 244–246.
10876:Nature Geoscience
10580:978-2-918428-71-8
10291:(25): 6506–6511.
10186:978-0-321-73551-5
10177:Pearson Education
10175:(13th ed.).
10096:Microbial ecology
9797:-omics techniques
9741:environmental DNA
9725:contig generation
9700:microbial ecology
9669:
9668:
9615:Propriety methods
9612:Microfluidic chip
9584:Mass spectrometry
9536:Traditional media
9473:
9472:
9408:mass spectrometry
9255:Sanger sequencing
8742:Niche communities
8736:
8683:
8682:
8583:export production
8416:in her 1991 book
8414:Dr. Lynn Margulis
8229:
8048:
8047:
7835:
7828:name of skeleton
7252:Euglena mutabilis
7218:
7217:
7214:
7184:Most mixotrophic
7040:Prymnesium parvum
6944:Further examples
6881:was mixotrophic.
6831:, and those with
6737:
6716:
6639:Mesodinium rubrum
6460:
6385:Egyptian pyramids
6311:
6310:
6168:
6167:
6121:Shell micrographs
6060:strontium sulfate
5736:During the 1930s
5691:bacteriorhodopsin
5667:. Retinal is the
5600:Emiliania huxleyi
5581:Emiliania huxleyi
5486:
5485:
5138:silicoflagellates
5122:coccolithophorids
4979:
4861:, a common green
4596:
4595:
4412:Primary producers
4379:Primary producers
4208:
4207:
3801:
3800:
3744:
3743:
3634:
3605:
3561:
3534:silicoflagellates
3530:choanoflagellates
3410:generate movement
3222:
3203:
3190:
3189:
3121:endosymbiotically
2919:Choanoflagellates
2887:
2886:
2874:Euglena mutabilis
2617:transitional form
2609:Eocyte hypothesis
2601:Heimdallarchaeota
2552:transitional form
2521:Pyrolobus fumarii
2371:organic compounds
1997:Once regarded as
1980:radioactive waste
1909:Vibrio vulnificus
1788:genetic diversity
1647:natural selection
1573:natural selection
1569:genetic diversity
1283:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1180:
1179:
1044:have microscopic
888:chemical elements
841:marine microbiome
824:have microscopic
774:unaided human eye
729:
728:
585:Milky seas effect
292:Nanophytoplankton
185:
184:
22665:
22638:Marine organisms
22610:
22609:
22411:Human microbiome
22335:Coral microbiome
22269:Plant microbiome
22043:
21968:
21961:
21954:
21945:
21944:
21795:
21792:10.1038/ngeo1757
21776:
21770:
21751:
21742:
21736:
21712:
21706:
21687:
21681:
21662:
21656:
21637:
21631:
21612:
21606:
21587:
21581:
21575:
21551:
21545:
21519:
21513:
21494:
21488:
21487:
21477:
21467:
21435:
21429:
21428:
21380:
21374:
21373:
21363:
21357:
21351:
21346:
21336:
21326:
21294:
21288:
21282:
21256:
21250:
21231:
21225:
21205:
21199:
21180:
21174:
21168:
21163:
21153:
21143:
21119:
21113:
21107:
21084:
21078:
21072:
21071:
21058:
21049:
21048:
21038:
21006:
21000:
20999:
20989:
20957:
20951:
20950:
20940:
20930:
20921:(10): e1001177.
20906:
20895:
20889:
20884:
20882:
20858:
20849:
20848:
20838:
20828:
20796:
20790:
20789:
20742:
20736:
20735:
20690:
20684:
20683:
20681:
20679:
20659:
20653:
20652:
20642:
20624:
20592:
20583:
20582:
20572:
20530:
20524:
20523:
20521:
20519:
20504:
20498:
20492:
20486:
20480:
20474:
20473:
20458:
20452:
20451:
20414:
20408:
20407:
20405:
20403:
20386:
20380:
20379:
20377:
20375:
20360:
20354:
20353:
20351:
20349:
20332:
20326:
20325:
20283:
20263:
20257:
20256:
20209:
20203:
20202:
20177:(8): 1515–1527.
20166:
20160:
20159:
20149:
20131:
20099:
20093:
20092:
20048:
20042:
20041:
19989:
19983:
19982:
19972:
19954:
19930:
19924:
19923:
19913:
19903:
19879:
19873:
19872:
19835:
19829:
19828:
19792:
19786:
19785:
19749:
19743:
19724:
19718:
19712:
19689:
19683:
19674:
19668:
19667:
19657:
19632:(5): 1646–1653.
19621:
19615:
19612:
19606:
19605:
19569:
19563:
19562:
19544:
19520:
19514:
19508:
19484:
19478:
19472:
19449:
19443:
19437:
19414:
19408:
19389:
19383:
19382:
19372:
19354:
19322:
19316:
19297:
19291:
19272:
19266:
19247:
19241:
19240:
19222:
19213:(4): 1196–1206.
19198:
19192:
19173:
19167:
19161:
19137:
19131:
19130:
19120:
19102:
19078:
19072:
19071:
19051:
19045:
19039:
19024:
19018:
19017:
19007:
18997:
18964:
18958:
18957:
18955:
18953:
18944:. Archived from
18933:
18927:
18926:
18912:
18906:
18905:
18893:
18887:
18886:
18868:
18858:
18825:
18819:
18810:
18804:
18792:
18786:
18770:
18761:
18760:
18750:
18740:
18716:
18710:
18709:
18687:
18681:
18680:
18670:
18646:
18640:
18639:
18637:
18635:
18615:"Marine Diatoms"
18610:
18604:
18587:
18581:
18580:
18570:
18560:
18528:
18522:
18521:
18497:
18491:
18490:
18480:
18436:
18430:
18429:
18427:
18425:
18416:. Archived from
18406:
18400:
18399:
18355:
18349:
18348:
18320:
18314:
18313:
18295:
18289:
18288:
18263:(9): 1192–1197.
18252:
18246:
18245:
18237:
18231:
18230:
18204:
18198:
18189:
18183:
18182:
18154:
18148:
18147:
18145:
18124:Gómez F (2012).
18121:
18115:
18114:
18104:
18094:
18070:
18061:
18060:
18050:
18018:
18009:
18008:
17998:
17980:
17956:
17950:
17949:
17939:
17921:
17889:
17883:
17882:
17880:
17854:
17845:
17839:
17838:
17819:10.1038/35007061
17795:Grebmeier, J. M.
17790:
17784:
17783:
17776:
17770:
17769:
17759:
17730:
17724:
17723:
17675:
17669:
17668:
17658:
17618:
17612:
17611:
17610:. 2 August 2017.
17600:
17594:
17593:
17581:
17575:
17574:
17564:
17554:
17522:
17516:
17515:
17487:
17481:
17480:
17463:"Microaerophily"
17458:
17452:
17442:
17436:
17435:
17415:
17406:
17405:
17369:
17363:
17352:
17343:
17341:
17339:
17307:
17301:
17300:
17287:10.1007/7171_052
17276:
17266:
17260:
17259:
17243:
17237:
17236:
17218:
17200:
17191:
17185:
17184:
17173:10.1038/282677a0
17146:
17140:
17139:
17128:10.1038/ngeo1757
17099:
17093:
17092:
17059:(7057): 349–55.
17048:
17039:
17038:
17022:
17016:
17015:
16995:
16989:
16988:
16954:
16930:
16924:
16915:
16909:
16908:
16906:
16904:
16881:
16875:
16874:
16864:
16824:
16818:
16817:
16780:
16774:
16768:
16762:
16761:
16759:
16757:
16752:on 7 August 2016
16748:. Archived from
16736:
16730:
16729:
16684:
16678:
16677:
16659:
16627:
16621:
16620:
16610:
16600:
16577:Science Advances
16568:
16559:
16558:
16548:
16538:
16514:
16508:
16497:
16491:
16476:
16470:
16469:
16467:
16435:
16429:
16428:
16418:
16408:
16384:
16378:
16377:
16375:
16373:
16359:
16353:
16352:
16308:
16302:
16301:
16261:
16255:
16244:
16238:
16227:
16218:
16217:
16215:
16205:
16173:
16167:
16158:
16152:
16151:
16133:
16127:
16126:
16102:
16096:
16095:
16093:
16091:
16067:
16061:
16060:
16024:
16018:
16017:
16012:
16010:
16001:. Archived from
15990:
15984:
15983:
15955:
15949:
15948:
15926:
15920:
15919:
15917:
15915:
15900:
15891:
15890:
15846:
15840:
15839:
15831:
15825:
15824:
15806:
15800:
15799:
15789:
15779:
15739:
15733:
15732:
15720:
15714:
15713:
15711:
15709:
15704:on 19 April 2014
15703:
15697:. Archived from
15664:
15655:
15649:
15648:
15646:
15644:
15639:on 29 March 2012
15629:Rothschild, Lynn
15625:
15619:
15618:
15582:
15576:
15575:
15573:
15571:
15552:
15546:
15545:
15523:
15517:
15508:
15502:
15501:
15499:
15497:
15483:
15477:
15476:
15458:
15449:
15448:
15437:
15431:
15430:
15386:
15380:
15379:
15359:
15353:
15352:
15308:
15302:
15301:
15291:
15281:
15249:
15243:
15242:
15235:
15226:
15225:
15223:
15221:
15210:
15204:
15203:
15201:
15199:
15188:Fungal Diversity
15185:
15176:
15170:
15169:
15167:
15165:
15160:on 22 April 2013
15146:
15140:
15139:
15131:
15122:
15107:
15101:
15100:
15090:
15080:
15048:
15042:
15041:
15023:
15008:The ISME Journal
14999:
14990:
14989:
14979:
14961:
14929:
14923:
14922:
14878:
14872:
14871:
14869:
14867:
14826:
14820:
14819:
14809:
14799:
14767:
14761:
14760:
14758:
14756:
14725:
14719:
14710:
14704:
14703:
14701:
14692:(1): 1377–1378.
14677:
14671:
14670:
14660:
14620:
14614:
14613:
14585:
14579:
14576:
14570:
14569:
14544:(9): 1147–1161.
14533:
14527:
14526:
14500:
14480:
14474:
14473:
14463:
14423:
14417:
14416:
14415:on 10 June 2009.
14405:
14399:
14398:
14390:
14384:
14383:
14365:
14359:
14358:
14333:(6): 2877–2884.
14324:
14315:
14306:
14305:
14295:
14263:
14254:
14253:
14233:
14227:
14226:
14208:
14190:
14180:
14174:
14173:
14145:
14139:
14123:
14117:
14116:
14088:
14082:
14081:
14079:
14073:. Archived from
14056:
14030:
14021:
14015:
14014:
13989:(4922): 1054–8.
13978:
13972:
13971:
13969:
13967:
13958:. Archived from
13948:
13942:
13941:
13929:
13920:
13919:
13893:
13884:
13878:
13877:
13867:
13835:
13829:
13828:
13792:
13786:
13785:
13775:
13743:
13737:
13736:
13726:
13702:
13696:
13695:
13685:
13653:
13642:
13641:
13631:
13606:(4): 1072–1083.
13591:
13585:
13584:
13548:
13542:
13541:
13513:
13507:
13506:
13504:
13502:
13497:
13489:
13483:
13482:
13464:
13458:
13457:
13447:
13415:
13409:
13408:
13390:
13358:
13352:
13343:
13337:
13336:
13326:
13302:
13296:
13295:
13287:
13281:
13280:
13265:
13259:
13258:
13214:
13208:
13207:
13205:
13203:
13186:
13180:
13179:
13177:
13175:
13164:Bacteria Genomes
13156:
13150:
13149:
13111:
13105:
13104:
13068:
13062:
13061:
13033:
13027:
13026:
12990:
12984:
12983:
12927:
12921:
12920:
12910:
12878:
12872:
12871:
12853:
12833:
12827:
12826:
12816:
12806:
12774:
12768:
12767:
12757:
12747:
12715:
12709:
12708:
12698:
12658:
12652:
12651:
12641:
12609:
12603:
12602:
12584:
12558:
12549:
12543:
12542:
12532:
12500:
12494:
12493:
12469:
12463:
12462:
12450:
12444:
12443:
12411:
12405:
12404:
12394:
12354:
12348:
12347:
12311:
12305:
12304:
12302:
12300:
12289:
12283:
12282:
12248:
12239:
12233:
12232:
12196:
12190:
12189:
12179:
12169:
12145:
12139:
12138:
12128:
12096:
12090:
12089:
12077:
12071:
12070:
12059:
12053:
12052:
12007:
12001:
12000:
11990:
11980:
11948:
11942:
11941:
11931:
11891:
11885:
11884:
11874:
11864:
11840:
11834:
11833:
11823:
11792:The ISME Journal
11783:
11777:
11776:
11742:
11733:
11727:
11726:
11707:10.1038/340467a0
11682:
11676:
11675:
11631:
11622:
11621:
11611:
11579:
11573:
11572:
11562:
11552:
11528:
11519:
11518:
11500:
11494:
11493:
11483:
11451:
11445:
11444:
11412:
11406:
11405:
11395:
11363:
11352:
11351:
11339:
11330:
11329:
11301:
11292:
11291:
11281:
11271:
11247:
11241:
11240:
11230:
11220:
11218:10.3390/v9100302
11196:
11190:
11189:
11153:
11147:
11146:
11102:
11096:
11095:
11093:
11091:
11074:
11068:
11067:
11057:
11023:
11017:
11016:
11006:
10996:
10979:(31): 10949–54.
10964:
10958:
10957:
10955:
10953:
10937:Morelle, Rebecca
10933:
10927:
10926:
10924:
10922:
10907:
10901:
10900:
10897:10.1038/ngeo1773
10869:
10863:
10862:
10860:
10858:
10843:
10832:
10831:
10829:
10827:
10818:. Archived from
10805:
10799:
10798:
10788:
10763:(4): 1154–1162.
10748:
10742:
10741:
10739:
10737:
10720:
10714:
10705:
10699:
10698:
10662:
10651:
10648:
10642:
10639:
10633:
10632:
10588:
10582:
10564:
10555:
10554:
10510:
10504:
10503:
10501:
10499:
10485:(25 July 2016).
10479:
10473:
10467:
10458:
10457:
10455:
10453:
10438:
10429:
10415:
10409:
10403:
10398:
10388:
10356:
10341:
10335:
10329:
10328:
10318:
10308:
10276:
10265:
10264:
10254:
10233:Lwoff A (1956).
10230:
10221:
10220:
10200:
10191:
10190:
10179:. p. 1096.
10168:
10054:
10049:
10048:
10040:
10035:
10034:
10033:
9706:Using omics data
9619: –
9602: –
9597: –
9592: –
9587: –
9578: –
9573: –
9530:
9518:
9506:
9494:
9475:
9474:
9462:
9461:
9446:
9445:
9430:
9429:
9418:
9417:
9358:
9341:
9231:
9215:
9149:
9128:
9036:breathing sulfur
9033:
9029:
8877:giant tube worms
8773:
8754:
8734:
8712:
8691:
8676:
8675:
8664:
8663:
8559:
8545:
8535:Sponge holobiont
8531:
8517:
8351:extinction event
8312:
8295:
8280:intertidal zones
8272:seagrass meadows
8224:
8215:
8196:
8180:
8168:
8141:
8123:
8103:
8087:
8068:sedimentary rock
8056:
8037:
8022:
7999:
7986:
7936:
7920:
7899:
7884:
7833:
7803:
7802:
7798:pelagic sediment
7786:radiolarian ooze
7744:Marine sediments
7722:Stone dagger of
7700:
7686:
7669:
7644:
7627:
7545:
7533:
7510:
7487:
7473:Dinophysis acuta
7468:
7453:
7437:
7420:
7408:Myrionecta rubra
7402:Dinophysis acuta
7337:are part of the
7314:
7302:
7267:
7247:
7229:
7212:
7166:
7152:Myrionecta rubra
7133:
7109:
7022:
6966:
6958:bacterioplankton
6950:Bacterioplankton
6925:
6924:
6791:
6770:
6739:
6738:
6718:
6717:
6694:
6676:
6660:
6634:
6619:
6603:
6587:
6568:
6550:
6531:
6509:
6488:
6472:can be shelled (
6461:
6380:
6361:
6349:
6331:
6319:
6304:
6303:
6292:
6291:
6280:
6279:
6261:
6249:
6197:
6188:
6161:
6160:
6149:
6148:
6137:
6136:
6118:
6106:
6083:
6071:
6051:
6039:
6027:
5986:
5977:
5904:Many species of
5890:
5875:
5611:
5592:
5572:
5549:
5531:
5517:Coccolithophores
5513:
5494:Coccolithophores
5489:Coccolithophores
5479:
5478:
5467:
5466:
5445:
5433:
5414:
5402:
5391:half a mile deep
5360:
5346:
5325:
5316:
5304:
5289:
5256:
5247:
5217:
5199:
5184:
5172:
5160:
5023:ecological niche
5013:(from Greek for
4994:Bacterioplankton
4980:
4919:are the larger,
4905:
4893:
4881:
4853:
4834:
4819:invasive species
4792:. They are very
4607:colonial species
4589:
4588:
4577:
4576:
4557:
4539:
4523:
4391:and terrestrial
4367:
4352:
4334:
4315:
4296:
4201:
4200:
4189:
4188:
4177:
4176:
4165:
4164:
4153:
4152:
4066:chytridiomycetes
4035:vertical profile
4024:nutrient cycling
4013:bacterioplankton
3885:
3867:
3843:
3828:
3812:
3794:
3793:
3782:
3781:
3740:are non‐motile.
3728:coccolithophores
3698:
3641:
3632:
3603:
3594:
3576:
3543:
3512:
3490:
3477:
3457:Type of protist
3447:
3446:
3378:, multicellular
3354:
3334:
3317:, a unicellular
3309:
3293:Gromia sphaerica
3288:
3266:
3224:
3223:
3205:
3204:
3183:
3182:
3171:
3170:
3159:
3158:
3147:
3146:
3131:
3111:A single-celled
3108:
3090:
3076:
3061:
3044:
3030:
3015:
2995:
2980:
2909:
2897:
2869:
2832:
2774:
2719:
2679:Type of protist
2669:
2668:
2561:
2542:
2512:
2492:
2475:
2460:
2445:
2305:in their cells.
2223:, which attacks
2183:
2151:
2130:
2112:
1940:Bacterioplankton
1608:
1599:
1591:
1520:coat called the
1502:genetic material
1453:infectious agent
1346:recycling carbon
1305:
1256:
1235:
1214:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1171:
1150:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1114:
1101:
1100:
1091:
1090:
953:
930:
721:
714:
707:
694:
689:
688:
350:coccolithophores
287:Microzooplankton
246:Bacterioplankton
206:
187:
186:
177:
170:
163:
147:
146:
145:
53:
52:
34:
33:
22673:
22672:
22668:
22667:
22666:
22664:
22663:
22662:
22623:
22622:
22621:
22616:
22598:
22535:
22489:
22369:
22320:Marine protists
22293:
22274:Root microbiome
22257:
22166:Biological pump
22147:
22097:
22044:
22035:
21977:
21972:
21939:Radiolarian art
21804:
21799:
21798:
21777:
21773:
21752:
21745:
21713:
21709:
21688:
21684:
21663:
21659:
21638:
21634:
21613:
21609:
21588:
21584:
21552:
21548:
21520:
21516:
21495:
21491:
21436:
21432:
21381:
21377:
21364:
21360:
21303:Marine Genomics
21295:
21291:
21257:
21253:
21232:
21228:
21216:(5667): 66–74.
21206:
21202:
21181:
21177:
21120:
21116:
21085:
21081:
21069:
21059:
21052:
21007:
21003:
20958:
20954:
20907:
20898:
20859:
20852:
20797:
20793:
20743:
20739:
20691:
20687:
20677:
20675:
20660:
20656:
20593:
20586:
20531:
20527:
20517:
20515:
20505:
20501:
20493:
20489:
20481:
20477:
20460:
20459:
20455:
20426:(10): 859–872.
20415:
20411:
20401:
20399:
20396:The Independent
20387:
20383:
20373:
20371:
20361:
20357:
20347:
20345:
20333:
20329:
20298:10.1038/445369a
20264:
20260:
20210:
20206:
20167:
20163:
20114:(10): e109696.
20100:
20096:
20059:(10): 801–812.
20049:
20045:
19990:
19986:
19931:
19927:
19880:
19876:
19836:
19832:
19793:
19789:
19760:(11): 677–690.
19750:
19746:
19725:
19721:
19690:
19686:
19675:
19671:
19622:
19618:
19613:
19609:
19570:
19566:
19542:10.2307/1313569
19535:(10): 781–788.
19521:
19517:
19485:
19481:
19450:
19446:
19415:
19411:
19390:
19386:
19323:
19319:
19307:(S4): S51-S62.
19298:
19294:
19273:
19269:
19248:
19244:
19199:
19195:
19174:
19170:
19138:
19134:
19093:(8): e1002226.
19079:
19075:
19068:
19052:
19048:
19025:
19021:
18965:
18961:
18951:
18949:
18948:on 13 July 2018
18934:
18930:
18913:
18909:
18894:
18890:
18826:
18822:
18811:
18807:
18793:
18789:
18771:
18764:
18731:(6): e1001085.
18717:
18713:
18688:
18684:
18647:
18643:
18633:
18631:
18629:
18611:
18607:
18588:
18584:
18543:(6): e0198292.
18529:
18525:
18498:
18494:
18437:
18433:
18423:
18421:
18420:on 3 March 2016
18408:
18407:
18403:
18356:
18352:
18321:
18317:
18310:
18296:
18292:
18253:
18249:
18238:
18234:
18227:
18205:
18201:
18190:
18186:
18155:
18151:
18122:
18118:
18071:
18064:
18019:
18012:
17957:
17953:
17890:
17886:
17852:
17846:
17842:
17791:
17787:
17778:
17777:
17773:
17757:10.1.1.319.9563
17731:
17727:
17676:
17672:
17619:
17615:
17602:
17601:
17597:
17582:
17578:
17523:
17519:
17488:
17484:
17477:
17459:
17455:
17443:
17439:
17432:
17416:
17409:
17370:
17366:
17353:
17346:
17308:
17304:
17297:
17267:
17263:
17244:
17240:
17198:
17192:
17188:
17147:
17143:
17100:
17096:
17049:
17042:
17023:
17019:
16996:
16992:
16931:
16927:
16916:
16912:
16902:
16900:
16898:
16882:
16878:
16825:
16821:
16781:
16777:
16769:
16765:
16755:
16753:
16738:
16737:
16733:
16685:
16681:
16628:
16624:
16583:(8): eaaw8855.
16569:
16562:
16529:(4): e1000359.
16515:
16511:
16498:
16494:
16477:
16473:
16436:
16432:
16385:
16381:
16371:
16369:
16361:
16360:
16356:
16319:(5209): 375–9.
16309:
16305:
16262:
16258:
16245:
16241:
16228:
16221:
16174:
16170:
16159:
16155:
16148:
16134:
16130:
16103:
16099:
16089:
16087:
16068:
16064:
16025:
16021:
16008:
16006:
16005:on 4 March 2016
15991:
15987:
15972:
15956:
15952:
15945:
15933:. Life Series.
15927:
15923:
15913:
15911:
15901:
15894:
15847:
15843:
15832:
15828:
15821:
15807:
15803:
15746:Prochlorococcus
15740:
15736:
15721:
15717:
15707:
15705:
15701:
15662:
15656:
15652:
15642:
15640:
15626:
15622:
15583:
15579:
15569:
15567:
15566:on 3 April 2015
15554:
15553:
15549:
15542:
15524:
15520:
15509:
15505:
15495:
15493:
15484:
15480:
15473:
15459:
15452:
15439:
15438:
15434:
15411:10.1038/464825b
15387:
15383:
15376:
15360:
15356:
15309:
15305:
15250:
15246:
15237:
15236:
15229:
15219:
15217:
15212:
15211:
15207:
15197:
15195:
15183:
15177:
15173:
15163:
15161:
15148:
15147:
15143:
15132:
15125:
15108:
15104:
15063:(7): e0134377.
15049:
15045:
15000:
14993:
14930:
14926:
14879:
14875:
14865:
14863:
14853:
14827:
14823:
14768:
14764:
14754:
14752:
14750:
14726:
14722:
14711:
14707:
14678:
14674:
14635:(20): 6415–21.
14621:
14617:
14590:Botanica Marina
14586:
14582:
14577:
14573:
14534:
14530:
14481:
14477:
14424:
14420:
14407:
14406:
14402:
14391:
14387:
14380:
14366:
14362:
14322:
14316:
14309:
14264:
14257:
14250:
14234:
14230:
14188:
14181:
14177:
14146:
14142:
14124:
14120:
14089:
14085:
14077:
14033:Current Biology
14028:
14022:
14018:
13979:
13975:
13965:
13963:
13950:
13949:
13945:
13930:
13923:
13891:
13885:
13881:
13836:
13832:
13793:
13789:
13744:
13740:
13703:
13699:
13654:
13645:
13592:
13588:
13549:
13545:
13514:
13510:
13500:
13498:
13495:
13491:
13490:
13486:
13479:
13465:
13461:
13416:
13412:
13388:10.1038/441289a
13359:
13355:
13344:
13340:
13303:
13299:
13289:
13288:
13284:
13267:
13266:
13262:
13215:
13211:
13201:
13199:
13188:
13187:
13183:
13173:
13171:
13158:
13157:
13153:
13112:
13108:
13069:
13065:
13034:
13030:
12991:
12987:
12928:
12924:
12879:
12875:
12851:10.1.1.321.8828
12834:
12830:
12789:(15): 6735–42.
12775:
12771:
12716:
12712:
12659:
12655:
12610:
12606:
12567:(6333): 82–85.
12556:
12550:
12546:
12501:
12497:
12474:"Giant Viruses"
12470:
12466:
12451:
12447:
12412:
12408:
12355:
12351:
12328:10.2307/1542973
12312:
12308:
12298:
12296:
12291:
12290:
12286:
12257:(Pt 2): 204–8.
12246:
12240:
12236:
12197:
12193:
12146:
12142:
12097:
12093:
12078:
12074:
12061:
12060:
12056:
12008:
12004:
11949:
11945:
11892:
11888:
11841:
11837:
11784:
11780:
11740:
11734:
11730:
11693:(6233): 467–8.
11683:
11679:
11632:
11625:
11580:
11576:
11529:
11522:
11515:
11501:
11497:
11466:(19): 9733–48.
11452:
11448:
11413:
11409:
11364:
11355:
11340:
11333:
11302:
11295:
11248:
11244:
11197:
11193:
11164:(10): 782–791.
11154:
11150:
11103:
11099:
11089:
11087:
11075:
11071:
11055:10.1038/512244a
11024:
11020:
10965:
10961:
10951:
10949:
10934:
10930:
10920:
10918:
10908:
10904:
10870:
10866:
10856:
10854:
10844:
10835:
10825:
10823:
10810:"The Biosphere"
10806:
10802:
10749:
10745:
10735:
10733:
10721:
10717:
10706:
10702:
10663:
10654:
10649:
10645:
10640:
10636:
10589:
10585:
10565:
10558:
10511:
10507:
10497:
10495:
10480:
10476:
10468:
10461:
10451:
10449:
10440:
10439:
10432:
10416:
10412:
10357:
10344:
10336:
10332:
10277:
10268:
10231:
10224:
10201:
10194:
10187:
10169:
10162:
10157:
10152:
10050:
10043:
10036:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10009:
10004:
9997:
9991:
9979:
9974:marine food web
9969:
9956:
9948:
9942:
9882:
9864:
9755:
9718:
9708:
9684:bacterial phyla
9662:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9646:
9642:
9638:
9634:
9627:
9625:
9623:
9618:
9616:
9614:
9610:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9563:
9559:
9555:
9551:
9547:
9543:
9537:
9523:
9511:
9499:
9487:
9480:
9459:
9443:
9427:
9421:External videos
9400:
9390:
9389:
9388:
9387:
9384:
9369:
9368:
9367:
9359:
9351:
9350:
9342:
9333:
9332:
9277:
9243:
9242:
9241:
9240:
9239:
9232:
9223:
9222:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9205:
9198:
9196:
9194:
9184:
9166:
9159:
9156:
9150:
9141:
9135:
9129:
9120:
9031:
9027:
9018:announced that
9010:
8986:electron donors
8970:
8946:
8934:
8838:tectonic plates
8807:
8797:
8796:
8795:
8794:
8793:
8774:
8766:
8765:
8755:
8744:
8737:
8733:
8721:
8720:
8713:
8704:
8692:
8673:
8667:External videos
8640:
8630:
8597:marine food web
8593:
8591:marine food web
8585:
8574:
8572:Marine food web
8567:
8566:
8560:
8551:
8546:
8537:
8532:
8523:
8521:Coral holobiont
8518:
8496:dinoflagellates
8458:and all of the
8426:ecological unit
8410:
8397:
8387:
8382:
8376:
8343:oxygen isotopes
8339:climate proxies
8321:
8313:
8304:
8296:
8259:
8237:
8230:
8223:
8221:
8216:
8207:
8197:
8186:
8181:
8172:
8169:
8160:
8142:
8133:
8124:
8115:
8104:
8095:
8088:
8079:
8057:
8014:coccolithophore
7971:
7967:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7953:
7945:Calcareous ooze
7869:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7851:
7832:
7822:
7817:
7808:
7774:marine protists
7754:
7724:Ötzi the Iceman
7716:
7709:
7701:
7692:
7687:
7678:
7670:
7661:
7645:
7636:
7632:Tripos muelleri
7628:
7558:
7557:
7556:
7555:
7551:
7550:
7549:
7546:
7538:
7537:
7534:
7525:
7524:
7523:Dinoflagellates
7518:
7517:
7516:
7515:
7514:
7511:
7502:
7501:
7500:
7488:
7475:
7469:
7460:
7454:
7445:
7442:Protoperidinium
7438:
7429:
7421:
7335:Dinoflagellates
7332:
7322:
7321:
7320:
7319:
7318:
7315:
7307:
7306:
7303:
7294:
7293:
7287:
7285:Dinoflagellates
7280:
7268:
7259:
7248:
7239:
7230:
7201:
7183:
7177:Metazooplankton
7149:
7043:
7037:
6994:
6989:
6982:
6971:Vibrio cholerae
6930:
6902:. As a result,
6809:
6803:
6802:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6792:
6784:
6783:
6771:
6762:
6761:
6755:
6748:
6740:
6727:
6722:
6719:
6707:
6702:
6695:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6682:
6677:
6669:
6668:
6661:
6652:
6651:
6643:
6635:
6626:
6620:
6611:
6604:
6595:
6588:
6579:
6572:
6569:
6560:
6551:
6542:
6532:
6523:
6510:
6501:
6489:
6465:
6452:
6450:
6430:dinoflagellates
6392:
6381:
6372:
6362:
6353:
6350:
6341:
6332:
6323:
6320:
6301:
6289:
6283:External videos
6278:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6267:
6266:
6265:
6262:
6254:
6253:
6250:
6241:
6240:
6211:
6210:
6209:
6208:
6200:
6199:
6198:
6190:
6189:
6180:
6179:
6173:
6158:
6146:
6140:External videos
6135:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6129:Turing patterns
6124:
6123:
6122:
6119:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6098:
6097:
6089:
6084:
6075:
6072:
6063:
6052:
6043:
6040:
6031:
6028:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5979:
5978:
5969:
5968:
5962:
5934:dinoflagellates
5930:nanoflagellates
5900:
5891:
5882:
5876:
5827:dinoflagellates
5809:(single-celled
5789:
5734:
5722:astrobiological
5653:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5622:
5615:
5612:
5603:
5593:
5584:
5577:coccolithophore
5573:
5564:
5561:The Blue Planet
5558:
5550:
5541:
5532:
5523:
5514:
5491:
5476:
5470:External videos
5463:
5453:
5446:
5437:
5434:
5425:
5415:
5406:
5403:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5371:Diatoms have a
5368:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5338:
5337:
5329:
5326:
5317:
5308:
5305:
5296:
5290:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5249:
5248:
5239:
5238:
5232:
5225:
5218:
5209:
5205:Prochlorococcus
5200:
5191:
5185:
5176:
5173:
5164:
5161:
5114:dinoflagellates
5047:
5008:
4998:Ichthyoplankton
4990:
4988:Marine protists
4971:
4941:
4933:marine protists
4912:
4906:
4897:
4896:Dinoflagellates
4894:
4885:
4882:
4873:
4854:
4845:
4835:
4790:discussed below
4786:discussed above
4706:dinoflagellates
4675:
4646:Prochlorococcus
4634:dramatic change
4586:
4580:External videos
4575:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4558:
4550:
4549:
4545:Prochlorococcus
4540:
4532:
4531:
4524:
4515:
4514:
4508:
4409:
4403:
4381:
4374:
4368:
4359:
4353:
4344:
4335:
4326:
4319:Darkfield photo
4316:
4307:
4297:
4198:
4186:
4174:
4162:
4156:External videos
4151:
4149:Ichthyoplankton
4141:
3988:communities of
3984:members of the
3947:
3896:
3889:
3886:
3877:
3868:
3859:
3844:
3835:
3829:
3820:
3817:molecular motor
3813:
3791:
3785:External videos
3704:
3696:
3631:
3602:
3562:
3541:
3526:nanoflagellates
3522:dinoflagellates
3475:
3469:Other examples
3452:
3402:
3396:
3365:
3355:
3346:
3335:
3326:
3310:
3301:
3289:
3280:
3275:has up to 1000
3267:
3228:
3225:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3195:
3180:
3168:
3156:
3150:External videos
3143:
3132:
3123:
3109:
3100:
3091:
3082:
3077:
3068:
3066:dinoflagellates
3062:
3053:
3045:
3036:
3031:
3022:
3016:
3007:
2996:
2987:
2981:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2852:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2761:
2747:discussed below
2743:dinoflagellates
2706:
2700:
2674:
2664:
2662:By trophic mode
2641:
2639:Marine protists
2635:
2633:Marine protists
2573:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2556:
2555:
2543:
2532:
2525:
2513:
2504:
2493:
2484:
2476:
2467:
2461:
2452:
2446:
2278:) constitute a
2268:
2242:
2193:
2184:
2175:
2152:
2143:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2061:exist, such as
1946:
1884:
1882:Marine bacteria
1879:
1873:
1836:, often called
1800:
1772:
1770:Role of viruses
1764:Thermoproteales
1744:Autolykiviridae
1687:
1669:
1655:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1445:
1437:
1435:
1427:
1350:biological pump
1307:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1196:
1191:
1181:
1132:
1125:
1059:as they act as
1046:juvenile stages
980:
972:
964:
963:
962:
961:
960:
954:
946:
945:
931:
922:
921:
915:
851:as they act as
826:juvenile stages
725:
684:
677:
676:
675:
634:
610:CLAW hypothesis
599:
591:
590:
589:
539:
529:
528:
527:
508:Ichthyoplankton
492:
484:
483:
482:
473:
457:Marine plankton
452:
437:
429:
428:
427:
418:
409:
393:
373:
361:
355:dinoflagellates
346:
333:
325:
324:
323:
277:
267:
257:
256:
255:
231:
216:
181:
143:
141:
50:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
22671:
22661:
22660:
22655:
22653:Marine biology
22650:
22645:
22640:
22635:
22633:Microorganisms
22618:
22617:
22615:
22614:
22603:
22600:
22599:
22597:
22596:
22591:
22586:
22581:
22576:
22571:
22570:
22569:
22559:
22554:
22552:Deep biosphere
22549:
22547:Bioremediation
22543:
22541:
22537:
22536:
22534:
22533:
22528:
22523:
22518:
22513:
22508:
22506:DNA sequencing
22503:
22497:
22495:
22491:
22490:
22488:
22487:
22482:
22477:
22472:
22471:
22470:
22465:
22460:
22459:
22458:
22448:
22443:
22438:
22433:
22428:
22423:
22418:
22408:
22403:
22398:
22393:
22388:
22383:
22377:
22375:
22371:
22370:
22368:
22367:
22362:
22357:
22352:
22347:
22342:
22337:
22332:
22327:
22322:
22317:
22312:
22310:Marine viruses
22307:
22301:
22299:
22295:
22294:
22292:
22291:
22286:
22281:
22276:
22271:
22265:
22263:
22259:
22258:
22256:
22255:
22247:
22245:Quorum sensing
22242:
22241:
22240:
22235:
22225:
22220:
22215:
22214:
22213:
22208:
22206:microbial loop
22198:
22196:Microbial cyst
22193:
22188:
22183:
22178:
22173:
22168:
22163:
22157:
22155:
22149:
22148:
22146:
22145:
22140:
22139:
22138:
22128:
22127:
22126:
22121:
22116:
22114:run-and-tumble
22105:
22103:
22099:
22098:
22096:
22095:
22090:
22085:
22080:
22075:
22070:
22065:
22060:
22054:
22052:
22046:
22045:
22038:
22036:
22034:
22033:
22028:
22023:
22018:
22013:
22008:
22003:
21998:
21993:
21987:
21985:
21979:
21978:
21975:Microorganisms
21971:
21970:
21963:
21956:
21948:
21942:
21941:
21936:
21920:
21904:
21885:
21869:
21853:
21837:
21821:
21803:
21800:
21797:
21796:
21771:
21743:
21707:
21682:
21657:
21641:Biogeosciences
21632:
21607:
21582:
21546:
21514:
21504:(2): 287–301.
21489:
21450:(9): 526–540.
21430:
21395:(6): 235–249.
21375:
21358:
21289:
21259:Berg, Gabriele
21251:
21226:
21200:
21175:
21128:Microorganisms
21114:
21079:
21050:
21001:
20978:10.2172/205047
20952:
20896:
20850:
20791:
20737:
20702:(5): 865–875.
20685:
20654:
20584:
20547:(3626): 3626.
20525:
20499:
20487:
20475:
20466:deepcarbon.net
20453:
20409:
20381:
20355:
20327:
20258:
20223:(1): 425–448.
20213:Breitbart, Mya
20204:
20161:
20094:
20043:
19984:
19925:
19874:
19830:
19787:
19744:
19719:
19699:(2): 293–305.
19684:
19669:
19616:
19607:
19580:(3): 777–788.
19564:
19515:
19479:
19453:Microorganisms
19444:
19409:
19384:
19317:
19313:10.1086/378684
19292:
19267:
19242:
19193:
19168:
19132:
19073:
19066:
19046:
19019:
18959:
18928:
18907:
18888:
18820:
18805:
18787:
18762:
18711:
18701:(2): 120–133,
18694:Algal Research
18682:
18661:(4): 684–689.
18641:
18627:
18605:
18582:
18523:
18492:
18431:
18401:
18350:
18315:
18309:978-0071113021
18308:
18300:Marine Biology
18290:
18247:
18232:
18225:
18199:
18184:
18165:(4): 397–401.
18149:
18116:
18062:
18010:
17951:
17884:
17840:
17785:
17771:
17742:(1–2): 43–66.
17725:
17690:(4): 692–701.
17670:
17633:(12): 7431–7.
17613:
17595:
17590:Irish Examiner
17576:
17517:
17498:(1): 149–165.
17482:
17475:
17453:
17437:
17430:
17407:
17380:(4): 4588–92.
17364:
17344:
17322:(4): 687–704.
17302:
17295:
17261:
17238:
17209:(2): R55–R56.
17186:
17141:
17114:(4): 279–283.
17094:
17040:
17017:
16990:
16945:(3): 241–250.
16925:
16910:
16896:
16876:
16819:
16775:
16763:
16731:
16679:
16622:
16560:
16509:
16492:
16471:
16430:
16379:
16354:
16303:
16256:
16239:
16219:
16188:(5): 779–794.
16182:Biogeosciences
16168:
16166:, 28 May 2009.
16153:
16146:
16128:
16097:
16062:
16019:
15999:Flanders Today
15985:
15970:
15950:
15943:
15921:
15892:
15857:(5): 1057–63.
15841:
15826:
15819:
15801:
15734:
15715:
15650:
15620:
15577:
15547:
15540:
15518:
15503:
15478:
15471:
15450:
15432:
15381:
15374:
15354:
15303:
15244:
15227:
15205:
15171:
15141:
15123:
15102:
15043:
15014:(1): 111–120.
14991:
14924:
14889:(1): 168–177.
14873:
14851:
14821:
14782:(7): e101523.
14762:
14748:
14720:
14705:
14672:
14615:
14596:(3): 205–218.
14580:
14571:
14528:
14475:
14438:(4): 961–973.
14418:
14400:
14385:
14378:
14360:
14307:
14278:(1): 134–141.
14255:
14248:
14228:
14199:(5): 399–451.
14175:
14156:(2): 299–330.
14140:
14118:
14083:
14016:
13973:
13943:
13921:
13879:
13830:
13787:
13738:
13717:(1): 446–473.
13697:
13643:
13586:
13543:
13524:(6): 423–431.
13508:
13484:
13477:
13459:
13410:
13353:
13338:
13297:
13282:
13260:
13209:
13181:
13151:
13106:
13063:
13028:
12985:
12922:
12893:(4): 456–502.
12873:
12828:
12769:
12730:(12): 4576–9.
12710:
12673:(7): 4230–41.
12653:
12604:
12544:
12495:
12484:(4): 304–311.
12464:
12445:
12406:
12349:
12306:
12284:
12234:
12207:(11): 837–48.
12191:
12140:
12091:
12072:
12054:
12002:
11943:
11886:
11835:
11798:(9): 1738–51.
11778:
11728:
11677:
11623:
11574:
11543:(5): 753–755.
11520:
11513:
11495:
11446:
11421:Virus Research
11407:
11353:
11331:
11293:
11256:Biology Direct
11242:
11191:
11148:
11097:
11069:
11018:
10959:
10928:
10902:
10883:(4): 284–288.
10864:
10833:
10808:Staff (2014).
10800:
10743:
10715:
10700:
10673:(10): 801–12.
10652:
10643:
10634:
10599:(9): 356–361.
10583:
10556:
10521:(9): 356–361.
10505:
10492:New York Times
10483:Wade, Nicholas
10474:
10459:
10430:
10410:
10371:(9): 569–586.
10342:
10330:
10266:
10222:
10192:
10185:
10159:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10120:
10119:
10118:
10108:
10106:Microbial loop
10103:
10098:
10093:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10057:
10056:
10055:
10041:
10025:
10022:
10008:
10005:
9995:
9994:
9989:
9977:
9967:
9954:
9941:
9938:
9937:
9936:
9878:
9860:
9843:metaproteomics
9721:DNA sequencing
9714:
9707:
9704:
9667:
9666:
9644:PCR sequencing
9636:Real-time qPCR
9629:
9567:
9538:
9535:
9532:
9531:
9519:
9507:
9495:
9482:
9481:
9478:
9471:
9470:
9455:
9454:
9439:
9438:
9423:
9422:
9404:chromatography
9396:
9379:
9371:
9370:
9360:
9353:
9352:
9343:
9336:
9335:
9334:
9330:
9329:
9328:
9327:
9251:flow cytometry
9233:
9226:
9225:
9224:
9217:
9210:
9209:
9208:
9207:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9190:
9165:
9162:
9161:
9160:
9152:
9151:
9144:
9142:
9131:
9130:
9123:
9119:
9116:
9008:
8974:deep biosphere
8956:rare biosphere
8952:deep biosphere
8940:
8933:
8930:
8873:chemosynthesis
8865:microbial mats
8814:microorganisms
8784:found only at
8775:
8768:
8767:
8756:
8749:
8748:
8747:
8746:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8729:
8723:
8722:
8715:
8714:
8707:
8705:
8693:
8686:
8681:
8680:
8669:
8668:
8638:
8628:microbial loop
8625:
8612:trophic levels
8580:
8573:
8570:
8569:
8568:
8562:
8561:
8554:
8552:
8547:
8540:
8538:
8533:
8526:
8524:
8519:
8512:
8493:photosynthetic
8393:
8386:
8383:
8378:Main article:
8375:
8372:
8364:Actinomycetota
8323:
8322:
8314:
8307:
8305:
8297:
8290:
8236:
8233:
8232:
8231:
8217:
8210:
8208:
8198:
8191:
8188:
8187:
8182:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8163:
8161:
8143:
8136:
8134:
8125:
8118:
8116:
8105:
8098:
8096:
8089:
8082:
8080:
8058:
8051:
8046:
8045:
8038:
8031:
8028:
8023:
8016:
8010:
8009:
8000:
7993:
7990:
7989:test or shell
7987:
7980:
7975:
7951:
7947:
7941:
7940:
7937:
7930:
7927:
7921:
7914:
7908:
7907:
7900:
7893:
7890:
7885:
7878:
7873:
7849:
7845:
7843:Siliceous ooze
7839:
7838:
7836:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7810:
7809:
7806:
7752:protist shells
7715:
7712:
7711:
7710:
7702:
7695:
7693:
7688:
7681:
7679:
7674:Karenia brevis
7671:
7664:
7662:
7658:velvet disease
7646:
7639:
7637:
7629:
7622:
7596:bioluminescent
7581:carbon dioxide
7570:dinoflagellate
7553:
7552:
7547:
7540:
7539:
7535:
7528:
7527:
7526:
7522:
7521:
7520:
7519:
7512:
7505:
7504:
7503:
7489:
7482:
7481:
7480:
7479:
7478:
7477:
7476:
7470:
7463:
7461:
7455:
7448:
7446:
7439:
7432:
7430:
7422:
7415:
7374:photosynthetic
7316:
7309:
7308:
7304:
7297:
7296:
7295:
7291:
7290:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7282:
7281:
7269:
7262:
7260:
7249:
7242:
7240:
7231:
7224:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7174:
7167:
7160:
7156:
7155:
7141:
7134:
7127:
7124:
7120:
7119:
7112:
7110:
7103:
7100:
7096:
7095:
7086:
7080:
7079:
7029:
7023:
7016:
7003:
6997:
6996:
6974:
6967:
6960:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6936:
6935:General types
6932:
6931:
6928:
6922:radiolarians.
6823:at one end to
6793:
6786:
6785:
6772:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6741:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6705:
6703:
6696:
6689:
6678:
6671:
6670:
6662:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6650:Ciliate shapes
6649:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6644:
6636:
6629:
6627:
6621:
6614:
6612:
6605:
6598:
6596:
6589:
6582:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6570:
6563:
6561:
6553:Naked amoeba,
6552:
6545:
6543:
6533:
6526:
6524:
6514:testate amoeba
6511:
6504:
6502:
6492:Testate amoeba
6490:
6483:
6481:
6463:
6449:
6446:
6442:photosynthesis
6394:
6393:
6382:
6375:
6373:
6363:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6344:
6342:
6337:Ammonia tepida
6333:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6314:
6309:
6308:
6297:
6296:
6294:foraminiferans
6285:
6284:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6239:Foraminiferans
6238:
6237:
6236:
6235:
6215:foraminiferans
6202:
6201:
6192:
6191:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6171:Foraminiferans
6169:
6166:
6165:
6154:
6153:
6142:
6141:
6126:
6125:
6120:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6066:
6064:
6053:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6022:
6012:ocean sediment
5991:
5990:
5981:
5980:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5902:
5901:
5892:
5885:
5883:
5877:
5870:
5819:foraminiferans
5815:zooflagellates
5788:
5785:
5743:Redfield ratio
5733:
5730:
5649:Main article:
5628:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5614:Extinct fossil
5613:
5606:
5604:
5594:
5587:
5585:
5574:
5567:
5565:
5551:
5544:
5542:
5533:
5526:
5524:
5515:
5508:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5472:
5471:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5428:
5426:
5416:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5397:
5370:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5354:
5348:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5320:
5318:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5299:
5297:
5291:
5284:
5261:
5260:
5251:
5250:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5210:
5201:
5194:
5192:
5186:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5155:
5153:
5046:
5043:
4940:
4937:
4914:
4913:
4907:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4888:
4886:
4884:Centric diatom
4883:
4876:
4874:
4855:
4848:
4846:
4836:
4829:
4674:
4671:
4639:The tiny (0.6
4594:
4593:
4582:
4581:
4559:
4552:
4551:
4541:
4534:
4533:
4525:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4452:carbon dioxide
4448:photosynthesis
4440:chemosynthesis
4399:Main article:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4369:
4362:
4360:
4354:
4347:
4345:
4336:
4329:
4327:
4317:
4310:
4308:
4298:
4291:
4289:
4206:
4205:
4194:
4193:
4182:
4181:
4170:
4169:
4158:
4157:
4140:
4137:
4100:cyanobacterium
4085:
4084:
4081:basidiomycetes
4069:
4020:mineralization
3895:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3880:
3878:
3869:
3862:
3860:
3851:, a predatory
3845:
3838:
3836:
3830:
3823:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3787:
3786:
3742:
3741:
3721:
3716:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3692:
3691:
3672:
3665:
3656:
3642:
3635:
3625:
3624:
3609:Foraminiferans
3606:
3595:
3588:
3577:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3554:foraminiferans
3542:
3518:
3513:
3506:
3491:
3484:
3479:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3398:Main article:
3395:
3392:
3367:
3366:
3356:
3349:
3347:
3336:
3329:
3327:
3311:
3304:
3302:
3298:testate amoeba
3290:
3283:
3281:
3268:
3261:
3259:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3176:
3175:
3164:
3163:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3133:
3126:
3124:
3119:living inside
3110:
3103:
3101:
3092:
3085:
3083:
3078:
3071:
3069:
3063:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3039:
3037:
3032:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3010:
3008:
2997:
2990:
2988:
2982:
2975:
2973:
2917:
2916:
2912:cell schematic
2911:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2870:
2863:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2842:Marine lichen
2840:
2833:
2826:
2820:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2787:Foraminiferans
2784:
2775:
2768:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2728:
2720:
2713:
2707:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2663:
2660:
2637:Main article:
2634:
2631:
2613:Thermoproteota
2544:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2494:
2487:
2485:
2477:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2440:
2434:Thermoproteota
2430:nitrogen cycle
2403:binary fission
2363:cell membranes
2291:microorganisms
2241:
2240:Marine archaea
2238:
2195:
2194:
2186:The bacterium
2185:
2178:
2176:
2153:
2146:
2144:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2107:
2092:hydrogenosomes
2019:membrane-bound
1960:microorganisms
1883:
1880:
1875:Main article:
1872:
1869:
1825:, the Guarani
1821:, named after
1799:
1796:
1771:
1768:
1726:Corticoviridae
1692:Bacteriophages
1677:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1603:
1602:
1593:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1481:microorganisms
1443:Marine viruses
1441:Main article:
1433:
1426:
1425:Marine viruses
1423:
1405:Mariana Trench
1387:. The mass of
1342:bacteriophages
1285:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1089:
1069:photosynthesis
984:marine biomass
970:
955:
948:
947:
942:cyanobacterial
934:Microbial mats
932:
925:
924:
923:
920:microbial mats
919:
918:
917:
916:
914:
911:
901:(LUCA) of all
857:photosynthesis
845:global cycling
748:brackish water
736:microorganisms
727:
726:
724:
723:
716:
709:
701:
698:
697:
696:
695:
679:
678:
674:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
647:
646:
635:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
601:
600:
598:Related topics
597:
596:
593:
592:
588:
587:
582:
577:
572:
570:Eutrophication
567:
562:
557:
552:
550:Critical depth
547:
541:
540:
535:
534:
531:
530:
526:
525:
520:
518:Pseudoplankton
515:
510:
505:
500:
494:
493:
490:
489:
486:
485:
481:
480:
474:
472:
471:
470:
469:
464:
453:
451:
450:
445:
439:
438:
435:
434:
431:
430:
426:
425:
419:
417:
416:
410:
408:
407:
406:
405:
394:
392:
391:
390:
389:
384:
379:
377:foraminiferans
374:
362:
360:
359:
358:
357:
352:
347:
335:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
322:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
300:
299:
289:
284:
278:
276:
275:
269:
268:
263:
262:
259:
258:
254:
253:
248:
243:
238:
232:
230:
229:
224:
218:
217:
212:
211:
208:
207:
199:
198:
192:
191:
183:
182:
180:
179:
172:
165:
157:
154:
153:
152:
151:
136:
135:
134:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
66:Microorganisms
63:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
22670:
22659:
22656:
22654:
22651:
22649:
22646:
22644:
22641:
22639:
22636:
22634:
22631:
22630:
22628:
22613:
22605:
22604:
22601:
22595:
22592:
22590:
22587:
22585:
22582:
22580:
22577:
22575:
22572:
22568:
22565:
22564:
22563:
22560:
22558:
22555:
22553:
22550:
22548:
22545:
22544:
22542:
22538:
22532:
22529:
22527:
22524:
22522:
22519:
22517:
22514:
22512:
22509:
22507:
22504:
22502:
22499:
22498:
22496:
22492:
22486:
22483:
22481:
22478:
22476:
22473:
22469:
22466:
22464:
22461:
22457:
22454:
22453:
22452:
22449:
22447:
22444:
22442:
22439:
22437:
22434:
22432:
22429:
22427:
22424:
22422:
22419:
22417:
22414:
22413:
22412:
22409:
22407:
22404:
22402:
22399:
22397:
22396:Microbial oil
22394:
22392:
22389:
22387:
22384:
22382:
22379:
22378:
22376:
22374:Human related
22372:
22366:
22363:
22361:
22360:Picoeukaryote
22358:
22356:
22353:
22351:
22348:
22346:
22343:
22341:
22338:
22336:
22333:
22331:
22328:
22326:
22323:
22321:
22318:
22316:
22313:
22311:
22308:
22306:
22303:
22302:
22300:
22296:
22290:
22287:
22285:
22282:
22280:
22277:
22275:
22272:
22270:
22267:
22266:
22264:
22260:
22254:
22253:
22248:
22246:
22243:
22239:
22236:
22234:
22231:
22230:
22229:
22226:
22224:
22221:
22219:
22218:Microbial mat
22216:
22212:
22209:
22207:
22204:
22203:
22202:
22199:
22197:
22194:
22192:
22189:
22187:
22184:
22182:
22179:
22177:
22174:
22172:
22169:
22167:
22164:
22162:
22159:
22158:
22156:
22154:
22150:
22144:
22141:
22137:
22134:
22133:
22132:
22129:
22125:
22122:
22120:
22117:
22115:
22112:
22111:
22110:
22107:
22106:
22104:
22100:
22094:
22091:
22089:
22086:
22084:
22081:
22079:
22076:
22074:
22071:
22069:
22066:
22064:
22061:
22059:
22056:
22055:
22053:
22051:
22047:
22042:
22032:
22029:
22027:
22024:
22022:
22019:
22017:
22014:
22012:
22011:Nanobacterium
22009:
22007:
22004:
22002:
22001:Cyanobacteria
21999:
21997:
21994:
21992:
21989:
21988:
21986:
21984:
21980:
21976:
21969:
21964:
21962:
21957:
21955:
21950:
21949:
21946:
21940:
21937:
21935:
21934:9782889631483
21931:
21927:
21926:
21921:
21919:
21918:9784431551300
21915:
21911:
21910:
21905:
21903:
21900:
21896:
21892:
21891:
21886:
21884:
21883:9783319330006
21880:
21876:
21875:
21870:
21868:
21867:9780429592362
21864:
21860:
21859:
21854:
21852:
21851:9780520942608
21848:
21844:
21843:
21838:
21836:
21835:9780192506474
21832:
21828:
21827:
21822:
21820:
21819:9780080534961
21816:
21812:
21811:
21806:
21805:
21793:
21789:
21785:
21781:
21775:
21768:
21764:
21760:
21756:
21750:
21748:
21740:
21735:
21730:
21726:
21722:
21718:
21711:
21704:
21700:
21697:: 1149–1154.
21696:
21692:
21686:
21679:
21675:
21672:: 1272–1277.
21671:
21667:
21661:
21654:
21650:
21646:
21642:
21636:
21629:
21625:
21621:
21617:
21611:
21604:
21600:
21596:
21592:
21586:
21579:
21574:
21569:
21565:
21561:
21557:
21550:
21544:
21540:
21536:
21535:9789811050503
21532:
21528:
21524:
21518:
21511:
21507:
21503:
21499:
21493:
21485:
21481:
21476:
21471:
21466:
21461:
21457:
21453:
21449:
21445:
21441:
21434:
21426:
21422:
21418:
21414:
21410:
21406:
21402:
21398:
21394:
21390:
21386:
21379:
21371:
21370:
21362:
21355:
21350:
21344:
21340:
21335:
21330:
21325:
21320:
21316:
21312:
21308:
21304:
21300:
21293:
21286:
21281:
21276:
21272:
21269:(103): 1–22.
21268:
21264:
21260:
21255:
21248:
21244:
21240:
21236:
21230:
21223:
21219:
21215:
21211:
21204:
21197:
21193:
21189:
21185:
21179:
21172:
21167:
21161:
21157:
21152:
21147:
21142:
21137:
21133:
21129:
21125:
21118:
21111:
21106:
21101:
21097:
21093:
21089:
21083:
21076:
21075:public domain
21066:
21063:
21057:
21055:
21046:
21042:
21037:
21032:
21028:
21024:
21021:(2): 221–71.
21020:
21016:
21012:
21005:
20997:
20993:
20988:
20983:
20979:
20975:
20971:
20967:
20963:
20956:
20948:
20944:
20939:
20934:
20929:
20924:
20920:
20916:
20912:
20905:
20903:
20901:
20893:
20888:
20881:
20876:
20872:
20868:
20864:
20857:
20855:
20846:
20842:
20837:
20832:
20827:
20822:
20818:
20814:
20810:
20806:
20802:
20795:
20787:
20783:
20779:
20775:
20771:
20767:
20763:
20759:
20755:
20751:
20747:
20741:
20733:
20729:
20725:
20721:
20717:
20713:
20709:
20705:
20701:
20697:
20696:Extremophiles
20689:
20674:
20673:
20668:
20664:
20658:
20650:
20646:
20641:
20636:
20632:
20628:
20623:
20618:
20614:
20610:
20606:
20602:
20598:
20591:
20589:
20580:
20576:
20571:
20566:
20562:
20558:
20554:
20550:
20546:
20542:
20541:
20536:
20529:
20514:
20510:
20503:
20496:
20491:
20484:
20479:
20471:
20467:
20463:
20457:
20449:
20445:
20441:
20437:
20433:
20429:
20425:
20421:
20413:
20398:
20397:
20392:
20385:
20370:
20369:Science Alert
20366:
20359:
20344:
20343:
20338:
20331:
20323:
20319:
20315:
20311:
20307:
20303:
20299:
20295:
20291:
20287:
20282:
20281:q-bio/0702015
20277:
20274:(7126): 369.
20273:
20269:
20262:
20254:
20250:
20246:
20242:
20238:
20234:
20230:
20226:
20222:
20218:
20214:
20208:
20200:
20196:
20192:
20188:
20184:
20180:
20176:
20172:
20165:
20157:
20153:
20148:
20143:
20139:
20135:
20130:
20125:
20121:
20117:
20113:
20109:
20105:
20098:
20090:
20086:
20082:
20078:
20074:
20070:
20066:
20062:
20058:
20054:
20047:
20039:
20035:
20031:
20027:
20023:
20019:
20015:
20011:
20007:
20003:
19999:
19995:
19988:
19980:
19976:
19971:
19966:
19962:
19958:
19953:
19948:
19944:
19940:
19936:
19929:
19921:
19917:
19912:
19907:
19902:
19897:
19893:
19889:
19885:
19878:
19870:
19866:
19862:
19858:
19854:
19850:
19846:
19842:
19834:
19826:
19822:
19818:
19814:
19810:
19806:
19802:
19798:
19791:
19783:
19779:
19775:
19771:
19767:
19763:
19759:
19755:
19748:
19741:
19737:
19733:
19729:
19723:
19716:
19711:
19706:
19702:
19698:
19694:
19688:
19681:
19678:
19673:
19665:
19661:
19656:
19651:
19647:
19643:
19639:
19635:
19631:
19627:
19620:
19611:
19603:
19599:
19595:
19591:
19587:
19583:
19579:
19575:
19568:
19560:
19556:
19552:
19548:
19543:
19538:
19534:
19530:
19526:
19519:
19512:
19507:
19502:
19498:
19494:
19490:
19483:
19476:
19471:
19466:
19462:
19458:
19454:
19448:
19441:
19436:
19431:
19427:
19423:
19419:
19413:
19406:
19402:
19398:
19394:
19388:
19380:
19376:
19371:
19366:
19362:
19358:
19353:
19348:
19344:
19340:
19336:
19332:
19328:
19321:
19314:
19310:
19306:
19302:
19296:
19289:
19285:
19281:
19277:
19271:
19264:
19260:
19256:
19252:
19246:
19238:
19234:
19230:
19226:
19221:
19216:
19212:
19208:
19204:
19197:
19190:
19186:
19182:
19178:
19172:
19165:
19160:
19155:
19151:
19147:
19143:
19136:
19128:
19124:
19119:
19114:
19110:
19106:
19101:
19096:
19092:
19088:
19084:
19077:
19069:
19067:9780262132695
19063:
19060:. MIT Press.
19059:
19058:
19050:
19043:
19038:
19033:
19029:
19023:
19015:
19011:
19006:
19001:
18996:
18991:
18987:
18983:
18979:
18975:
18971:
18963:
18947:
18943:
18939:
18932:
18924:
18923:
18918:
18911:
18903:
18899:
18892:
18884:
18880:
18876:
18872:
18867:
18866:11577/3351324
18862:
18857:
18852:
18848:
18844:
18840:
18836:
18832:
18824:
18817:
18814:
18809:
18802:
18801:
18797:
18791:
18785:
18784:9780080534961
18781:
18777:
18776:
18769:
18767:
18758:
18754:
18749:
18744:
18739:
18734:
18730:
18726:
18722:
18715:
18708:
18704:
18700:
18696:
18695:
18686:
18678:
18674:
18669:
18664:
18660:
18656:
18652:
18645:
18630:
18624:
18620:
18616:
18609:
18602:
18601:9781108074759
18598:
18594:
18593:
18586:
18578:
18574:
18569:
18564:
18559:
18554:
18550:
18546:
18542:
18538:
18534:
18527:
18519:
18515:
18511:
18507:
18503:
18496:
18488:
18484:
18479:
18474:
18470:
18466:
18462:
18458:
18454:
18450:
18449:Harmful Algae
18446:
18444:
18435:
18419:
18415:
18411:
18405:
18397:
18393:
18389:
18385:
18381:
18377:
18373:
18369:
18365:
18361:
18354:
18346:
18342:
18338:
18334:
18330:
18326:
18319:
18311:
18305:
18301:
18294:
18286:
18282:
18278:
18274:
18270:
18266:
18262:
18258:
18251:
18243:
18236:
18228:
18226:9783319281476
18222:
18218:
18214:
18210:
18203:
18196:
18193:
18188:
18180:
18176:
18172:
18168:
18164:
18160:
18153:
18144:
18139:
18136:(1): 65–140.
18135:
18131:
18127:
18120:
18112:
18108:
18103:
18098:
18093:
18088:
18085:(2): 106–20.
18084:
18080:
18076:
18069:
18067:
18058:
18054:
18049:
18044:
18040:
18036:
18032:
18028:
18024:
18017:
18015:
18006:
18002:
17997:
17992:
17988:
17984:
17979:
17974:
17970:
17966:
17962:
17955:
17947:
17943:
17938:
17933:
17929:
17925:
17920:
17915:
17911:
17907:
17903:
17899:
17895:
17888:
17879:
17874:
17870:
17866:
17862:
17858:
17851:
17844:
17836:
17832:
17828:
17824:
17820:
17816:
17812:
17808:
17804:
17800:
17796:
17789:
17781:
17775:
17767:
17763:
17758:
17753:
17749:
17745:
17741:
17737:
17729:
17721:
17717:
17713:
17709:
17705:
17701:
17697:
17693:
17689:
17685:
17681:
17674:
17666:
17662:
17657:
17652:
17648:
17644:
17640:
17636:
17632:
17628:
17624:
17617:
17609:
17605:
17599:
17591:
17587:
17580:
17572:
17568:
17563:
17558:
17553:
17548:
17544:
17540:
17536:
17532:
17528:
17521:
17513:
17509:
17505:
17501:
17497:
17493:
17486:
17478:
17472:
17468:
17464:
17457:
17450:
17446:
17441:
17433:
17427:
17423:
17422:
17414:
17412:
17403:
17399:
17395:
17391:
17387:
17383:
17379:
17375:
17368:
17361:
17357:
17351:
17349:
17338:
17333:
17329:
17325:
17321:
17317:
17313:
17306:
17298:
17292:
17288:
17284:
17280:
17275:
17274:
17265:
17257:
17253:
17249:
17242:
17234:
17230:
17226:
17222:
17217:
17212:
17208:
17204:
17197:
17190:
17182:
17178:
17174:
17170:
17166:
17162:
17158:
17154:
17153:
17145:
17137:
17133:
17129:
17125:
17121:
17117:
17113:
17109:
17105:
17098:
17090:
17086:
17082:
17078:
17074:
17070:
17066:
17062:
17058:
17054:
17047:
17045:
17036:
17032:
17028:
17021:
17013:
17009:
17005:
17001:
16994:
16986:
16982:
16978:
16974:
16970:
16966:
16962:
16958:
16953:
16948:
16944:
16940:
16936:
16929:
16922:
16919:
16914:
16899:
16893:
16889:
16888:
16880:
16872:
16868:
16863:
16858:
16854:
16850:
16846:
16842:
16838:
16834:
16830:
16823:
16815:
16811:
16807:
16803:
16799:
16795:
16791:
16787:
16779:
16772:
16767:
16751:
16747:
16746:
16741:
16735:
16727:
16723:
16719:
16715:
16711:
16707:
16703:
16699:
16695:
16691:
16683:
16675:
16671:
16667:
16663:
16658:
16653:
16649:
16645:
16641:
16637:
16633:
16626:
16618:
16614:
16609:
16604:
16599:
16594:
16590:
16586:
16582:
16578:
16574:
16567:
16565:
16556:
16552:
16547:
16542:
16537:
16532:
16528:
16524:
16520:
16513:
16506:
16502:
16496:
16489:
16488:9783662062784
16485:
16481:
16475:
16466:
16461:
16457:
16453:
16449:
16445:
16441:
16434:
16426:
16422:
16417:
16412:
16407:
16402:
16398:
16394:
16390:
16383:
16368:
16367:www.kcl.ac.uk
16364:
16358:
16350:
16346:
16342:
16338:
16334:
16330:
16326:
16322:
16318:
16314:
16307:
16299:
16295:
16291:
16287:
16283:
16279:
16275:
16271:
16267:
16260:
16253:
16249:
16243:
16236:
16232:
16226:
16224:
16214:
16209:
16204:
16199:
16195:
16191:
16187:
16183:
16179:
16172:
16165:
16162:
16157:
16149:
16147:0-7506-3384-0
16143:
16139:
16132:
16124:
16120:
16116:
16112:
16108:
16101:
16085:
16081:
16077:
16073:
16066:
16058:
16054:
16050:
16046:
16042:
16038:
16034:
16030:
16023:
16016:
16004:
16000:
15996:
15989:
15981:
15977:
15973:
15971:9780521316873
15967:
15963:
15962:
15954:
15946:
15940:
15936:
15932:
15925:
15910:
15906:
15899:
15897:
15888:
15884:
15880:
15876:
15872:
15868:
15864:
15860:
15856:
15852:
15845:
15837:
15830:
15822:
15816:
15812:
15805:
15797:
15793:
15788:
15783:
15778:
15773:
15769:
15765:
15761:
15757:
15753:
15751:
15750:Synechococcus
15747:
15738:
15730:
15726:
15719:
15700:
15696:
15692:
15688:
15684:
15680:
15676:
15672:
15668:
15661:
15654:
15638:
15634:
15630:
15624:
15616:
15612:
15608:
15604:
15600:
15596:
15592:
15588:
15581:
15565:
15561:
15557:
15551:
15543:
15537:
15533:
15529:
15522:
15515:
15512:
15507:
15491:
15490:
15482:
15474:
15468:
15464:
15457:
15455:
15446:
15442:
15436:
15428:
15424:
15420:
15416:
15412:
15408:
15404:
15400:
15397:(7290): 825.
15396:
15392:
15385:
15377:
15375:9783110264067
15371:
15367:
15366:
15358:
15350:
15346:
15342:
15338:
15334:
15330:
15326:
15322:
15318:
15314:
15307:
15299:
15295:
15290:
15285:
15280:
15275:
15271:
15267:
15263:
15259:
15255:
15248:
15240:
15234:
15232:
15215:
15209:
15193:
15189:
15182:
15175:
15159:
15155:
15151:
15145:
15137:
15130:
15128:
15120:
15116:
15112:
15106:
15098:
15094:
15089:
15084:
15079:
15074:
15070:
15066:
15062:
15058:
15054:
15047:
15039:
15035:
15031:
15027:
15022:
15017:
15013:
15009:
15005:
14998:
14996:
14987:
14983:
14978:
14973:
14969:
14965:
14960:
14955:
14951:
14947:
14943:
14939:
14935:
14928:
14920:
14916:
14912:
14908:
14904:
14900:
14896:
14892:
14888:
14884:
14877:
14862:
14858:
14854:
14848:
14844:
14840:
14836:
14832:
14825:
14817:
14813:
14808:
14803:
14798:
14793:
14789:
14785:
14781:
14777:
14773:
14766:
14751:
14745:
14741:
14737:
14733:
14732:
14724:
14717:
14716:
14709:
14700:
14695:
14691:
14687:
14683:
14676:
14668:
14664:
14659:
14654:
14650:
14646:
14642:
14638:
14634:
14630:
14626:
14619:
14611:
14607:
14603:
14599:
14595:
14591:
14584:
14575:
14567:
14563:
14559:
14555:
14551:
14547:
14543:
14539:
14532:
14524:
14520:
14516:
14512:
14508:
14504:
14499:
14494:
14491:(9): 096601.
14490:
14486:
14479:
14471:
14467:
14462:
14457:
14453:
14449:
14445:
14441:
14437:
14433:
14429:
14422:
14414:
14410:
14409:"The Amoebae"
14404:
14396:
14389:
14381:
14375:
14371:
14364:
14356:
14352:
14348:
14344:
14340:
14336:
14332:
14328:
14321:
14314:
14312:
14303:
14299:
14294:
14289:
14285:
14281:
14277:
14273:
14269:
14262:
14260:
14251:
14249:9780080920146
14245:
14241:
14240:
14232:
14224:
14220:
14216:
14212:
14207:
14202:
14198:
14194:
14187:
14179:
14171:
14167:
14163:
14159:
14155:
14151:
14144:
14138:
14137:9780805375039
14134:
14130:
14129:
14122:
14114:
14110:
14106:
14102:
14098:
14094:
14087:
14076:
14072:
14068:
14064:
14060:
14055:
14050:
14046:
14042:
14038:
14034:
14027:
14020:
14012:
14008:
14004:
14000:
13996:
13992:
13988:
13984:
13977:
13961:
13957:
13953:
13947:
13939:
13935:
13928:
13926:
13917:
13913:
13909:
13905:
13901:
13897:
13890:
13883:
13875:
13871:
13866:
13861:
13857:
13853:
13849:
13845:
13841:
13834:
13826:
13822:
13818:
13814:
13810:
13806:
13803:(1–3): 1–14.
13802:
13798:
13791:
13783:
13779:
13774:
13769:
13765:
13761:
13758:(4): 953–94.
13757:
13753:
13749:
13742:
13734:
13730:
13725:
13720:
13716:
13712:
13708:
13701:
13693:
13689:
13684:
13679:
13675:
13671:
13667:
13663:
13659:
13652:
13650:
13648:
13639:
13635:
13630:
13625:
13621:
13617:
13613:
13609:
13605:
13601:
13597:
13590:
13582:
13578:
13574:
13570:
13566:
13562:
13559:(1–2): 3–18.
13558:
13554:
13547:
13539:
13535:
13531:
13527:
13523:
13519:
13512:
13494:
13488:
13480:
13474:
13470:
13463:
13455:
13451:
13446:
13441:
13437:
13433:
13430:(1): 352–60.
13429:
13425:
13421:
13414:
13406:
13402:
13398:
13394:
13389:
13384:
13380:
13376:
13373:(7091): 289.
13372:
13368:
13364:
13357:
13350:
13347:
13342:
13334:
13330:
13325:
13320:
13317:(5): 631–48.
13316:
13312:
13308:
13301:
13294:
13293:
13286:
13278:
13274:
13270:
13264:
13256:
13252:
13248:
13244:
13240:
13236:
13232:
13228:
13224:
13220:
13213:
13197:
13196:
13195:The Economist
13191:
13185:
13169:
13165:
13161:
13155:
13147:
13143:
13139:
13135:
13131:
13127:
13123:
13119:
13118:
13110:
13102:
13098:
13094:
13090:
13086:
13082:
13078:
13074:
13067:
13059:
13055:
13051:
13047:
13043:
13039:
13032:
13024:
13020:
13016:
13012:
13008:
13004:
13000:
12996:
12989:
12981:
12977:
12973:
12969:
12965:
12961:
12957:
12953:
12949:
12945:
12941:
12937:
12933:
12926:
12918:
12914:
12909:
12904:
12900:
12896:
12892:
12888:
12884:
12877:
12869:
12865:
12861:
12857:
12852:
12847:
12843:
12839:
12832:
12824:
12820:
12815:
12810:
12805:
12800:
12796:
12792:
12788:
12784:
12780:
12773:
12765:
12761:
12756:
12751:
12746:
12741:
12737:
12733:
12729:
12725:
12721:
12714:
12706:
12702:
12697:
12692:
12688:
12684:
12680:
12676:
12672:
12668:
12664:
12657:
12649:
12645:
12640:
12635:
12631:
12627:
12623:
12619:
12615:
12608:
12600:
12596:
12592:
12588:
12583:
12578:
12574:
12570:
12566:
12562:
12555:
12548:
12540:
12536:
12531:
12526:
12522:
12518:
12514:
12510:
12506:
12499:
12491:
12487:
12483:
12479:
12475:
12468:
12460:
12456:
12449:
12441:
12437:
12433:
12429:
12425:
12421:
12417:
12410:
12402:
12398:
12393:
12388:
12384:
12380:
12376:
12372:
12368:
12364:
12360:
12353:
12345:
12341:
12337:
12333:
12329:
12325:
12321:
12317:
12310:
12295:. www.cdc.gov
12294:
12288:
12280:
12276:
12272:
12268:
12264:
12260:
12256:
12252:
12245:
12238:
12230:
12226:
12222:
12218:
12214:
12210:
12206:
12202:
12195:
12187:
12183:
12178:
12173:
12168:
12163:
12159:
12155:
12151:
12144:
12136:
12132:
12127:
12122:
12118:
12114:
12110:
12106:
12102:
12095:
12087:
12083:
12076:
12068:
12064:
12058:
12050:
12046:
12042:
12038:
12034:
12030:
12026:
12022:
12018:
12014:
12006:
11998:
11994:
11989:
11984:
11979:
11974:
11970:
11966:
11963:(7): e40418.
11962:
11958:
11954:
11947:
11939:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11921:
11917:
11913:
11909:
11905:
11901:
11897:
11890:
11882:
11878:
11873:
11868:
11863:
11858:
11854:
11850:
11846:
11839:
11831:
11827:
11822:
11817:
11813:
11809:
11805:
11801:
11797:
11793:
11789:
11782:
11774:
11770:
11766:
11762:
11758:
11754:
11750:
11746:
11739:
11732:
11724:
11720:
11716:
11712:
11708:
11704:
11700:
11696:
11692:
11688:
11681:
11673:
11669:
11665:
11661:
11657:
11653:
11649:
11645:
11641:
11637:
11630:
11628:
11619:
11615:
11610:
11605:
11601:
11597:
11594:(1): 69–114.
11593:
11589:
11585:
11578:
11570:
11566:
11561:
11556:
11551:
11546:
11542:
11538:
11534:
11527:
11525:
11516:
11510:
11506:
11499:
11491:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11473:
11469:
11465:
11461:
11457:
11450:
11442:
11438:
11434:
11430:
11427:(1): 156–84.
11426:
11422:
11418:
11411:
11403:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11385:
11381:
11377:
11373:
11369:
11362:
11360:
11358:
11349:
11345:
11338:
11336:
11327:
11323:
11319:
11315:
11312:(4): 417–24.
11311:
11307:
11300:
11298:
11289:
11285:
11280:
11275:
11270:
11265:
11261:
11257:
11253:
11246:
11238:
11234:
11229:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11210:
11206:
11202:
11195:
11187:
11183:
11179:
11175:
11171:
11167:
11163:
11159:
11152:
11144:
11140:
11136:
11132:
11128:
11124:
11120:
11116:
11112:
11108:
11101:
11086:
11085:
11080:
11073:
11065:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11047:
11043:
11039:
11035:
11034:
11029:
11022:
11014:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10986:
10982:
10978:
10974:
10970:
10963:
10948:
10947:
10942:
10938:
10932:
10917:
10913:
10906:
10898:
10894:
10890:
10886:
10882:
10878:
10877:
10868:
10853:
10849:
10842:
10840:
10838:
10821:
10817:
10816:
10811:
10804:
10796:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10778:
10774:
10770:
10766:
10762:
10758:
10754:
10747:
10732:
10731:
10726:
10719:
10712:
10709:
10704:
10696:
10692:
10688:
10684:
10680:
10676:
10672:
10668:
10661:
10659:
10657:
10650:Shors p. 593.
10647:
10638:
10630:
10626:
10622:
10618:
10614:
10610:
10606:
10602:
10598:
10594:
10587:
10581:
10577:
10573:
10569:
10563:
10561:
10552:
10548:
10544:
10540:
10536:
10532:
10528:
10524:
10520:
10516:
10509:
10494:
10493:
10488:
10484:
10478:
10471:
10466:
10464:
10447:
10443:
10437:
10435:
10428:
10427:9783319330006
10424:
10420:
10414:
10407:
10402:
10396:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10378:
10374:
10370:
10366:
10362:
10355:
10353:
10351:
10349:
10347:
10339:
10334:
10326:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10298:
10294:
10290:
10286:
10282:
10275:
10273:
10271:
10262:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10245:(2): 239–53.
10244:
10240:
10236:
10229:
10227:
10218:
10214:
10210:
10206:
10199:
10197:
10188:
10182:
10178:
10174:
10167:
10165:
10160:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10143:Picoeukaryote
10141:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10117:
10114:
10113:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10058:
10053:
10052:Oceans portal
10047:
10042:
10039:
10028:
10021:
10019:
10014:
10002:
9993:
9987:
9983:
9975:
9971:
9970:sequestration
9963:
9952:
9947:
9934:
9933:9783319932842
9930:
9926:
9922:
9918:
9917:
9916:
9910:
9906:
9902:
9901:stoichiometry
9898:
9894:
9890:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9854:
9852:
9848:
9844:
9840:
9836:
9832:
9827:
9825:
9821:
9817:
9816:interactomics
9813:
9809:
9804:
9803:collections.
9802:
9798:
9794:
9789:
9785:
9781:
9777:
9773:
9769:
9768:
9763:
9759:
9754:
9750:
9746:
9745:metabarcoding
9742:
9738:
9730:
9726:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9703:
9701:
9695:
9693:
9689:
9685:
9681:
9678:
9674:
9665:
9661:
9657:
9653:
9649:
9645:
9641:
9637:
9633:
9622:
9613:
9609:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9562:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9546:
9542:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9520:
9517:
9513:
9508:
9505:
9501:
9496:
9493:
9489:
9484:
9483:
9476:
9469:
9465:
9456:
9453:
9449:
9440:
9437:
9433:
9424:
9419:
9414:spectroscopy.
9413:
9409:
9405:
9399:
9394:
9382:
9377:
9365:
9364:
9357:
9348:
9347:
9340:
9326:
9324:
9323:
9318:
9314:
9310:
9306:
9305:ribosomal DNA
9302:
9298:
9294:
9290:
9286:
9282:
9276:
9272:
9268:
9264:
9260:
9259:DNA barcoding
9256:
9252:
9248:
9237:
9230:
9214:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9170:niskin bottle
9155:
9148:
9143:
9139:
9138:Robert M. May
9134:
9127:
9122:
9121:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9106:
9101:
9097:
9096:
9090:
9083:
9078:
9074:
9072:
9068:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9047:
9043:
9041:
9037:
9026:, live up to
9025:
9021:
9017:
9006:
9002:
8999:
8993:
8991:
8987:
8982:
8979:
8975:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8957:
8953:
8944:
8938:
8929:
8927:
8922:
8918:
8914:
8909:
8905:
8901:
8897:
8892:
8888:
8886:
8882:
8881:Pompeii worms
8878:
8874:
8870:
8869:endosymbiotic
8866:
8862:
8858:
8856:
8855:
8854:black smokers
8850:
8849:
8848:white smokers
8844:
8843:diffuse vents
8839:
8835:
8831:
8828:
8824:
8819:
8815:
8811:
8806:
8802:
8791:
8787:
8783:
8779:
8772:
8763:
8759:
8753:
8732:
8727:
8718:
8711:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8697:
8690:
8685:
8684:
8679:
8670:
8665:
8659:
8655:
8651:
8646:
8636:
8629:
8623:
8619:
8617:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8600:
8598:
8592:
8584:
8578:
8565:
8558:
8553:
8550:
8544:
8539:
8536:
8530:
8525:
8522:
8516:
8511:
8510:
8509:
8507:
8506:
8501:
8500:zooxanthellae
8497:
8494:
8490:
8487:within class
8486:
8481:
8479:
8474:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8461:
8457:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8441:
8439:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8409:
8405:
8396:
8391:
8381:
8371:
8369:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8352:
8347:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8319:
8318:
8311:
8306:
8302:
8301:
8294:
8289:
8288:
8287:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8268:
8264:
8258:
8257:bioirrigation
8254:
8250:
8241:
8228:
8220:
8214:
8209:
8202:
8195:
8190:
8189:
8185:
8179:
8174:
8167:
8162:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8140:
8135:
8131:
8130:
8122:
8117:
8113:
8112:foraminiferal
8109:
8102:
8097:
8093:
8086:
8081:
8077:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8061:
8055:
8050:
8049:
8043:
8039:
8036:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8021:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8007:
8004:
8001:
7998:
7994:
7991:
7988:
7985:
7981:
7979:
7978:foraminiferan
7976:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7935:
7931:
7928:
7925:
7922:
7919:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7898:
7894:
7892:0.002 to 0.2
7891:
7889:
7886:
7883:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7844:
7840:
7827:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7795:
7794:biogenic ooze
7791:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7737:
7736:calpionellids
7733:
7729:
7725:
7720:
7707:
7706:
7699:
7694:
7691:
7685:
7680:
7676:
7675:
7668:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7652:, a genus of
7651:
7650:
7643:
7638:
7634:
7633:
7626:
7621:
7620:
7619:
7617:
7613:
7609:
7606:, individual
7605:
7601:
7597:
7592:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7544:
7532:
7509:
7499:
7498:
7493:
7486:
7474:
7467:
7462:
7458:
7452:
7447:
7443:
7436:
7431:
7427:
7426:
7419:
7414:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7409:
7404:
7403:
7397:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7386:endosymbionts
7383:
7379:
7375:
7370:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7355:r-strategists
7352:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7331:
7327:
7313:
7301:
7279:
7276:
7272:
7271:Zoochlorellae
7266:
7261:
7258:
7254:
7253:
7246:
7241:
7238:
7234:
7228:
7223:
7220:
7219:
7210:
7207:
7206:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7182:
7181:endosymbionts
7178:
7175:
7173:
7172:
7168:
7165:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7147:
7146:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7135:
7132:
7128:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7104:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7093:
7092:
7085:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7071:
7069:
7064:
7062:
7057:
7055:
7050:
7048:
7042:
7041:
7036:
7034:
7030:
7027:
7024:
7021:
7017:
7014:
7010:
7009:
7002:
7001:Phytoplankton
6999:
6998:
6992:
6988:
6986:
6985:Erythrobacter
6981:
6979:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6968:
6965:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6943:
6934:
6933:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6912:sulfur cycles
6909:
6905:
6901:
6896:
6892:
6891:phytoplankton
6888:
6887:
6882:
6880:
6875:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6840:
6838:
6834:
6833:endosymbionts
6830:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6808:
6797:
6790:
6781:
6780:
6775:
6769:
6746:
6745:
6724:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6693:
6688:
6687:
6681:
6675:
6666:
6659:
6641:
6640:
6633:
6628:
6624:
6618:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6602:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6586:
6581:
6580:
6567:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6549:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6530:
6525:
6521:
6520:
6515:
6508:
6503:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6487:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6471:
6445:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6434:kleptoplastic
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6410:endosymbionts
6407:
6403:
6399:
6390:
6386:
6379:
6374:
6371:
6367:
6360:
6355:
6348:
6343:
6339:
6338:
6330:
6325:
6318:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6298:
6295:
6286:
6281:
6273:
6260:
6248:
6234:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6206:
6196:
6187:
6164:
6155:
6152:
6143:
6138:
6130:
6117:
6105:
6088:
6082:
6077:
6070:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6050:
6045:
6038:
6033:
6026:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6013:
6008:
6004:
5995:
5985:
5976:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5926:phytoplankton
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5899:
5895:
5889:
5884:
5880:
5874:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5860:
5859:bristle worms
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5803:
5801:
5800:heterotrophic
5797:
5793:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5754:
5750:
5748:
5747:stoichiometry
5744:
5739:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5718:
5714:
5712:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5698:Edward DeLong
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5652:
5644:
5631:
5626:
5610:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5571:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5548:
5543:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5482:
5473:
5468:
5459:
5451:
5444:
5439:
5436:Fossil diatom
5432:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5408:
5401:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5378:
5374:
5365:
5359:
5351:
5345:
5324:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5274:
5265:
5255:
5246:
5237:Diatom shapes
5223:
5222:cyanobacteria
5216:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5198:
5193:
5190:phytoplankton
5189:
5183:
5178:
5171:
5166:
5159:
5154:
5152:Phytoplankton
5151:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5134:prasinophytes
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5087:
5086:r-strategists
5083:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5062:Phytoplankton
5056:
5051:
5045:Phytoplankton
5042:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5025:, not by any
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4921:multicellular
4918:
4910:
4904:
4899:
4892:
4887:
4880:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4867:endosymbiosis
4864:
4860:
4859:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4833:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4782:multicellular
4779:
4775:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4753:
4752:multicellular
4749:
4745:
4741:
4740:multicellular
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4718:
4717:Euglenophytes
4713:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4702:euglenophytes
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4659:cyanobacteria
4655:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4626:cyanobacteria
4623:
4619:
4618:cyanobacteria
4614:
4612:
4611:phytoplankton
4608:
4604:
4600:
4599:Cyanobacteria
4592:
4583:
4578:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4556:
4547:
4546:
4538:
4529:
4528:microbial mat
4522:
4513:Cyanobacteria
4506:Cyanobacteria
4503:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4464:cyanobacteria
4460:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4408:
4402:
4394:
4390:
4389:phytoplankton
4385:
4372:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4295:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4244:include some
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4204:
4195:
4192:
4183:
4180:
4171:
4168:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4039:phytoplankton
4036:
4032:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4017:heterotrophic
4014:
4011:. Similar to
4010:
4009:phytoplankton
4006:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3866:
3861:
3858:
3855:, feeding on
3854:
3850:
3849:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3788:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3699:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3394:By locomotion
3391:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3343:abyssal zones
3340:
3339:xenophyophore
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3319:foraminiferan
3316:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3265:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3211:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3177:
3174:
3165:
3162:
3153:
3148:
3141:
3137:
3136:cyanobacteria
3130:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3117:zoochlorellae
3114:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3094:Zooxanthellae
3089:
3084:
3081:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3029:
3024:
3021:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:fragmentation
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2948:, as well as
2947:
2943:
2939:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2908:
2896:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2765:Heterotrophic
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:Green algae,
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2627:endosymbionts
2624:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2585:single-celled
2582:
2578:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2550:, a possible
2549:
2548:
2541:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2407:fragmentation
2404:
2400:
2396:
2395:cyanobacteria
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:transcription
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2326:nucleic acids
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2288:single-celled
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2250:extremophiles
2246:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2218:bacteriophage
2215:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2172:cyanobacteria
2169:
2168:endosymbiotic
2165:
2164:peptidoglycan
2161:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2134:Cyanobacteria
2129:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2076:endosymbiotic
2073:
2068:
2064:
2063:stromatolites
2060:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:Schizomycetes
2000:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:Earth's crust
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1927:Synechococcus
1922:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:giant viruses
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1804:
1798:Giant viruses
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1714:of the order
1713:
1712:tailed phages
1709:
1708:cyanobacteria
1705:
1704:Marine phages
1701:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1684:cyanobacteria
1681:
1675:
1668:
1667:tailed phages
1664:
1659:
1650:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1635:three domains
1631:
1629:
1614:
1607:
1598:
1590:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1431:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1409:United States
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1296:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:multicellular
1003:
1002:single-celled
998:
996:
993:
989:
988:microorganism
985:
979:
968:
958:
957:Stromatolites
952:
943:
939:
935:
929:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
891:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:multicellular
783:
782:single-celled
779:
778:magnification
775:
771:
767:
764:
761:
757:
753:
750:of a coastal
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
722:
717:
715:
710:
708:
703:
702:
700:
699:
693:
683:
682:
681:
680:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
645:
642:
641:
640:
637:
636:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
595:
594:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
542:
538:
533:
532:
524:
523:Tychoplankton
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
488:
487:
479:
476:
475:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
458:
455:
454:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
433:
432:
424:
421:
420:
415:
412:
411:
404:
403:cyanobacteria
401:
400:
399:
396:
395:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
372:
369:
368:
367:
364:
363:
356:
353:
351:
348:
345:
342:
341:
340:
337:
336:
329:
328:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
309:Picoeukaryote
307:
305:
302:
298:
295:
294:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
274:
271:
270:
266:
261:
260:
252:
251:Virioplankton
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
228:
225:
223:
222:Phytoplankton
220:
219:
215:
210:
209:
205:
201:
200:
197:
194:
193:
189:
188:
178:
173:
171:
166:
164:
159:
158:
156:
155:
150:
140:
139:
138:
137:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
96:Invertebrates
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
35:
29:
23:
19:
22562:Microswimmer
22456:in pregnancy
22406:Nylon-eating
22304:
22289:Spermosphere
22251:
22050:Microbiology
21924:
21908:
21902:Download PDF
21889:
21873:
21857:
21841:
21825:
21809:
21783:
21779:
21774:
21761:: 979– 984.
21758:
21754:
21723:(1): 61–75.
21720:
21716:
21710:
21694:
21690:
21685:
21669:
21665:
21660:
21644:
21640:
21635:
21619:
21615:
21610:
21594:
21590:
21585:
21559:
21555:
21549:
21526:
21517:
21501:
21498:Microbiology
21497:
21492:
21465:10033/622374
21447:
21443:
21433:
21392:
21388:
21378:
21368:
21361:
21334:10754/567056
21306:
21302:
21292:
21266:
21262:
21254:
21238:
21234:
21229:
21213:
21209:
21203:
21187:
21183:
21178:
21131:
21127:
21117:
21091:
21082:
21064:
21018:
21014:
21004:
20969:
20965:
20955:
20918:
20915:PLOS Biology
20914:
20870:
20866:
20808:
20804:
20794:
20753:
20749:
20740:
20699:
20695:
20688:
20678:26 September
20676:. Retrieved
20670:
20657:
20604:
20600:
20544:
20538:
20528:
20516:. Retrieved
20512:
20502:
20490:
20478:
20470:the original
20465:
20456:
20423:
20419:
20412:
20400:. Retrieved
20394:
20384:
20372:. Retrieved
20368:
20358:
20346:. Retrieved
20340:
20330:
20271:
20267:
20261:
20220:
20216:
20207:
20174:
20170:
20164:
20111:
20107:
20097:
20056:
20052:
20046:
19997:
19993:
19987:
19942:
19938:
19928:
19891:
19887:
19877:
19847:(1): 45–52.
19844:
19840:
19833:
19800:
19796:
19790:
19757:
19753:
19747:
19731:
19727:
19722:
19696:
19692:
19687:
19679:
19672:
19655:10533/148260
19629:
19625:
19619:
19610:
19577:
19573:
19567:
19532:
19528:
19518:
19492:
19489:BMC Genomics
19488:
19482:
19456:
19452:
19447:
19421:
19417:
19412:
19396:
19392:
19387:
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19141:
19135:
19090:
19086:
19076:
19056:
19049:
19022:
18977:
18973:
18962:
18950:. Retrieved
18946:the original
18941:
18936:Joe Hanson.
18931:
18922:The Guardian
18920:
18910:
18901:
18891:
18838:
18834:
18823:
18815:
18808:
18798:
18790:
18774:
18728:
18725:PLOS Biology
18724:
18714:
18698:
18692:
18685:
18658:
18654:
18644:
18632:. Retrieved
18618:
18608:
18591:
18585:
18540:
18536:
18526:
18512:(1): 29–40.
18509:
18505:
18501:
18495:
18452:
18448:
18442:
18434:
18422:. Retrieved
18418:the original
18404:
18363:
18359:
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18328:
18324:
18318:
18299:
18293:
18260:
18256:
18250:
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18194:
18187:
18162:
18158:
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18133:
18129:
18119:
18102:10261/131722
18082:
18078:
18030:
18026:
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17964:
17954:
17901:
17897:
17887:
17860:
17856:
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17798:
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17272:
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17206:
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17144:
17111:
17107:
17097:
17056:
17052:
17026:
17020:
17003:
16999:
16993:
16942:
16938:
16928:
16920:
16913:
16903:30 September
16901:. Retrieved
16886:
16879:
16836:
16832:
16822:
16789:
16785:
16778:
16770:
16766:
16754:. Retrieved
16750:the original
16743:
16734:
16693:
16689:
16682:
16639:
16635:
16625:
16580:
16576:
16526:
16523:PLOS Biology
16522:
16512:
16504:
16495:
16479:
16474:
16447:
16443:
16433:
16396:
16392:
16382:
16370:. Retrieved
16366:
16357:
16316:
16312:
16306:
16273:
16269:
16259:
16251:
16242:
16234:
16185:
16181:
16171:
16164:NASA Science
16163:
16156:
16137:
16131:
16114:
16110:
16106:
16100:
16088:. Retrieved
16084:the original
16079:
16075:
16065:
16032:
16028:
16022:
16014:
16007:. Retrieved
16003:the original
15998:
15988:
15960:
15953:
15930:
15924:
15912:. Retrieved
15908:
15854:
15850:
15844:
15835:
15829:
15810:
15804:
15759:
15755:
15749:
15745:
15737:
15728:
15718:
15706:. Retrieved
15699:the original
15673:(6): 52–53.
15670:
15666:
15653:
15641:. Retrieved
15637:the original
15623:
15590:
15586:
15580:
15568:. Retrieved
15564:the original
15559:
15550:
15531:
15521:
15513:
15506:
15494:. Retrieved
15488:
15481:
15462:
15445:Science News
15444:
15435:
15394:
15390:
15384:
15364:
15357:
15316:
15312:
15306:
15261:
15257:
15247:
15218:. Retrieved
15208:
15196:. Retrieved
15191:
15187:
15174:
15162:. Retrieved
15158:the original
15154:Marine Fungi
15153:
15144:
15135:
15110:
15105:
15060:
15056:
15046:
15011:
15007:
14941:
14937:
14927:
14886:
14882:
14876:
14864:. Retrieved
14834:
14824:
14779:
14775:
14765:
14753:. Retrieved
14730:
14723:
14713:
14708:
14689:
14685:
14675:
14632:
14628:
14618:
14593:
14589:
14583:
14574:
14541:
14537:
14531:
14488:
14484:
14478:
14435:
14431:
14421:
14413:the original
14403:
14388:
14369:
14363:
14330:
14326:
14275:
14271:
14238:
14231:
14196:
14192:
14178:
14153:
14149:
14143:
14127:
14121:
14096:
14092:
14086:
14075:the original
14036:
14032:
14019:
13986:
13982:
13976:
13964:. Retrieved
13960:the original
13955:
13946:
13937:
13899:
13895:
13882:
13847:
13843:
13833:
13800:
13796:
13790:
13755:
13751:
13741:
13714:
13710:
13700:
13665:
13661:
13603:
13600:ISME Journal
13599:
13589:
13556:
13552:
13546:
13521:
13517:
13511:
13499:. Retrieved
13487:
13468:
13462:
13427:
13423:
13413:
13370:
13366:
13356:
13348:
13341:
13314:
13310:
13300:
13291:
13285:
13277:the original
13272:
13263:
13222:
13218:
13212:
13200:. Retrieved
13193:
13184:
13172:. Retrieved
13168:the original
13163:
13154:
13121:
13115:
13109:
13079:(6): 513–9.
13076:
13072:
13066:
13041:
13037:
13031:
13001:(1): 74–84.
12998:
12994:
12988:
12939:
12935:
12925:
12890:
12886:
12876:
12844:(4): 470–8.
12841:
12837:
12831:
12786:
12782:
12772:
12727:
12723:
12713:
12670:
12666:
12656:
12621:
12617:
12607:
12564:
12560:
12547:
12515:(1): 102–6.
12512:
12508:
12498:
12481:
12477:
12467:
12458:
12448:
12415:
12409:
12366:
12362:
12352:
12319:
12315:
12309:
12297:. Retrieved
12287:
12254:
12250:
12237:
12204:
12200:
12194:
12157:
12153:
12143:
12108:
12104:
12094:
12085:
12075:
12066:
12057:
12016:
12012:
12005:
11960:
11956:
11946:
11906:(1): 28–33.
11903:
11899:
11889:
11852:
11849:BMC Genomics
11848:
11838:
11795:
11791:
11781:
11751:(3): 15024.
11748:
11744:
11731:
11690:
11686:
11680:
11639:
11635:
11591:
11587:
11577:
11540:
11537:PLOS Biology
11536:
11504:
11498:
11463:
11459:
11449:
11424:
11420:
11410:
11375:
11371:
11347:
11343:
11309:
11305:
11259:
11255:
11245:
11208:
11204:
11194:
11161:
11157:
11151:
11110:
11106:
11100:
11088:. Retrieved
11082:
11072:
11037:
11031:
11021:
10976:
10972:
10962:
10950:. Retrieved
10944:
10931:
10919:. Retrieved
10905:
10880:
10874:
10867:
10855:. Retrieved
10824:. Retrieved
10820:the original
10813:
10803:
10760:
10757:ISME Journal
10756:
10746:
10734:. Retrieved
10728:
10718:
10710:
10703:
10670:
10666:
10646:
10637:
10596:
10592:
10586:
10518:
10514:
10508:
10496:. Retrieved
10490:
10477:
10450:. Retrieved
10445:
10418:
10413:
10368:
10364:
10333:
10288:
10284:
10242:
10238:
10208:
10204:
10172:
10010:
9999:
9986:carbon cycle
9982:fossil fuels
9959:
9924:
9914:
9879:
9861:
9847:metabolomics
9835:metagenomics
9828:
9811:
9805:
9788:Marine Omics
9787:
9780:metabolomics
9765:
9756:
9749:metagenomics
9729:Metagenomics
9715:
9696:
9688:metagenomics
9679:
9670:
9664:MALDI-TOF MS
9570:Spectrometry
9541:Bright field
9467:
9451:
9435:
9397:
9361:
9344:
9320:
9278:
9191:
9174:plankton net
9153:
9132:
9093:
9086:
9052:
9013:
8994:
8983:
8971:
8943:picoplankton
8889:
8859:
8852:
8846:
8842:
8832:
8808:
8782:extremophile
8778:Pompeii worm
8758:Black smoker
8730:
8701:carbon cycle
8694:
8601:
8594:
8505:Symbiodinium
8503:
8485:invertebrate
8482:
8475:
8442:
8417:
8411:
8394:
8356:
8348:
8335:water column
8324:
8315:
8298:
8276:photic zones
8266:
8263:benthic zone
8260:
8253:bioturbation
8218:
8127:
7831:typical size
7793:
7785:
7777:
7768:
7758:
7755:
7748:microfossils
7703:
7672:
7647:
7631:
7615:
7593:
7589:foraminifera
7566:nassellarian
7559:
7495:
7472:
7457:Nassellarian
7441:
7423:
7406:
7400:
7398:
7371:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7333:
7277:
7250:
7236:
7221:Mixoplankton
7203:
7198:Foraminifera
7194:Polycystinea
7169:
7150:
7143:
7136:
7123:Specialists
7099:Generalists
7090:
7089:
7075:Prorocentrum
7073:
7066:
7059:
7052:
7045:
7038:
7031:
7025:
7007:
7006:
6983:
6976:
6969:
6938:Description
6915:
6903:
6884:
6883:
6876:
6864:heterotrophy
6856:organotrophy
6841:
6837:kleptoplasty
6829:chloroplasts
6825:heterotrophy
6810:
6795:
6777:
6742:
6697:
6679:
6663:Drawings by
6637:
6622:
6606:
6590:
6555:
6517:
6495:
6476:) or naked.
6468:
6438:chloroplasts
6436:, retaining
6422:golden algae
6395:
6335:
6227:agglutinated
6218:
6212:
6203:Drawings by
6086:
6016:microfossils
6003:Radiolarians
6001:
5992:Drawings by
5960:Radiolarians
5946:meroplankton
5903:
5897:
5864:
5863:
5823:radiolarians
5804:
5798:). They are
5795:
5790:
5755:
5751:
5735:
5720:There is an
5719:
5715:
5695:
5683:Halobacteria
5654:
5629:
5599:
5579:
5559:
5552:
5538:
5534:
5501:
5492:
5422:algal blooms
5417:
5384:
5271:
5262:Drawings by
5203:
5130:chlorophytes
5126:cryptomonads
5091:
5074:
5068:). They are
5065:
5060:
5054:
5027:phylogenetic
5019:water column
5014:
5009:
5002:Mycoplankton
4915:
4911:algal chains
4856:
4837:
4823:killer algae
4822:
4812:
4809:cell biology
4798:
4772:
4765:
4759:
4721:
4714:
4686:polyphyletic
4676:
4656:
4644:
4638:
4615:
4605:and include
4597:
4565:
4543:
4461:
4410:
4338:
4234:microanimals
4209:
4126:
4119:
4113:
4108:
4086:
4073:hyphomycetes
4051:
4028:
4003:free-living
3978:Mycoplankton
3976:
3968:hydrothermal
3955:marine algae
3948:
3941:Mycoplankton
3937:Marine fungi
3929:ascomycetous
3922:
3894:Marine fungi
3871:
3870:The ciliate
3846:
3776:
3770:
3760:
3745:
3731:
3667:
3652:
3597:
3584:
3550:radiolarians
3516:Cryptophytes
3498:
3463:Description
3403:
3368:
3312:
3291:
3272:giant amoeba
3270:
3250:
3234:multi-celled
3231:
3048:
2958:Golgi bodies
2954:mitochondria
2934:
2872:
2823:Saprotrophic
2811:Slime moulds
2806:Fungal-like
2754:Animal-like
2723:
2682:Description
2665:
2656:paraphyletic
2642:
2620:
2598:
2594:multi-celled
2574:
2566:
2545:
2519:
2516:Thermophiles
2495:
2479:
2464:Halobacteria
2426:carbon cycle
2419:
2383:hydrogen gas
2359:ether lipids
2349:involved in
2341:and several
2332:
2330:
2307:
2299:cell nucleus
2275:
2269:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2196:
2187:
2170:origin from
2160:glaucophytes
2156:chloroplasts
2116:
2096:chloroplasts
2088:mitochondria
2052:
2045:
2041:
2025:
2002:
1996:
1947:
1932:Carboxysomes
1925:
1907:
1897:carbon cycle
1890:
1861:
1854:
1844:
1837:
1831:
1822:
1781:
1777:algal blooms
1773:
1760:Sulfolobales
1756:thermophilic
1749:
1742:
1738:Microviridae
1736:
1730:
1724:
1721:Caudovirales
1720:
1716:Caudovirales
1715:
1695:
1690:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1613:tailed phage
1550:
1495:
1493:
1483:, including
1446:
1412:
1382:
1374:
1369:aeroplankton
1335:
1323:biomolecules
1298:
1287:
1249:Microanimals
1247:
1226:
1206:
1162:
1142:
1106:
1094:
1054:
1040:animals and
999:
981:
892:
877:
834:
820:animals and
788:and include
755:
738:living in a
731:
730:
565:Spring bloom
513:Meroplankton
503:Holoplankton
443:Aeroplankton
371:radiolarians
314:Picoplankton
241:Mycoplankton
236:Mixoplankton
214:Trophic mode
131:Conservation
126:Human impact
65:
28:carbon cycle
18:
22643:Planktology
22594:Siderophore
22355:Phycosphere
22211:viral shunt
21861:CRC Press.
21786:: 279–283.
21647:: 425–442.
21622:: 465–470.
21597:: 1261359.
21385:Reski, Ralf
20672:Eurekalert!
20402:11 December
20374:11 December
20348:11 December
20342:EurekAlert!
19734:: 175–211.
19495:(1): 1–13.
19337:(1): 4921.
19257:: 188–196.
19183:: 807–838.
18816:LiveScience
18634:13 November
18455:: 156–178.
18033:: 311–335.
17863:: 235–243.
16557:. e1000359.
16117:: 181–210.
16035:: 173–198.
15914:20 November
15905:"Algaebase"
15593:(1): 1–11.
14866:3 September
14755:3 September
13938:LiveScience
13902:(1): 31–8.
13202:16 February
12299:19 December
12111:. baaa062.
11378:: 125–134.
11211:(10): 302.
10952:15 December
10916:LiveScience
10852:LiveScience
10826:10 November
10641:Shors p. 5.
10452:11 December
10148:Roseobacter
10061:Marine life
10013:Precambrian
9510:Biochemical
9486:Chromogenic
9381:DNA barcode
9322:Pseudomonas
9100:dark matter
8917:prokaryotes
8904:mutualistic
8717:Marine snow
8604:viral shunt
8478:controversy
8349:The sudden
8317:Heterohelix
8148:and algae,
8129:Globigerina
8062:is a soft,
7929:0.1 to 0.2
7912:radiolarian
7904:microfossil
7782:John Murray
7608:cytoplasmic
7604:scintillons
7394:mixotrophic
7390:coral reefs
7382:phagotrophy
7378:mixotrophic
7361:and create
7339:algae group
7179:with algal
7084:Zooplankton
7068:Neoceratium
7061:Karlodinium
7054:Heterocapsa
7049:subglobosum
7047:Fragilidium
6978:Roseobacter
6920:acantharian
6916:Phaeocystis
6904:Phaeocystis
6895:polymorphic
6886:Phaeocystis
6872:prokaryotic
6848:chemotrophy
6796:Phaeocystis
6779:Phaeocystis
6774:Acantharian
6414:green algae
6398:mixotrophic
6056:acantharian
5954:cladocerans
5922:zooplankton
5918:prokaryotes
5855:arrow worms
5839:ctenophores
5792:Zooplankton
5787:Zooplankton
5764:fuelled by
5669:chromophore
5657:chlorophyll
5596:Algae bloom
5070:autotrophic
5035:forage fish
5006:Phycosphere
4805:green algae
4778:unicellular
4744:Brown algae
4728:Green algae
4698:brown algae
4667:prokaryotes
4603:filamentous
4428:chemotrophs
4424:heterotroph
4371:Tardigrades
4323:gastrotrich
4305:crustaceans
4282:carbon sink
4254:tardigrades
4242:crustaceans
4145:Microanimal
4129:Proterozoic
4104:splash zone
4092:mutualistic
4077:ascomycetes
4001:filamentous
3982:saprotropic
3972:metabolites
3966:and around
3907:splash zone
3833:spermatozoa
3819:at its base
3747:Flagellates
3738:Apicomplexa
3733:Phaeocystis
3651:(Greek for
3633:(amoeboids)
3621:flagellates
3583:(Latin for
3558:Apicomplexa
3538:green algae
3497:(Latin for
3482:Flagellates
3426:flagellates
3388:slime molds
3384:green algae
3362:brown algae
3238:macroscopic
3115:with green
3034:Radiolarian
3002:and called
2938:mixotrophic
2860:osmotrophic
2856:Mixotrophic
2799:flagellates
2778:Radiolarian
2735:brown algae
2725:Pyramimonas
2710:Autotrophic
2693:Plant-like
2577:prokaryotes
2387:Haloarchaea
2355:translation
2295:prokaryotes
2274:(Greek for
2141:cyanotoxins
2115:The marine
2040:are called
2007:prokaryotes
1964:micrometres
1957:prokaryotic
1871:Prokaryotes
1680:cyanophages
1538:icosahedral
1451:is a small
1358:sequestered
1315:prokaryotes
1128:Prokaryotes
1061:decomposers
1038:macroscopic
1030:fungal-like
992:microscopic
944:-algal mat.
853:decomposers
818:macroscopic
760:microscopic
666:Thin layers
661:Planktology
656:Planktivore
605:Algaculture
545:Algal bloom
491:Other types
462:prokaryotes
448:Geoplankton
332:By taxonomy
227:Zooplankton
116:Carbon pump
101:Vertebrates
81:Prokaryotes
71:Microbiomes
43:Marine life
22627:Categories
22494:Techniques
22325:Microalgae
22233:microbiota
22228:Microbiome
22016:Prokaryote
21912:Springer.
21877:Springer.
21813:Elsevier.
21263:Microbiome
21241:: 251364.
21134:(5): 130.
20972:(1): 1–6.
19803:(3): 211.
19529:BioScience
19418:Microbiome
18778:Elsevier.
18655:Syst. Biol
18424:4 November
18366:: 443–93.
18242:Radiolaria
16952:1810.05150
16839:: bav080.
16642:(1): 1–7.
16090:11 October
16076:BUFUS-Info
16009:8 December
15198:6 February
15164:5 February
13966:11 October
13797:BioSystems
13553:Biosystems
13501:24 October
13044:: 351–97.
12369:(1): 749.
11350:: 182–186.
10155:References
9944:See also:
9909:eukaryotic
9895:and their
9851:metagenome
9831:microbiome
9820:proteomics
9776:proteomics
9770:, such as
9656:Ribotyping
9545:Dark field
9524:techniques
9512:techniques
9500:techniques
9498:Microscopy
9317:Carl Woese
9289:morphology
9247:microscopy
9168:See also:
9105:ecological
9020:life forms
8950:See also:
8799:See also:
8656:(DOM) and
8449:microbiome
8438:hologenome
8327:planktonic
8247:See also:
8150:ostracodes
8092:discoaster
8026:coccoliths
7728:Copper Age
7548:Unarmoured
7425:Gyrodinium
7324:See also:
7257:flagellate
7190:Acantharea
7145:Dinophysis
7116:oligotrich
7033:Ochromonas
7026:Ochromonas
6993:clade OM60
6868:eukaryotic
6821:autotrophy
6805:See also:
6753:Mixotrophs
6497:Cyphoderia
6389:nummulites
6366:nummulitid
5910:eukaryotes
5847:arthropods
5835:cnidarians
5807:protozoans
5673:rhodopsins
5521:coccoliths
5498:coccoliths
5118:euglenoids
5094:eukaryotes
4986:See also:
4917:Macroalgae
4863:microalgae
4774:Microalgae
4767:macroalgae
4761:microalgae
4651:food chain
4438:and using
4436:cold seeps
4420:food chain
4405:See also:
4393:vegetation
4266:loricifera
4238:arthropods
4143:See also:
4096:ascomycete
4043:turbulence
3997:ecosystems
3994:freshwater
3935:See also:
3848:Paramecium
3777:Paramecium
3772:Paramecium
3697:Not motile
3680:protozoans
3653:false feet
3649:pseudopods
3442:not motile
3422:pseudopods
3358:Giant kelp
2950:organelles
2923:flagellate
2900:micrograph
2879:flagellate
2847:Mixotrops
2837:slime nets
2817:slime nets
2759:Protozoans
2581:eukaryotes
2530:Eukaryotes
2518:, such as
2391:fix carbon
2379:metal ions
2365:, such as
2303:organelles
2264:See also:
2254:hot spring
2067:morphology
2022:organelles
2011:eukaryotes
1938:See also:
1856:Tupanvirus
1851:poxviruses
1819:Tupanvirus
1806:The giant
1732:Inoviridae
1678:These are
1469:life forms
1457:replicates
1419:Antarctica
1401:barophilic
1389:prokaryote
1228:Microfungi
1193:Eukaryotes
1083:and other
1081:phosphorus
1065:pathogenic
1057:ecosystems
1020:including
976:See also:
886:the major
880:pathogenic
871:and other
869:phosphorus
849:ecosystems
436:By habitat
366:Protozoans
297:calcareous
282:Microalgae
22567:biohybrid
22421:dysbiosis
22238:holobiont
22136:amoeboids
22119:twitching
21309:: 21–30.
20873:(2): 46.
20867:Diversity
20746:May, R.M.
20716:1431-0651
20631:0027-8424
20448:199636268
20306:0028-0836
20245:1941-1405
20199:0967-0637
20138:1932-6203
20073:1740-1526
20022:0028-0836
19961:1664-302X
19869:1385-1101
19825:8755-1209
19551:1525-3244
19459:(4): 81.
19424:(1): 46.
19361:2041-1723
19229:1469-8137
19109:1545-7885
19087:PLOS Biol
18883:221593388
18277:0737-4038
17987:1664-302X
17928:0027-8424
17752:CiteSeerX
17684:Oecologia
17258:(10): 36.
16985:119341330
16977:1473-5504
16853:1758-0463
16666:0168-6496
16213:1912/2854
16111:Symbiosis
15980:443576944
15214:"Lichens"
15119:0717-6538
15030:1751-7362
14968:0027-8424
14903:0095-3628
14498:0812.2887
13174:8 January
12995:BioEssays
12964:0036-8075
12846:CiteSeerX
12599:206655792
12432:1476-4687
11090:21 August
10217:0038-2353
10211:: 182–6.
9893:ribosomes
9784:glycomics
9640:Rapid PCR
9599:MALDI-TOF
9522:Molecular
9331:Barcoding
9281:phylogeny
8978:biosphere
8908:parasitic
8896:evolution
8460:symbiotic
8453:eukaryote
8408:holobiont
8366:found in
8359:endoliths
8300:Elphidium
8282:changing
8154:pteropods
8072:frustules
8064:siliceous
8030:< 0.1
8003:Calcified
7965:limestone
7961:aragonite
7926:or shell
7823:involved
7654:parasitic
7573:symbionts
7562:symbiosis
7492:surf wave
7367:Excavates
7363:red tides
7233:Tintinnid
7063:veneficum
7056:triquetra
6813:mixotroph
6782:symbionts
6623:Holophyra
6558: sp.
6535:Xenogenic
6522: sp.
6500: sp.
6418:red algae
6402:see below
5894:Tintinnid
5851:tunicates
5773:compounds
5702:rhodopsin
5671:found in
5539:braarudii
5387:frustules
5031:taxonomic
5015:wanderers
4736:Red algae
4567:Nodularia
4416:autotroph
4337:Armoured
4270:anaerobic
4258:nematodes
4250:cladocera
4227:cnidarian
4224:parasitic
4133:Paleozoic
4111:sea snail
4062:oomycetes
4058:zoosporic
4031:estuaries
3919:sea snail
3503:organelle
3495:flagellum
3438:amoeboids
3140:cytostome
3080:Euglenoid
3004:frustules
2741:and some
2703:see below
2367:archaeols
2361:in their
2318:Eukaryota
2225:P. ubique
2208:P. ubique
2072:phylogeny
1992:parasitic
1988:symbiotic
1914:estuaries
1808:mimivirus
1546:bacterium
1514:molecules
1465:organisms
1463:of other
1385:biosphere
1378:sea spray
1085:nutrients
897:from the
873:nutrients
758:) is any
744:saltwater
22612:Category
22531:Staining
22463:placenta
22093:Virology
22088:Mycology
22026:Protozoa
21996:Bacteria
21893:, MDPI.
21484:32533119
21417:12146788
21343:26204808
21160:31086084
20947:22028628
20845:27140646
20786:34992724
20778:17790039
20732:16888890
20724:25113821
20649:16116082
20579:32724059
20322:10737747
20314:17251963
20253:22457982
20156:25279954
20108:PLOS ONE
20081:17853907
20030:16163346
19979:22084639
19920:22084639
19782:20798336
19774:26344407
19664:26914416
19602:17298376
19379:30467310
19237:25655016
19142:Msystems
19127:26284777
19014:17728401
18902:Phys.org
18875:32913105
18757:21713028
18677:17661235
18577:29924811
18537:PLOS ONE
18487:36733478
18388:21141672
18179:83885629
18111:26927496
18057:27483121
18005:30210473
17971:: 1998.
17946:23071304
17827:10766240
17720:22837754
17712:16568278
17665:17028233
17608:Phys.org
17571:26627232
17402:11970318
17225:19174136
17181:42385900
17089:62781480
17081:16163345
17035:13993674
16871:26286928
16833:Database
16814:10988064
16718:10988064
16674:19709178
16617:31457093
16555:20436957
16425:30687251
16399:: 3235.
16341:17746543
16123:11539474
16049:15012232
15931:Seaweeds
15887:30911529
15879:27011267
15796:23703908
15695:14631732
15615:53618061
15514:Phys.org
15419:20376121
15349:27083645
15341:15890881
15298:14657360
15097:26226014
15057:PLOS ONE
15038:19641535
14986:12756301
14919:21288251
14911:17994287
14861:39378040
14816:24992154
14776:PLOS ONE
14667:19633124
14610:84879817
14566:22264931
14355:91380765
14302:23312067
14215:16248873
14170:85406712
14063:19026540
13916:11755083
13874:16191619
13733:26588818
13692:28768886
13638:30643201
13538:23024290
13397:16710401
13333:25907112
13247:23407494
13146:17522125
13138:21652304
13101:10607659
13058:10690412
13023:36026766
13015:17187354
12980:19424594
12972:15073369
12868:12116647
12705:15240306
12648:30837339
12591:28386012
12539:22482024
12440:89815981
12401:29487281
12344:11536914
12279:20018642
12271:15046572
12221:17041631
12186:19158076
12135:32761142
12067:Sci News
12041:29364876
11997:22808158
11957:PLOS ONE
11938:22020507
11881:17634101
11830:23635867
11773:52829633
11765:27572161
11664:16163346
11618:10704475
11569:15884981
11490:20660197
11441:16494962
11402:26965225
11326:12941415
11288:16984643
11237:29057790
11186:10055219
11178:17853906
11143:36480105
11135:25999494
11064:25143097
11013:18664583
10946:BBC News
10921:17 March
10857:17 March
10795:29379178
10736:14 April
10687:17853907
10621:16163346
10543:16163346
10395:31213707
10325:29784790
10261:13481308
10024:See also
9824:proteins
9772:genomics
9285:taxonomy
9067:seafloor
8489:Anthozoa
8467:bacteria
8227:see here
8106:Shells (
7888:frustule
7690:Red tide
7649:Oodinium
7577:ammonium
7536:Armoured
7343:whirling
7235:ciliate
7186:Rhizaria
7028:species
7013:plastids
6941:Example
6577:Ciliates
6272:protists
6062:crystals
6054:However
6007:protists
5950:copepods
5942:rotifers
5938:ciliates
5914:bacteria
5906:protozoa
5896:ciliate
5879:Copepods
5843:molluscs
5811:protists
5777:ammonium
5775:such as
5770:nitrogen
5377:frustule
5188:Colonial
5146:food web
5098:protists
5078:food web
5011:Plankton
4961:protozoa
4949:bacteria
4929:holdfast
4925:seaweeds
4909:Colonial
4842:flagella
4732:colonies
4724:seaweeds
4682:protists
4492:division
4414:are the
4356:Rotifers
4301:copepods
4262:rotifers
4246:copepods
4121:Spartina
3986:plankton
3964:sea foam
3959:saprobes
3857:bacteria
3762:Ciliates
3686:and the
3617:ciliates
3568:Ciliates
3466:Example
3430:ciliates
3414:flagella
3408:and can
3242:colonial
2952:such as
2795:ciliates
2685:Example
2644:Protists
2590:protists
2428:and the
2422:plankton
2381:or even
2314:Bacteria
2310:bacteria
2258:habitats
2221:HTVC010P
2204:plankton
2042:Bacteria
2026:bacteria
1972:habitats
1949:Bacteria
1700:parasite
1561:plasmids
1526:envelope
1485:bacteria
1208:Protists
1144:Bacteria
1077:nitrogen
1034:rotifers
1026:protozoa
1018:protists
1010:bacteria
995:organism
913:Overview
865:nitrogen
814:copepods
810:rotifers
798:protozoa
790:bacteria
776:without
766:organism
692:Category
467:protists
398:Bacteria
387:ciliates
196:Plankton
111:Food web
86:Protists
61:Habitats
22161:Biofilm
22153:Ecology
22124:gliding
22021:Protist
21991:Archaea
21691:Science
21666:Science
21591:Science
21562:: 623.
21475:7291929
21425:7768096
21397:Bibcode
21311:Bibcode
21210:Science
21151:6560418
21045:2439888
20996:8282683
20938:3196472
20836:4889364
20813:Bibcode
20758:Bibcode
20750:Science
20640:1194919
20609:Bibcode
20570:7387439
20549:Bibcode
20518:31 July
20428:Bibcode
20286:Bibcode
20225:Bibcode
20179:Bibcode
20147:4184897
20116:Bibcode
20089:4658457
20038:4370363
20002:Bibcode
19970:3211056
19945:: 219.
19911:3211056
19894:: 219.
19849:Bibcode
19805:Bibcode
19634:Bibcode
19582:Bibcode
19559:1313569
19399:: 176.
19370:6250698
19339:Bibcode
19118:4540581
19005:1958816
18982:Bibcode
18952:13 July
18843:Bibcode
18835:Science
18748:3119654
18568:6010222
18545:Bibcode
18478:9891709
18457:Bibcode
18443:Karenia
18396:3872860
18368:Bibcode
18345:8707056
18285:8896371
18079:Protist
18035:Bibcode
17996:6120437
17937:3497740
17906:Bibcode
17865:Bibcode
17835:4409009
17807:Bibcode
17744:Bibcode
17692:Bibcode
17656:1694265
17635:Bibcode
17562:4672822
17539:Bibcode
17500:Bibcode
17382:Bibcode
17324:Bibcode
17233:5432036
17161:Bibcode
17136:5677709
17116:Bibcode
17061:Bibcode
17008:Bibcode
17006:: 901.
16957:Bibcode
16862:4539915
16794:Bibcode
16786:Science
16726:1461255
16698:Bibcode
16690:Science
16644:Bibcode
16608:6685716
16585:Bibcode
16546:2860490
16452:Bibcode
16416:6334475
16349:5672525
16321:Bibcode
16313:Science
16298:9657713
16278:Bibcode
16270:Science
16190:Bibcode
16057:6241264
15859:Bibcode
15787:3683724
15764:Bibcode
15729:npr.org
15675:Bibcode
15643:13 July
15595:Bibcode
15570:6 April
15463:Biology
15427:4340458
15399:Bibcode
15321:Bibcode
15313:Science
15266:Bibcode
15220:4 April
15088:4520555
15065:Bibcode
14946:Bibcode
14807:4081592
14784:Bibcode
14658:2765129
14637:Bibcode
14546:Bibcode
14523:3932471
14503:Bibcode
14470:7684268
14461:1262414
14440:Bibcode
14335:Bibcode
14293:4927265
14223:8060916
14101:Bibcode
14071:8819675
14041:Bibcode
14011:2672337
13991:Bibcode
13983:Science
13865:1559898
13825:1292654
13805:Bibcode
13782:8302218
13683:5563798
13629:6461780
13608:Bibcode
13561:Bibcode
13454:7287626
13405:4431143
13375:Bibcode
13346:Archaea
13255:4348619
13227:Bibcode
13081:Bibcode
12944:Bibcode
12936:Science
12917:9409149
12823:8041691
12791:Bibcode
12764:2112744
12732:Bibcode
12675:Bibcode
12639:6401483
12569:Bibcode
12561:Science
12530:3291303
12392:5829246
12371:Bibcode
12336:1542973
12229:9915859
12177:2675988
12126:7408187
12086:Science
12049:4462007
12021:Bibcode
11988:3394797
11965:Bibcode
11929:3255608
11908:Bibcode
11872:1950889
11855:: 236.
11821:3749506
11800:Bibcode
11723:4271861
11715:2755508
11695:Bibcode
11672:4370363
11644:Bibcode
11560:1110918
11481:2937809
11393:5406846
11279:1594570
11228:5691653
11205:Viruses
11115:Bibcode
11107:Science
11042:Bibcode
11004:2490668
10981:Bibcode
10885:Bibcode
10786:5864199
10765:Bibcode
10695:4658457
10629:4370363
10601:Bibcode
10551:4370363
10523:Bibcode
10498:25 July
10386:7136171
10316:6016768
10293:Bibcode
10007:History
9915:See...
9762:biology
9680:in situ
9677:genomes
9309:animals
9301:protein
9158:planet.
9089:culture
9069:in the
9055:aerobic
8998:biomass
8891:Viruses
8818:sea ice
8626:Marine
8581:Marine
8498:called
8463:viruses
8368:Siberia
8331:benthic
8267:benthos
8158:bryozoa
8076:diatoms
7992:< 1
7957:calcite
7902:diatom
7821:protist
7816:mineral
7660:in fish
7275:ciliate
7237:Favella
7088:Called
7077:minimum
7005:Called
6879:biomass
6665:Haeckel
6519:Arcella
6474:testate
6426:diatoms
6364:Fossil
6205:Haeckel
5994:Haeckel
5898:Favella
5825:, some
5766:nitrate
5758:f-ratio
5665:retinal
5450:diatoms
5375:shell (
5364:Pennate
5350:Centric
5336:Diatoms
5293:Diatoms
5278:silicon
5273:Diatoms
5264:Haeckel
5230:Diatoms
5106:diatoms
4965:animals
4953:archaea
4871:ciliate
4869:with a
4794:diverse
4746:form a
4710:diatoms
4663:Kingdom
4230:Myxozoa
4088:Lichens
3853:ciliate
3831:Salmon
3724:Diatoms
3676:lineage
3629:Amoebas
3613:amoebae
3585:eyelash
3546:gametes
3536:, most
3246:seaweed
3113:ciliate
2984:Diatoms
2962:mitosis
2946:nucleus
2942:biomass
2927:animals
2851:Various
2835:Marine
2791:amoebae
2782:Haeckel
2739:diatoms
2611:, when
2502:methane
2449:Eocytes
2411:budding
2375:ammonia
2347:enzymes
2284:kingdom
2276:ancient
2272:archaea
2162:have a
2080:Archaea
2059:fossils
2047:Archaea
2034:evolved
2015:nucleus
1838:giruses
1752:archaea
1741:, and
1663:Virions
1557:evolved
1534:helical
1518:protein
1512:, long
1497:virions
1489:archaea
1473:animals
1471:, from
1338:viruses
1319:viruses
1251:
1230:
1164:Archaea
1126:
1108:Viruses
1050:viruses
1036:. Many
1016:, most
1014:archaea
907:viruses
884:recycle
830:viruses
816:. Many
794:archaea
756:microbe
752:estuary
625:f-ratio
423:Viruses
414:Archaea
382:amoebae
344:diatoms
265:By size
76:Viruses
22468:uterus
22451:vagina
22416:asthma
22298:Marine
22262:Plants
22102:Motion
21983:Groups
21932:
21916:
21897:
21881:
21865:
21849:
21833:
21817:
21616:Nature
21533:
21482:
21472:
21423:
21415:
21341:
21184:Nature
21158:
21148:
21043:
21036:373105
21033:
20994:
20987:205007
20984:
20945:
20935:
20843:
20833:
20784:
20776:
20730:
20722:
20714:
20647:
20637:
20629:
20577:
20567:
20446:
20320:
20312:
20304:
20268:Nature
20251:
20243:
20197:
20154:
20144:
20136:
20087:
20079:
20071:
20036:
20028:
20020:
19994:Nature
19977:
19967:
19959:
19918:
19908:
19867:
19823:
19780:
19772:
19662:
19600:
19557:
19549:
19377:
19367:
19359:
19235:
19227:
19125:
19115:
19107:
19064:
19012:
19002:
18881:
18873:
18782:
18755:
18745:
18675:
18625:
18599:
18575:
18565:
18485:
18475:
18394:
18386:
18343:
18306:
18283:
18275:
18223:
18177:
18109:
18055:
18003:
17993:
17985:
17944:
17934:
17926:
17833:
17825:
17799:Nature
17754:
17718:
17710:
17663:
17653:
17569:
17559:
17473:
17428:
17400:
17293:
17231:
17223:
17179:
17152:Nature
17134:
17087:
17079:
17053:Nature
17033:
16983:
16975:
16894:
16869:
16859:
16851:
16812:
16756:2 July
16724:
16716:
16672:
16664:
16615:
16605:
16553:
16543:
16486:
16423:
16413:
16347:
16339:
16296:
16144:
16121:
16055:
16047:
15978:
15968:
15941:
15885:
15877:
15817:
15794:
15784:
15708:2 June
15693:
15613:
15538:
15496:14 May
15469:
15425:
15417:
15391:Nature
15372:
15347:
15339:
15296:
15289:307621
15286:
15117:
15095:
15085:
15036:
15028:
14984:
14977:165804
14974:
14966:
14917:
14909:
14901:
14859:
14849:
14814:
14804:
14746:
14665:
14655:
14608:
14564:
14521:
14468:
14458:
14376:
14353:
14300:
14290:
14246:
14221:
14213:
14168:
14135:
14069:
14061:
14009:
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