1347:
1161:, although a terrible ordeal for the millions involved, eventually benefited the country, in that it regained its sovereign independence after 120 years, while the Mariavite Church garnered more adherents. It reached its peak in 1917 with ca. 160,000 worshippers. This period was the most successful for the Mariavites. They had developed many institutions and activities for the faithful. However, with Kozłowska in the background and Kowalski at the helm, gradually the number of adherents decreased. In 1921, the year she died, there were officially 43,000 adherents.
258:
1131:
1170:
63:
165:
22:
2101:
1355:
1330:
Priests (Synod) decided to remove
Kowalski from his position. He and his supporters refused to accept the decision of the General Chapter. The church ruptured as Kozłowska had earlier prophesied. During this turbulent time, nearly 30 percent of adherents left the Mariavites and reverted to the Roman Catholic Church.
1020:". The Holy See forbade Kowalski any further activities on behalf of the association he headed and ordered its immediate dissolution. It also forbade any further contact between the priests and Kozłowska. Following the ruling, the Mariavite community sent two further delegations to the Holy See, but to no avail.
1150:, completed in 1914. He had two highly qualified and experienced architect/engineers among the Mariavite priests, Szymanowski and Przysiecki, who delivered the plans and oversaw the construction. The Mariavites then bought an estate of 5 square kilometres (1.9 sq mi) near Płock which was named
1023:
Kozłowska accepted the decision of the Holy See and for a time cut herself off from contact with the other nuns and priests of the community. The
Mariavite priests, however, led by Kowalski, gradually decided to disregard the orders of the Holy See. In February 1906 the priests' group informed the
931:
and was deeply impressed by her spirituality and ambitions for the Polish clergy. Despite his modest social background, his forceful personality enabled him to overtake the influence of other well educated and high-born clerics in her circle. He soon became her closest collaborator and confidante.
1114:
of that church validated his elevation and thereby turned the movement into a new church, which the
Russian authorities consented to recognise as an "independent denomination" in 1912. As the ailing Kozłowska's influence waned so the forceful Kowalski had free rein to mould the new church to his
1057:
In the face of the terminal set-back, Kowalski with Kozłowska set about codifying the movement's doctrines and beliefs. A glimmer of hope appeared when in a move calculated to snub the Polish
Catholic authorities, the Russian government recognized the Mariavite movement as a "tolerated sect" in
1329:
Internal opposition to "the dictatorship" of
Kowalski crystallised in the early 1930s. In October 1934, the other bishops and priests demanded changes in the teachings and rules of administration in the church, but Kowalski refused to agree. In January 1935 the General Chapter of the Mariavite
1205:
After Kozłowska died, Kowalski became head of the church and awarded himself the title of "archbishop". Earlier he had been strongly influenced by her vision and possibly tempered by her until her death. The faithful's loyalty reserved for Kozłowska was transferred to
Kowalski. He took several
1465:
After his death, the
Felicjanów Mariavite community recognised Jan Maria Michał Kowalski as a holy martyr. On account of the respect in which he was held, his portrait was displayed in his church's buildings. He is remembered several times during the liturgical year: 29 January –
1373:
in which he criticised the annexation of the Polish coastline and invited the German chancellor to consider becoming a
Mariavite, among other observations. The effect was to create the invader's interest in a small religious community that could present difficulties in the
1138:
Mariavites were not only active in the religious sphere, they became active in social, educational and cultural projects. They were soon organizing kindergartens, schools, Literacy classes, libraries, kitchens for the poor, shops, printing houses, poorhouses,
1385:. He was imprisoned in Płock jail. Any prospect of a release was blocked owing to the overtly political statements he had made. During interrogations, the view was that he was a dangerous nationalist. On 25 April 1940 he was transferred to
964:
The newly established movement had been intended to generate internal reform of the church in Poland. Until 1903 it had not been recognised by the Roman
Catholic hierarchy in divided and occupied Poland. That year, the provincials of the
1452:
When
Kowalski was deposed, a number of his followers separated from the Old Catholic Mariavite Church and formed the Catholic Mariavite Church in Felicjanów. His successor in the Catholic Mariavite Church was his wife, Archpriestess
1514:
He edited the revelations of Feliksa Kozłowska in the Work of Great Mercy. He wrote several theological tracts and works in verse. To his editorship are owed information booklets, newsletters, liturgical books, and
1847:
1201:
that had taken place in the Płock cloister. In 1931 he was convicted and sentenced to two years in prison, which he served from 1936 to 1938. Newspapers demanded the out-lawing of the Mariavite Church.
1848:"Poszukiwani świadkowie i informacja ze śledztwa w sprawie zamordowania w latach 1939–1945 w tzw. zakładzie eutanazji w Hartheim koło Linzu (Republika Austrii) nieustalonej liczby obywateli polskich"
1326:. However, since Kowalski would not give way on either doctrinal matters or the system of governance in the Old Catholic Mariavite Church, his search for church unity met with disappointment.
587:
665:
716:
699:
1024:
Holy See that it was separating from the jurisdiction of the Polish bishops, but it asked its cause to be adjudicated by Rome. The bishop of Płock described the Mariavites as
1031:
In a final letter to the Archbishop of Warsaw, in March 1906, the Mariavites requested a reversal of the decisions made against them. In April 1906, Pius X promulgated the
682:
2196:
956:, lobbying for recognition of the Mariavite message contained in the "private revelations" vouchsafed to Feliksa Kozłowska and for approval of the Mariavite association.
572:
2191:
2054:
936:
group of Mariavite priests. On 6 August, while a Mariavite delegation was applying for ecclesiastical recognition in the Vatican, Kowalski still only 32, was elected
1282:
and other Eastern-tradition churches. To that end He began a series of ecumenical initiatives with a close knit group of his prelates. In 1926 they set off for the
2201:
811:
993:
approval. While the archbishops of Warsaw and Lublin refused to consider the cause, bishop Szembek did take up a formal examination of the cause and initiated a
777:
1206:
radical initiatives within the church to differentiate it further from Roman Catholicism. His innovations have been described as far-reaching theologically and
2151:
1851:
1181:. Mariavites were generally vilified. Kowalski and his fellow priests were often sued in court. Kowalski himself appeared in 20 cases: among the charges were:
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794:
2181:
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1439:
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883:, one of twins and son of Jan and Katarzyna née Sitek. His twin sister died in infancy. After basic schooling, he studied at the diocesan seminary in
1079:
1087:
1066:. Successful discussions between the two bodies led in 1909 to the invitation of a Mariavite delegation led by Kowalski, to attend a congress in
1045:
which maintained the decision of the Holy Office regarding Kozłowska and the Mariavite community. In December 1906, the Catholic Church finally
1095:
602:
2105:
1259:
These innovations were controversial, not only to the Roman Catholics, but also to many Mariavites. However, his radical reforms, preaching
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2176:
1143:
factories and animal husbandry. Their parishes soon built new churches and community centres causing dismay in the Roman Catholic Church.
127:
2166:
99:
80:
35:
2186:
2085:
106:
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In 1900 after a former seminary colleague had introduced him to the "Mariavite" movement, he met with the superior of the covert
2206:
2136:
1389:. He was given no. 24542. He was kept in the priests block, no. 28, together with Polish Catholic clergy among whom was Bishop
1071:
1063:
2065:
1938:
1808:
113:
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1323:
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Kowalski was considered the most capable person in the movement. He eventually led their presentation to the newly elected
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1972:
95:
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1961:
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856:
670:
226:
208:
146:
49:
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750:
721:
286:
190:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1929–1935 Ordination of women, abolished in Old Catholic Mariavite Church (one reason for the schism in the church)
704:
1486:
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and his modernistic approach disrupted the connection with the Old Catholics, who were then firmly opposed to the
1275:
1013:
1338:
Kowalski legally married Izabela, a nun and bishop, who succeeded him after his death. They had a son, Michael.
1016:. In December 1904, the Holy See ruled against the Mariavites. It declared the revelations of Kozłowska to be "
175:
84:
687:
1599:, p. 170) contradicts this and states Siedlecki was "consecrated by the bishopesses alone" at that time.
1429:
1211:
1151:
577:
479:
41:
1146:
From 1911, Kowalski project-managed the erection of the church's first sanctuary and convent in Płock, the
1491:
Jan Kowalski was a prolific writer, translator and editor. During his episcopate, he published around 40
1147:
1115:
liking. One controversial innovation was that from 1906, the church celebrated the liturgy in the Polish
1224:
1929 the Ordination of women, introduced in the Catholic Mariavite Church (with possibility of marriage)
863:, established the Old Catholic Church of the Mariavites in Poland, rose to be its archbishop and died a
120:
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1397:
1207:
368:
1438:
of the Old Catholic Mariavite Church in Płock; his successor in the Old Catholic Mariavite Church was
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1386:
1359:
1319:
1012:. In September 1904, one month after the second Mariavite audience, a final decision was made by the
868:
459:
1541:, pp. 21–22) notes that biographical articles also give both 26 and 27 December as birth dates.
816:
182:
970:
782:
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765:
186:
73:
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1949:
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presented the texts of Kozłowska's visionary revelations and a history of the movement to the
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1926:
994:
852:
1712:
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1111:
617:
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8:
1709:
only includes consecrations by Kowalski prior to the January 1935 deposition of Kowalski.
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1264:
2077:
2018:
1914:
1837:. Wyd. Pallotinum 1957; cytowane w „Mariawita”, lipiec-sierpień 1973, nr 7-8, s. 25–26.
1435:
1375:
887:. He was ordained a Roman Catholic priest on 24 April 1897, by the Auxiliary Bishop of
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596:
2039:
2010:
1957:
1934:
1906:
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1119:, rather than in Latin. In 1919, the Mariavites officially changed their name to the
864:
376:
257:
2002:
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and other religious instruction books. He authored a number of polemical articles.
1393:, who tried unsuccessfully to persuade Kowalski back into the Roman Catholic fold.
1253:
268:
1665:, p. 145: "the first of Kowalski's women and regarded by the law as his wife"
900:
2006:
1977:
1504:
1492:
1039:
953:
848:
611:
607:
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1046:
1002:
997:. The leaders of the movement were interviewed and their documents sent to the
990:
937:
351:
2032:
1993:Łagosz, Zbigniew (2013). "Mariavites and the Occult: A Search for the Truth".
847:(27 December 1871 – 18 May 1942), was a Polish Roman Catholic
2115:
2014:
1910:
1508:
1500:
1103:
1017:
1889:
Appolis, Émile (1965). "Une Église des derniers temps: L'Église Mariavite".
1408:. His body was cremated. He was one of the victims of the Nazi war criminal
1902:
1413:
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347:
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1950:"Not sexual in the ordinary sense: women, men, and religious transactions"
892:
1409:
1287:
1158:
1028:
and a wave of anti-Mariavite persecution followed by clergy suspensions.
1009:
2022:
1918:
1763:
The Mariavites' homepage summarizes Kowalski's reforms and innovations.
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193:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
62:
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Mariavite bishops from left, Próchniewski, Kowalski and Gołębiowski
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880:
343:
1230:
1930 Priesthood of the people of God similar to Protestant concept
933:
1401:
1382:
1283:
1083:
1070:. There he was consecrated as the first Mariavite bishop, by the
1067:
1058:
November 1906. Then, through the good offices of Russian General
915:, Kazimierz Przyjemski. In September of that year he entered the
888:
635:
372:
903:. In 1900, he became a curate at the Capuchin Church in Warsaw.
2100:
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Association of Mariavites of Perpetual Adoration and Beseeching
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of the order and took his first vows to follow the rule of the
884:
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1722:
1706:
1584:
1315:
949:
1642:
1640:
2084:(in Polish). Płock, PL: Kościół Starokatolicki Mariawitów.
1099:
1396:
Jan Kowalski was murdered in 1942, at age 70, at the Nazi
1290:. During the extended trip he met with representatives of
1680:
1637:
1274:
dialogue with other churches. He proposed union with the
891:, Franciszek Albin Symon. Kowalski served in parishes in
1735:
1733:
1731:
1318:. In 1928–1930 he opened a dialogue with bishops of the
855:
religious leader and controversial innovator. Following
659:
Bishops consecrated by Kowalski as principal consecrator
1788:
1550:
He was excommunicated from the Catholic Church in 1906.
859:
from his church, he was consecrated as a bishop in the
1049:
by name, Kozłowska, Kowalski and all their followers.
1728:
1185:
against God, the Bible, the Catholic Church, and the
1134:
Sanctuary of Mercy and Charity with convent buildings
944:. Between 1904 and 1906 he headed delegations to the
2197:
People executed by Nazi Germany by lethal injection
1623:, p. 183) stated he was gassed on 18 May 1942.
1485:Mariavite settlers gave his name to a new village,
87:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2192:Polish people executed in Nazi concentration camps
2031:
1745:
1571:
1569:
1973:"Heretic of the week - Jan Maria Michał Kowalski"
1381:On 25 January 1940, Kowalski was arrested by the
1249:1931–1933 Simplification of liturgical ceremonies
296:29 December 1929 in Old Catholic Mariavite Church
2113:
1468:the deportation of Archbishop Michael from Plock
1270:In the 1920s and 1930s, Kowalski was seeking an
2202:Roman Catholic priests executed by Nazi Germany
1809:"Arcybiskup Męczennik – Jan M. Michał Kowalski"
1566:
1434:Kowalski was deposed on 29 January 1935 by the
932:Early in 1903 he was elected provincial of the
1956:. London : Hambledon Press. pp. 143–146.
1806:
1369:in September 1939, Kowalski wrote a letter to
1246:1930 Suppression of prerogatives of the clergy
1062:, the leadership was permitted to contact the
940:of the order and became representative of the
2152:Bishops of Independent Catholic denominations
1125:
2182:Catholic saints and blesseds of the Nazi era
2162:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
2029:
1872:
1718:
1698:
1686:
1674:
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1620:
1608:
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1538:
1052:
1037:
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1966:. Read at the Renaissance Society in 1989.
1218:1922–1924 - Marriage available for priests
1197:, theft, fraud etc. He was blamed for the
256:
2064:(in Polish). Michał Rybak. Archived from
1947:
1931:Episcopi Vagantes and the Anglican Church
1925:
1800:
1794:
1662:
1575:Co-consecrated with Old Catholic bishops.
1341:
927:. At Christmas 1901 he met the foundress
879:He came from a wealthy farming family in
227:Learn how and when to remove this message
209:Learn how and when to remove this message
147:Learn how and when to remove this message
1970:
1353:
1345:
1168:
1129:
1888:
1739:
1001:. Their cause was delayed in Rome by a
2114:
2076:Old Catholic Mariavite Church (n.d.).
1992:
1751:
1177:The church struggled during the newly
1121:Old Catholic Church of the Mariavites.
1072:Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands
1064:Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands
952:of Polish bishops in the territory of
298:Continued in Catholic Mariavite Church
2088:from the original on 10 January 2014.
2052:
1776:from the original on 23 December 2012
1702:
1534:
1532:
1278:, and worked to extend contacts with
269:Old Catholic Church of the Mariavites
1891:Archives de sociologie des religions
1324:Polish Autocephalous Orthodox Church
1221:1922 Communion under the two species
1164:
959:
906:
867:. He is venerated as a saint in the
158:
85:adding citations to reliable sources
56:
15:
2217:Founders of new religious movements
2177:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany
2038:. London: Oxford University Press.
1840:
1611:does not include this consecration.
1587:does not include this consecration.
1189:, then betrayal of the country, of
861:Old Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht
13:
2055:"Mariawityzm: studium historyczne"
1971:Coulombe, Charles (7 March 2019).
1559:Mariavites were recognized by the
1529:
1267:and broke off fellowship in 1924.
14:
2228:
2167:20th-century venerated Christians
2093:
1426:Catholic Church of the Mariavites
588:Nicolaus Bartholomeus Petrus Spit
31:This article has multiple issues.
2099:
1333:
1252:1931–1933 Simplification of the
163:
61:
20:
2187:Martyred Roman Catholic priests
1882:
1827:
1766:"Old Church Catholic Mariavite"
1757:
1692:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1276:Polish National Catholic Church
1014:Congregation of the Inquisition
72:needs additional citations for
39:or discuss these issues on the
1807:Dariusz Bruncz (28 May 2017).
1723:KSM & "Biskupi Mariawiccy"
1707:KSM & "Biskupi Mariawiccy"
1585:KSM & "Biskupi Mariawiccy"
1578:
1553:
1544:
1455:Maria Izabela Wiłucka-Kowalska
1148:Sanctuary of Mercy and Charity
923:. He took the religious name,
751:Maria Izabela Wiłucka-Kowalska
420:Maria Izabela Wiłucka-Kowalska
287:Maria Izabela Wiłucka-Kowalska
1:
2207:Polish people murdered abroad
2137:Polish Roman Catholic priests
2080:[Mariavite bishops].
1705:, pp. 107–108, 110) and
1630:
1503:of the Bible into Polish and
1430:Old Catholic Mariavite Church
1419:
1237:for new-born baptized infants
874:
700:Maria Franciszek Rostworowski
2030:Peterkiewicz, Jerzy (1975).
2007:10.5771/0257-9774-2013-1-256
1850:. ipn.gov.pl. Archived from
1511:among other literary works.
7:
2157:Polish Old Catholic bishops
1948:Collinson, Patrick (1994).
1927:Brandreth, Henry R. T.
1350:Memorial plaque to Kowalski
717:Maria Bartłomiej Przysiecki
412:Jan and Katarzyna née Sitek
189:the claims made and adding
10:
2233:
2172:20th-century Polish people
1701:, pp. 39, 142, 224);
1472:Martyrdom of Saint Michael
1423:
1398:Hartheim Euthanasia Centre
1126:Building and social action
981:and to the archbishops of
913:Order of Mariavite Priests
573:Jacobus Johannes van Thiel
402:Roman Catholic (1871–1906)
369:Hartheim Euthanasia Centre
2106:Jan Maria Michał Kowalski
2053:Rybak, Stanisław (n.d.).
1460:
1412:, who led the euthanasia
1387:Dachau concentration camp
1360:Dachau concentration camp
1292:Eastern Orthodox Churches
1280:Eastern Orthodox churches
1005:to elect the next pope.
869:Catholic Mariavite Church
831:
810:
793:
776:
759:
749:
732:
715:
698:
681:
666:Maria Andrzej Gołębiowski
664:
657:
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623:
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556:
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539:
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507:
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475:
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460:Catholic Mariavite Church
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2147:20th-century archbishops
1835:Jasne promienie w Dachau
1522:
1487:Michałowo, Płońsk County
1053:Beaten but not chastened
683:Maria Jakub Próchniewski
480:Felicjanów, Płock County
446:Warsaw diocesan seminary
1480:Birthday of St. Michael
1179:re-emerged Polish state
1078:, assisted by bishops,
989:in the hope of gaining
471:by popular acclaim
96:"Maria Michał Kowalski"
2062:mariawita-warszawa.com
1903:10.3406/assr.1965.2572
1365:After the outbreak of
1362:
1351:
1342:Imprisonment and death
1320:Polish Catholic church
1174:
1135:
1038:
551:Episcopal consecration
527:Franciszek Albin Symon
1424:Further information:
1357:
1349:
1242:ecclesiastical titles
1172:
1133:
995:Canonical Inquisition
845:Maria Michał Kowalski
778:Maria Tytus Siedlecki
557:Principal consecrator
497:Maria Michał Kowalski
493:Ordination history of
404:Mariavite (1906–1942)
245:Maria Michał Kowalski
2108:at Wikimedia Commons
2078:"Biskupi Mariawiccy"
1677:, pp. 148, 190.
1495:. He translated the
1476:St Michael Archangel
1112:Apostolic succession
761:Maria Szymon Bucholc
652:Episcopal succession
618:Arnold Harris Mathew
81:improve this article
1875:, pp. 166–167.
1609:Peterkiewicz (1975)
1440:Maria Filip Feldman
1265:ordination of women
979:Jerzy Józef Szembek
812:Maria Feliks Tułaba
734:Maria Filip Feldman
516:Priestly ordination
1954:Elizabethan essays
1699:Peterkiewicz (1975
1621:Peterkiewicz (1975
1597:Peterkiewicz (1975
1563:as a sect in 1906.
1539:Peterkiewicz (1975
1376:General Government
1363:
1352:
1210:as well as deeply
1175:
1154:after Kozłowska.
1136:
174:possibly contains
2212:Aktion T4 victims
2104:Media related to
2071:on 16 March 2007.
1940:978-0-912134-06-2
1873:Peterkiewicz 1975
1719:Peterkiewicz 1975
1687:Peterkiewicz 1975
1675:Peterkiewicz 1975
1659:Peterkiewicz 1975
1647:Peterkiewicz 1975
1474:, 29 September –
1406:Ostmark (Austria)
1214:. They included:
1165:Kowalski's apogee
1060:Alexander Kireyev
960:Kowalski as envoy
929:Feliksa Kozłowska
907:Religious radical
843:, later known as
838:
837:
827:
826:
795:Marie Marc Fatôme
642:
641:
486:
485:
377:Ostmark (Austria)
237:
236:
229:
219:
218:
211:
176:original research
157:
156:
149:
131:
54:
2224:
2142:Mariavite Church
2103:
2089:
2072:
2070:
2059:
2049:
2037:
2026:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1967:
1944:
1922:
1876:
1870:
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1863:
1861:
1859:
1854:on 14 April 2013
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1548:
1542:
1536:
1493:Pastoral letters
1478:, 25 December –
1448:
1254:Lenten sacrifice
1240:1930 Removal of
1157:The outbreak of
1043:
820:
803:
786:
769:
742:
725:
708:
694:4 September 1910
691:
677:4 September 1910
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1982:. Retrieved
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1883:Bibliography
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1852:the original
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1817:. Retrieved
1813:ekumenizm.pl
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1414:Action 14f13
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1391:Michał Kozal
1380:
1371:Adolf Hitler
1367:World War II
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1208:dogmatically
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1076:Gerardus Gul
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603:Josef Demmel
561:Gerardus Gul
456:Venerated in
399:Denomination
364:(1942-05-18)
348:Vistula Land
330:Jan Kowalski
315:Gerardus Gul
308:Consecration
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79:Please help
74:verification
71:
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33:Please help
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2127:1942 deaths
2122:1871 births
1984:19 November
1815:(in Polish)
1780:19 November
1752:Łagosz 2013
1703:Rybak (n.d.
1443: [
1410:Karl Brandt
1288:Middle East
1159:World War I
1010:Pope Pius X
948:and to the
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391:Nationality
362:18 May 1942
2116:Categories
1631:References
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1152:Felicjanów
1141:orphanages
1117:vernacular
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875:Early life
853:schismatic
833:Source(s):
442:Alma mater
433:Occupation
336:1871-12-27
251:Archbishop
199:April 2023
183:improve it
137:April 2023
107:newspapers
36:improve it
2015:0257-9774
1995:Anthropos
1911:0003-9659
1470:26 May –
1312:Palestine
1235:Eucharist
1195:communism
1191:socialism
1183:blasphemy
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897:Niesułków
466:Canonized
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283:Successor
278:1909–1935
275:In office
187:verifying
42:talk page
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2023:23510279
1929:(2007).
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1819:20 March
1774:Archived
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1286:and the
1261:Donatism
1092:Deventer
1026:heretics
1003:conclave
999:Holy See
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344:Latowicz
313:by
1858:20 July
1402:Alkoven
1383:Gestapo
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1084:Haarlem
1068:Utrecht
985:and of
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409:Parents
373:Alkoven
181:Please
121:scholar
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983:Warsaw
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885:Warsaw
865:martyr
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417:Spouse
383:Buried
303:Orders
265:Church
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2069:(PDF)
2058:(PDF)
2019:JSTOR
1915:JSTOR
1523:Notes
1505:Dante
1447:]
1316:Egypt
1294:, in
1233:1930
1106:from
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950:Synod
934:Płock
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1986:2019
1958:ISBN
1935:ISBN
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1860:2013
1821:2018
1782:2010
1499:and
1428:and
1314:and
1102:and
1100:Bonn
899:and
893:Łódź
823:1939
624:Date
532:Date
469:1942
359:Died
326:Born
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