579:
34:
637:
619:
564:
598:
1177:
688:. Until 1860, the mountains of the Abruzzo and the plains of the Maremma lay in different countries. While some older publications refer to the Maremmano and Abruzzese as independent breeds combined to create the Maremmano-Abruzzese, it has been noted that the shorter-haired Maremmano was only ever observed during the winter months, when flocks were grazed on their winter pastures on the milder coastal Tuscany, whilst the supposedly longer-bodied Abruzzese was only observed in the summer months, when flocks were grazed in the
653:
696:
707:, where sheep were over-wintered, the dogs came to play a central role in the centuries-old migration, an annual event vital to Abruzzese culture. Maremmano dogs continue to be widely used by Italian sheep farmers in areas where predation is common, such as the Apennines of central Italy and the open range land of national parks in Abruzzo. The dogs have also been used to guard animals in Australia, Israel and the United States.
766:
747:
1144:
Mariana
Roccaro, Romolo Salini, Marco Pietra, Micaela Sgorbini, Eleonora Gori, Maurizio Dondi, Paolo E. Crisi, Annamaria Conte, Paolo Dalla Villa, Michele Podaliri, Paolo Ciaramella, Cristina Di Palma, Annamaria Passantino, Francesco Porciello, Paola Gianella, Carlo Guglielmini, Giovanni L. Alborali,
675:
Until 1958 the
Pastore Maremmano, or shepherd dog of the Maremma, and the Pastore Abruzzese, or shepherd dog of the Abruzzi, were regarded as separate breeds. A breeder's society for the Pastore Abruzzese was formed in 1950, and one for the Maremmano in 1953. On 1 January 1958 the breeds were unified
825:
with them; human contact is kept to the indispensable minimum. If there are already guardian dogs in the flock, the puppy imitates and learns from their behaviour. The traditional use of the
Maremmano is with sheep, but the dogs can form a similar bond with cattle and have been used to protect them.
671:
of the Kennel Club
Italiano, as it was then called, was of four dogs in 1898. There were no further registrations for many years. In 1940 there were 17 dogs registered. The first standard for the breed was drawn up in 1924 by Luigi Groppi and Giuseppe Solaro.
731:. Some dogs may be considerably larger. The coat is long and thick; it is rough to the touch, and forms a thick collar around the neck. It should be solid white; some minor yellowing may be tolerated. The nose, the lips and the skin round the eyes are black.
508:; the dogs to the left and right of the wolf are described in a catalogue of the museum as "large dog with long hair". Wolf dogs from the Abruzzo were imported into France at about this time. They were used by François Antoine, "
680:, the Ente Nazionale della Cinofilia Italiano, the national dog association of Italy. The explanation given is that a "natural fusion" of the two types had occurred as a result of movement of the dogs due to
289:. The "Maremmano" name derives from that of the Maremma marshlands where, until recently, shepherds, dogs and hundreds of thousands of sheep over-wintered, and where the dogs are still abundant although
578:
349:. Similar dogs are depicted in numerous sculptures and paintings from Roman times to the present. Among the earliest is the series of large statues (two in Rome, one in Florence, one – the
703:
As sheep farming developed into an annual trek or transhumance from mountain grasslands of
Abruzzo and Molise (and other parts of central Italy) south to lower pasture land in
618:
488:
597:
1293:
804:. Their function is mostly one of dissuasion, actual physical combat with the predator being relatively rare. Nevertheless, working dogs may be fitted with a
800:
suggests that white dogs have a "lion-like aspect" in the dark. The dogs work in groups; three or four dogs are an adequate defense against wolves and
563:
516:
in 1765; according to Gobin, under Louis XV (r.1715–1774) the
Venerie Royale or Royal Hunt was composed in large part of Abruzzese wolf-dogs and
1047:
1548:
1120:
796:, writing in the first century AD, recommends white dogs for this purpose, as the shepherd can easily distinguish them from the wolf, while
1280:
1267:
293:
has decreased substantially. However, the breed is still widely employed in and closely culturally associated with the nearby region of
190:
1903:
636:
1123:. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group Occasional Paper No. 1. Tubney, Oxford: IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. Archived 30 June 2007.
178:
1327:
1446:
346:
1035:
A Series of
Subjects peculiar to the Campagna of Rome and Pontine Marshes, designed from nature and etched by C. Coleman
1541:
1255:
1104:
1059:
920:
821:
Dogs used for flock protection are placed among the sheep as young puppies – no more than 40 days old – so that they
550:
1908:
884:
1230:
1215:
932:
734:
The median age at death has been reported as 7.5 years, compared to a median of 10 years for all dogs in Italy.
1792:
1200:
1082:
715:
The
Maremmano has a solid, muscular build, a thick white coat, a large head and a black nose. Dogs weigh some
1132:
1913:
1534:
337:
Descriptions of white flock guardian dogs are found in ancient Roman literature, in works such as those of
966:
Der deutsche Schäferhund in Wort und Bild: Herausgegeben im
Auftrage des Vereins für deutsche Schäferhunde
1797:
1094:
827:
444:
308:
It may share a common ancestor with other
European breeds of similar appearance and function such as the
1623:
1663:
1638:
1613:
1336:
1320:
1876:= Descended from and closely related to livestock guardian dogs, but traditionally used in other roles
1618:
1146:
1367:
1190:
839:
1176:
1643:
33:
1628:
1431:
910:
822:
1162:
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262:
1243:
1782:
1608:
1313:
478:
317:
309:
1072:
1762:
1648:
1603:
1352:
1233:(in Italian). Capranica: Circolo del Pastore Maremmano–Abruzzese. Archived 5 November 2013.
1218:(in Italian). Capranica: Circolo del Pastore Maremmano–Abruzzese. Archived 5 November 2013.
1135:(in Italian). Capranica: Circolo del Pastore Maremmano-Abruzzese. Archived 31 October 2017.
835:
509:
978:
935:(in Italian). Capranica: Circolo del Pastore Maremmano-Abruzzese. Archived 25 August 2016.
513:
8:
1898:
1787:
1688:
1421:
685:
677:
501:
420:
195:
297:, where sheep herding remains vital to the rural economy and the wolf (specifically the
1840:
1673:
1588:
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543:
535:
373:
1803:
1658:
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1377:
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1196:
1158:
1100:
1078:
1055:
916:
815:
584:
492:
430:
394:
364:
Iconographic sources identified as relevant to the history of the Maremmano include:
1170:
887:(in Italian). Milano: Ente Nazionale dell Cinofilia Italiana. Archived 22 June 2016.
527:
or wolf-dog used by Vincenzo Dandolo to defend Spanish sheep on the mountains above
1845:
1777:
1755:
1515:
1405:
1372:
1166:
440:
402:
250:
226:
1850:
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1683:
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1703:
1693:
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855:
626:
570:
474:
278:
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321:
1892:
1598:
1505:
1500:
1479:
1436:
1426:
980:
Guide through the galleries of paintings of the Imperial museum of the Louvre
448:
298:
290:
1250:. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, University of Alberta.
1007:
Del governo delle pecore spagnuole e italiane e dei vantaggi che ne derivano
996:
in French). Paris: Mme Ve. Bouchard-Huzard; cited by Breber (1983), page 27.
784:
The traditional use of the Maremmano is as a guardian for the protection of
1825:
1724:
1294:
Lights, dogs, action! Patagonia project to keep pumas from preying on sheep
681:
350:
211:
1526:
285:. It has been used for centuries by Italian shepherds to guard sheep from
1653:
1510:
1246:. In: Ludwig N. Carbyn, Steven H. Fritts, Dale R. Seip (editors) (1995).
1009:(in Italian). Milano: L. Veladini; cited by Breber (1983), pages 173–175.
831:
818:
became illegal in Italy, the ears of working dogs were normally cropped.
605:
555:
A Series of Subjects peculiar to the Campagna of Rome and Pontine Marshes
455:
354:
183:
1810:
1772:
1731:
1474:
657:
517:
369:
1305:
994:
Traité pratique du chien; histoire, races, emploi, hygiène et maladies
1749:
1713:
1568:
851:
801:
793:
695:
338:
1708:
1698:
1678:
1021:
Penny magazine of the Society for the diffusion of useful knowledge
684:
of sheep flocks from one region to another, particularly after the
505:
484:
424:
398:
358:
302:
1192:
Dogs: A New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution
1074:
Dogs: A New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution
1855:
1466:
814:), a spiked iron collar which protects the neck in combat. Until
806:
689:
661:
294:
282:
270:
266:
1860:
1718:
1578:
1387:
1268:
Penguin numbers up after world-first maremma trial - 13/12/2006
704:
528:
406:
390:
380:
313:
1344:
797:
789:
785:
591:, ca. 1385, showing a white shepherd dog with a spiked collar
410:
384:
342:
274:
765:
746:
1573:
1147:
Factors related to longevity and mortality of dogs in Italy
1099:. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire: The Crowood Press Ltd.
466:
Rough ink drawings on the maps of the pasture-lands of the
286:
1052:
I pastori italiani: il maremmano-abruzzese e il bergamasco
470:
published in 1686 by Antonio and Nunzio Michele di Rovere
1270:. Warrnambool City Council. Archived 27 September 2007.
1145:
Sara Rota Nodari, Sonia Sabatelli, Angelo Peli (2024).
546:
of a shepherd and his dog in the Roman campagna in 1843
265:. It is indigenous to central Italy, especially to the
1248:
Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World
1244:
Interaction between livestock guarding dogs and wolves
1096:
Dogs of the Shepherds: a Review of the Pastoral Breeds
1189:
cited in: Raymond Coppinger, Lorna Coppinger (2002).
1121:
Livestock guarding dogs: their current use world wide
838:, Australia, to protect a small population of the
624:"Wolf dogs of the Abruzzi", illustration from the
332:
1133:Cane da pastore Maremmano Abruzzese - Lo Standard
983:. Paris: De Soye and Bouchet, page 620, entry 387
933:Le Origini del cane Pastore - Maremmano Abruzzese
433:(active 1394–1424); the dog wears a spiked collar
1890:
955:, second edition (in Italian). Firenze: Olimpia.
885:Standard del cane da pastore maremmano abruzzese
667:The first registration of the Maremmano in the
1542:
1321:
1216:Caratteristiche del Cane da difesa del gregge
261:), among other names, is an Italian breed of
826:A small number have been used since 2006 on
1556:
1242:Raymond Coppinger, Lorna Coppinger (1995).
1231:L'Allevamento del Cane da difesa del gregge
1071:Raymond Coppinger, Lorna Coppinger (2002).
1050:(in Italian), in: Fiorenzo Fiorone (1987).
699:The nose, lips and eye surrounds are black.
569:Roman copy of a Hellenistic bronze, in the
1549:
1535:
1328:
1314:
854:they have been used to protect sheep from
32:
1226:
1224:
1195:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1126:
1077:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
947:
945:
943:
941:
915:. New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard.
694:
651:
437:Abraham and Lot on their way into Canaan
1335:
1211:
1209:
1115:
1113:
1087:
473:A seventeenth-century engraving of the
383:statuette in the Museo Archeologico of
179:Ente Nazionale della Cinofilia Italiana
1891:
1040:
1027:
999:
953:Il Cane da Pastore Maremmano-Abruzzese
926:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
372:, of which a drawing was published by
1530:
1309:
1286:
1236:
1221:
1183:
1012:
971:
938:
903:
896:Graeme Barker, Tom Rasmussen (2000).
890:
723:at the shoulder, while bitches weigh
642:Sheepdog of the Abruzzes (about 1915)
191:Fédération Cynologique Internationale
1447:Pastore della Lessinia e del Lagorai
1206:
1110:
1065:
986:
958:
49:Cane da Pastore Maremmano-Abruzzese;
1283:. ABC Rural. Archived 28 June 2010.
1273:
1261:
1138:
1024:, volume 2. London: Charles Knight.
867:
233:Cane da pastore maremmano-abruzzese
16:Italian breed of flock guardian dog
13:
710:
512:", in his successful hunt for the
301:) remains an active and protected
14:
1925:
647:
1175:
1018:Charles Knight (editor) (1833).
764:
745:
635:
617:
606:Journey of the Magi to Bethlehem
596:
577:
562:
456:Journey of the Magi to Bethlehem
1904:Dog breeds originating in Italy
1171:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106155
968:(in German). Augsburg: Lampart.
504:, 1746, from the collection of
333:Ancient history and iconography
1793:Romanian Mioritic Shepherd Dog
1281:National Landcare Winners 2010
1151:Preventive Veterinary Medicine
1:
1054:. Milano: De Vecchi Editore.
861:
144:30–40 kg (66–88 lb)
134:35–45 kg (77–99 lb)
123:60–68 cm (24–27 in)
113:65–73 cm (26–29 in)
1737:Maremmano-Abruzzese Sheepdog
1442:Maremmano-Abruzzese Sheepdog
669:Libro delle Origini Italiano
353:– in England) copied from a
223:Maremmano-Abruzzese Sheepdog
7:
1798:Romanian Raven Shepherd Dog
1292:Liam Miller (3 July 2021).
964:Max von Stephanitz (1901).
277:, and to northern areas of
10:
1930:
1763:Perro de Pastor Mallorquin
1664:Greater Swiss Mountain Dog
1639:Central Asian Shepherd Dog
1614:Buryat-Mongolian Wolfhound
763:
744:
327:
27:Maremma-Abruzzese Sheepdog
1869:
1564:
1493:
1465:
1414:
1386:
1343:
1005:Vincenzo Dandolo (1804).
844:Eudyptula novaehollandiae
840:Australian little penguin
419:A 14th-century fresco in
389:A 14th-century mediaeval
205:
194:
189:
182:
177:
172:
168:
159:
156:
151:
148:
138:
127:
117:
106:
101:
97:
89:
73:Cane da Pastore Abruzzese
40:
31:
26:
1644:Entlebucher Mountain Dog
1624:CĂŁo de Gado Transmontano
1594:Appenzeller Mountain Dog
1033:Charles Coleman (1850).
1909:Livestock guardian dogs
1629:Carpathian Shepherd Dog
1619:CĂŁo de Castro Laboreiro
1558:Livestock guardian dogs
1432:Cane Lupino del Gigante
992:Alphonse Gobin (1869).
778:, a spiked iron collar
1836:South Russian Ovcharka
1816:Sardinian Shepherd Dog
1634:Caucasian Shepherd Dog
1368:Segugio dell'Appennino
1093:David Hancock (2014).
1048:"Storia ed etimologia"
1046:Franco Simoni (1987).
909:George Ancona (1985).
737:
700:
664:
549:Several engravings by
483:An eighteenth-century
263:livestock guardian dog
254:
230:
1783:Pyrenean Mountain Dog
1609:Bucovina Shepherd Dog
1300:. Accessed July 2021.
951:Paolo Breber (1983).
698:
656:A working dog on the
655:
489:Candeloro Cappelletti
479:Joannes van den Hecke
401:, at the foot of the
318:Polish Tatra Sheepdog
310:Pyrenean Mountain Dog
237:), also known as the
173:Kennel club standards
1649:Estrela Mountain Dog
1604:Bernese Mountain Dog
755:of a different type
686:unification of Italy
510:Antoine de Beauterne
1788:Rafeiro do Alentejo
1689:Kangal Shepherd Dog
1422:Bergamasco Shepherd
1337:Dog breeds of Italy
1119:Robin Rigg (2001).
533:An illustration in
502:Jean-Baptiste Oudry
468:Tavoliere di Foggia
421:Santa Maria Novella
1841:Tatra Shepherd Dog
1674:Himalayan Sheepdog
1589:Armenian Gampr dog
1485:Neapolitan Mastiff
900:. Wiley-Blackwell.
701:
665:
553:in his collection
544:Arthur John Strutt
536:The Penny Magazine
487:of a bear-hunt by
413:; the dog wears a
374:Max von Stephanitz
281:, particularly to
247:Abruzzese Sheepdog
82:Abruzzese Shepherd
79:Maremmano Sheepdog
70:Abruzzese Sheepdog
1914:Beast of GĂ©vaudan
1883:
1882:
1659:Georgian Shepherd
1584:Aksaray Malaklisi
1524:
1523:
1457:Spino degli Iblei
1401:Lagotto Romagnolo
1378:Segugio Maremmano
1358:Italian Greyhound
1353:Cirneco dell'Etna
782:
781:
759:
758:
585:Mariotto di Nardo
518:Sicilian mastiffs
514:Beast of GĂ©vaudan
493:Castelli, Abruzzo
441:Bartolo Battiloro
431:Mariotto di Nardo
393:in the church of
257:pastore abruzzese
219:
218:
201:
200:
164:
163:
64:Mastino Abruzzese
61:Abruzzese Mastiff
58:Pastore Maremmano
55:Pastore Abruzzese
1921:
1846:Tibetan Kyi Apso
1807:
1778:Pyrenean Mastiff
1759:
1746:
1728:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1516:Volpino Italiano
1406:Spinone Italiano
1373:Segugio Italiano
1330:
1323:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1290:
1284:
1279:(25 June 2010).
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1258:, pages 523–526.
1240:
1234:
1228:
1219:
1213:
1204:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1108:
1091:
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1044:
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1031:
1025:
1016:
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997:
990:
984:
975:
969:
962:
956:
949:
936:
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924:
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901:
894:
888:
882:
768:
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749:
742:
741:
730:
726:
722:
718:
639:
621:
600:
581:
566:
542:An engraving by
498:Hunting the Wolf
453:A detail of the
429:A 'Nativity' of
403:Monti della Laga
316:of Hungary, the
258:
243:Maremma Sheepdog
234:
214:
208:
170:
169:
99:
98:
76:Maremma Sheepdog
67:Abruzzo Sheepdog
43:
36:
24:
23:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1865:
1851:Tibetan Mastiff
1831:Spanish Mastiff
1826:Slovensky Cuvac
1802:
1754:
1743:Moscow Watchdog
1741:
1723:
1684:Kurdish Mastiff
1569:Afghan Shepherd
1560:
1555:
1525:
1520:
1489:
1461:
1452:Pastore Fonnese
1410:
1396:Bracco Italiano
1382:
1339:
1334:
1304:
1291:
1287:
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1274:
1266:
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868:
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788:flocks against
769:
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728:
724:
720:
716:
713:
711:Characteristics
650:
643:
640:
631:
622:
613:
611:Benozzo Gozzoli
601:
592:
582:
573:
571:Vatican Museums
567:
551:Charles Coleman
491:(1689–1772) of
461:Benozzo Gozzoli
335:
330:
256:
232:
210:
206:
85:
41:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1927:
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1768:Perro Majorero
1765:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1704:Karst Shepherd
1701:
1696:
1694:Karakachan dog
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1669:Greek Shepherd
1666:
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1363:Levriero Sardo
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848:invasive foxes
780:
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757:
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739:
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648:Recent history
646:
645:
644:
641:
634:
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627:Penny Magazine
623:
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1599:Bakharwal dog
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1506:Lupo Italiano
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1494:Miscellaneous
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1480:Dogo Sardesco
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1437:Cane Paratore
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1427:Cane di Oropa
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1415:Pastoral dogs
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729:60–68 cm
725:30–40 kg
721:65–73 cm
717:35–45 kg
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1298:The Guardian
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977:F V (1855).
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525:cane da lupo
524:
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454:
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414:
363:
357:bronze from
351:Duncombe Dog
336:
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255:
246:
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238:
231:
222:
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212:domestic dog
18:
1821:Ĺ arplaninac
1654:Gaddi Kutta
1203:, page 120.
832:Warrnambool
692:mountains.
355:Hellenistic
322:Ĺ arplaninac
152:long, thick
42:Other names
1899:FCI breeds
1893:Categories
1811:Sarabi dog
1804:St Bernard
1773:Pshdar dog
1732:Leonberger
1475:Cane Corso
1201:0226115631
1157:: 106155.
1083:0226115631
862:References
846:) against
802:stray dogs
727:and stand
719:and stand
658:Gran Sasso
445:Collegiata
370:bas-relief
269:region of
1750:Mucuchies
1714:Koyun dog
1501:Bolognese
1163:0167-5877
1037:. Rome: .
912:Sheep Dog
852:Patagonia
794:Columella
443:, in the
405:, in the
347:Palladius
339:Columella
239:Maremmano
52:Maremmano
21:Dog breed
1725:Landseer
1709:Komondor
1679:Hovawart
1467:Mastiffs
836:Victoria
816:cropping
812:vreccale
776:vreccale
589:NativitĂ
506:Louis XV
485:maiolica
463:, c.1460
425:Florence
399:Amatrice
359:Pergamon
320:and the
303:predator
196:standard
184:standard
1856:Tornjak
1806:
1758:
1745:
1727:
1511:Maltese
1388:Gundogs
807:roccale
772:roccale
753:roccale
690:Abruzzi
676:by the
662:Abruzzo
630:of 1833
415:roccale
376:in 1901
328:History
295:Abruzzo
283:Abruzzo
271:Tuscany
267:Maremma
251:Italian
227:Italian
141:Females
120:Females
1861:Vikhan
1719:Kuvasz
1579:Akbash
1345:Hounds
1254:
1199:
1161:
1103:
1081:
1058:
919:
830:, off
790:wolves
705:Puglia
539:(1833)
529:Varese
407:comune
391:fresco
381:votive
314:Kuvasz
312:, the
287:wolves
157:Colour
128:Weight
107:Height
102:Traits
90:Origin
856:pumas
850:. In
834:, in
798:Varro
786:sheep
423:, in
411:Rieti
385:Capua
343:Varro
275:Lazio
245:, or
160:white
131:Males
110:Males
93:Italy
1699:Kars
1574:Aidi
1252:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1159:ISSN
1101:ISBN
1079:ISBN
1056:ISBN
917:ISBN
823:bond
810:(or
770:The
678:ENCI
523:The
345:and
273:and
221:The
149:Coat
1167:doi
1155:225
774:or
738:Use
660:of
609:by
500:by
477:by
459:by
447:of
439:by
409:of
397:in
241:,
207:Dog
1895::
1296:.
1223:^
1208:^
1173:.
1165:.
1153:.
1149:.
1112:^
940:^
869:^
858:.
792:.
751:A
587:,
379:A
361:.
341:,
324:.
305:.
253::
229::
1874:â€
1550:e
1543:t
1536:v
1329:e
1322:t
1315:v
1169::
1107:.
1062:.
923:.
842:(
520:.
249:(
225:(
215:)
209:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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